# dict

Words: ingenious
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: ingenieux, from  Latin ingenium  ’natural ability’]//\n  1 an ingenious plan, idea, or object works well and is the result of clever thinking and new ideas:  --Many fish have ingenious ways of protecting their eggs from predators.//  --an ingenious device//\n  2 someone who is ingenious is very good at inventing things or at thinking of new ideas:  -- ingeniously adv //


Words: ingenue
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin ingenuus;   INGENUOUS]//  a young girl, especially in a film or play, who has not had much experience of life//


Words: ingenuous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ingenuus  ’born, free born, honest’, from  gignere  ’to produce children’]//  an ingenuous person is simple, trusting, and honest, especially because they have not had much experience of life//    disingenuous//  -- ingenuously adv //  -- ingenuousness n  [U] //


Words: ingest
Meaning:
v [T]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  ingerere, from  gerere  ’to carry’]//  to take food or other substances into your body//    digest//  -- ingestion/[hA366]nd[hA360]est[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //    digest1 (1)//


Words: inglenook
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: ingle  ’fire’ (16-19 centuries) (from  Scottish Gaelic aingeal) +  nook]//  a seat by the side of a large open fireplace, or the space that it is in//


Words: ingot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Old English in +  goten (past participle of  geotan  ’to pour’)]//  a piece of pure metal, especially gold, usually shaped like a brick//


Words: ingrained
Meaning:
adj \n  1 ingrained attitudes or behaviour are firmly established and therefore difficult to change:  ingrained in//  --The idea of doing our duty is deeply ingrained in most people.//\n  2 ingrained dirt is under the surface of something and very difficult to remove:


Words: ingrate
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: ingratus, from  gratus  ’grateful’]//  an ungrateful person//


Words: ingratiate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: gratia  ’grace’]//  ingratiate yourself (with sb)//  to try very hard to get someone’s approval - used to show disapproval//  --His policy is to ingratiate himself with anyone who might be useful to him.//


Words: ingratiating
Meaning:
adj   trying too hard to get someone’s approval - used to show disapproval//  --an ingratiating smile//  -- ingratiatingly adv //


Words: ingredient
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  ingredi, from  gradi  ’to go’]//\n  1 one of the foods that you use to make a particular food or dish:  --Combine all the ingredients in a large bowl.//  --The food is home-cooked using fresh ingredients.//\n  2 a quality you need to achieve something:  --John has all the ingredients of a great player.//  --Investment in new product development is an essential ingredient of corporate success.//\n  3  active ingredient:  the substance in a product such as a medicine that causes the product’s intended result//  --Acetic acid is the chief active ingredient in vinegar.//


Words: Ingres
Meaning:
Jean Auguste Dominique   (1780-1867) a French painter and leader of the  neoclassical school (=artists who copied the style of ancient Greece and Rome) . He is famous for his  portraits (=paintings of real people)  and for his  nudes (=paintings of people, mostly women, without clothes) //


Words: ingress
Meaning:
n [U]  literary   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: ingressus, from the past participle of  ingredi;   INGREDIENT]//  the right to enter a place, or the act of entering it//


Words: inhabit
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: enhabiter, from  Latin habitare;   HABITATION]//  if animals or people inhabit an area or place, they live there//  --The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.//  --I have no idea what sort of people inhabit the area.//  --inhabited islands//  -- inhabitable adj //


Words: inhale
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: in- +  -hale (as in  exhale)]//  to breathe in air, smoke, or gas//  → exhale//  --It is dangerous to inhale ammonia fumes.//  --Myra lit another cigarette and inhaled deeply  (=breathed in a lot of smoke) .//  -- inhalation/[hA366]nh[hA353]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --One man was treated for smoke inhalation  (=when you breathe smoke from a fire) .//


Words: inhaler
Meaning:
n [C]   a small plastic tube containing medicine that you breathe in, in order to make breathing easier//


Words: inhere
Meaning:
v   inhere in [inhere in sth] phr v//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: inhaerere, from  haerere  ’to stick’]//  to be a natural part of something//


Words: inherent
Meaning:
adj  formal   a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it//  inherent in//  --I’m afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system.//  --Every business has its own inherent risks.//  -- inherently adv //  --Firefighting is an inherently dangerous occupation.//


Words: inherit
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: enheriter  ’to say that someone will receive your property after death’, from  Latin hereditas;   HEREDITY]//\n  1 [I and T] to receive money, property etc from someone after they have died:  inherit sth from sb//  --He inherited a fortune from his grandmother.//  --inherited wealth//\n  2 [T] if you inherit a situation, especially one in which problems have been caused by other people, you have to deal with it:  --The present government inherited a closed, state-dominated economy.//\n  3 [T] to have the same character or appearance as your parents:  inherit sth from sb//  --Mr. Grass inherited his work ethic from his father.//  --I inherited my mother’s curly hair.//\n  4 [T] to get something that someone else does not want any more:  inherit sth from sb//  --We inherited the furniture from the previous tenants.//


Words: inheritance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] money, property etc that you receive from someone who has died:  --Lucinda has to fight for her life and her inheritance in this gripping novel.//\n  2 [U] physical or mental qualities that you inherit from your family:  --Our genetic inheritance cannot be changed.//\n  3 [U] ideas, skills, literature etc from the past that influence people in the present:  --ideas that have become part of our cultural inheritance//


Words: inheritor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who receives money, property etc from someone who has just died:\n  2 someone who follows in an established way of life or thinking:  inheritor of//  --These writers are inheritors of his work.//


Words: inhibit
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inhibere  ’to prevent’, from  habere  ’to have’]//\n  1 to prevent something from growing or developing well:  --An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.//\n  2 to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to:  inhibit sb from doing sth//  --Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.//


Words: inhibited
Meaning:
adj   too embarrassed or nervous to do or say what you want//  inhibited about//  --Many people are inhibited about discussing sexual matters.//


Words: inhibition
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a feeling of shyness or embarrassment that stops you doing or saying what you really want:  --She had no inhibitions about saying what she felt.//  --People tend to lose their inhibitions when they’ve drunk a lot of alcohol.//\n  2 [U]  technical when something is restricted or prevented from happening or developing:  --a marked inhibition of cell growth//


Words: inhospitable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an inhospitable place is difficult to live or stay in because the weather conditions are unpleasant or there is no shelter:  --an inhospitable climate//  --He trekked across some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world.//\n  2 an inhospitable person does not welcome visitors in a friendly way:  inhospitable to//  --Some governments are inhospitable to aid workers.//


Words: inhuman
Meaning:
1 very cruel or without any normal feelings of pity:  --The refugees had suffered degrading and inhuman treatment.//\n  2 lacking any human qualities in a way that seems strange or frightening:  --a strange inhuman sound//  -- inhumanly adv //


Words: inhumane
Meaning:
adj   extremely cruel and causing unacceptable suffering//  --the inhumane treatment of political prisoners//  --I was shocked by the inhumane conditions.//  -- inhumanely adv //


Words: inimical
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: inimicalis, from  Latin inimicus;   ENEMY]//  making it difficult for something to exist or happen//  --a cold, inimical climate//  inimical to//  --conditions inimical to development//


Words: inimitable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin, from  imitabilis  ’able to be copied’, from  imitari;   IMITATE]//  too good or skilful for anyone else to copy with the same high standard//   unique//  --the inimitable Billie Holliday//  your own inimitable way/style etc //  --He entertained us in his own inimitable style.//  -- inimitably adv //    imitate//


Words: iniquity
Meaning:
n   plural  iniquities  [U and C]  formal //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: iniquite, from  Latin, from  aequus  ’equal’]//  the quality of being very unfair or evil, or something that is very unfair//  iniquity of//  --He went on and on about the iniquities of bourgeois oppression.//  --They were trying to protect their son from iniquity.//    den of iniquity at den(6)//


Words: initial
Meaning:
W2   adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: initialis, from  initium  ’beginning’, from  inire  ’to go in’, from  ire  ’to go’]//  happening at the beginning//   first//  --an initial investment of [hA124]5000//  initial stage/phase/period //  --the initial stages of the disease//  --The initial response has been encouraging.//\ninitial 2 n [C] \n  1 the first letter of someone’s first name:  --’Can I have your initial, Mr Davies?’ ’It’s G, Mr G Davies.’//\n  2  initials [plural] the first letters of all your names in order:  --His initials are DPH: they stand for David Perry Hallworth.//\ninitial 3 v   past tense and past participle  initialled present participle  initialling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  initialed present participle  initialing  AmE //  [T] to write your initials on a document to make it official or to show that you agree with something//    sign//  --The two countries have initialled a new defence co-operation agreement.//


Words: initially
Meaning:
W3   adv   at the beginning//  --Stan initially wanted to go to medical school.//  --Initially, I thought I would only stay there a year.//


Words: initiate
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1  formal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan:  --They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.//  --Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.//\n  2 to tell someone about something or show them how to do something:  initiate sb into sth//  --Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age.//\n  3 to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony:  initiate sb into sth//  --At the age of thirteen the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood.//\ninitiate 2   n [C]   someone who has been allowed to join a particular organization, club, or group and has been taught its secrets//


Words: initiation
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 the process of officially introducing someone into a club or group, or of introducing a young person to adult life, often with a special ceremony:  --The club has an initiation ceremony for new members.//  initiation rite/ritual //  --initiation rituals for young boys at puberty//  initiation into//  --rites of initiation into their religion//\n  2 the act of starting something such as an official process, a new plan etc:  initiation of//  --the initiation of criminal proceedings//


Words: initiative
Meaning:
W2   n   ----------//\n   1 decisions:\n   2 plan:\n   3 control:\n   4 law:  ----------//\n  1 DECISIONS:   [U] the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do//  --I wish my son would show more initiative .//  --Don’t keep asking me for advice. Use your initiative .//  --Lt. Carlos was not obeying orders. He acted on his own initiative  (=he was not told what to do) .//\n  2 PLAN:   [C] an important new plan or process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem//  --a government initiative to help exporters//  --an education initiative//  initiative for//  --a new initiative for peace in the Middle East//\n  3 CONTROL:   the initiative//  if you have or take the initiative, you are in a position to control a situation and decide what to do next//  --Why don’t you take the initiative and ask him out?//  --Politicians need to seize the initiative from the terrorists.//  --The government must not lose the initiative in the fight against terrorism.//\n  4 LAW:   [C]  law a process by which ordinary citizens can officially suggest a change in the law by signing a petition//


Words: initiator
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who thinks of and starts a new plan or process//  initiator of//  --the initiator of the proposal//


Words: inject
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inicere, from  jacere  ’to throw’]//\n  1 to put liquid, especially a drug, into someone’s body by using a special needle:  inject sth into sb/sth//  --The drug is injected directly into the base of the spine.//  inject sb with sth//  --I have to inject myself with insulin.//\n  2 to improve something by adding excitement, interest etc to it:  inject sth into sth//  --Traditional handbag makers are injecting more fun into their designs.//  --A market building can inject new life into an area.//\n  3 to provide more money, equipment etc for something:  inject sth into sth//  --They need to inject more money into sports facilities.//


Words: injection
Meaning:
S3   n \n  1 [U and C] an act of putting a drug into someone’s body using a special needle:    shot//  --The nurse gave me a tetanus injection .//  injection of//  --an injection of insulin//  --The children hate having injections. //  --The only sure treatment is antibiotics, preferably by injection.//\n  2 [C] an addition of money to something in order to improve it:  injection of//  --a massive injection of public funds//  --Our local football club may fold unless it gets a cash injection .//\n  3 [U and C] the act of forcing a liquid into something:  --a fuel injection system//


Words: injudicious
Meaning:
adj  formal   an injudicious action, remark etc is not sensible and is likely to have bad results//  --He has apologized for his injudicious remarks.//  -- injudiciously adv //


Words: injunction
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: injunctio, from  Latin injungere;   ENJOIN]//\n  1  law an order given by a court which tells someone not to do something:  injunction against//  --The family is seeking an injunction against the book’s publication.//  --The judge refused to grant an injunction .//  --They failed to obtain an injunction .//\n  2  formal a piece of advice or an order from someone in authority:


Words: injure
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: injury]//\n  1 to hurt yourself or someone else, for example in an accident or an attack:    wound//  --Angus injured his leg playing rugby yesterday.//  be badly/seriously/critically injured //  --Two people have been critically injured in a road accident.//\n  2  injure sb’s pride/feelings etc:  to say unfair or unpleasant things that hurt someone’s pride, feelings etc//   see usage note  damage2 //  ----------//  HINT sense 2 //  injure, wound, hurt, or damage //  ----------//


Words: injured
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having a wound or damage to part of your body:    wounded//  --an injured bird//  --Chelsea have three injured players.//  --Grandpa was badly injured in the war.//  --The car accident left him seriously injured .//\n  2  the injured:  the people who have been hurt//    the wounded//  --Many of the injured are still in a serious condition.//\n  3  injured look/expression etc:  a look that shows you feel you have been treated unfairly//\n  4  injured pride/feelings etc:  a feeling of being upset or offended because you think you have been unfairly treated//\n  5  the injured party:   formal the person who has been unfairly treated in a particular situation//


Words: injurious
Meaning:
adj  formal   causing injury, harm, or damage//  injurious to//  --Smoking is injurious to health.//


Words: injury
Meaning:
W2   n   plural  injuries //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: injuria, from  jus  ’right, law’]//\n  1 [U and C] a wound or damage to part of your body caused by an accident or attack:  --She was taken to hospital with  serious head  injuries .//  --He  suffered  horrific injuries in the attack.//  --The driver of the truck sustained  only minor injuries to his legs and arms.//  --Luckily she escaped injury .//  --Beckham has missed several games  through injury .//  --The pilot was treated for suspected internal injuries .//  --Don’t lift that toolbox - you’ll do yourself an injury !//  --He’s a lawyer who specializes in personal injury claims .//\n  2 [U]  law damage to someone’s feelings:  injury to//  --He claimed serious injury to his reputation.//    add insult to injury at add(8)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  serious injury //  minor injury //  suffer an injury //  sustain an injury (=suffer an injury - used especially in newspaper reports) //  escape/avoid injury (=not be injured) //  through injury (=because of injury) //  head/leg/shoulder etc injury //  an injury to the head/the chest etc //  internal injuries (=injuries inside your body) //  multiple injuries (=a large number of injuries at the same time) //  do yourself an injury British English spoken (=accidentally hurt yourself - used especially when warning someone to be careful) //  personal injury claim (=a legal claim made against the person or company that caused your injury) //  ----------//


Words: injury time
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   playing time added on to a game such as football because of time lost when players are injured//    extra time//


Words: injustice
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights:  injustice of//  --the injustice of slavery//  injustice against//  --innumerable injustices against the black population//  --The movie deals with injustices suffered by Native Americans.//  --He had developed a deep sense of social injustice .//\n  2  do sb an injustice:  to judge someone’s character or abilities unfairly//  --To say that you are a poor cook is to do yourself an injustice.//


Words: ink
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: enque, from  Late Latin encaustum, from  Greek enkaiein  ’to burn in’]//\n  1 [U and C] a coloured liquid that you use for writing, printing or drawing:  --Please write in black ink. //\n  2 [U] the black liquid in sea creatures such as octopuses and squid:\nink 2 v [T] \n  1 to put ink on something:\n  2 to make a document, agreement etc official and legal by writing your signature on it:  --The two companies have inked a deal.//  ink in [ink sth → in] phr v//  to complete something done in pencil by drawing over it in ink//


Words: ink pad
Meaning:
n [C]   ink pad, stamp//  a small box containing ink on a thick piece of cloth, used for putting ink onto a stamp that is then pressed onto paper//


