苦: Duhka,  bittcrncss 豆□ ; unhappiness. suffering, pain, distrcss, miscry; diffcidulty. Thcre are lists of three four, five eight, and tcn catcgorics; the two are intcrnal, i.e. physical and mcntal and external, i.c. attacks from without.  The four are birth, growing old illness and death, The eight are these four along with the pain of parting from the loved of meeting with the hated, of failure in one's aims, and that caused by the fine skand has; cf 四諦

苦苦: Duhkha-duhkhata. The pain or painialncss of pain; pain prouduced by miscry or pain; suffering arising from external circumstances, c.g. faminc, storm, sickness forture, etc.

苦行: Duskara-carya, undergoing diffculties, hardships, or sufferings; also Tapas, burning torment; hence asceticism rclisious austerity, martifotion.

三昧: Ekagra, aikagrya, Undeflected concontraltion, meditation - on, one object, V 一行三昧

一乘: Ekayana, One yana, the One yana the vhicle of one-ncss. 一佛乘  The one Buddha - Yana. The One vehiclc, i.e. Mahayana, which contains the final or complete law of the Buddha and not merely a part, or preliminary stage, as in Hinayana Mohayuanists claim it as the perfect and only way to the shore of parinirvana it is especially the doctrine of the 法華經   Lotus Scripture v. 大乘. 11之珠 The pearl of the one, Yana, i.c. The Lotus Scripture. 11圓宗The Tientai, or Lotus School of the perfect teaching, or the one vehide; V. 天台宗.11家. The one-vehide family or sect especially the Tien-tai or Lotus School. 11法(門) The one-vehicle method as revealed in the Lotus Sutra. 究貫敎The One vehicle in its final teaching, especially as found in the Lotus sutra. 11經; 11妙典(or 文) Another name for the Lotus sutra so called because it deelares the one way of salvation the perfact Mahayana. 11菩提 The one-vehicle enlighten ment or 11華嚴 Avatamsaka Schod; v. 五敎

一切: Sarva. All, the whole; 普遍, 具

一切如來: Sarvatathagata, all Tathafatas, all the Buddhas.

一切處: Samanta, Everywhere, universal; a universal dhyana, 無不相應眞言

The shinon or "True word" that responds everywhere.

一心: With the whole mind or heart; one mind or heart; also the bhutatathata, or the whole of thins; the universe as one mind or a spiritual unity, 稱名 With undivided mind to call on the name. 三惑; 同□ 三惑 The then-t'a "three doubts" in the mind of a bodhisattva, proudcing fear of illusion, confusion through multipicity of duties, and ignorance i.e.. 見思; 無明 q.v. 三智 One mind and three aspects of knowledge the 別敎separates the three aspects into  and g.v; Tient'ai unifies them into 空, 假one immediate vision or regards the three as aspects of the one mind.

一時: Ekasmin samaye [Pali;ckamsamayam];on one accasion, part of the usual opening phrase

of a sutra-Thus have I heard .Once, ctc. A period, e.g.a session of expounding a sutra.  入定: To enter meditation by tranguil lizing the bady, mouth, and mind.身口意           入寂:  To enter into rest,or nirvana;also,to die, Also 入滅 or 入寂滅

八正道(分): Aryamarga, The eight right or correct ways the "eightfold noble path for the arhat to nirvana; also styled. 八道船, 八正門, 八由行, 八遊行, 八聖道支, 八道行, 八直行, 八直道, The eight are : (1)正見 samyag-arsti,  correct views in regard to the Four Axioms and frecdom from the common delusion, (2)正思 samyak-samkal pa, eorrect thought and purpose (3)正言 samyag-vac, correct speach avoidance of false and idle talk

(4)正業 samyak-karmanta, correct dead, or conduct, getting rid of all improper action so as to dwell in purity (5)正命 Samyag ajiva, correct livelihood or occupation, avoiding the five immoral occupations (6)正精進 Samyag-vjajama correct zeal or energy in uninterrupted progreee in the way of nirvana (7)正念 Samyak, smrti, correct remcm brance, or memory, which retains the true and excludes the false (8)正定 Samyak-samadhi, correct meditation, abscortion, or anbstraction.

十二因緣: Dvadasang pratityasamutpada; the twelve nadanas; v, 尼 and 因 also; 十二緣起; (有)支; 率連; 棘園; 輪; 重□; 因緣觀; 支佛觀

They are the twelve links in the chain of existence; (1)無 vidya, ignorance, or unenlightment (2)行 Samskara action, activirty concotion, "dispositions, keith, (3)識 vijnana, consiousness (4)名色 namarupa name and form (5)六入 i.e. eye ear nose tonguc body, and mind (6)觸 sparsa, contect touch (7)受 vedana, scnsation feeling (8)愛 trsna thirst desire, craving (9)取 upadana laying hold of grasing (10)有 bhava baing existing (11)生 jati birth (12)老死 jaramarana dd age death.

十信: The ten grades of bodhisattva faith, i.e. the first ten in the fifty two bodhisattva postions: (1)信 faith  (2)念 remembrance, or unforgetfulness (3)精進 zealous progress (4)慧 wisdom (5)定 settled firm nessin concentration  (6)不退 non-retrogression (7)護法 protection of the Truth

(8)廻向reflexive powers, e.g. for reflecting the Trugh

(9)戒 the nirvana mind in

(10)願 action at will in anything and everywhere.

十號: Ten titles of a Buddha: 如來 Tathag ata; 應供 Arhat 正□知 Samyak-sambuddha

明行足 Vidyacorana-sampanna  善逝 sugata, 世間解Lokavid, 無上士Anuttara

調御丈夫Purusa-damya-sarathi, 天人師Sasta deva manusyanam

佛世尊 lokamatha, or bhagalon

三味: The three flavours or pleasant savours; the monastic life, reading the scriptures meditation

三寶: Triratna, or Patnatraya, i.e. the Three precious Ones :佛 Buddha 法Dharma 僧Samgha

三毒: The theree poisons also styled 三根; 三株 they are 貧concupiscence or wrong desire, 瞋anger hatc or resentment and 痴stupidity gnorance, unintclligence or unwillingness to accept Buddha-truth

三衣: The three regulation harments of a monk 袈裟 kasaya, 僧伽製, samhati assenably robe; uttarasanga, upper garment worn over the 安陀會Antarvasaka, vest or shirt

大乘四果: The four fruits or bodhisattva stages in Mahayana the fouth being that of a Buddha: 須陀洹 srota-apnna 사다함 sakrdagamin 阿那含 anagamin and 阿羅漢arhan. This is a 通敎 category.