Words: Inkatha
Meaning:
a political party in South Africa which represents the Zulu people. Its full name is the Inkatha Freedom Party//


Words: inkjet printer
Meaning:
n [C]   an electronic printer, usually connected to a small computer//    dot-matrix printer, laser printer//


Words: inkling
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  inkle  ’to say quietly, hint’ (1300-1400)]//  a slight idea about something//    suspicion//  --I had an inkling that she was pregnant.//  inkling of//  --She had absolutely no inkling of what was going on.//


Words: inky
Meaning:
adj \n  1  literary very dark - used especially in poetry:  --I stared out into the inky blackness of the night.//\n  2 marked with ink:  --inky fingers//


Words: INLA
Meaning:
the   the Irish National Liberation Army an illegal paramilitary organization (=a group like an unofficial army) in Northern Ireland, which wants the two parts of Ireland to be united and uses violent methods to achieve its aims. Unlike the IRA, the INLA did not support the Northern Ireland peace talks of 1996-98 or the peace agreement of 1998.//


Words: inlaid
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an inlaid box, table, floor etc has little pieces of another material set into its surface for decoration:  inlaid with//  --a wooden jewellery box inlaid with ivory//\n  2 [+ in/into] metal, stone etc that is inlaid into the surface of another material is set into its surface as decoration:


Words: inland
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   an inland area, city etc is not near the coast//  --the largest area of inland water in the south east//\ninland 2   adv   in a direction away from the coast and towards the centre of a country//  --The mountains are five miles inland.//  --We set off inland.//


Words: inlay
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a material which has been set into the surface of furniture, floors etc for decoration, or the pattern made by this:  --a cedarwood casket with gold inlay//\n  2 [C] a substance used by a dentist to fill a hole in a decayed tooth:


Words: inlet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Because it lets water in]//\n  1 a narrow area of water that reaches from the sea or a lake into the land:  --There are several sheltered inlets along the coast.//\n  2 the part of a machine through which liquid or gas flows in:  → outlet//  --a fuel inlet//


Words: inmost
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 your inmost feelings, desires etc are your most personal and secret ones:  --In his inmost heart, he knew he didn’t love me.//\n  2  formal furthest inside a place, and so difficult to see or find:  --Apparently there are bats in the inmost caves.//


Words: inn
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside:\n  2 a word used in the names of some pubs and hotels:  --We’re staying at the Holiday Inn.//


Words: innards
Meaning:
n [plural]  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: inwards]//\n  1 the parts inside your body, especially your stomach:   guts//\n  2 the parts inside a machine:


Words: innate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  innasci, from  nasci  ’to be born’]//\n  1 an innate quality or ability is something you are born with:  --Children have an innate ability to learn language.//\n  2 an innate belief is something you feel strongly about and are unlikely to change:  --the innate conservatism of the farming community//  -- innately adv //  --the army’s innately conservative values//


Words: inner
Meaning:
W2   adj [only before noun]   [Language: Old English; Origin: innera, from  inne  ’inside’]//\n  1 on the inside or close to the centre of something:  → outer//  --an inner room//  --inner London//  --the inner ear//\n  2 inner thoughts or feelings are ones that you feel strongly but do not always show to other people:  --Yoga gives me a sense of inner calm.//  --She’ll need great inner strength to get over the tragedy.//  --She never shared her inner thoughts with anyone.//\n  3 relating to things which happen or exist but are not easy to see:  --I’ll never understand the inner workings of the film industry.//  --The inner life of a political party must be fascinating.//\n  4  inner circle:  the few people in an organization, political party etc who control it or share power with its leader//  --members of the President’s inner circle//\n  5  sb’s inner voice:  thoughts or feelings inside your head which seem to warn or advise you//  --My inner voice told me to be cautious.//


Words: inner city plural
Meaning:
inner cities  n [C]   the part near the middle of a city, especially where the buildings are in a bad condition and the people are poor//  --the problems of our inner cities//  -- inner city adj //  --inner-city schools//


Words: Inner Hebrides
Meaning:
the Inner Hebrides//  a group of islands west of Scotland and east of the  Outer Hebrides. The largest islands are Skye, Islay, and Mull, and many tourists go there in the summer.//


Words: Inner Temple
Meaning:
the   a London organization of law students and  barristers and the buildings they use, which is the oldest of the four  Inns of Court//


Words: innermost
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 your innermost feelings, desires etc are your most personal and secret ones:  --a man who would never share his innermost thoughts with anyone//\n  2  formal furthest inside or nearest to the centre:  → outermost//  --the innermost depths of the cave//


Words: inning
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: in]//  one of the nine playing periods in a game of baseball or softball//


Words: innings
Meaning:
n   plural  innings //\n  1 [C] the period of time in a game of cricket when a team or player bats:\n  2  he/she had a good innings:   BrE  informal used about someone who has died to say that they had a long life//


Words: innit
Meaning:
BrE  spoken   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: isn’t it]//  used at the end of a statement or in reply to a statement, often to emphasize what has just been said//  --’Did you see the way Schumacher went past him?’ ’Innit.’//


Words: innocence
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the fact of being not guilty of a crime:  → guilt//  --Can you prove your innocence ?//  protest/maintain your innocence (=say repeatedly that you are not guilty) //  --The prisoners continued to protest their innocence.//\n  2 lack of experience of life or knowledge of the bad things in the world:  --In our innocence we believed everything we were told.//  --the innocence of childhood//\n  3  in all innocence:  if you do or say something in all innocence, you have no intention of doing harm or of offending anyone//


Words: innocent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, from  nocens  ’evil’, present participle of  nocere  ’to harm’]//\n  1 not guilty of a crime:  → guilty//  --Nobody would believe that I was innocent.//  innocent of//  --He’s innocent of murder.//  --The court found him innocent and he was released.//\n  2  innocent victims/ bystanders/people etc:  people who get hurt or killed in a war or crime although they are not directly involved in it//  --Many innocent civilians are among the casualties.//\n  3 done or said without intending to harm or offend anyone:  --He was startled by their angry reaction to his innocent remark.//\n  4 not having much experience of the bad things in the world, so that you are easily deceived:   naive//  --I was thirteen years old and very innocent.//  -- innocently adv //\ninnocent 2 n [C]   someone who does not have much experience of the bad things in life//


Words: innocuous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: innocuus, from  nocere;   INNOCENT1]//  not offensive, dangerous, or harmful//  --an innocuous remark//  --He’s a perfectly innocuous young man.//  -- innocuously adv //


Words: innovate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  innovare, from  novus  ’new’]//  to start to use new ideas, methods, or inventions//  --the need for large businesses to innovate//  --The company has successfully innovated new products and services.//


Words: innovation
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [C] a new idea, method, or invention:  innovation in//  --recent innovations in English teaching//\n  2 [U] the introduction of new ideas or methods:  --We must encourage innovation if the company is to remain competitive.//  innovation in//  --We need to encourage innovation in industry.//  --Many people feel bewildered by the speed of technological innovation. //


Words: innovative
Meaning:
adj  also innovatory \n  1 an innovative idea or way of doing something is new, different, and better than those that existed before:  --an innovative approach to language teaching//  --innovative schemes for recycling waste materials//\n  2 using clever new ideas and methods:  --an innovative design team//


Words: Inns of Court
Meaning:
the   the four law societies and their buildings in London, for students and practising  barristers, which an English barrister must belong to. The four societies are Lincoln’s Inn, the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, and Gray’s Inn.//


Words: innuendo
Meaning:
n   plural  innuendoes  or  innuendos  [U and C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’by speaking indirectly’, from  innuere  ’to say indirectly’, from  nuere  ’to nod’]//  a remark that suggests something sexual or unpleasant without saying it directly, or these remarks in general//    double entendre//  --His writing is full of sexual innuendoes.//  --a campaign based on rumour, innuendo, and gossip//


Words: innumerable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: innumerabilis, from  numerabilis  ’countable’]//  very many, or too many to be counted//   countless//  --She’s served on innumerable committees.//


Words: inoculate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inoculare  ’to attach a bud to a plant’, from  oculus  ’eye, bud’]//  to protect someone against a disease by putting a weak form of the disease into their body using a needle//    immunize, vaccinate//  inoculate sb against sth//  --All the children had been inoculated against hepatitis.//  -- inoculation/[hA366]n[hA361]kj[hA36A]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -n[hA35A][hA359]k-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: inoperable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an inoperable illness or medical condition cannot be treated by an operation:  --an inoperable brain tumour//\n  2 something that is inoperable cannot be used:  --The bombing rendered the airfield inoperable.//


Words: inoperative
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 a machine that is inoperative is not working, or is not in working condition:\n  2 a system or a law that is inoperative does not work any more or cannot be made to work:


Words: inopportune
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 an inopportune moment or time is not suitable or good for something:  → opportune//  --I’m afraid you’ve called at rather an inopportune moment .//\n  2 happening at an unsuitable or bad time:  --an inopportune visit//


Words: inordinate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: inordinatus, from  ordinare  ’to arrange’]//  far more than you would reasonably or normally expect//   excessive//  --Testing is taking up an inordinate amount of teachers’ time.//  -- inordinately adv //  --She’s inordinately fond of her parrot.//


Words: inorganic
Meaning:
adj   not consisting of anything that is living//  --inorganic matter//  -- inorganically/-kli/ adv //


Words: inorganic chemistry
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   the part of chemistry concerning the study of substances that do not contain carbon//    organic chemistry//


Words: input
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U] information that is put into a computer:  → output//  --If the input data specified it, the file will close and the process terminates.//\n  2 [U and C] ideas, advice, money, or effort that you put into a job or activity in order to help it succeed:  input into/to//  --Farmers contributed most of the input into the survey.//  input from//  --We’ll need input from community nurses.//\n  3 [U and C]  technical electrical power that is put into a machine for it to use:\ninput 2   past tense and past participle  inputted  or  input present participle  inputting  v [T] //  to put information into a computer//  → output//  be input to sth//  --The information is input to our computer system.//


Words: inquest
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: enqueste, from  Latin inquirere;   INQUIRE]//\n  1 a legal process to find out the cause of someone’s death:  inquest into//  --The coroner will hold an inquest into the deaths.//  --The inquest heard that she died from multiple injuries.//\n  2 an unofficial discussion about the reasons for someone’s defeat or failure to do something:  inquest into//  --The Tories will hold a private inquest into why they were defeated.//


Words: inquire
Meaning:
enquire/[hA366]nkwa[hA366][hA353] $ -kwa[hA366]r/ v [I and T]  formal   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: enquerre, from  Latin inquirere, from  quaerere  ’to look for’]//  to ask someone for information//  --’Why are you doing that?’ the boy inquired.//  inquire about//  --I am writing to inquire about your advertisement in The Times.//  inquire whether/why/how etc//  --The waiter inquired whether we would like to sit near the window.//  inquire sth of sb//  --’Where’s the station?’ she inquired of a passer-by.//  --Toby would have liked to inquire further  (=ask more questions) .//  --I did not inquire the reason for his lateness.//  -- inquirer n  [C] //  inquire after / [inquire after sb/sth] phr v//  to ask about someone’s health, what they are doing etc//  --He called me aside to inquire after my daughter.//  inquire into [inquire into sth] phr v//  to ask questions in order to get more information about something//  --The investigation will inquire into the company’s financial dealings.//


Words: inquiring
Meaning:
enquiring/[hA366]nkwa[hA366][hA353]r[hA366][hA26E] $ -kwa[hA366]r-/ adj [only before noun] \n  1 an inquiring look or expression shows that you want to ask about something:  --She raised an inquiring eyebrow towards Murray.//\n  2  an inquiring mind:  someone who has an inquiring mind is very interested in finding out more about everything//  --As a child he had a lively inquiring mind.//  -- inquiringly adv //  --Victor looked at her inquiringly.//


Words: inquiry
Meaning:
W3  enquiry/[hA366]nkwa[hA366][hA353]ri $ [hA366]nkwa[hA366]ri, [hA366][hA26E]kw[hA353]ri/ n   plural  inquiries //\n  1 [C] a question you ask in order to get information:  inquiry about//  --We’re getting a lot of inquiries about our new London-Rio service.//  inquiry from//  --inquiries from potential applicants//  --I don’t know who sent the gift, but I’ll make some inquiries .//  help the police with their inquiries  BrE  (=to answer questions about a crime) //\n  2 [U] the act or process of asking questions in order to get information:  --On further inquiry, it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident.//  --The local council set up a committee of inquiry to look into policing arrangements.//  scientific/intellectual inquiry //\n  3 [C] an official process to find out about something:  inquiry into//  --a judicial inquiry into the deaths//  launch/set up/hold an inquiry (into sth) //  --The Civil Aviation Authority has agreed to hold an inquiry into the accident.//  --The police have launched a murder inquiry .//  --Parents have called for an independent inquiry into the accident.//    line of inquiry at line1 (12)//


Words: inquisition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin inquirere;   INQUIRE]//\n  1  the Inquisition:  a Roman Catholic organization in the past whose aim was to find and punish people who had unacceptable religious beliefs//\n  2 [C usually singular] a series of questions that someone asks you in a threatening or unpleasant way:  --I had to face a two-hour inquisition from my parents about where I’d been.//


Words: inquisitive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 asking too many questions and trying to find out too many details about something or someone:  --I’d have asked more questions, but I didn’t want to seem inquisitive.//\n  2 interested in a lot of different things and wanting to find out more about them:  --a cheerful, inquisitive little boy//  --an inquisitive mind//   curious//  -- inquisitively adv //  --He peeped inquisitively into the drawer.//  -- inquisitiveness n  [U] //


Words: inquisitor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is asking you a lot of difficult questions and making you feel very uncomfortable:\n  2 an official of the Inquisition:  -- inquisitorial/[hA366]nkw[hA366]z[hA369]t[hA350][hA359]ri[hA353]l[hA36B]/ adj //  -- inquisitorially adv //


Words: inroad
Meaning:
n [usually plural]   make inroads into/on sth//  a) to have an important effect or influence on something, especially by taking something away from it//  --Video is making huge inroads into attendance figures at movie theaters (=taking away its customers) .//  --They have made significant inroads into the European market.//  --The administrative workload is making massive inroads into our working day (=taking away time) .//  b) to make some progress towards achieving something difficult//  --We haven’t made much of an inroad into the backlog of work.//


Words: inrush
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a sudden flow of something that enters a place//  --The inrush of fresh air filled the room.//


Words: ins and outs
Meaning:
n [plural]   all the exact details of a complicated situation, problem, system etc//  ins and outs of//  --I don’t really know all the ins and outs of the matter.//


Words: insane
Meaning:
adj \n  1  informal completely stupid or crazy, often in a way that is dangerous:  --That’s an insane risk.//  --The whole idea sounds absolutely insane to me.//  --Why did you do that? Have you  gone insane ?//\n  2 someone who is insane is permanently and seriously mentally ill so that they cannot live in normal society:  --The killer was declared criminally insane.//\n  3  the insane:  people who are mentally ill//  --a hospital for the insane//\n  4  drive sb insane:   informal to make someone feel more and more annoyed or angry, usually over a long period of time//   drive somebody mad//  --My little brother’s been driving me insane all weekend.//  -- insanely adv //  --insanely jealous//  --She giggled insanely.//


Words: insanitary
Meaning:
adj   insanitary conditions or places are very dirty and likely to cause disease//  American Equivalent:  unsanitary//


Words: insanity
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the state of being seriously mentally ill, so that you cannot live normally in society:   madness//  --The court acquitted Campbell on the grounds of temporary insanity.//\n  2 very stupid actions that may cause you serious harm:   lunacy//  --Can’t they see the insanity of dumping radioactive waste in the sea?//