大僧戒: The commands or prohibitions for bodhhisatvas and monks also styled.

大導師: The great vuide, i.e. Buddha or a Bodhisattva.

大悲: Mahakaruna "great pity" i.e. greatly pitiful a heart that seeks to save the suffering; applied to all Buddhas and bodhisattvas, especially to kuan-yin.

大慈: Great mercy, or compassion.

大比丘: Great bhinkyu, i.e. one of virtue and old age; similar to 大和尙

大沙門: The great shaman, i.e. Buddha; also any bhilcsu in full orders.

大法: The great Dharma, or Law.

大弟子: sthavira, a chief disciple, the Fathers of the Buddhist church; an elder; an abbot; a priest licensed to preach and become an abbot; also.

大衆: The great assembly, any assembly, all present, everybody.

大覺: The superme bodhi, or enlightenment and the enlightening power of a Buddha.

女色: Female beacuty-is chain, a serious delusion a gievous calamity

山僧: "Hill monk" self-deprecatory term used by monks.

不妄語: Musavada-veramani,, the fourth commandmenmt thou shalt not lie ; no false speaking

不□慾: Abrahamacarya-veramani, the third commandment, thou shalt not commit adultery

不放勉: No slackness or loosensess; concentration of mind and will on the good.

不殺生: Pranatipatad vairamani, the first commandment,

Thou shalt not kill the living.

中道: The "mean" has various interpretions in general it denotes the mean betweeen taio extremes, and has special reference to the mean between realism and nihilism or eternal subgtantial existence ald annihilation between the two, suggesting the idea of a realm of mind or spirit beyond the terminobgy of 有 or 無  substance or noting or that which has form and is there are measurable and ponderable,.

方便; Upaya, Convenient to the place or situation, suited to the condition opportune, appropriate; but  is interpreted as 方法 methood mode, I am, and 便 as 便用convenient for use, i.e. a convenient or expedient mathod; also 方正as 便 and as 巧妙which implies strategically correary.

世世生生; Transmigration affter traansmigration in the six states of mortal existence

世俗; Laukika; common or ordinary things custom, expcriences, common or wondly ways.

世尊; Lokajyestha, words most venerable, or Lokantra, lord of worlds.

世界; Loka世間 ; the finite world the world, a world, which is of two kinds;

出家; Pravraj; to leave hoime and bewcome a monk or nun.

布施; Dana 檀那; the sixth paramita almsgiving i.e. of goods, or the doctrine, with resultant benefits now and also hereafter in the forms of reinearnation, as neglect or refusal in the fo will produce the opposite consequences.

末法; The last of the three periods 正, 像, and 末; that of degeneration and extinction of the Buddha-law

生佛; Buddha alive; a living Buddha; also 生 i.e. 衆生 all the living and 佛 i.e. Buddha

因果; Cause and effect every cause has its effect as every effect arises from a cause.

因緣; Hetupratyaya, cause; causes; 因 hetu, is primay cause 緣 pratayaya, secondary cause or causes, e.g. a seed is 因 rain dew, farmer, etc, are 緣

色慾; Sexual desire, or passion

色身; Rupa-kava. The physial body, as controsted with the 法身 dharma-kaya, the immaterial spiritual or immortal body.

佛子; Son of Buddha; a bodhisattva; a believer in Buddhism for every beliver is becoming Buddha; a term also applied to all beings, becuase all are of Buddha-nature.

佛性; Buddhata, The Buddha-nature i.e. gnosis enlightenment; potential bodhi remaing in every gati, i.e. all have the capacity for enlightenment; for the Buddha-nature remains in all as wheat nature remains in all wheat.

佛敎; Buddhas teaching; Buddhism.

佛法; Buddhadharma; the Dharma or Laq preached by the Buddha the principles unerlving these teaching the truth attained by him.

佛眼; The eye of Buddha, the enlightened one who sees all and is omniscient

佛語; The words, or seyings, of Buddha.

佛身; Buddhakaya, a general term for the Trikaya or threefold embodiment of Buddha.

佛陀; There are numberous monks from India and Central Asia bearing this as part of their names

成佛; To become Buddha as a bodhisattva does on reaching super me perfect bodhi

我想; The thought that the ago has reality.

我慢; Abhimana, as ma-mada.

我相; Egoism the concept of the ego as real

戒; Sila, 新羅, precept command prohobition discipline rule; morelity

戒律; Sila and Vinaya.  The rules

法輪; Dharma-cakra, the wheel of the Law Buddha-truth which is able to crush all evil and all apposition like lndras wheel and which rolls on from man to man place to place age to age.

法雨; The rain of Buddha-truth which fertilizes all beings.

修行; Carya, conduct to abserve and do to mend one's ways; to cultivate oneself in right practice; be religious or pious.

般若; Prajna "to know, understand" "Wisdom" M.W Intp 慧 wisdom;智慧 understanding or wisdom; 明 clear intelligent the sixth paramita.

敎化; To transform by instruction; teach and convert; to cause another to give alms.

敎理; The foundamental principles of a religion its doctrines or dogmas, e.g. the four trughs the twelve nidanas the eight tob noble path.

欲心; A desirous, covetous, passionate or lusful heart.

欲樂; The joy of the five desires

惡口; Evil month, evil speech; a slanderous, evil-speaking person.

惡業; Evil conduct in thought word or deed which leads to evil recompense; evil Karma.

菩提; Bodhi ;  from budh; knowledge understanding perfect wisdom; the illuminated or enlightened mind; anciently intp.

愛惑; The illusion of love, or desire

愛憎; Love and hate, desire and dislike

愛欲; Love and desire; love of family

業; Karman, karma :action work deed: "moral duty" "product, result, effect" M.W  The doctrine of the act; deads especially in  their relation to succeeding forms of transmigration.

業報; Karma-reward; the retribution of karma, good or evil.

頓悟; Sudden Illumination

無念; No Thinking

不生不滅; No birth and No Death

如如; Suddness

큰 法堂; The Big Main Hall

解脫門: The Gate of Nirvana

掛佛; The Hanging-up painting of the Buddha

The palanduin

大佛像; Wooden Buddhas I mage

大雄殿; Main sanctuary. TaeungJon

大雄殿佛像; Statue of vairocana Buddha Buddha I mage in the Main Hall

觀; Vipasyanaj Vidarsana.

To look into study examine contemt ate; contemplation, insight; a study a Taoist monactery to consider illusion and discern illusion or discern the seeming from the real; to contemplate and mentally enter into truth.

觀世音; Regards of the worlds sounds or cries the so-called Goddess of Mercy; also known as 音,

釋迦牟尼; Sakyamuni, the saint of the sakya tribe Muni is saint holy man, sage ascetic, monk; it is intp.

釋迦; Sakya the clean or family of the Buddha, said to be derived from saka. vegetables but intp in chiness as powerful, strong and explained by powerful also erroneously by  charitable which belongs rather to association with sakyamuni.

禪靜; Dhyana and its chiness translation duieting of thought or its control or suppression silent meditation Dhyama and Samadhi.

覺性; The enlightened mind free from all illusion.

覺者; An enlightened one especially a Buddha, enlightening self and others

禪房; Meditation abode a room for meditation a cell a bermitage general name for a momastery.

禪師; A master or teacher of meditation or of the chian school

禪悅; Joy of the mystic trance

禪; To level a  place for an atter to sacrifice to the hills and fountains to abdicate.

應供; Worthy of worship atr of the term anhat; one of the ten titles of a Tathagata.

諸法; Sarvadharma; Sarvabhava; all things; every dgarna law, thing method, etc

僧俗; Monks and the laity

緣起; Arising from conditional causation; everthing arises from conditions and not being spontaneous and self-contained has no separate and independent nature;

僧伽; Sangha, an assemble, collection

company, society.  The corporate assembly of at least three monks under a chairman empowered to hear confession, grant absolution and ordain

解脫門; The door of release the stage of meditation charater ized by vacuity and absence of perception or wishes.

煩惱; Klesa "pain affliction distress" " care, trouble"

塔; Stupa; tope;

a tumulus or mound for the bones or remains of the dead or for other sacred relics, especially of the Buddha, whether relics of the body or the mind, e.g. bones or scriptures.

菩提; Bodhi; from budh; knowledge, understanding; perfect wisdom; the illuminated or enlightemed mind; anciently intp

敎理; The fundermental principles of a religionits doctrines or dogmas e,g. the four trughs the tweles nidanas the eight fold noble path

梵鐘; A temple or monaster bell.

十大弟子; The ten chief disciples of Sakyamuni, each of whom was master of one poser or gift.

三處傳心; The three places where Sakyamuni is said to have transmitted his mind or thought direct and without speech to Kasyapa

大乘起信論; Mahayana-sraddhotpada-sastra, attributed to Asvaghosa 마명(without sufficient evidence), tr. by Paramartha A.D. 553 and Siksananda between 695-700 ; there are nineteen commentaries on it.  It is described as the foundation work of the Mahayana. Tr. into Enghlish by Timothy Richard and more correctly by T. Suzuki as The Awakening of Faith.

布施; dana. charity or giving, including the bestowing of the truth on others

持戒; sila, keeping the commandments

忍辱; ksanti, patience under insult

精進; virya, seal and progress

禪定; dhyana, meditation or contemplation

智慧; prajana, wisdom, the power to discern reality or truth.

It is the last which carries across the samsara(sea of incarnate life) to the shores of nirvana.  The opposites of these virtues are meanness, wickedness, anger, sloth, a distracted mind, and ignorance, the 唯識論 adds four other paramitas.

識; perceptions: the theory of nine kinds of non-actvity

三輪; or three soverrign powers for converyiong others are those of

極樂; birth in the happy land of Amitabha by transformation through the Lotus.

法身; the dharmakaya, or spiritual body, born or formed on a disciple's conversion.

佛菩薩; the transformation of a buddha or bodhisattva, in any form at will, without gestation or intermediary conditions

Buddha-body.  A narrower interpretation is his appearance in human form expressed by 應身, while 化身 is used for his manifold other forms of appearances.

十戒Siksapada.  The ten prohivitions(in Pali form)consist of five commanaments for the layman;

(1) not to destroy life 不殺生 panatipataveramani;

(2) not to steal 不偸盜adinnadanaver;

(3) not to commit adultery 不□慾 abrahmacaryaver;

(4) not to lie 不妄語 musavadaver;

(5) not to take intoxicating liquor 不飮酒suramereyyamajjapamadatthanaver.  eight special commandment for laymen consist of the preceding five plus;

(6) not eat food out of regulated hours 不非時食 vikala-bhojanaver;

(7)not to use farlands of perfume 不着香華□不香塗身 malagandha-vilepana-dharana-

mandana-vibhusanatthana

(8) not to sleep on high or broad beds(chastity) 不坐臥高廣大牀 uccasayana-mahasayana.  The ten commnadments for the monk are the preceding eight plus;

(9) not to take part in singing, dancing, musical or theatrical perfcrmances, not to see or listen to sucb 不歌舞倡技不往觀聽 nacca-gita-vadita-visukadassanaver.

(10) to refrain from acquiring uncoined or coined gold, or silver, or jewels 不得捉錢金銀寶物 jataruparajata-patiggahanaver.  Under the Mahayana these ten commands for the monk were changed, to accord with the new environment of the monk to the following : not to kill, not to steal, to avoid all unchastity, not to lie, not to slander, not to insult, not to chatter, not to covet, not to give way to anger, to harbour no scepticism.

修行; accordant

方便; universal accordance with conditions of the receptivity of others

說法; powers of universal explication of the truth

神通; universal superhuman powers

供養諸佛; power of universal service of all Buddhas

成就衆生; the perfection of all beings universally

斷惑; universal cutting off of delusions

十牛圖; The ten ox-pictures, the first, a man looking for an ox, then sceing its tracs, then seeing the ox, catching it feeding it, riding it home, ox dies man lives, both dead, return whence they came, and enter the dust.