Words: insatiable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin insatiabilis, from  satiare  ’to satisfy’]//  always wanting more and more of something//  insatiable appetite/desire/demand etc (for sth) //  --his insatiable appetite for power//  --our insatiable thirst for knowledge//  -- insatiably adv //


Words: inscribe
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: inscribere, from  scribere  ’to write’]//  to carefully cut, print, or write words on something, especially on the surface of a stone or coin//  --Inside the cover someone had inscribed the words ’To Thomas, with love’.//  be inscribed in/on sth//  --The team’s name is inscribed on the base of the trophy.//  be inscribed with sth//  --The tomb was inscribed with a short poem.//


Words: inscription
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of writing inscribed on a stone, in the front of a book etc//  --a Latin inscription on the memorial stone//


Words: inscrutable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: inscrutabilis, from  Latin scrutari  ’to search’]//  someone who is inscrutable shows no emotion or reaction in the expression on their face so that it is impossible to know what they are feeling or thinking//  --He stood silent and inscrutable.//  -- inscrutably adv //  -- inscrutability/[hA366]nskru[hA359]t[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: insect
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: insectum, from  insecare  ’to cut into’; because insects have a body in separate parts]//  a small creature such as a fly or ant, that has six legs, and sometimes wings//  --an insect bite//  --mosquitoes and other flying insects//  --Don’t forget to bring insect repellant  (=a chemical to keep insects away) .//


Words: insecticide
Meaning:
n [U]   a chemical substance used for killing insects//    pesticide//  -- insecticidal/[hA366]nsekt[hA369]sa[hA366]dl[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: insectivore
Meaning:
n [C]   a creature that eats insects for food//    carnivore, herbivore, omnivore//  -- insectivorous/[hA366]nsekt[hA366]v[hA368]r[hA353]s[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: insecure
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not feeling at all confident about yourself, your abilities, or your relationships with people:  insecure about//  --She’s very insecure about her appearance.//  --She felt lonely and insecure away from her family.//\n  2 a job, investment etc that is insecure does not give you a feeling of safety, because it might to be taken away or lost at any time:  --Many of them work in low-paid, insecure jobs.//\n  3 a building or structure that is insecure is not safe, because it could fall down:  -- insecurity n  [U and C] //  --Student teachers often suffer from a great sense of insecurity.//  --her deepest fears and insecurities//  -- insecurely adv //


Words: inseminate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inseminare, from  semen;   SEMEN]//  to put sperm into a woman or female animal in order to make her have a baby//  -- insemination/[hA366]nsem[hA369]ne[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //    artificial insemination//


Words: insensate
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 not able to feel things:\n  2 unreasonable and crazy:  --an insensate hatred of America//


Words: insensibility
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  formal the state of being unconscious:\n  2  old-fashioned inability to experience feelings such as love, sympathy, anger etc:


Words: insensible
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 not knowing about something that could happen to you:   unaware//  insensible of//  --She remained insensible of the dangers that lay ahead.//\n  2 unable to feel something or be affected by it:  insensible to/of//  --insensible to the cold//\n  3  literary not conscious:  --He fell to the ground, insensible.//  -- insensibly adv //


Words: insensitive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not noticing, or not taking the care to notice, other people’s feelings, and not realizing when they are upset or when something that you do will upset them:  --One insensitive official insisted on seeing her husband’s death certificate.//  --an insensitive remark//  insensitive to//  --She’s totally insensitive to Jack’s feelings.//\n  2 [not before noun] not paying attention to what is happening or to what people are saying, and therefore not changing your behaviour because of it:  insensitive to//  --Companies that are insensitive to global changes will lose sales.//  --The service is insensitive to the needs of local people.//\n  3 [not before noun] not affected by physical effects or changes:  insensitive to//  --insensitive to pain//  -- insensitively adv //  -- insensitivity/[hA366]nsens[hA369]t[hA366]v[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: inseparable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 people who are inseparable are always together and are very friendly with each other:  --Jane and Sarah soon became inseparable companions.//  inseparable from//  --Tom was inseparable from his dog, Snowy.//\n  2 things that are inseparable cannot be separated or cannot be considered separately:  inseparable from//  --Britain’s economic fortunes are inseparable from the world situation.//  -- inseparably adv //  -- inseparability/[hA366]nsep[hA368]r[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: insert
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inserere, from  serere  ’to join’]//\n  1 to put something inside or into something else:  insert sth in/into/between sth//  --His hand shook slightly as he inserted the key into the lock.//\n  2 to add something to the middle of a document or piece of writing:  insert sth in/into/between sth//  --His manager inserted a new clause into his contract.//  --Insert your comments in the space below.//\ninsert 2   n [C] \n  1 printed pages that are put inside a newspaper or magazine in order to advertise something:  --a six-page insert on computer software//\n  2 something that is designed to be put inside something else:  --He wore special inserts in his shoes to make him look taller.//


Words: insertion
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the act of putting something inside something else:\n  2 [C] something that is added to the middle of a document or piece of writing:


Words: INSET
Meaning:
in-service education training in the UK, training for teachers which takes place during the school year//  --an INSET day//


Words: inset
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a small picture, map etc in the corner of a page or larger picture etc, which shows more detail or information:  --The venture earned Mr Taylor (inset) millions of dollars.//\n  2 something which is fixed into or onto the surface of something else:  --a pendant with a diamond inset//\ninset 2   v   past tense and past participle  inset present participle  insetting  [T] //\n  1 if something is inset with decorations or jewels, they are fixed into or on its surface:  inset sth with sth//  --a wooden box inset with ivory//  inset sth into sth//  --spotlights inset into the ceiling//\n  2 to put a small picture, map etc on a printed page:


Words: inshore
Meaning:
adv   near, towards, or to the shore//  → offshore//  --The fishing boats usually stay close inshore.//  -- inshore adj //  --inshore waters//


Words: inside
Meaning:
adv, prep   ----------//\n   1 container:\n   2 building/room:\n   3 country/area:\n   4 organization:\n   5 head/mind:\n   6 body:\n   7 time:\n   8 prison:  ----------//\n  1 CONTAINER:  in or into a container or other closed space so as to be completely covered or surrounded//  → outside//  --The jewels were locked away inside the safe.//  --I sent the money inside an envelope addressed to Ann.//  --Carl picked up the book and stuffed it inside his jacket.//  --Her car was locked and the keys were inside.//\n  2 BUILDING/ROOM:  in or into a building or room//  → outside//  --It’s raining. We’ll have to go inside.//  --She could hear voices inside, but no-one came to the door.//  --Mail was piled up just inside the doorway.//  --The sound seemed to be coming from inside the house.//  inside of//   AmE //  --There were more than 20 people packed inside of her dorm room.//\n  3 COUNTRY/AREA:  in a country or area - used when you want to emphasize that something is happening there and not in other places//  → outside//  --Very little is known of events inside this mysterious country.//  --The guerrillas were said to be operating from bases inside the war zone.//\n  4 ORGANIZATION:  if someone is inside a group or organization, they are part of it//  → outside//  --women’s influence inside the Party//  --The information comes from sources inside the company.//  --Discussions should involve local people both inside and outside the school.//\n  5 HEAD/MIND:  if something happens inside you, or inside your head or mind, it is part of what you think and feel, especially when you do not express it//  --You just don’t understand how I feel inside!//  --Steve’s a strange guy - you never know what’s going on inside his head.//  --Anger bubbled up deep inside her.//  inside of//   AmE //  --Something inside of me told me not to trust him.//\n  6 BODY:  in your body//  --She could feel the baby kicking inside her.//  --You’ll feel better once you’ve got a good meal inside you (=after you have eaten something) .//\n  7 TIME:  a) in less than a particular amount of time//  --A full report is expected inside three months.//  inside the hour/month etc (=before an hour, month etc has passed) //  --We’ll be back inside the hour.//  inside of//   especially AmE //  --Our aim is to get the whole job finished inside of a week.//  b) less than a particular amount of time//  → outside//  --Jonson’s time of 9.3 seconds was just inside the world record.//\n  8 PRISON:   informal in prison//  --My boyfriend’s been inside for a year.//\ninside 2   n \n  1  the inside:  the inner part of something, which is surrounded or hidden by the outer part//  → the outside//  on the inside//  --The apple’s rotten on the inside.//  the inside of//  --condensation on the inside of the window//  --The door had been locked from the inside.//\n  2  inside out:  with the usual outside parts on the inside//  --You’ve got that jumper inside out.//  --Her umbrella blew inside out.//  --I always turn my jeans inside out to wash them.//\n  3  turn a room/building etc inside out:  to search a place very thoroughly by moving everything that is in it//  --The drug squad turned the apartment inside out.//\n  4  know sth inside out:   BrE know sth inside and out  AmE //  to know something in great detail//  --She knows her subject inside out.//\n  5  on the inside:  someone who is on the inside is a member of a group or an organization//  --Someone on the inside must have helped with the robbery.//\n  6  on the inside:   BrE if a car passes another car on the inside, it passes on the side that is away from the driver//\n  7  sb’s inside/insides:   informal someone’s stomach//  --My insides are beginning to complain about the lack of food.//\ninside 3   adj \n  1 in or facing the inner part of something:  --the inside pages of the newspaper//  --the inside pocket of his jacket//\n  2  inside information/the inside story etc:  information that is available only to people who are part of a particular group or organization//  --Police believe the robbers may have had inside information.//\n  3  the inside lane:   BrE the lane that is furthest away from the middle of the road//


Words: inside track
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the part of a circular track for racing that is nearest to the centre of the circle and is therefore shorter:\n  2  AmE a position that gives someone an advantage over the people they are competing against:  --the inside track to success in business//


Words: insider
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who has a special knowledge of a particular organization because they are part of it//  → outsider//  --an insider’s view of the way that a Japanese company works//


Words: insider trading
Meaning:
also insider dealing  n [U]   the crime of using secret information that you have about a company or knowledge of a situation to buy or sell shares at a profit//


Words: insidious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: insidiosus, from  insidiae  ’attack from a hiding-place’, from  insidere  ’to sit on, lie in wait’, from  sedere  ’to sit’]//  an insidious change or problem spreads gradually without being noticed, and causes serious harm//  --an insidious trend towards censorship of the press//  -- insidiously adv //  -- insidiousness n  [U] //


Words: insight
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a sudden clear understanding of something or part of something, especially a complicated situation or idea:  insight into//  --The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.//  --The research provides new insights into the way we process language.//\n  2 [U] the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are really like:  --a woman of great insight//


Words: insightful
Meaning:
adj   able to understand or showing that you understand what a situation or person is really like//   perceptive//  --an insightful analysis//


Words: insignia
Meaning:
n   plural  insignia  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , plural of  insigne  ’mark, sign’, from  signum;   SIGN1]//  a badge or sign that shows what official or military rank someone has, or which group or organization they belong to//    emblem//  --the royal insignia//  --military insignia//


Words: insignificant
Meaning:
adj   too small or unimportant to consider or worry about//   trivial//  --You realize that your problems are insignificant in comparison.//  insignificant number/amount //  -- insignificantly adv //  -- insignificance n  [U] //


Words: insincere
Meaning:
adj   pretending to be pleased, sympathetic etc, especially by saying nice things, but not really meaning what you say//  --an insincere smile//  --an offer which she knew to be impractical and insincere//  -- insincerely adv //  -- insincerity/[hA366]ns[hA366]nser[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: insinuate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  insinuare, from  sinuare  ’to bend, curve’]//\n  1 to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it openly, especially suggesting that someone is being dishonest:   imply//  insinuate that//  --Are you insinuating that the money was stolen?//  --What are you trying to insinuate?//\n  2  formal to gradually gain someone’s love, trust etc by pretending to be friendly and sincere:  --He managed to insinuate his way into her affections.//  insinuate yourself into sth//  --He insinuated himself into Mehmet’s confidence.//\n  3  formal to move yourself or a part of body into a place:  --a large cat insinuated itself through the gap//


Words: insinuation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] something that someone says which seems to mean something unpleasant, but does not say this openly:  --She rejected the insinuation that she was partly to blame.//\n  2 [U] when someone says something insinuating:


Words: insipid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: insipide, from  Late Latin insipidus, from  Latin sapere  ’to taste’]//\n  1 food or drink that is insipid does not have much taste:   bland//  --an insipid pasta dish//\n  2 not interesting, exciting, or attractive:  --insipid colours//  -- insipidly adv //  -- insipidness, insipidity/[hA366]ns[hA369]p[hA366]d[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: insist
Meaning:
W2S3   v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: insistere  ’to stand on, continue with determination’, from  sistere  ’to stand’]//\n  1 to say firmly and often that something is true, especially when other people think it may not be true:  insist (that)//  --Mike insisted that he was right.//  --His friends insisted he had no connection with drugs.//  insist on//  --She kept insisting on her innocence.//\n  2 to demand that something should happen:  --Stay for supper - I insist!//  insist (that)//  --They insisted that everyone should come to the party.//  --He insisted I should take a taxi and offered to pay for it.//  --We insist on the highest standards of cleanliness in the hotel.//  insist on/upon doing sth//  --He insisted upon checking everything himself.//\n  3  if you insist:   spoken used when agreeing to do something that you do not really want to do//  --’Why don’t you call them up today?’ ’Oh, if you insist!’//\n  4  insist on doing sth:  to keep doing something, especially something that is inconvenient or annoying//  --She will insist on washing her hair just when I want to have a bath.//


Words: insistence
Meaning:
n [U]   when you demand that something should happen and refuse to let anyone say no//  insistence that//  --his insistence that they discuss the problem//  insistence on//  --an insistence on punctuality//  at sb’s insistence//   (=because someone insisted) //  --At her father’s insistence, she joined them for a drink.//


Words: insistent
Meaning:
adj \n  1 demanding firmly and repeatedly that something should happen:  insistent that//  --She was insistent that they should all meet for dinner.//  insistent on//  --They were insistent on good manners.//\n  2 making a continuous pattern of sounds that is difficult to ignore:  --the music’s insistent rhythm//  -- insistently adv //  --The bell rang again insistently.//


Words: insole
Meaning:
n [C]   the inside part of a shoe, or a piece of cloth, leather etc which is the same shape as your foot that you put inside your shoe//


Words: insolent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: insolens  ’unusual, proud’, from  solere  ’to be used to something’]//  rude and not showing any respect//  --an insolent tone of voice//  --You insolent child!//  -- insolently adv //  -- insolence n  [U] //


Words: insoluble
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an insoluble problem is or seems impossible to solve:  --insoluble conflicts within the department//\n  2 an insoluble substance does not become a liquid when you put it into a liquid:  → soluble//    dissolve//


Words: insolvable
Meaning:
adj  especially  AmE   an insolvable problem is or seems impossible to solve//   insoluble//  -- insolvably adv //


Words: insolvent
Meaning:
adj   not having enough money to pay what you owe//   bankrupt//  --The company was later declared insolvent  (=officially said to be insolvent) .//  -- insolvency n  [U and C] //


Words: insomnia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: somnus  ’sleep’]//  if you suffer from insomnia, you are not able to sleep//


Words: insomuch
Meaning:
adv  formal \n  1  insomuch that:   especially  AmE to such a degree that//\n  2 another form of the word inasmuch:


Words: insouciance
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: soucier  ’to trouble’]//  a cheerful feeling of not caring or worrying about anything//   nonchalance//  --an air of insouciance//  -- insouciant adj //  -- insouciantly adv //


Words: inspect
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inspicere, from  specere  ’to look’]//\n  1 to examine something carefully in order to find out more about it or to find out what is wrong with it:  --I got out of the car to inspect the damage .//  --Police inspected the scene and interviewed all the staff.//  inspect sth for sth//  --The police will inspect the venue for safety. see usage note  control2 //\n  2 to make an official visit to a building, organization etc to check that everything is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed:  --The building is regularly inspected by the fire-safety officer.//  --General Allenby arrived to inspect the troops.//