十智; The ten forms of understanding. I Hinayana (1)世俗智 common understading (2) 法enlightened understanding, i.e. on the Four truths in this life ; (3)類 ditto, applied to the two upper reaims 上二界; (4),(5),(6)(7) understanding re each of the Four Truths separately, both in the upper and lower realms, e.g.苦智 : (8)他心 understanding of the minds of others (9)盡 the understanding that puts an end to all previous faith in or for self, i.e. 自信智; (10)無生 nirvana wisdom; v 26

Mahayana.  A Tathagata's ten powers of understanding or wisdom (1)三世 perfect understanding of past, present, and future (2) ditto of Buddha Law (3)法界無碍 unimpeded understaing of the whole Buddha-realm (4)法界無邊 unlimited or infinite ditto (5)充滿一切 of ubiquity (6)普照一切世間 of universal enlightenment (7)住持一切世界 of omnipotence or universal control (8)知一切衆生 of omniscience re all living beings (9)知一切法 of moniscience re the laws of universal salvation (10)知無邊諸佛 of omniscience re all Buddha wisdom v. 華嚴經 16. There are also his ten forms of understanding of the "five Seas" 五海 of worlds, living beings karma nassions and Buddhas.

十惡 Dasakusala. Thje ten "not right" or evil things are killing. stealing. stealing. adultery. lying double-tongue, coarse language, filthy language, covetousness, anger, perveted views ; these produce the ten resultant evils 業(道). Cf. 十善 ; 十戒

十行; The ten necessary activities in the fifty-two stages of a bodhisattva. following on the 十信 and 十主 ; the two latter indicate personal development 自利 These ten lines of action are for the universal welfare of thers. 利他; They are joyful service; beneficial service never resenting with cut limit; never out of order ; appearing in any form at will unimpeded ; exalting the paramitas amongst all beings perfecting the Buddha-law by complete virtur ; manifesting in all things the pure, final, true reality.  Superior order, grade or class. 上生 ; 中生 ; 下生 The three highest of the nine stages of birth in the Pure Land, v. 中, 下 and 九品. 蓮臺 The highest stages in the Pure Land where the best appear as ; otus flowers on the pool of the seven precious things; when the lotuses open they are transformed into beings of the Pure Land.

三世; The three periods, 過去, 現在, 未來 or 過, 現, 未, past present, and future. The universe is described as eternally in motion, like a flowing stream, Also 未生, 已生,     後滅, or 未, 現, 過unborn, born, dead. The 華嚴經 Huna-yen sutra has a division of ten kinds of past, present, and future, i.e. the past spoken of as past, present, and future also, with the addition of the present as the three periods in one instant. 三際. 三千佛 Also The thousand Buddhas of each of the three kalpas-of the past, called 莊嚴 kalpa the present 賢, and the future 星宿. Their names are variously fiven in several sutras a complete list is in the 三千佛名經. 不可得 Everything past. present, future, whether mental or material, is intangible, fleeting and cannot be held; v. 心. 了遠 A Buddha's pertect knowledge of past present and future. 佛 The Buddhas of the past present and future, i.e. Kasyapa, Sakyamuni, and Maitreya. 假實 The reality or otherwise of things or events past. present amd future. Some hinayana schools admit the reality of the present but dispute the reality of the past 已有 and the future 營有. Others take different views. all of which have been exhaustively discussed. See Vibhasa sastra 婆沙論 77, or 俱舍論 20. 實有法體恒有 The Sarvastivadah school maintains that as the three states (past present future) are real so the substance of all things is permanent; i.e. time is real. matter is eternal. 心 Mind. or thought, past, present or future, is momentary always moving unreal and cannot be laid hold of. 成佛 idem. 三生. 智 One of a Tathagata's ten kinds of wisdom. i.e. knowledge of past, present, and future. 無障  □智戒 The wisdom-law or moral law that frees from all impediments.  past, present, and future.  Also styled 三昧耶戒; 自性本源戒; 三平等戒; 菩提心戒; 無爲戒 and 眞法戒. 覺母 A name for Manjusri 文殊; as guardian of the wisdom of Vairocana he is the bodhi-mother of all Buddhas past, present, and future. 間 There are two difinitions : (1) The realms of 器 matter, of 衆生 life and 智正覺 mind especially the Buddha's mind (2) The 五陰 psychological realm(mind) 衆生 realm of life and 國土or 器 material realm.

三乘; Triyana, the theree vehicles or conveyances which carry living beings across samsara or mortality (births-and-deaths) to the shores of nirvana.  The three are styled 小, 中 and 大 Some-times the three vehicles are defined as 聲聞 Sravaka, that of the hearer or obedient disciple ; 緣覺 Pratyeka-buddha that of the enlightened for self; these are described as 小乘 because the objective of both is personal salvation; the third is 菩薩 Bodhisattva, or 大乘 Mahayana, because the objective is the salvation of all the living. the three are also depicted as 三車 three wains. drawn by a goat a deer an ox.  The Lotus declares that the three are really the One Buddha-behicle. which has been revealed in three expedient forms suited to his disciples capacity, the Lotus Sutra being the unifying complete and final exposition.  The three vehicles are differently explained by different exponents e.g.

三劫; The theree asankyjeya kalpas the three countleas aeons, the period of a bodhisattva's development; also the 莊嚴, past the present 賢, and the future 星宿 kalpas.  There are other groups. 三千佛 The thousand Buddhas in each of the three kalpas.

三昧; The three flavours, or pleasant savours, The monastic life, reading the scriptures, meditation.

三天; The trimurti-Siva. Visnu, and Brahma. 使 v. 三使. 四仙 v. 二天三仙 and 鳩摩羅Kuveradeva and 若提子 Nirgrantha son of jnatr, i.e. pf tje Jnatr clan.

三學; The "three studies' or yehicles of learning-discipline, meditation, wisdom ; (a) 戒learning by the commandments or prohibitions so as to guard against the evil consequences of error by mouth. body or mind i.e. word, deed or thought (b)定 by dhyana or quietist meditations (c)慧 by philosophy, i.e. study of principles and solving of doubts.  Also the Tripitaka ; the 戒 being referred to the 律 vinaya, the 定 to the 經sutras, and the 慧 to the 論 sastras.

三寶; Triratna or Patnatraya, i.e. the Three Precious Ones; 佛 Buddha, 法 Dharma. 僧Sangha, i.e. Buddha, the Law, the Ecclesia or order.

三師七證; The three superior monks and a minimum of seven witnesses required for an ordination to full orders; except in outlandish places, when two witnesses are valid.

三界; The three sets of commandments, i.e. the ten for the ordained who have left home the eight for the devout at home and the five for the ordinary laity.

布施; Dana 檀那; The sixth paramita, almsgiving, i.e. of go or the doctrine, with resultant benefits now and als hereafter in the forms of reinearnation, as neglect o refusal will produce the opposite consequences.

本性; The spirit one possesses by nature; hence the Buddha-nature; the buddha-nature withing ; one's own nature.

末寺; Subsidiary buildings of a monastery.

末世; The Third and last period of Buddha-kalpa; the first is the first 500 years of correct doctrine, the second is the 1,000 years of semblance law, or approximation to the doctine, and the third a myriad years of itts decline and end.

本質; Original substance the substance itself; any real object of the senses.

定命; Samyagajiva, the fiffth of the 八正道, right livelihood, right life : 'asstaining from any of the fobidden modes of living."

正定; Samyaksamadhi. right astractions or concentration so that the mind become vacant and recepttive the eighth of the 八正道: □right concentration, in the shape of the Four Meditations." Keith.

正□智; Samyaksambuddha 三□三佛陀; omniscience, completely enlightened the universal knowledge of  a buddha. hence he is the 海 ocean of omniscience. Also 覺; 等正覺

正念; Samyaksmrti, right remembrance the seventh of the 八正道; □right mindfulness the looking on the body and the spirit in such a way as to remain ordent. self-possessed and minidful having overcome both hankering and dejection "Keith.

正思惟; Samyaksamkalpa, right thought and intent, the second of the 八正道; □right aspiration towards renunciation. benevolence and kindness. "keith.

正業; Samyakkarmanta. righ action purity of body avoiding all wrong, the fourth of the 八正道; □right action, abstaining from taking life, or what is not fiven or from carnal indulgence. "keith.

正精進Samyagvyayama. right effort, zeal or progress. unitermitting perseverance, the sixth of the 八正道; □right effort to suppress the sising of evil states to eradicate those which have arisen to stimulate good states and to perfect those which have come into being. " Keith.

正覺; Sambodhi, the wisdom or omniscience of a Buddha.

正見; Samyagdrsti, right view, understading the four noble truths; the first of the 八正道: □knowledge of the four noble truths. "keith.

正語; Samyagvak, right speech; the third of the 八正道; □abstaining from lying, slander, abuse, and idle talk. "Keith.

正等覺; Samyagvuddhi, or-bbodhi ; the perfect universal wisdom of a buddha.

生住異滅Birth stay change(or decay) death.

生老病死; Birth, age, sickness, death, the 四苦 four afflictions that are the  lot of every man.  The five are the above four and 苦 misery, or suffering.

行住坐臥; Walking, standing, sitting, lying-in every state

行者; An abbot's attendant ; also acarin, performing the duties of disciple.

佛像; Buddha's image or pratima.  There is a statement that in the fifth century A. D the images in China wre of Indian features. thich lips, high nose, long eyes, bull jaws. etc... but that after the T'ang the form became "more effeminate"

佛第子; Disciples of Buddha, whether monks or laymen.

佛智; Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi, Buddha-wisdom, i,e, supreme.  universal gnosis. awareness or intelligence; sarvajnata omniscience.

佛法; Buddhadharrma ; the Dharma or Law preached by the buddha the principles underlying these teachings, the truth attained by him. its embodiment in his being.

DICTIONARY OF KOREAN BUDDHIST TERMS

ㄱ .

甘露 : Amrta. Abrosia. Seeet dew.

見性 : To discover one's Buddha nature. To directly realize one's own Buddhahood. Seeing Buddha-nature of Buddhahood.

見性成佛 : To discover one's Buddha nature and thus realize Buddhahood.

結과趺坐 : Lotus Posture. A seated posture in which both feet are placed on the opposite thigh.

苦行 :  Ascetic practice.

空 : Emptiness. Sunya(skt.)

過去七佛 : Seven Buddhas of the Past.

Vipasyn-비파시불, Sikhin-서기불, Visvabhu-비사부불, Krakuchanda-구류손불, kanakanumi-구나함모니불, kasyapa-가섭불, and Sakyamuni-석가모니불. The first three Buddhas appeared during the  장엄겁. The second four Buddhas appeared during the present kalpa.

.果報 : Karmic results.

敎理 : Doctrine.

極樂 : Pure Land of Amitabha Buddha. Sunkhavati(s)

극락왕생 : live eternally in the paradise.

서방정토 : Western Pure land.

깨달음 : Awakening. Enlightenment. lumination

계율 : Precepts

경책 : admonition

부처님의 가피 : blessing from Buddha.

금욕 : acesticism. renunciation.

ㄷ

頓悟 : sudden awakening.

頓悟頓修 : Sudden-enlightenment and sudden cultivation.

頓悟漸修 : sudden-enlightenment and gradual

cultivation. A practice/enlightenment taxonomy advocated by TsungOmi and Chinul.

頭陀行 : Ascetic practices that the Buddha allowed,

ㅁ

無念 : Non-thought. Advocated in the Zen approach.

無常 : Impermanent. Transitory

無我 : Non-self. The Buddhist doctrine that there is no underlying

substance to the ego. This is one of the most fundamental doctrines of Buddhism. anatman(s)

망상 : Delusions

묵언 : Silence

무정 : non-sentient beings

유정 : sentient beings

ㅂ

般若 : Profound wisdom. prajna(s)

發心 : Activation of the bodhicitta. First of the ten abidings. The formal entrance onto the bodhisattva path.

發願文 : A written statement of one's vow.

放生 : Release of living beings. A ceremony in which captured fish or birds being sold for food in the market are bought and released into their natural habitat.

百中 : The Buddhist All Souls' Day.