Words: inspection
Meaning:
S3   n [U and C] \n  1 an official visit to a building or organization to check that everything is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed:  inspection of//  --regular inspections of the prison//  --An inspection was carried out at the school.//  tour of inspection (=an official visit to inspect something) //\n  2 a careful examination of something to find out more about it or to check for anything wrong:  for inspection//  --Copies of the documents are available for inspection (=people can look at them) at local libraries.//  (on) close/closer inspection (=when looked at in detail) //  --However, on closer inspection, a number of problems emerged.//  --Close inspection of the plane’s engines revealed several small defects.//


Words: inspector
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an official whose job is to check that something is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed:  --ticket inspectors//  --a Health and Safety inspector//  --Standards of discipline at the school were strongly criticized in the inspector’s report.//\n  2 a police officer of middle rank:  --Inspector Blake//    chief inspector//


Words: inspector of taxes
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a government official who calculates what tax each person should pay//   tax inspector//


Words: inspiration
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a good idea about what you should do, write, say etc, especially one which you get suddenly:  --The Malvern Hills have  provided inspiration  for many artists and musicians over the decades. //  -- He raised his eyes to the altar as if  seeking inspiration . //  -- He  draws inspiration from  ordinary scenes. //  -- Mary Quant’s  inspiration comes from  the glam style of the 70s. //  --He had a sudden flash of inspiration .//  -- He has always been a  source of inspiration  for me. //\n  2 a person, experience, place etc that gives you new ideas for something you do:  --The seascapes of Cape Cod were her inspiration.//  inspiration for/behind//  --He was the inspiration for Wordsworth’s poem ’The Old Huntsman’.//\n  3  be an inspiration to sb:  to make someone feel encouraged to be as good, successful etc as possible//  --People like Tara are an inspiration to us all.//\n  4  under the inspiration of sb:  used to say who made a person or group want to do something//  --the spread of improved nursing under the inspiration of Florence Nightingale//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  provide inspiration (for something) //  seek/look for inspiration //  draw/take inspiration (from somebody/something)  (=get inspiration from someone or something) //  inspiration comes from somebody/something //  have an inspiration //  flash of inspiration //  source of inspiration (for/to somebody) //  divine inspiration  (=inspiration from God) //  creative/poetic/artistic inspiration //  ----------//


Words: inspirational
Meaning:
adj   providing encouragement or new ideas for what you should do//  --Jones proved an inspirational figure in Welsh rugby.//


Words: inspire
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: inspirer, from  Latin, from  spirare  ’to breathe’]//\n  1 to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to do something:  --We need someone who can inspire the team.//  inspire sb to do sth//  --He inspired many young people to take up the sport.//  inspire sb to sth//  --I hope this success will inspire you to greater efforts.//  --Inspired by the sunny weather, I decided to explore the woods.//\n  2 to make someone have a particular feeling or react in a particular way:  --Gandhi’s quiet dignity inspired great respect.//  inspire confidence (=make people feel confident because they trust your ability) //  --His driving hardly inspires confidence.//  --The hospital’s record does not inspire confidence .//\n  3 to give someone the idea for something, especially a story, painting, poem etc:  --The story was inspired by a chance meeting with an old Russian duke.//  --a range of designs inspired by wild flowers//\n  4  technical to breathe in:


Words: inspired
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having very exciting special qualities that are better than anyone or anything else:  --an inspired leader//  --Wordsworth’s most inspired poems//  --an inspired performance//\n  2  inspired guess/choice etc:  a good or successful choice, guess etc that is based on inspiration not facts//  --In an inspired move, they took on the young and relatively inexperienced Ray Unwin as director.//\n  3  politically/religiously etc inspired:  started for political, religious etc reasons//  --We suspect that the violence was politically inspired.//


Words: inspiring
Meaning:
adj   giving people a feeling of excitement and a desire to do something great//  → uninspiring//  --inspiring music//  --King was a great orator and an inspiring leader.//


Words: instability
Meaning:
n   plural  instabilities  [U and C] //\n  1 when a situation is not certain because there is the possibility of sudden change:  → stability//  --the instability of the market//  --political instability in the region//\n  2 mental problems that are likely to cause sudden changes of behaviour:    unstable//  --nervous instability//


Words: install
Meaning:
W3   v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: installer, from  Medieval Latin, from  stallum  ’stall’]//\n  1 to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used:  --They’ve installed the new computer network at last.//  --Security cameras have been installed in the city centre.//\n  2 to add new software to a computer so that it is ready to be used:  → uninstall//  --We’ve installed new anti-virus software.//\n  3 to put someone in an important job or position, especially with a ceremony:  --Churchill was installed as Chancellor of the university.//\n  4  install yourself in/at etc:  to settle somewhere as if you are going to stay for a long time//


Words: installation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] when someone fits a piece of equipment somewhere:  --the installation and maintenance of alarm systems//\n  2 [C] a piece of equipment that has been fitted in its place:  --The whole computer installation was nearly new.//\n  3 [C] a place where industrial or military equipment, machinery etc has been put:  --nuclear installations//\n  4 [C] a piece of modern art which can include objects, light, sound etc:\n  5 [U]  formal the ceremony of putting someone in an important job or position:  --the installation of the new bishop//


Words: installment plan n [singular
Meaning:
U]  AmE   a system of paying for goods by a series of small regular payments//  British Equivalent:  hire purchase//


Words: instalment
Meaning:
also  installment AmE   n [C] \n  1 one of a series of regular payments that you make until you have paid all the money you owe:  --the second instalment of a loan//  --They’re letting me pay for the washing machine by monthly instalments .//\n  2 one of the parts of a story that appears as a series of parts, especially in a magazine, newspaper etc:  --the first instalment of a science fiction trilogy//


Words: instance
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin instantia  ’presence, urgency’, from  instans;   INSTANT1]//\n  1  for instance:  for example//  --We need to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.//\n  2 [C] an example of a particular kind of situation:  instance of//  --They came across many instances of discrimination.//  instance where/when//  --instances where safety regulations have been breached//  -- In this instance I think she was mistaken.//\n  3  in the first instance:  at the beginning of a series of actions//  --Anyone wishing to join the society should apply in the first instance to the secretary.//\n  4  at sb’s instance:   formal because of someone’s wish or request//\ninstance 2 v [T]  formal   to give something as an example//  --She instanced the first chapter as proof of his skill in constructing scenes.//


Words: instant
Meaning:
S3   adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin instans, present participle of  instare  ’to stand on, be present’, from  stare  ’to stand’]//\n  1 [usually before noun] happening or produced immediately:   immediate//  --an instant success//  --a system that provides instant access to client information//  --The women took an instant dislike to one another.//  --The programme brought an instant response.//\n  2 [only before noun] instant food, coffee etc is in the form of powder and prepared by adding hot water:  --instant coffee//  --instant soup//\ninstant 2 n [C] \n  1 [usually singular] a moment:  --She caught his eye for an instant .//  --When the rain started, the crowd vanished in an instant  (=immediately) .//  instant of//  --an instant of panic//  --She stepped towards the door and in that very same instant, the doorbell rang.//\n  2  the instant (that):  as soon as something happens//  --The instant I saw him, I knew he was the man from the restaurant.//  --Jen burst out laughing the instant she walked in.//\n  3  this instant:   spoken used when telling someone, especially a child, to do something immediately//   now//  --Come here this instant!//


Words: instant messaging
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to quickly exchange written messages with people that you know//  --instant messaging services//  -- instant message n  [C] //


Words: instant replay
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   an important moment in a sports game on television that is shown again immediately after it happens//  British Equivalent:  action replay//


Words: instantaneous
Meaning:
adj   happening immediately//  --modern methods of instantaneous communication//  -- instantaneously adv //


Words: instantly
Meaning:
adv   immediately//  --All four victims died instantly.//  --The information was instantly available.//


Words: instead
Meaning:
adv \n  1  instead of sb/sth:  used to say what is not used, does not happen etc, when something else is used, happens etc//  --You probably picked up my keys instead of yours.//  --Could I have tuna instead of ham?//  --Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.//\n  2 used to say what is done, when you have just said that a particular thing is not done:  --Geoff didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.//  --If Jo can’t attend the meeting, I could go instead.//


Words: instep
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the raised part of your foot between your toes and your ankle:\n  2 the part of a shoe that covers your instep:


Words: instigate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  instigare]//\n  1 to make a process start, especially one relating to law or politics:  --Charles instigated a programme of reforms.//\n  2 to persuade someone do something bad or violent:  --He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.//  -- instigator n  [C] //


Words: instigation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  at sb’s instigation:   also  at the instigation of sb//   formal because of someone’s suggestion, request, or demand//  --an inquiry set up at the instigation of the White House//\n  2 the act of starting something:


Words: instil
Meaning:
BrE  instill AmE   v   past tense and past participle  instilled present participle  instilling  [T] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: instillare, from  stillare  ’to fall in drops’]//  to teach someone to think, behave, or feel in a particular way over a period of time//  instil confidence/fear/discipline etc into sb //  --A manager’s job is to instil determination into his players.//


Words: instinct
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: instinctus, from  instinguere  ’to make someone wish to do something’]//  a natural tendency to behave in a particular way or a natural ability to know something, which is not learned//    intuition//  instinct for//  --Animals have a natural instinct for survival.//  instinct to do sth//  --the human instinct to form relationships//  by instinct//  --Birds build nests by instinct.//  sexual/maternal/survival instinct //  --Her instinct told her that something was wrong.//  sb’s first instinct (=what someone feels like doing first when something happens) //  --His first instinct was to rush back to Isobel.//


Words: instinctive
Meaning:
adj   based on instinct and not involving thought//  --a mother’s instinctive love//  -- instinctively adv //  --He knew instinctively that she would not forgive him.//


Words: Instinet
Meaning:
an electronic  network that allows people to buy and sell shares using a computer when a  stock exchange is closed.  Instinet is owned by Reuters.//


Words: institute
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   an organization that has a particular purpose such as scientific or educational work, or the building where this organization is based//    academy//  --research institutes//  institute of/for//  --the Institute for Space Studies//\ninstitute 2 v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  instituere, from  statuere  ’to set up’]//  to introduce or start a system, rule, legal process etc//  --We had no choice but to institute court proceedings against the airline.//


Words: Institute of Economic Affairs
Meaning:
a British organization formed in 1957 to promote free market economics. Its ideas were popular with Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative prime minister from 1979 to 90.//


Words: institution
Meaning:
W1   n \n  1 [C] a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose:  financial/educational/research etc institution //  --the Government and other political institutions//  --powerful institutions such as world banks//  --the Institution of Electrical Engineers//\n  2 [C] an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time:  -- social institutions such as the family and religion//  the institution of marriage/monarchy etc //  --The scandal threatened to undermine the institution of the Presidency.//\n  3 [C] a building that people are sent to when they need to be looked after, for example old people or children with no parents - often used to show disapproval:  --I was determined not to put my mother in an institution.//  --a mental institution  (=for the mentally ill) //\n  4 [U] when something is started or introduced, especially something relating to the law or politics:  institution of//  --the institution of divorce proceedings//\n  5  be an institution:  if a person, place, event etc is an institution, they have been an important part of a place for a very long time - often used humorously//  --The British pub isn’t just somewhere to drink - it’s an institution.//


Words: institutional
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 relating to an institution:  --children in institutional care//\n  2 institutional attitudes and behaviour have existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad:  --accusations of institutional racism in the police force//


Words: institutionalize
Meaning:
also  institutionalise BrE   v [T] \n  1  old-fashioned to put someone in an institution for old people, a mental hospital etc:\n  2 to make something a normal, accepted part of a social system or organization:  --the struggle to institutionalize equality for women//


Words: institutionalized
Meaning:
also  institutionalised BrE   adj \n  1 institutionalized attitudes and behaviour have existed for a long time in an organization and have become accepted as normal even though they are bad:  institutionalized racism/sexism etc //  --institutionalized corruption within the state//\n  2 someone who has become institutionalized has lived for a long time in a prison, mental hospital etc and now cannot easily live outside one:\n  3 forming part of a society or system:  --institutionalised democracy//


Words: instruct
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  instruere, from  struere  ’to build’]//\n  1 to officially tell someone what to do:    order//  instruct sb to do sth//  --His secretary was instructed to cancel all his engagements.//  instruct (sb) that//  --The judge immediately instructed that Beattie be released.//  --Eva went straight to the hotel, as instructed  (=as she had been told) .//  instruct sb what to do//  --He had instructed the slaves what to say when questioned.//\n  2  formal to teach someone something, or show them how to do something:  instruct sb in sth//  --Greater effort is needed to instruct children in road safety.//  instruct sb how to do sth//  --Employees are instructed how to make a complaint.//\n  3 [usually passive]  BrE  formal to officially tell someone about something:  instruct sb that//  --I was instructed that [hA124]20,000 had been paid into my account.//\n  4  BrE  law to employ a lawyer to represent you in court:


Words: instruction
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1  instructions [plural] the written information that tells you how to do or use something:    directions//  --Install the machine according to the manufacturer’s instructions .//  --Press enter and follow the on-screen instructions .//  instructions for//  --Both products come with detailed instructions for use.//  instructions on (how to do) sth//  --Are there any instructions on how to plant the trees?//  instruction book/manual/leaflet etc //  --Read the instruction book carefully.//\n  2 [C usually plural] a statement telling someone what they must do:    orders//  instructions to do sth//  --He had specific instructions to check everyone’s identity cards.//  instructions that//  --Mrs Edwards gave  instructions that she was not to be disturbed.//  on sb’s instructions//   (=having been told by someone to do something) //  --On the landlord’s instructions, the barmaid refused to serve him.//  -- My instructions are  (=I have been told) to give the package to him personally.//  --Make sure you carry out the doctor’s instructions .//  be under instruction to do sth//   (=have been told to do something) //  --The police were under instruction to fire if necessary.//\n  3 [U]  formal teaching that you are given in a particular skill or subject:  --religious instruction//  --driving instruction//  instruction in//  --The school gives instruction in First Aid.//  under instruction//   (=being taught) //  --This group of trainees is still under instruction.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’instructions how to do something’ or ’instructions to do something’. Say instructions on how to do something. //  ----------//


Words: instructional
Meaning:
adj  formal   providing instruction//  instructional programmes/materials/techniques etc //  --a free instructional video.//


Words: instructive
Meaning:
adj   providing a lot of useful information//  --Thank you, that was very instructive.//  --an instructive comparison//


Words: instructor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who teaches a sport or practical skill:  --a driving instructor//  --ski instructors//\n  2  AmE someone who teaches in an American college or university and who has a rank below assistant professor:  --a social studies instructor//   see usage note  teacher//


Words: instrument
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 tool:\n   2 music:\n   3 for measuring:\n   4 method:\n   5 for hurting:\n   6 instrument of fate/God:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: instrumentum, from  instruere;   INSTRUCT]//\n  1 TOOL:  a small tool used in work such as science or medicine//  --surgical instruments//\n  2 MUSIC:  an object used for producing music, such as a piano or violin//   musical instrument//    instrumental, instrumentalist//  --electronic instruments//  brass/wind/percussion/stringed etc instrument //\n  3 FOR MEASURING:  a piece of equipment for measuring and showing distance, speed, temperature etc//  --a failure of the flight instruments//  --sensitive earthquake-detecting instruments//\n  4 METHOD:   [usually singular] something or someone that is used to get a particular result//  instrument of//  --Interest rates are an important instrument of economic policy.//  instrument for (doing) sth//  --Good management should be an instrument for innovation.//\n  5 FOR HURTING:  something that is used to hit or hurt someone//  --Death was due to a blow on the head with a blunt instrument .//  instrument of torture (=an object used to make people suffer pain until they give information) //\n  6  instrument of fate/God:   literary someone or something that is used by a power beyond our control//


Words: instrument panel
Meaning:
n [C]   the board in front of the pilot of an aircraft, where all the instruments are//    dashboard//


Words: instrumental
Meaning:
adj \n  1  be instrumental in (doing) sth:   formal to be important in making something happen//  --He was instrumental in developing links with European organizations.//\n  2 instrumental music is for instruments, not for voices:  -- instrumentally adv //\ninstrumental 2 n [C]   a piece of music in which no voices are used, only instruments//


Words: instrumentation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the way in which a piece of music is arranged to be played by several different instruments:\n  2 the set of instruments used to help in controlling a machine:  --aircraft instrumentation//


Words: insubordination
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   when someone refuses to obey a person who has more authority than them//   disobedience//  --Howell was fired for gross insubordination .//  -- insubordinate/[hA366]ns[hA353]b[hA350][hA359]d[hA369]n[hA369]t $ -[hA350][hA359]r-/ adj //


Words: insubstantial
Meaning:
adj \n  1  formal not solid, large, strong, or definite:  --The evidence seemed very insubstantial.//  --an insubstantial meal//  --In the distance was the insubstantial outline of a ship.//\n  2  literary not existing as a real object or person:  --insubstantial ghosts//


Words: insufferable
Meaning:
adj   extremely annoying or unpleasant//   unbearable//  --an insufferable bully//  --The heat was insufferable.//  -- insufferably adv //


Words: insufficient
Meaning:
adj  formal   not enough, or not great enough//  --Insufficient resources have been devoted to the health service.//  insufficient for//  --His salary was insufficient for their needs.//  insufficient (sth) to do sth//  --The heating is insufficient to kill the bacteria.//  --At the moment, there’s insufficient evidence to arrest anyone.//  -- insufficiently adv //  -- insufficiency n  [singular, U] //


Words: insular
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: insularis, from  Latin insula  ’island’]//\n  1 interested in your own group, country, way of life etc and no others - used to show disapproval:    parochial//  --an insular community//  --the insular world of the law//\n  2  formal relating to or like an island:  -- insularity/[hA366]nsj[hA36A]l[zB024]r[hA369]ti $ -s[hA353]-, -[hA35D][hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: insulate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: insula;   INSULAR]//\n  1 to cover or protect something with a material that stops electricity, sound, heat etc from getting in or out:  insulate sth from/against sth//  --Pipes may need insulating against the cold.//  --an insulated attic//\n  2 to keep someone apart from particular experiences or influences, especially unpleasant ones:  insulate sb from sth//  --The royal family tried to insulate him from the prying eyes of the media.//


Words: insulation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 when something is insulated or someone insulates something:  --Good insulation can save you money on heating bills.//\n  2 material used to insulate something, especially a building:  --glass-fibre insulation//


Words: insulator
Meaning:
n [C]   a material or object which does not allow electricity, heat, or sound to pass through it//  → conductor//  --Wood is an excellent insulator.//


Words: insulin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Latin; Origin: insula (  INSULAR); because insulin is made by body organs called the "islets of Langerhans"]//  a substance produced naturally by your body which allows sugar to be used for energy//  --diabetic patients requiring insulin//


Words: insult
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: insulter, from  Latin insultare  ’to jump on, insult’, from  saltare  ’to jump’]//\n  1 to offend someone by saying or doing something they think is rude:  --Nobody insults my family and gets away with it!//  --I hope Andy won’t be insulted if I don’t come.//  insult sb by doing sth//  --They insult us by ignoring our complaints.//\n  2  insult sb’s intelligence:  to say or do something that suggests you think someone is stupid//  --I won’t insult your intelligence by lying. Yes, I told him.//\ninsult 2   n [C] \n  1 a remark or action that is offensive or deliberately rude:  --She was shouting insults at her boyfriend.//  --$200 for all that work? It’s an insult.//  --Their offer was so low I took it as an insult  (=thought it was meant to be an insult) .//\n  2  be an insult to sb’s intelligence:  to offend someone by being too simple or stupid//  --Some advertising is an insult to our intelligence.//    add insult to injury at add(8)//


Words: insulting
Meaning:
adj   very rude and offensive to someone//  --insulting remarks//  insulting to//  --Sexist language is insulting to women.//  -- insultingly adv //


Words: insuperable
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, from  superare  ’to get over’, from  super  ’above’]//  an insuperable difficulty or problem is impossible to deal with//  --There were insuperable obstacles , and the plan was abandoned.//  --As usual, the hero was facing insuperable odds .//


Words: insupportable
Meaning:
adj  formal   extremely bad or annoying//   unbearable//  --insupportable pain//  --Her behaviour was insupportable.//


Words: insurance
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [U] an arrangement with a company in which you pay them money, especially regularly, and they pay the costs if something bad happens, for example if you become ill or your car is damaged:    assurance, third party insurance//  --Your father took out insurance to cover the mortgage.//  health/car/travel etc insurance //  insurance against//  --insurance against loss of income due to unemployment//  insurance on/for//  --Do you have insurance on your house and its contents?//  claim (for) sth on your insurance (=get an insurance company to pay for something) //  --We can probably claim the damage on our insurance.//    life insurance//\n  2 [U] the business of providing insurance:  --My brother works in insurance.//  insurance company/group etc //  --the insurance industry//\n  3 [U]  BrE the money that you pay regularly to an insurance company:   insurance premium//  insurance on//  --How much is the insurance on your car?//\n  4 [singular, U] protection against something bad happening:  insurance against//  --An extra lock on the door is an added insurance against burglars.//    National Insurance//


Words: insurance adjuster
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   someone who is employed by an insurance company to decide how much to pay people who have had an accident, had something stolen etc//  British Equivalent:  loss adjuster//


Words: insure
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Probably from  ensure]//\n  1 [I and T] to buy insurance so that you will receive money if something bad happens to you, your family, your possessions etc:  --Have you insured the contents of your home?//  insure (sth/sb) against loss/damage/theft/sickness etc //  --It is wise to insure your property against storm damage.//  insure sth for [hA124]1000/$2000 etc //  --You should insure the painting for at least [hA124]100,000.//\n  2 [T] to provide insurance for something or someone:  --Many companies won’t insure young drivers.//\n  3 an American spelling of ensure:  insure (yourself) against [insure (yourself) against sth] phr v//  to protect yourself against the risk of something bad happening by planning or preparing//  --Take advice to insure yourself against being misled.//


Words: insured
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if someone or something is insured, there is insurance relating to them:  --Apparently the jewellery wasn’t insured.//  insured to do sth//  --I’m not insured to drive Anne’s car.//\n  2  the insured:   law the person or people who are insured//


Words: insurgency
Meaning:
n   plural  insurgencies  [U and C]  formal //  an attempt by a group of people to take control of their government using force and violence//   rebellion//    counterinsurgency//


Words: insurgent
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  insurgere  ’to rise up’, from  surgere  ’to rise’]//  one of a group of people fighting against the government of their own country, or against authority//   rebel//  --communist insurgents//  -- insurgent adj //


Words: insurmountable
Meaning:
adj  formal   an insurmountable difficulty or problem is too large or difficult to deal with//  --The language difference proved an insurmountable barrier .//


Words: insurrection
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: insurrectio, from  Latin insurgere;   INSURGENT]//  an attempt by a large group of people within a country to take control using force and violence//   rebellion//  insurrection against//  --an armed insurrection against the party in power//  -- insurrectionist n  [C] //


Words: intact
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: intactus, from  tactus, past participle of  tangere  ’to touch’]//  not broken, damaged, or spoiled//  --Only the medieval tower had remained intact .//  --His reputation survived intact .//


Words: intaglio
Meaning:
n   plural  intaglios  [U and C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: intagliare  ’to cut in’]//  the art of cutting patterns into a hard substance, or the pattern that you get by doing this//


Words: intake
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular, U] the amount of food, drink etc that you take into your body:  intake of//  --Try to reduce your intake of fat.//  a high/low intake //  --a high intake of carbohydrates//  food/alcohol/calorie etc intake //  --Sickness may develop from inadequate fluid intake.//\n  2 [U and C] the number of people who join a school, profession etc at a particular time:  intake of//  --an intake of around 120 students each year//\n  3 [C] a tube, pipe, etc through which air, gas, or liquid enters a machine:  --a leak on the air intake to the carburettor//\n  4  intake of breath:  a sudden act of breathing in, especially when you are shocked//  --a sharp intake of breath//


Words: intangible
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an intangible quality or feeling is difficult to describe exactly:  --The island has an intangible quality of holiness.//\n  2 intangible things have value but do not exist physically - used in business:  -- intangible assets such as customer goodwill//  -- intangibly adv //  -- intangible n  [C usually plural] //  --intangibles like pension schemes and holidays//


Words: integer
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’whole, complete’]//  a whole number//  --6 is an integer, but 6.4 is not.//


Words: integral
Meaning:
adj \n  1 forming a necessary part of something:  --Vegetables are an integral part of our diet.//  integral to//  --Statistics are integral to medical research.//\n  2 [usually before noun] provided as part of something, rather than being separate:  --a TV and integral video recorder//  -- integrally adv //


Words: integrate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  integrare, from  integer;   INTEGER]//\n  1 if two or more things integrate, or if you integrate them, they combine or work together in a way that makes something more effective:  integrate (sth) into/with sth//  --Colourful illustrations are integrated into the text.//  --Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy.//  --computers of different makes that integrate with each other//\n  2 to become part of a group or society and be accepted by them, or to help someone do this:  integrate (sb) into/with sth//  --We’re looking for people who can integrate with a team.//  --Many children with learning difficulties are integrated into ordinary schools.//\n  3  especially AmE to end the practice of separating people of different races in schools, colleges etc:   desegregate//  → segregate//


Words: integrated
Meaning:
adj   an integrated system, institution etc combines many different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well//  --an integrated public transport system//  --a racially integrated community//


Words: integrated circuit
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a very small set of electronic connections printed on a single piece of semiconductor material instead of being made from separate parts//


Words: integration
Meaning:
W3   n [U] \n  1 the combining of two or more things so that they work together effectively:  integration of//  --the integration of data from other surveys//\n  2 when people become part of a group or society and are accepted by them:  integration into//  --The family unit is supported by its integration into a wider social network.//\n  3 the process of getting people of different races to live and work together instead of separately:  --problems of racial integration //


Words: integrity
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: integrite, from  Latin, from  integer;   INTEGER]//\n  1 the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right:  personal/professional/political etc integrity //  --a man of great moral integrity//\n  2  formal the state of being united as one complete thing:  --the territorial integrity of the country//


Words: integument
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: integumentum, from  tegere  ’to cover’]//  something such as a shell which covers something else//


Words: intellect
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin intellectus, from the past participle of  intellegere;   INTELLIGENT]//\n  1 [U and C] the ability to understand things and to think intelligently:  superior/considerable/keen etc intellect //  --He combined a formidable intellect with a talent for speaking.//\n  2 [C] someone who is very intelligent:


Words: intellectual
Meaning:
W3   adj \n  1 relating to the ability to understand things and think intelligently:    mental//  intellectual development/ability/activity etc //  --a job that requires considerable intellectual effort//\n  2 an intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc:    academic//  --Mark’s very intellectual.//\n  3 needing serious thought in order to be understood:  --an intellectual film//  -- intellectually adv //  --intellectually stimulating//    intelligent//\nintellectual 2 n [C]   an intelligent, well-educated person who spends time thinking about complicated ideas and discussing them//    academic//  --a leading British intellectual//  -- intellectualism n  [U] //


Words: intellectual property
Meaning:
n [U]  law   something which someone has invented or has the right to make or sell, especially something that cannot legally be copied by other people//


Words: intellectualize
Meaning:
also  intellectualise BrE   v [I and T]   to think or talk about something in a serious, complicated way, especially rather than expressing your feelings//


Words: intelligence
Meaning:
W3S3   n [U] \n  1 :  a) the ability to learn, understand, and think about things//  --To be good at the game you need a reasonable level of intelligence.//  high/low intelligence //  --John showed high intelligence from an early age.//  b) a high level of this ability//  --a woman who had both beauty and intelligence//    artificial intelligence//\n  2 :  a) information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc//  --According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned.//  intelligence operations/sources/reports etc //  --Intelligence sources denied the reports.//  b) a group of people or an organization that gathers this information for their government//  intelligence agencies/services etc //  --In Britain there are three main intelligence organizations.//  --US Military Intelligence//


Words: intelligent
Meaning:
S3   adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  intelligere,  intellegere  ’to understand’, from  inter- (  INTER-) +  legere  ’to gather, choose’]//\n  1 an intelligent person has a high level of mental ability and is good at understanding ideas and thinking clearly:  --a group of highly intelligent  (=very intelligent) students//  --Sontag was once famously described as the most intelligent woman in America.//\n  2 an intelligent comment, question, conversation etc shows that you have thought about something carefully and understand it well:  --an intelligent question//  --It’s impossible to have an intelligent conversation with him.//\n  3 an intelligent creature is able to think and understand:  --Are there intelligent beings on other planets?//  --forms of intelligent life //\n  4 an intelligent machine, system etc is able to learn and use information:  -- intelligently adv //  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: intelligent //  similar words: clever (especially BrE) smart (especially AmE) good at learning or understanding things quickly //  bright intelligent - used especially about young people  //  brilliant a brilliant scientist, writer, student, historian etc is extremely intelligent and does very good work //  brainy (informal) very intelligent and good at studying //  gifted a gifted child is extremely intelligent //  wise a wise person has a lot of experience and knowledge, and can give good advice //  cunning/crafty good at using your intelligence to trick people //  intelligent people: genius someone who is extremely intelligent and has great ideas //  intellectual someone who is well-educated and interested in art, science, or literature at a high level //  intelligentsia a country’s intellectuals, considered as a single group //  ----------//


Words: intelligentsia
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Russian; Origin: intelligentsiya, from  Latin intelligentia  ’intelligence’]//  the intelligentsia//  the people in a society who are most highly educated and who are most interested in new ideas, especially in art, literature, or politics//


Words: intelligible
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: intelligibilis, from  intelligere;   INTELLIGENT]//  if speech, writing, or an idea is intelligible, it can be easily understood//  → unintelligible//  --His reply was barely intelligible.//  intelligible to//  --The report needs to be intelligible to the client.//  -- intelligibly adv //  -- intelligibility/[hA366]ntel[hA369]d[hA360][hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: intemperate
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 intemperate language or behaviour shows a lack of control, which other people think is unacceptable:  --The judge’s intemperate outburst almost caused a retrial.//\n  2 regularly drinking too much alcohol:  -- intemperance n  [U] //


Words: intend
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: entendre  ’to have as a purpose’, from  Latin intendere  ’to stretch out, have as a purpose’, from  tendere  ’to stretch’]//\n  1 to have something in your mind as a plan or purpose:    intention//  intend to do sth//  --I intend to spend the night there.//  intend sb/sth to do sth//  --I didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished.//  --I never intended things to turn out the way they did.//  intend that//  -- It is intended that these meetings will become a regular event.//  intend doing sth//  --We intend looking at the situation again.//  --I fully intend  (=definitely intend) to return home next year.//\n  2  be intended for sb/sth:  to be provided or designed for a particular purpose or person//  --The book is intended for children aged 5-7.//\n  3  intended target/victim/destination etc:  the person, thing, result etc that an action is intended to affect or reach//  --It seems likely that General Rogers was the killer’s intended victim.//