百八煩惱 : The 108 defilements that man is subject to.

煩惱 : lusions. Mental functions which disturb the mind.

法 : Dharma

菩提樹 : The bodhi-tree. The tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment.

佛: Buddha. The Awakened One. The Enlightened One. Thus come one

佛法僧: The Buddha. Dharma, and Sangha. The Three Jewels.

佛性 : Buddhatta. Buddha Nature.

本性 : Ones orignal nature

방편 : Skill in means. (s) Upaya

본사 : home temple/ monastery

말사 : regional/branch temple or monastery

불교교리 : Buddhist doctrine

ㅅ

사경하다 : Sutra duplication

성지순례 : Pilgrimage

속세를 끊다 : renounce the world

四恩 : The four benefactors. Those to whom one is beholden for one's progress.

The lists vary; teacher, parents, ruler, supporter,  mother, father, the Tathagata, the teacher who explains Dharma; parents, sentient, beings, ruler, the Three Treasures.

舍利 : (s)Sarira. Relics. The cremated bones of the Buddha or a Buddhist adept

봉안하다 : enschrine

사바세계 : (s)Saha. This world. Also called the place for "endurance and patience" since living beings must endure all sorts of mental defilement, and the holy ones who work to save these beings must put up with weary toil.

三拜 : Three prostrations. Performed by a lay-person when formally greeting a monk, by monks when greeting each other, or to the statue of the Buddha, etc. when one first enters the Shrine Hall of temple.

삼법인 : Three marks of existence, impermanence, non-self, suffering

三寶 : The Three Jewels. (Refuges, Treasures, Triple Gem)

When a person has studied Buddhism so that he or she feels confidence in it, that person takes refuge in the Three jewels; The Buddha, The Dharma, and The Sangha. This act makes a person officially a Buddhist.

三寶寺刹 ; Monasteries of the Triple Gem, namely; T'ongdosa(reprenting the Buddha), Haeinsa(reprenting the Dharma), and Songgwangsa(reoenting the Sangha)

삼세여래 : The three Tathagatas: Sakyamuni, Bhaisajyaguru, Amitabha.

삼십이상 : The Thirty-two Marks.

1)Level feet -족하암평립상 : 발바닥이 평평하여 서 있기에 편안하다.

2)thousand-spoke wheel-sign on feet-족하이륜상: 발바닥에 두 개의 바퀴 모양의 무늬가 있다.

3)long slender fingers- 정자성 : 손가락이 길다.

4)pliant hands and feet - 족근광평상 : 발꿈치가 넓고 평평하다.

5)toes and fingers finely webbed- 수족지만만상 : 손가락과 발가락 사이에 비단 같은 막이 있다.

6)full-sized heels-

7)arched insteps-

8)thighs like a royal stag - 천여록왕상 : 장딴지가 사슴왕과 같다.

9)hands reaching below the knees - 정립수마슬상 : 팡을 펴면 손이 무릎까지 내려간다.

10)well-retracted male organ- 음장상 : 음경이 몸 안에 감추어져 있다.

11)height amd stretch of arms equal - 신광장등상 : 신체의 가로 세로가 같다.

12)every hair-root dark coloured - 모상향상 : 털이 위로 향해 있다.

13)boddy hair graceful and curly - 일일공일모생상 : 털구멍마다 하나의 털이 있다.

14)dolden-hued doby -금색상 : 몸이 금빛이다.

15)a ten-foot halo around him - 장광상 : 몸에서 나오는 빛이 두루 비춘다.

16)soft smooth skin-세박피상 : 피부가 부드럽고 얇다.

17)both soles, both palms, both shoulders and crown well rounded--칠처륭만상: 두 발바닥과 두 손바닥, 두어깨와 정수리가 두텁고 풍만하다.

18)below the armpits well-filled-양엑하륭만상 : 두 겨드랑이가 두텁고 풍만하다.

19)lion-shaped body -상시니여사자상 : 상반신이 사자와 같다.

20)stands erect-대직신상; 신체가 크고 곧다.

21)full shoulders-견원만상 : 어깨가 원만하다.

22)forty teeth-사십치상 : 치아가 마흔 개다.

23)teeth white, even and close - 치제상 : 치아가 가지런하다.

24)the four canine teeth pure white-아백상 : 어금니가 희다.

25)lion-jawed- 사자협상 : 뺨이 사자와 같다.

26)saliva improving the taste of all food - 미중득상미상 ; 맛 중에서 가장 좋은 맛을 느낀다.

27)tongue long and broad-대설상 : 혀가 크다.

28) voice deep and resonant -범성상 ; 음성이 맑다

29)eye deep blue-진청안상 : 눈동자가 검푸르다

30)eye lashes like a royal bull _ 우안첩상 : 속눈썹이 소와 같다.

31)a white urna or curl between the eyebrows emitting light-백모상 ; 두 눈썹 사이에

흰 털이 있다.

32)an usnisa or fleshy protuberance on the crown - 정계상 ; 정수리가 상투 모양으로 돋아나 있다.

삽십칠조도품 : The Thirty-seven factors of enlightenment.

色 : Form

禪 : Zen Meditation, the characteristic feature of the zen school, a Buddhist school, originating in China, which focuses on meditation and direct experience. Dhyana, Ch'an.

선사 : Zen Master.

선문답: Encounter dialogue. Zen dialogue.

禪宗 : Zen Schoold. A Buddhist sect which began in China and later spred to korea, , Japan and Vietnnam. In this sect, meditation and the  importance of direct experience of reality is stressed.

선불교: Zen Buddhism

善知識 : A good friend. 1. Some who introduces another person to the doctrines of the Buddha and thus helps that person to excape from the realm of suffering.

2. Anyone, regardless of age, sex or social status, through which one gets a karmic affinity with Buddhism.

설법 : Buddhist sermon

成佛 : Realing Buddhahood. Becoming a Buddha

'성불합시다□ May we attain buddhahood'

성문:(s)Sravaka. An immerdiate disciple of the Buddha; follower of the Hinyana path

세존 : World Honored One. An epithet used especially for the historical Buddha, Sakyamuni.

授戒 : ordination

修行 : Cultivation

신구의 : Deportment, words(speech), thoughts. All actions performed through body, speech or mind. Karma.