Words: intense
Meaning:
W3   adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin intensus, a past participle of  intendere;   INTEND]//\n  1 having a very strong effect or felt very strongly:  --Young people today are under intense pressure to succeed.//  --the intense heat of the desert//  --The pain was so intense I couldn’t sleep.//  --He took an intense interest in all religious matters.//  --a look of intense dislike//\n  2 intense activity is very serious, uses a lot of effort, and often involves doing a great deal in a very short time:  --The job demands intense concentration.//  --At least 3000 people were killed in a week of intense fighting.//\n  3 someone who is intense is serious and has very strong feelings or opinions - used to show disapproval:  --She’s a little too intense for me.//  -- intensely adv //  --He disliked Kate intensely.//


Words: intensifier
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a word, usually an adverb, that is used to emphasize an adjective, adverb, or verb, for example the word ’absolutely’ in the phrase ’that’s absolutely wonderful’//


Words: intensify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  intensified present participle  intensifying third person singular  intensifies  [I and T] //  to increase in degree or strength, or to make something do this//  --In June the civil war intensified.//  --His mother’s death intensified his loneliness.//  -- intensification/[hA366]ntens[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [singular, U] //  --an intensification of fighting in the region//


Words: intensity
Meaning:
n   plural  intensities //\n  1 [U] the quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect:  --The intensity of the hurricane was frightening.//\n  2 [U] the quality of being serious and having very strong feelings or opinions:  --He spoke with great intensity.//\n  3 [U and C]  technical the strength of something such as light or sound:  --an instrument which measures light intensity//


Words: intensive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time:  --a one-week intensive course in English//  --a day of intensive negotiations//\n  2  intensive farming/agriculture:  farming which produces a lot of food from a small area of land//\n  3  energy-intensive/knowledge-intensive etc:  involving or needing a lot of energy, knowledge etc//  --a knowledge-intensive industry//    capital-intensive,  labour-intensive//  -- intensively adv //


Words: intensive care
Meaning:
n [U]   a department in a hospital that treats people who are very seriously ill or badly injured, or the continuous and thorough treatment given to patients there//  in intensive care//  --He is still in intensive care in Bristol General Hospital.//


Words: intent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: intentus, a past participle of  intendere;   INTEND]//\n  1  be intent on/upon (doing) sth:  to be determined to do something or achieve something//  --She was intent on pursuing a career in business.//\n  2 giving careful attention to something so that you think about nothing else:  --his intent gaze//  intent on/upon//  --Intent upon her work, she didn’t notice the cold.//  -- intently adv //  --Jake listened intently.//\nintent 2 n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: entent, from  Latin intentus, from a past participle of  intendere;   INTEND]//\n  1  formal what you intend to do:   intention//  --She behaved foolishly but with good intent.//\n  2  law the intention to do something illegal:  with intent (to do sth)//  --Jones was found guilty of wounding with intent.//  --He is charged with possession of a gun with intent to commit a robbery.//\n  3  to all intents and purposes:   also for all intents and purposes  AmE used to say that a situation is not exactly as you describe it, but the effect is the same as if it were//  --The war was, to all intents and purposes, over.//


Words: intention
Meaning:
W2   n [U and C]   a plan or desire to do something//    intend//  have no/every intention of doing sth //  --I have no intention of retiring just yet.//  --They went into town with the intention of visiting the library.//  intention to do sth//  --It is our intention to be the number one distributor of health products.//  good intentions/the best (of) intentions (=intentions to do something good or kind, especially when you do not succeed in doing it) //  --He thinks the Minister is full of good intentions which won’t be carried out.//    well-intentioned//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  !!  Do not say ’have no intention to do something’ or ’not have the slightest intention to do something’. Say  have no intention of doing something  or  not have the slightest intention of doing something : He had no intention of paying me the money. //  !!  Do not say ’with the intention to do something’. Say  with the intention of doing something : He left Manchester with the intention of finding a job in London. //  ----------//


Words: intentional
Meaning:
adj   done deliberately and usually intended to cause harm//   deliberate//  → unintentional//  --I did trip him, but it wasn’t intentional.//  -- intentionally adv //  --intentionally vague promises//


Words: inter
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  interred present participle  interring  [T]  formal //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: enterrer, from  Latin terra  ’earth’]//  to bury a dead person//


Words: inter alia
Meaning:
adv  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin]//  among other things//  --The paper discussed, inter alia, political, economic, and social issues.//


Words: inter-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Old French; Origin: inter-,  entre-, from  Latin inter-, from  inter  ’among’]//  between or involving two or more different things, places, or people//    intra-, intro-//  --interdepartmental (=between or involving different departments in a company, government etc) //  --an interstate (=a road that goes between states) //


Words: Inter-Rail pass
Meaning:
trademark   a special type of railway ticket that allows you to travel on trains all over Europe for a fixed period. These tickets are especially popular with students and other young people.//


Words: interact
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc:  interact with//  --Lucy interacts well with other children in the class.//\n  2 if one thing interacts with another, or if they interact, they affect each other:  interact with//  --The immune system interacts with both the nervous system and the hormones.//


Words: interaction
Meaning:
W3   n [U and C] \n  1 a process by which two or more things affect each other:  interaction of//  --Price is determined through the interaction of demand and supply.//  interaction with/between//  --the complex interaction between mind and body//\n  2 the activity of talking to other people, working together with them etc:  interaction with/between//  --the degree of interaction between teacher and student//


Words: interactive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an interactive computer program, television system etc allows you to communicate directly with it, and does things in reaction to your actions:  --interactive computer systems//  --the museum’s interactive exhibits//\n  2 involving talking and working together:  --interactive teaching methods such as role playing//  -- interactively adv //  -- interactivity/[hA366]nt[hA353]r[zB024]kt[hA366]v[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: interagency
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   between or involving different organizations or different departments within a government//  --interagency co-operation//  --an interagency task force//


Words: interbreed
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  interbred /-bred/ [I + with, T] //  to produce young animals from parents of different breeds or groups//    crossbreed, inbreeding//


Words: intercede
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: intercedere, from  cedere  ’to go’]//  to speak in support of someone, especially in order to try to prevent them from being punished//    intercession//  intercede with//  --My good friend, Senator Bowie, interceded with the authorities on my behalf.//


Words: intercept
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intercipere, from  capere  ’to take’]//  to stop something or someone that is going from one place to another before they get there//  --an attempt to intercept drugs being smuggled over the border//  --Harker’s phone calls had been intercepted.//  -- interception/-sep[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: intercession
Meaning:
n  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin intercedere;   INTERCEDE]//\n  1 [U] when someone talks to a person in authority in order to prevent something bad happening to someone else:    intercede//\n  2 [U and C] a prayer asking for someone to be helped or cured:


Words: interchange
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] an exchange, especially of ideas or thoughts:  interchange of//  --the interchange of ideas between students and staff//\n  2 [C] a point where two or more motorways or main roads meet:\ninterchange 2   v [I and T]   to put each of two things in the place of the other, or to be exchanged in this way//


Words: interchangeable
Meaning:
adj   things that are interchangeable can be used instead of each other//  --These two words are almost interchangeable.//  --a camera with interchangeable lenses//  -- interchangeably adv //  -- interchangeability/[hA366]nt[hA353]t[hA35D]e[hA366]nd[hA360][hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti $ -t[hA353]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: intercity
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   happening between two or more cities, or going from one city to another//  --intercity rivalry//  --intercity trains//


Words: intercollegiate
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   intercollegiate competitions, especially sports competitions, happen between teams from different colleges//  intercollegiate athletics/sports etc //


Words: intercom
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: intercommunication (system)]//  a communication system by which people in different parts of a building, aircraft etc can speak to each other//  --The pilot’s voice came over the intercom .//


Words: interconnect
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 if two systems, places etc are interconnected, or if they interconnect, they are joined together:  --a series of interconnected lakes//  --interconnecting rooms//  --Our operating system can now interconnect with other networks.//\n  2 if two facts, ideas, events etc are interconnected, or if they interconnect, they are related and one is affected by or caused by the other:  --In Freud’s theory, the two areas of sexuality and violence are interconnected.//  --a number of separate but interconnected issues//  -- interconnection/-nek[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //  --the interconnection between rich and poor countries//


Words: intercontinental
Meaning:
adj   going from one continent to another, or happening between two continents//  --an intercontinental flight//  --intercontinental trade//


Words: intercourse
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: entrecours, from  Latin intercursus, past participle of  intercurrere  ’to run between’]//\n  1  also  sexual intercourse:  the act of having sex//\n  2 an exchange of ideas, feelings etc which make people or groups understand each other better:  --social intercourse//


Words: intercut
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  intercut present participle  intercutting  [T usually passive] //  if a film is intercut with particular pictures, sounds, or music, they appear in different places during the film//


Words: interdepartmental
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   between or involving different departments of a company, government etc//  --intense interdepartmental rivalry//


Words: interdependence
Meaning:
[C usually singular, U]   a situation in which people or things depend on each other//  interdependence of//  --the interdependence of our body’s immune and nervous systems//


Words: interdependent
Meaning:
adj   depending on or necessary to each other//  --countries with interdependent economies//  -- interdependently adv //


Words: interdict
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: entredit, from  Latin interdictum, from the past participle of  interdicere  ’to forbid’]//\n  1  law an official order from a court telling someone not to do something:\n  2  technical a punishment in the Roman Catholic Church, by which someone is not allowed to take part in church ceremonies:  -- interdict/[hA366]nt[hA353]d[hA366]kt $ -[hA353]r-/ v  [T] //  -- interdiction/-d[hA366]k[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: interdisciplinary
Meaning:
adj   involving ideas, information, or people from different subjects or areas of study//  --an interdisciplinary research centre//


Words: interest
Meaning:
W1S2   n   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: Anglo-French  interesse, from  Latin interesse  ’to be between, make a difference, concern’, from  esse  ’to be’]//\n  1 [singular, U] if you have an interest in something or someone, you want to know or learn more about them:  interest in//  --My parents encouraged my interest in science.//  --I’d recommend this book to anyone who  has an interest in  jazz.//  --Ben has  shown an interest in  learning French. //  -- My mother had never  expressed  any  interest in  the garden. //  -- Babies soon begin to  take an interest in  the world around them. //  --John appeared to have no interest in  girls.//  --I watched the first few episodes, but soon lost interest .//  -- The last round of bidding  aroused  considerable  interest . //  -- Our survey reveals a disturbing  lack of interest  in teacher training. //  -- I read your article  with  great  interest . //\n  2 [C usually plural] an activity that you enjoy doing or a subject that you enjoy studying:  --His interests include walking and golf.//  --As a biologist, my main interest has been human genetics.//  --Her outside interests  (=interests that are not part of her work) were numerous.//\n  3 [U] a quality or feature of something that attracts your attention or makes you want to know more about it:  --A Persian rug will add colour and interest to your hallway.//  be of (no) interest (to sb)//   (=be interesting or not interesting to someone) //  --It’s a book that will be of interest to a wide range of readers.//  --What you do in your private life is of no interest to me.//  --art galleries, museums and other places of interest //  --topics of general interest  (=that everyone wants to know about) //\n  4 [U] :  a) the extra money that you must pay back when you borrow money//  interest on//  --The interest on the loan is 16 % per year.//  --How much are the monthly interest payments ?//  b) money paid to you by a bank or financial institution when you keep money in an account there//  --an account that pays higher interest //  --The more you save, the more interest you’ll earn .//    compound interest,  interest rate,  simple interest//\n  5 [C usually plural, U] the things that bring advantages to someone or something:  protect/look after/safeguard sb’s interests //  --The regulations were introduced in order to safeguard the interests of local fishing communities.//  be in sb’s (best) interest(s) (to do sth) (=be the best thing for someone) //  --The court decided that it was in the girl’s best interests to remain with her grandparents.//  have sb’s (best) interests at heart (=care about someone and want to do what is best for them) //  --He has your best interests at heart, you know.//  --We’ve got to balance economic interests and environmental interests.//\n  6  be in the national/public interest:  to be good or necessary for the safety or success of a country and its people//  --I believe it is in the public interest that these facts are made known.//\n  7  in the interest(s) of justice/safety/efficiency etc:  in order to make a situation or system fair, safe etc//  --The race was postponed in the interests of safety.//\n  8  (just) out of interest/as a matter of interest:   spoken used to say that you are asking a question only because you are interested and not because you need to know//  --Just out of interest, how much did they offer you?//\n  9 [C] if you have an interest in a particular company or industry, you own shares in it:  --The company is believed to be keen to sell its extensive brewing interests.//  --His business interests are spread throughout Europe.//  controlling interest (=enough shares to control what decisions are taken) //  --In 1986 GM acquired a controlling interest in the sports car maker Lotus.//\n  10 [C usually plural] a group of people in the same business who share aims or ideas:  --Farming interests now dominate many of the National Park committees.//  --The majority of Brazil’s huge commercial interests support the measure.//  --the need to reform the political system and reduce the influence of special interests  (=groups who are concerned about particular subjects) //\n  11  have no interest in doing sth:  to not want to do something//  --I have no interest in continuing this conversation.//\n  12  declare an interest (in sth):  to officially state that you are connected with something or someone, and so cannot be completely fair and independent when making a decision involving them//\n  13  human interest/love interest:  the part of a story, film, or event which is interesting because it shows things about people’s lives or romantic relationships//  --As a trainee reporter, she spent most of her time on human interest stories .//    conflict of interest at conflict1 (6),  self-interest,  vested interest at vested(1)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  have an interest in something //  show interest (in something) //  express (an) interest (in something)  (=say that you are interested in something or want to buy it) //  take an interest (in something)  (=be interested in something) //  have no interest in something //  lose interest (in something)  (=stop being interested) //  arouse/generate/attract interest  (=make people interested) //  pique somebody’s interest American English (=make someone interested) //  great/keen interest //  abiding interest (=an interest you have had for a long time) //  lack of interest //  with interest //  ----------//\ninterest 2 v [T] \n  1 to make someone want to pay attention to something and find out more about it:  --Here’s an article which might interest you.//  -- What interests me is all the history of these places.//  -- It may interest you to know that a number of scholarships are available.//\n  2  interest yourself in sth:   formal to give something a lot of attention because you want to find out more about it//  --He had always interested himself in foreign affairs.//\n  3 to try to persuade someone to buy, do, or eat something:  interest sb in sth//  --The salesman tried to interest me in the higher-priced model.//  Could I interest you in a drink/dessert etc? (=used as a polite way of offering someone a drink etc) //


Words: interest group
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people who join together to try to influence the government in order to protect their own particular rights, advantages etc//


Words: interest rate
Meaning:
n [C]   the percentage amount charged by a bank etc when you borrow money or paid to you by a bank when you keep money in an account there//


Words: interested
Meaning:
adj \n  1 giving a lot of attention to something because you want to find out more about it or because you enjoy it:  → uninterested, bored//  interested in//  --I’ve always been interested in music.//  --All she’s interested in is clothes.//  --I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he was just being polite.//  interested to hear/know/see etc //  --I’d be very interested to hear your opinion.//\n  2 if you are interested in doing or having something, you want to do it or have it:  --I’ve got a spare ticket for the opera if you’re interested.//  interested in (doing) sth//  --Sheila’s interested in starting her own business.//  --Would you be interested in a second-hand car?//\n  3  interested party/group:  a person or group that is directly or personally concerned with a situation and is likely to be affected by its results//  → disinterested//  --All interested parties are invited to attend the meeting.//  -- interestedly adv //  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: interested //  similar words: intrigued,  curious,  absorbed //  very interested: fascinated,  engrossed,  enthralled,  spellbound //  ----------//


Words: interesting
Meaning:
adj   if something is interesting, you give it your attention because it seems unusual or exciting or provides information that you did not know about //  → uninteresting, boring//  --That’s an interesting question.//  --a really interesting TV programme//  find sth interesting //  --I found his talk very interesting.//  --Did you meet any interesting people?//  it is interesting to see/know etc //  --It will be interesting to see what happens when he gets a bit older.//  -- It’s interesting that no one remembers seeing the car.//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: interesting //  similar words: absorbing,  intriguing //  very interesting: fascinating,  gripping,  riveting,  engrossing,  enthralling,  spellbinding //  HINT //  Do not confuse interested , which describes a feeling, and interesting , which describes something that makes you feel interested: Are you interested in ballet?| an interesting talk on photography //  ----------//


Words: interestingly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] used to introduce a fact that you think is interesting:  --Interestingly, none of their three children ever married.//  -- Interestingly enough , Pearson made no attempt to deny the rumour.//\n  2 in an interesting way:  --His essay was clearly and interestingly written.//


Words: interface
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the way in which you see the information from a computer program on a screen, or how you type information into the program:    GUI//\n  2  technical the part of a computer system that connects two different machines:\n  3 the way in which two subjects, events etc affect each other:  interface between//  --The book deals with the interface between accountancy and law.//\n  4  technical the surface where two things touch each other:\ninterface 2 v \n  1 [I,T + with]  technical if you interface two parts of a computer system, or if they interface, you connect them:\n  2 [I + with] if two people or groups interface with each other, they communicate with each other and work together:


Words: interfaith
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   between or involving people of different religions//  --an interfaith Thanksgiving service//


Words: interfere
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: entreferir  ’to hit each other’, from  ferir  ’to hit’]//  to deliberately get involved in a situation where you are not wanted or needed//   meddle//  --My daughter-in-law said that I was interfering, but I was only trying to help.//  interfere in//  --It’s not the church’s job to interfere in politics.//  interfere with / [interfere with sth/sb] phr v//\n  1 to prevent something from succeeding or from happening in the way that was planned:  --Anxiety can interfere with children’s performance at school.//\n  2 if something interferes with a radio or television broadcast, it spoils the sound or picture that you receive:\n  3  BrE to touch a child sexually:  --He was arrested for interfering with young boys.//


Words: interference
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 an act of interfering:  interference in//  --I resent his interference in my work.//  --Industrial relations should be free from state interference.//\n  2 unwanted noise on the radio, television, or on the telephone, or faults in the television picture:\n  3  especially  AmE the act of blocking or touching another player in a sports game, for example by standing in front of them or holding on to them, when you are not supposed to:  British Equivalent:  obstruction//\n  4  run interference:   AmE //  a) to protect a player who has the ball in American football by blocking players from the opposing team//  b) to help someone to achieve something by dealing with people or problems that might cause them trouble//


Words: interferon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: interfere +  -on chemical compound]//  a chemical substance that is produced by your body to fight against viruses that cause disease//


Words: intergovernmental
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   between or involving governments of different countries//  --an intergovernmental conference//


Words: interim
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 intended to be used or accepted for a short time only, until something or someone final can be made or found:  --an interim report//  --He received an interim payment of [hA124]10,000.//  --He was appointed president until an interim government was established.//\n  2  interim period:  the period of time between two events//  --During the interim period, air quality has deteriorated.//\ninterim 2 n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’in the period between two events’, from  inter  ’between’]//  in the interim//  in the period of time between two events//   meanwhile//  --The child will be adopted but a relative is looking after him in the interim.//


Words: interior
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C usually singular] the inner part or inside of something:  → exterior//  --The interior of the church was dark.//  --the car’s warm interior//\n  2  the interior:  the part of a country that is farthest away from the coast//  --The interior of the country is mainly desert.//\n  3  Minister/Department of the Interior:  the government minister or department that deals with matters within a country rather than abroad//\ninterior 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: interieur, from  Latin interior, probably from an unrecorded  Latin interus  ’on the inside’]//  inside or indoors//  → exterior//  --The interior walls are all painted white.//


Words: interior designer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose job is to plan and choose the colours, materials, furniture etc for the inside of buildings, especially people’s houses//  -- interior design n  [U] //


Words: interject
Meaning:
v [I and T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intericere, from  jacere  ’to throw’]//  to interrupt what someone else is saying with a sudden remark//  --’That’s absolute rubbish!’ he interjected.//


Words: interjection
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C]  technical a word or phrase used to express a strong feeling such as shock, pain, or pleasure:   exclamation//\n  2 [U and C]  formal an interruption or the act of interrupting:


Words: interlaced
Meaning:
adj   things that are interlaced are joined together, with parts of the one thing going over or around parts of the other//  --patterns of interlaced squares//  -- interlace v  [I and T] //


Words: Interlingua
Meaning:
an  international language developed in 1951 which has been used as the common language at medical and scientific meetings//


Words: interlock
Meaning:
v [I and T]   if two or more things interlock, or if they are interlocked, they fit firmly together//  --a puzzle with 500 interlocking pieces//


Words: interlocutor
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin interloqui, from  loqui  ’to speak’]//  your interlocutor is the person you are speaking to//


Words: interloper
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: inter- +  -loper (perhaps from  Old English hleapan  ’to jump’ or  Middle Dutch lopen  ’to run’)]//  someone who enters a place or group where they should not be//


Words: interlude
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: interludium, from  Latin ludus  ’play’]//\n  1 a period of time between two events or situations, during which something different happens:  --a brief interlude of peace before a return to the battlefield//\n  2 a short period of time between the parts of a play, concert etc:   intermission//\n  3 a short piece of music, talk etc used to fill such a period:\n  4 a short romantic or sexual meeting or relationship:  --a romantic interlude//


Words: intermarry
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  intermarried present participle  intermarrying third person singular  intermarries  [I] //\n  1 if people from two social, racial, or religious groups intermarry, people from one group marry people from the other:  intermarry with//  --Over the centuries these Greeks intermarried with the natives.//\n  2 to marry someone within your own group or family:  --It is not unusual for royal cousins to intermarry.//  -- intermarriage/-m[zB024]r[hA366]d[hA360]/ n  [U and C] //  -- intermarriage between ethnic groups//


Words: intermediary
Meaning:
n   plural  intermediaries  [C] //  a person or organization that tries to help two other people or groups to agree with each other//    go-between//  --Jackson acted as an intermediary between the two parties.//  -- intermediary adj  [only before noun] //  --an intermediary role in the talks//


Words: intermediate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: intermediatus, from  Latin intermedius, from  medius  ’middle’]//\n  1 :  a) an intermediate class, course etc is at a level of knowledge or skill that is between the basic level and the advanced level//  --a book aimed at students at the intermediate level and above//  b) intermediate students, sports players etc have reached a level of knowledge or skill that is between the basic level and the advanced level//  --intermediate learners of English//\n  2 an intermediate stage in a process of development is between two other stages:  --an intermediate stage during which the disease is dormant//\nintermediate 2 n [C]   a student, sports player etc who has reached a level of knowledge or skill that is between the basic level and the advanced level//  --a ski resort particularly suited to beginners and intermediates//


Words: interminable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: interminabilis, from  Latin terminare;   TERMINATE]//  very long and boring//   endless//  --interminable delays//  -- interminably adv //  --an interminably long speech//


Words: intermingle
Meaning:
v [I,T usually passive]   to mix together or mix something with something else//  --The pain and the anger were intermingled.//


Words: intermission
Meaning:
n [C]  especially  AmE   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: intermissio, from  intermittere;   INTERMITTENT]//  a short period of time between the parts of a play, concert etc//   interlude//  British Equivalent:  interval//


Words: intermittent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  intermittere, from  mittere  ’to send’]//  stopping and starting often and for short periods//   sporadic//  --The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent showers.//  -- intermittently adv //


Words: intern
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: interner, from  Latin internus;   INTERNAL]//  to put someone in prison without charging them with a crime, for political reasons or during a war//    internee, internment//\nintern 2   n [C]  AmE \n  1 someone who has nearly finished training as a doctor and is working in a hospital:  British Equivalent:  houseman//    internship//\n  2 someone, especially a student, who works for a short time in a particular job in order to gain experience:    internship//


Words: internal
Meaning:
W2   adj [usually before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: internalis, from  Latin internus  ’inward, inside’]//\n  1 within a particular country:   domestic//  → external//  --We have no interest in interfering in the internal affairs of other countries.//  --the threat to internal security //  --internal markets//\n  2 within a company or organization rather than outside it:  → external//  --There’s to be an internal inquiry into the whole affair.//  --the internal mail//\n  3 inside your body:  → external//  internal organs/injuries //\n  4 inside something rather than outside:  → external//  --They’ve knocked down a couple of internal walls.//\n  5 existing in your mind:   inner//  --internal doubts//  -- internally adv //  --The matter will be dealt with internally.//  --This medicine must not be taken internally.//


Words: internalize
Meaning:
also  internalise BrE   v [T]   if you internalize a particular belief, attitude, behaviour etc, it becomes part of your character//  -- internalization/[hA366]nt[hA362][hA359]n[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA366]nt[hA362][hA359]rn[hA353]l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: international
Meaning:
adj   relating to or involving more than one nation//    national//  international trade/market/competition //  --the response of the international community//  --the UN and other international organizations//    international relations,  internationally//\ninternational 2 n [C] \n  1 an international sports game:\n  2  BrE someone who plays for one of their country’s sports teams:    national//


Words: International Court of Justice
Meaning:
the   the court of law of the  United Nations, based in The Hague in the Netherlands. It judges international cases, for example those connected with  war crimes.//


Words: International Date Line
Meaning:
n [singular]   an imaginary line that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole, to the east of which the date is one day later than it is to the west//


Words: International Herald Tribune
Meaning:
The  also The Herald Tribune   an international daily newspaper, written in English and sold in many countries. Some of its articles are from the US, and it is often read by US citizens when they are abroad.//


Words: International Labour Organiztion
Meaning:
the   the ILO a  UN organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, which helps workers around the world by making sure they are treated fairly, paid equally for the same jobs, not forced to work in dangerous conditions etc//


Words: internationalism
Meaning:
n [U]   the belief that nations should work together and help each other//  -- internationalist n  [C] //  -- internationalist adj //


Words: internationalize
Meaning:
also  internationalise BrE   v [T]   to make something international or bring it under international control//  -- internationalization/[hA366]nt[hA353]n[zB024][hA35D][hA368]n[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA366]nt[hA353]rn[zB024][hA35D][hA368]n[hA353]l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: internationally
Meaning:
adv   in many different parts of the world//    international//  --These days businesses have to be able to compete internationally.//  internationally famous/recognized/known etc //  --an internationally famous sculptor//


Words: internecine
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: internecinus, from  internecare  ’to destroy completely’, from  necare  ’to kill’]//  internecine fighting or struggles happen between members of the same group or nation//  --internecine warfare//


Words: internee
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  INTERN1]//  someone who is put into prison during a war or for political reasons, without having had a trial//    intern//


Words: Internet
Meaning:
internet/[hA366]nt[hA353]net $ -t[hA353]r-/ n   the Internet//  a computer system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information//  on the Internet//  --You can find all kinds of information on the internet.//  --More and more companies are using the internet to conduct their business.//  --Do you have access to the Internet ?//  --an internet cafe  (=a cafe with computers where people can pay to use the internet) //  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: internet //  places on the Internet: website/site,  webpage,  chatroom //  things you do on the Internet: surf the net (=spend time looking at websites for fun) //  visit websites  and  chatrooms , download files from the Internet, email  people or  chat  with them,  shop online  or  work online . You can also bookmark sites that you want to go back to regularly, or put them on your list of  favourites . //  See also:  email, intranet, EXtranet, cyberspace, virtual, search engine, ISP, browser//  ----------//


Words: Internet banking
Meaning:
also online banking  n [U]   a service provided by banks so that people can find out information about their bank account, pay bills etc using the Internet//


Words: internist
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: internal (medicine) +  -ist]//  a doctor who has a general knowledge about all illnesses and medical conditions of organs inside your body, and who treats illnesses that do not need operations//


Words: internment
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  INTERN1]//  [U] the practice of keeping people in prison during a war or for political reasons, without charging them with a crime//    intern//  --an internment camp//


Words: internship
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE \n  1 a job that lasts for a short time, that someone, especially a student, does in order to gain experience:    intern//\n  2 a job that someone who has nearly finished training as a doctor does in a hospital:    intern//


Words: interpenetrate
Meaning:
v [I and T]  formal   to spread through something or spread through each other//  -- interpenetration/[hA366]nt[hA353]pen[hA369]tre[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -t[hA353]r-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: interpersonal
Meaning:
adj   relating to relationships between people//  --interpersonal skills//  --interpersonal communication//


Words: interplay
Meaning:
n [U]   the way in which two people or things affect each other//  interplay of//  --the interplay of ideas//  interplay between//  --the interplay between military and civilian populations//


Words: interpolate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  interpolare  ’to polish up, change, make worse’]//\n  1 to put additional words into a piece of writing:   insert//\n  2 to interrupt someone by saying something:  -- interpolation/[hA366]nt[hA362][hA359]p[hA353]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -t[hA362][hA359]r-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: interpose
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: interposer, from  Latin interponere, from  ponere  ’to put’]//\n  1 to put yourself or something else between two other things:  --She interposed herself between the general and his wife.//\n  2 to say something when other people are having a conversation or argument, interrupting them:  --’That might be difficult,’ interposed Regina.//


Words: interpret
Meaning:
W3   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: interpreter, from  Latin interpretari, from  interpres  ’someone who explains or translates’]//\n  1 [I and T] to translate one language into another:  --They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me.//\n  2 [T] to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaning:  interpret sth as sth//  --His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company.//\n  3 [T] to explain the meaning of something:  --Freud’s attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams//\n  4 [T] to perform a part in a play, a piece of music etc in a way that shows your feelings about it or what you think it means:


Words: interpretation
Meaning:
W2   n [U and C] \n  1 the way in which someone explains or understands an event, information, someone’s actions etc:  --One possible interpretation is that they want you to resign.//  --It’s difficult to put an accurate interpretation on  (=explain) the survey results.//  --What exactly the author meant by that statement is open to interpretation  (=able to be understood or explained in different ways) .//\n  2 the way in which someone performs a play, a piece of music etc and shows what they think and feel about it:  --Laurence Olivier’s brilliant interpretation of Henry V//


Words: interpretative
Meaning:
adj  also interpretive \n  1 relating to, explaining, or understanding the meaning of something:  --Reading is an interpretative process.//\n  2 relating to how feelings are expressed through music, dance, art etc:  --interpretive dance//


Words: interpreter
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who changes spoken words from one language into another, especially as their job:    translator//  --Speaking through an interpreter  (=using an interpreter) , Ahmed said, ’I’m very worried about my wife and children’.//\n  2 a computer program that changes an instruction into a form that can be understood directly by the computer:


Words: interregnum
Meaning:
n, n   plural  interregnums  or  interregna /-n[hA353]/ [C]  formal //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: regnum  ’period of rule’]//  a period of time when a country or organization has no ruler or leader, and they are waiting for a new one//


Words: interrelate
Meaning:
v [I]   if two things interrelate, they are connected and have an effect on each other//  --We will be discussing how the interests of state, parent and child interrelate.//  interrelate with//  --Each part of the course interrelates with all the others.//


Words: interrelated
Meaning:
adj   things that are interrelated are connected and have an effect on each other//  --Unemployment and inflation are interrelated.//  --Many interrelated factors are at work here.//