十牛圖 : The Ten Ox-herding Pictures

ㅇ

惡口 : To speak ill of others. One of the ten misdeeds.

惡業 : (s)Akusala-karman. Bad deeds which produce a corresponding bad result.

安居 /결제:(s) Varse. The Retreat season. The meditation season.

하안거 : Summer retreat

동안거 : winter retreat

해제 : vacation. Free season. Wandering season.

양력 : Western calendar

음력 : Chinese/lunar calendar

業 : (s)Karma. Intentional deeds which produce a corresponding result.

涅槃 :Nirvana. Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness." It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc.

연각: (s)prayekabuddha

연등 :  Lotus lantern

염화미소 ; □mahakasyapa smiled when he saw the Buddha hold up a flower." During one his dharma talks, the Buddha held up a flower. Everyone  was baffled except for Mahakasyapa who smiled. The Zen School considers this to be the initial transmission of the profound Dharma from the Buddha to future generations of seekers.

오근: 1. The five senses. 2. Faith, energy, awareness, concentrations,

and wisdom = 오력

오매일여 : Continuos awareness whether awake or asleep.

五蘊: (s)Pancaskanda.  The five aggregates.  The fundamental constituents of a living being; 1)form-색 2)feeling-수 3)perception-상 4)volitional actions-행

5)consciousness-식

六道 ; The Six destinies  1)Hell-지옥도  2)hungry Ghost Realm-아귀도

3)Animal Realm-축생도  4)Realm of Fighting Spirits-수라도  5)Human Realm-인간도

6)Heavens-천도

六處 : Five sense organs and the mind.

輪廻 : (s)samsara.  transmigration.  The endless round of rebirth. reincarnation.

이뭤고(이것이 무엇인고 : shihshenma) "what is this?" 'who am I?'

(Phrase is said to come from a meeting between Huineng and Nan-yueh Huai-jang described in the Yuan Dynasty recension of the Platform Sutra.

In Korea, '이뭤고□ is believed to be the basic question underlying all koans.

因果 : Cause and effect

因果應報 :  Karmic result.  Corresponding retribution for one's actions to the law of cause and effect.

因緣 : Causes and conditions

六處 :Five sense organ and the mind

ㅈ

慈悲 : Compassion

自性 : Self-nature.  The fundamental essence phenomenon.

自恣 :(s)Pravarana.  Confession and repentance of misdeeds.  A ceremony held during the last day of the summer retreat

傳法: Formal, public conderal of a master's teaching to someone who has already received inka.  Official recognition of the student's ability to teach others.

전생 : Previous life. a former life

내생 : The future life. the life to come. next life

재생 : revival. rebirth a return to life.

종교 : a religion, a faith./ a religious man(종교인)

祖師禪 : Zen of the Patriarchs

宗派 : A sect. Sectarian

종단 : Order

坐禪 : Sitting meditation

죽림정사 : The first Buddhist temple

중도 : The middle path

중생 : (s)Sattva. Sentient beings

ㅊ

청신녀 : A female Buddhist

出家 : Going forth from one's home into the homeless life. Becoming a monastic

창설자 : founding man

창건하다 : praising Buddha

ㅍ

八相 : Depiction of the eight main events of the Buddha's life

eight paintings of Sakyamuni's Life-often placed somewhere in the back of the Main Hall.

1) 도솔내의상: The Buddha descending in a white elephant from the Tusita Heaven

2) Buddha entering maya's womb-룸비니 동산에서 탄생하는 모습

3) 사문유관상: Birth

4) Renunciation-성을 넘어 출가하는 모습

5) 설산수도상: Surrender of the Demons

6) 항마촉진상: Enlightenment

7) 초전법륜상: Turning the wheel of the law

8) Entering paranirvana-사라쌍수 아래에서 열반에 드는 모습

포살 : (s)Uposadha, posadha, upavasatha, upavasa, Confession and repentance ceremony held during the full moon and the new moon.

포교하다 : propagate. spread Dharma.

ㅎ

行 : 1. Action. Praxis  2.(s)Pratipatti. Buddhist cultivation. Bodhisattva action.

행주좌와 : Walking, stading, lying or sitting down

話頭 : A koan's 'critical phrase/, the 'punch-line' of a koan(According to the folk etymology, the term literally means the 'head of speech', This is wrong. '頭' is merely a grammatical partical) kind of riddles and paradoxical sayings by zen masters.

回向 : Transference of merit

和尙 : (s)Upadhyaya. A buddhist monk

환생 :  reincarnation. rebirth, revival. be born again, come back to life. cycle of rebirth

호국불교 : Buddhism for national protection

해탈 : emancipation

화장/다비 : cremation

Buddhist Terms

절 : temple

암자 : hermitage

토굴 : private residence

스님 : venerable, reverned. monk. nun

승가 : sangha

승가대학 : sangha college/monk's school

조계종 : Chogye Order

불가 : Buddhist Community

법명 : Dharma name/ ordained name

법문 : Dharma talk

법회 : Dharma meeting/assembly, Buddhist gathering

백팔배 : 108 bows/prostrations

백팔참회 : 10 repentances

의식 : Buddhist rituals

예불 : worship/service

염불 : Chanting

독경 : chant/recite sutras

새벽/아침 예불 : morning service

저녁예불 : evening service

도량석 : wake up chant

출가하다 : entering the Buddhist priesthood

계를받다 : become ordained, renounce the world

수행하다 : To practice cultivativation

정진하다 : practice meditation/spirtual exercise

기도(하다): religious practice. pray

향(피우다): to offer(burn, light) incense

참선(하다) : meditation/to practice

합장: To put hands together, Buddhist greeting putting palms together

합장하다 : bow with hands joined/folded

주력 : sayings of the Buddha or great masters - often written by masters in special calligraphy

System

총림 : (s)Vana. Training monasteries. Four big monasteries in Korea that provide comprehensive training for monks.  The four monasteries are : T'ongdosa, Haeinsa, Songgwongsa, and Sudoksa

선사 : Zen master

비구스님 : monk, venerable, reverend, sunim

비구니스님 : Buddhist nuns

비구.비구니계 : The Bhikhu/Bhikkhuni precepts

강사스님 : lecturer, Head lecturer, Sutra teacher

강주 : dean

은사스님 : Vocation master, teacher

상좌/제자 : disciple

소좌/납자 : Zen practitioners

사형 : spiritual brother(elder)

사제 : spiritual brother(younger)

성직자 : priesthood

속인 : laypeople

거사 : laymen

보살 : laywomen

보살계 : The Bodhisattva precepts

불자 : Buddhist

행자 : trainees/postulants/Prospective ordinaned/A novice

사미 : novices

사미. 사미계 : The Sami/Samini precepts/Rules for novices

종정 : Supreme master/head/spiritual leader

방장스님 : Zen Master. Chief of the precincts. (This title is reserved for the Zen Masters of the four main training monasteries

율사 : Vinaya Master/Discipline teacher/precept Master

조실 : Official title of the resident Zen Master

주지 : Chief Monk. Abbot. Monastic who holds executive control over the support positions of the monastery.

총무 : a Sunim who is in charge of general affairs.

교무 : Catechist/a sunim who is in charge of education

재무 : a sunim who is in charge of financial affairs

총무원장 : President of order headquarters.

NAMES OF BUILDINGS

일주문 : one pillar gate, one span gate

사천왕문 : The Four heavenly kings. four Grardins gate

불이문 : Non-duality gate

대웅전 : main hall, dharma hall. main dharma hall. main buddha hall. main sanctuary

법당 :main Dharma hall

관음전 : Avalokitesvara hal, a boddhisattva known for compassion

지장전/명부전 : Ksitigarbha hall, a boddhisattva of the deceased

약사전 : healing Buddha hall

미륵전 : maitreya hall, future Buddha

극락전 : Amita Buddha hall

나한전/웅진전 : arhat's hall

설법전 : Teaching hall -where people gather to hear a lecture

산신각 : shrine for mountain god

삼성각 : shrine for three stars

독성각 : shrine for lonely saint, independant

칠성각 : shrine for the seven stars

선방 :  meditation hall

종구 :  bell tower

공양간/후원 : dining place or kitchen

오사채 : living quarters

종무소 : offic, Temple office

종무소직원 : clerk

종각 : Bell Tower(Hall)

보물장 : Temple Museum

장경각 : Hall for storing Sutras, For keeping Sutras.

시자실 : attendant's room

해우소 : toilet, ladies & gents

경내 : courtyard

Things

불상 : statue

목불 : wooden statue

석불 : stone statue

벽화/탱화 : wall painting, Buddhist painting behind th Buddha statue

A buddhist scroll painting. A Buddhist religious painting

탑 : pagoda, stupa

석등 : stone lanterns

Things in Temple

복전함/불전함 : donation box/offering box

단청 : literal meaning is red and blue picture of many colors and designs painted on canopy in temples

온돌 : typical Korean style of underfloor heating

기와 : roof tile

풍경 : windbell

Instruments

목탁 : wooden percussion instrument used for chanting and worship mokt'ak.

wooden bell-for keeping the rhythm when chanting.

사물 : The Four instruments

종 : bell, 북 : drum, 운판 : cloud-shaped gong, 목어 : wooden-fish

요령 : handbell

죽비 : Bamboo stick or clapper - dounded three times at the beginning and end of the meditation session

염주 : Beads-worn around the wrist and often used for recitation in order to keep concentration. Buddhist rosary.  Buddhist beads-108  or to 1000 used for counting bows

단주:

Things to eat

육식을 안한다 : refrain from meat

채식하다 : eat vegetables only

공양 : meal, offerings, Meal in a monastery

발우공양 : sunims's taking formal and ceremonial meal

대중공양 : Festival meal

아침공양 : breakfast

점심공양 : lunch

저녁공양 : dinner

마지(올리다) : to offer rice to the Buddha

Things to wear

승복 : Buddhist robes

가사 : ceremonial garment worn over robes

장삼 : formal monastic robes

고무신 : rubber shoes

걸망 : rucksack/knapsack

누비옷 : quilted clothes

Names of Sutra

경전 : sutra/scripture/canon

대승경전 : The Mahayana Canon

화엄경 : Avtamsaka sutra/Flower Ornament(garland)sutra.

법화경 : Saddharmapundarika Sutra/Lotus sutra

열반경 : Nirvana sutra

능엄경 : Surangama sutra

능가경 : lankavatara sutra

원각경 : The sutra of perfect Enlightenment

사십이장경 : Forty-two sutra

반야경 : Prajnaparamitta sutra/Perfection of Wisdom sutra

금강경 : Vajracchedika sutra/Diamond sutra

반야심경 : Hridaya sutra/Heart sutra

어록 : record of sayings

유마경 : Vimalakirti

삼장 : 1)The Tripitaka, The three collections of Buddhist sutras, the Bu7ddhist Texts, are divided into three collections;

2)The three collections of Buddhist sutras: the Sutras(경),Vunaya(율), and Abhidharma(논) collections

대장경 : Great Scripture Store, Tuipitika.

Names of Bodhisattva

지장보살 : Chijang Bodhisattva is the one who delays his becoming a buddha until enlightenment for the people who suffer in the world.

Earth store Bodhisattva.  Ksitigarbha

관음보살 : Kwanum Bodhisattva is the one who is full of compassion and mercy. Avalokitesvara.

He/She listens to the sound of people and comforts the people

약사보살 : Yaksa is a  healing Bodhisattva who heals and cures the sickness of people.

The Medicine Buddha. Bhaisajyaguru

대세지보살 : Bodhisattva of power. Bodhisattva shown to the right of Amitabha Buddha. Represents wisdom. Mahasthamaprapta

보현보살 : symbolized by the elephant. Samantabhadra. Bodhisattava of Compassionate Action.

아미타불 :(s)Amitabha-buddha. Buddha of the Western Paradise.

The Buddha of the Light.

Buddhism Ceremony

성도일 : Buddha's Enlightenment Day, in Korea held on the 8th day of the 12th lunar month

초파일 : Buddha's birthday

부처님오신날 : the day Buddha came

사십구제 : Forth-ninth day Ceremony ; the memorial service held on the forty-ninth day after a person's death