Words: interrogate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  interrogare, from  rogare  ’to ask’]//  to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats//  --The police interrogated the suspect for several hours.//  -- interrogator n  [C] //  --He refused to tell his interrogators anything.//  -- interrogation/[hA366]nter[hA353]ge[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: interrogative
Meaning:
adj \n  1  technical an interrogative sentence, pronoun etc asks a question or has the form of a question. For example, ’who’ and ’what’ are interrogative pronouns.:\n  2  written if someone gives you an interrogative look or uses an interrogative voice, they want to know the answer to a question:   questioning//  -- interrogatively adv //\ninterrogative 2 n  technical \n  1  the interrogative:  the form of a sentence or verb that is used for asking questions//    indicative//  --Put this statement into the interrogative.//\n  2 [C] a word such as ’who’ or ’what’ that is used in asking questions:


Words: interrupt
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  interrumpere, from  rumpere  ’to break’]//\n  1 [I and T] to stop someone from continuing what they are saying or doing by suddenly speaking to them, making a noise etc:  --Will you stop interrupting me when I’m talking!//  --Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.//\n  2 [T] to make a process or activity stop temporarily:  --My studies were interrupted by the war.//\n  3 [T] if something interrupts a line, surface, view etc it stops it from being continuous:  -- interruption/-r[hA356]p[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //  --Let’s go somewhere where we can talk without interruption.//  ----------//  HINT //  Do not use interruption to mean a short period when students or workers can stop working and relax. Use break instead: Between the two classes there is a 15 minute break. //  ----------//


Words: intersect
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intersecare, from  secare  ’to cut’]//\n  1 [I and T] if two lines or roads intersect, they meet or go across each other:\n  2 [T usually passive] to divide an area with several lines, roads etc:  --The plain is intersected by a network of canals.//


Words: intersection
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a place where roads, lines etc cross each other, especially where two roads meet:  British Equivalent:  junction//\n  2 [U] the act of intersecting something:


Words: intersperse
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: interspersus  ’interspersed’, from  sparsus;   SPARSE]//\n  1  be interspersed with sth:  if something is interspersed with a particular kind of thing, it has a lot of them in it//  --sunny periods interspersed with showers//\n  2  intersperse sth with sth:  to put something in between pieces of speech or writing, parts of a film etc//


Words: interstate
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a wide road that goes between states, on which cars can travel very fast//\ninterstate 2 adj [only before noun]   involving different states, especially in the US//  --interstate commerce//


Words: Interstate Commerce Commission
Meaning:
the   the ICC the US government organization that deals with the way the US states buy, sell, and exchange goods with each other//


Words: interstice
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin interstitus, past participle of  intersistere  ’to stand still in the middle’]//  a small space or crack in something or between things//


Words: intertwine
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other:  be closely/inextricably intertwined //  --The problems of crime and unemployment are closely intertwined.//\n  2 if two things intertwine, or if they are intertwined, they are twisted together:  intertwine with//  --a necklace of rubies intertwined with pearls//


Words: interval
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: entreval, from  Latin intervallum  ’space between castle walls, interval’]//\n  1 the period of time between two events, activities etc:  --He left the room, returning after a short interval with a message.//  interval between//  --The interval between arrest and trial can be up to six months.//\n  2  sunny/bright intervals:  short periods of fine weather between cloudy, rainy weather etc//\n  3  at weekly/20 minute etc intervals:  every week, 20 minutes etc//  --The trains run at half-hourly intervals.//\n  4  at regular intervals:  a) something that happens at regular intervals happens often//  --The phone rang at regular intervals all afternoon.//  b) objects that are placed at regular intervals have all been placed at the same distance from each other//  --Trees had been planted at regular intervals.//\n  5  BrE a short period of time between the parts of a play, concert etc:  American Equivalent:  intermission//  --We can get some drinks in the interval.//\n  6  technical the amount of difference in pitch between two musical notes:


Words: intervene
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: intervenire, from  venire  ’to come’]//\n  1 [I] to become involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens:  intervene in//  --The police don’t usually like to intervene in disputes between husbands and wives.//  --The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting.//\n  2 [I and T] to interrupt someone when they are speaking:  --’Stop shouting, Emily,’ John intervened.//\n  3 [I] if an event intervenes, it delays or interrupts something else:  --He was just establishing his career when the war intervened.//\n  4 [I] if a period of time intervenes, it comes between two events:  --In the six years that intervened I saw them once.//


Words: intervening
Meaning:
adj   the intervening years/months/period etc//  time that passes between two events//  --I hadn’t seen him since 1980, and he had aged a lot in the intervening years.//


Words: intervention
Meaning:
W3   n [U and C]   the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens//  --government intervention to regulate prices//


Words: interventionist
Meaning:
adj   based on the belief of a government or organization that it should take action or spend money to influence the  economy (=financial system)  or what happens in other countries//  interventionist approach/role/policy //  --The UN adopted a more interventionist approach in the region.//  -- interventionism n  [U] //


Words: interview
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  French  entrevue, from  entrevoir  ’to see each other, meet’, from  voir  ’to see’]//\n  1 [U and C] a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out whether they are suitable for a job, course of study etc:  interview for//  -- He  has an interview  next Thursday for a job on the Los Angeles Times. //  -- I got a letter asking me to  go for an interview  the next day. //  -- Remember to take the phone off the hook while you are  conducting  the  interview . //  -- a portfolio of work presented  at interview  //  -- I’ve got another  job interview  tomorrow. //\n  2 [C] an occasion when a famous person is asked questions about their life, experiences, or opinions for a newspaper, magazine, television programme etc:  interview with//  --an interview with the President//  newspaper/radio/television interview //  --Elton John gave an interview to Barbara Walters (=he answered her questions) .//  --an exclusive interview  (=one that is given to only one newspaper, programme etc) //\n  3 [C] an official meeting with someone who asks you questions:  --a police interview//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  have an interview //  go for an interview //  be called/invited for (an) interview //  conduct an interview  (=interview someone) //  at interview British English //  job interview //  first interview //  second interview  (=a more detailed interview after you have been successful in a previous interview) //  ----------//\ninterview 2 S2 v [T]   to ask someone questions during an interview//  interview sb for sth//  --We’re interviewing six candidates for the job.//  interview sb about sth//  --The police want to interview you about the accident.//  -- interviewing n  [U] //  --interviewing skills//


Words: interwar
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   happening or relating to the period between the First and the Second World Wars//  --the interwar years//


Words: interweave
Meaning:
v   past tense  interwove /-w[hA353][hA35E]v $ -wo[hA35E]v/past participle  interwoven /-w[hA353][hA35E]v[hA368]n $ -wo[hA35E]-/ [T usually passive] //\n  1 if two things are interwoven, they are closely related or combined in a complicated way:  closely/inextricably/tightly etc interwoven //  --The two themes are inextricably interwoven in the book.//  be interwoven with sth//  --practical help for the bereaved interwoven with emotional support//\n  2 to weave two or more things together:  be interwoven with sth//  --silk interwoven with gold and silver threads//


Words: intestate
Meaning:
adj  law   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: testatus, past participle of  testari  ’to make a will’]//  die intestate//  to die without having made a will (=a statement about who you want to have your property after you die) //


Words: intestine
Meaning:
n [C]   artery, brain, fatty, tissue, heart, kidney, intestine, intestine2, small, large, liver, lung, muscles, stomach, vein, throat//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: intestin, from  Latin intestinum, from  intus  ’inside’]//  the long tube in your body through which food passes after it leaves your stomach//   gut//  -- intestinal adj //    large intestine,  small intestine//


Words: intimacy
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] a state of having a close personal relationship with someone:  intimacy of//  --the intimacy of marriage//  intimacy between//  --a close sense of intimacy between parent and child//\n  2  intimacies [plural] things you say or do to someone you have a close personal relationship with:  --She thought back over the intimacies they’d shared and the plans they’d made.//\n  3 [U] a situation in which you feel you are in private with someone:  --the cosy intimacy of the cafe//\n  4 [U]  formal sex - used especially by lawyers and police when they want to avoid using the word ’sex’:


Words: intimate
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 restaurant/meal/place:\n   2 friends:\n   3 intimate knowledge of something:\n   4 private:\n   5 sex:\n   6 intimate link/connection etc:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: intime  ’intimate’ (1600-1700), from  Latin intimus;   INTIMATE2]//\n  1 RESTAURANT/MEAL/PLACE:  private and friendly so that you feel comfortable//  --the intimate atmosphere of a country pub//  --an intimate meal for two//  --The collection has been moved from its intimate setting to the British Museum.//\n  2 FRIENDS:  having an extremely close friendship//  --an intimate friend of Picasso’s//  --an intimate relationship//  --She’s on intimate terms with important people in the government.//\n  3  intimate knowledge of sth:  very detailed knowledge of something as a result of careful study or a lot of experience//  --his intimate knowledge of the coal industry//\n  4 PRIVATE:  relating to very private or personal matters//  --the publication of intimate details of their affair//\n  5 SEX:   formal //  a) relating to sex//  --The virus can only be transmitted through intimate contact.//  b)  be intimate with sb//  to have sex with someone//\n  6  intimate link/connection etc:  a very close connection between two things//  --the intimate connection between physical and mental health//  -- intimately adv //  --The two aspects are intimately connected.//  --I am intimately acquainted with the state of my bank account.//\nintimate 2   v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intimare  ’to put in, announce’, from  Latin intimus  ’furthest inside’, from an unrecorded  Latin interus;   INTERIOR2]//  to make people understand what you mean without saying it directly//  intimate that//  --He intimated, politely but firmly, that we were not welcome.//  intimate sth to sb//  --She had already intimated to me her wish to leave.//\nintimate 3   n [C]  formal   a close personal friend//


Words: intimation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal \n  1 an indirect or unclear sign that something may happen:  --the first intimations of the approaching conflict//\n  2 the act of officially telling someone about something:  --Without early intimation of the dates of the training sessions, enthusiasm for training could decrease.//


Words: intimidate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intimidare, from  Latin timidus;   TIMID]//\n  1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want:  intimidate sb into doing sth//  --They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.//  --Attempts to intimidate her failed.//\n  2 to make someone feel worried and not confident:  --The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.//  -- intimidation/[hA366]nt[hA366]m[hA369]de[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --She had endured years of intimidation and violence.//  --the intimidation of voters//


Words: intimidated
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   feeling worried and lacking confidence because of the situation you are in or the people you are with//  --I was shy, and felt intimidated by the older students.//


Words: intimidating
Meaning:
adj   making you feel worried and not confident//  --Some people find interview situations very intimidating.//


Words: into
Meaning:
prep   ----------//\n   1 to the inside of something:\n   2 becoming involved:\n   3 changing:\n   4 hitting something:\n   5 direction:\n   6 time:\n   7 finding out:\n   8 dividing numbers:\n   9 be into something:\n  10 be into somebody:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 TO THE INSIDE OF SOMETHING:  to the inside or inner part of a container, place, area etc//  --Come into the office.//  --He thrust his hand into his coat pocket.//  --There must be another way into the cave.//  --Sue got back into bed and pulled the quilt over her head.//  --I’ve got to go into town this morning and do some shopping.//  --We dived into the sea and swam to the shore.//\n  2 BECOMING INVOLVED:  used to say that someone becomes involved in a situation or activity, or becomes part of a group//  --At the age of 16, I went into the printing trade as an apprentice.//  --They tried to drag me into their quarrel.//  --a player who deserves to get back into the England team//\n  3 CHANGING:  used to say that someone or something starts being in a different state or form//  --She fell into a deep sleep.//  --The whole banking system was thrown into confusion.//  --I screwed my wet handkerchief into a ball.//  --Cut the cake into pieces.//  --Neruda’s poems have been translated into English.//\n  4 HITTING SOMETHING:  used to say that a person or vehicle hits someone or something after moving towards them//  --He almost bumped into me as he rushed past.//  --The car swerved and crashed into the wall.//\n  5 DIRECTION:  in a particular direction//  --They rode off into the sunset.//  --Make sure you’re speaking directly into the microphone.//\n  6 TIME:  at or until a certain time//  --Andy and I talked well into the night.//  --John was well into his forties before he got married.//\n  7 FINDING OUT:  used to say what someone is trying to find out information about//  --an investigation into the events leading up to his death//  --I’ve been doing some research into this.//\n  8 DIVIDING NUMBERS:   spoken used when you are dividing one number by another//  --Eight into twenty-four is three.//\n  9  be into sth:   spoken to like and be interested in something//  --I’m really into folk music.//\n  10  be into sb:   AmE  informal to owe someone money//  --He’s into me for $50.//


Words: intolerable
Meaning:
adj   too difficult, bad, annoying etc for you to accept or deal with//  → tolerable//  --’This is intolerable!’ exclaimed Sir Rufus.//  --The pain had become intolerable.//  intolerable burden/strain/pressure //  --Caring for an elderly relative can become an intolerable burden.//  -- intolerably adv //


Words: intolerance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] unwillingness to accept ways of thinking and behaving that are different from your own:  → tolerance//  racial/religious intolerance //\n  2 [U and C] an inability to take particular medicines or eat particular foods without suffering bad effects:    allergic//  intolerance of//  --an intolerance of alcohol//  food/glucose/lactose intolerance //


Words: intolerant
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not willing to accept ways of thinking and behaving that are different from your own:  → tolerant//  intolerant of//  --people who are intolerant of other people’s political beliefs//\n  2 not able to take particular medicines or eat particular foods without suffering bad effects:  intolerant of//  --A number of patients were intolerant of the diet.//  --She’s lactose-intolerant (=unable to drink particular types of milk) .//


Words: intonation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the way in which the level of your voice changes in order to add meaning to what you are saying, for example by going up at the end of a question:  --intonation patterns//\n  2 [U]  technical the playing or singing of correct musical notes:


Words: intone
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: entoner, from  Medieval Latin intonare, from  Latin tonus;   TONE1]//  to say something slowly and clearly without making your voice rise and fall much as you speak//  --The priest intoned the blessing.//


Words: intoxicated
Meaning:
adj \n  1  formal drunk:  → sober//  --The driver was clearly intoxicated.//\n  2 happy, excited, and unable to think clearly, especially as a result of love, success, power etc:  intoxicated by/with//  --He rapidly became intoxicated with his own power.//  -- intoxicate v  [T] //  -- intoxication/[hA366]nt[hA361]ks[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -t[hA35A][hA359]k-/ n  [U] //


Words: intoxicating
Meaning:
adj \n  1  formal intoxicating drinks can make you drunk:\n  2 making you feel happy, excited, and unable to think clearly:  --the intoxicating combination of her beauty and wit//


Words: intra-
Meaning:
prefix  formal  or  technical   [Language: Late Latin; Origin: Latin intra  ’inside’, from an unrecorded  Latin interus;   INTERIOR2]//\n  1 inside:   within//  --intra-departmental (=within a department) //\n  2 into:  --an intravenous injection (=into a vein) //


Words: intractable
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 an intractable problem is very difficult to deal with or solve:  --the seemingly intractable problem of human greed//\n  2 having a strong will and difficult to control:  -- intractability/[hA366]ntr[zB024]kt[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: intramural
Meaning:
adj  AmE   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: intra muros  ’inside the walls’]//  happening within one school, or intended for the students of one school//  --an intramural softball competition//    extramural//


Words: intranet
Meaning:
n [C]   a computer network used for exchanging or seeing information within a company//    Internet, extranet//


Words: intransigent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Spanish; Origin: intransigente, from  transigir  ’to accept less than you originally wanted’]//  unwilling to change your ideas or behaviour, in a way that seems unreasonable//   stubborn//  --an intransigent attitude//  -- intransigence n  [U] //  --He accused the government of intransigence.//


Words: intransitive
Meaning:
adj  technical   an intransitive verb has a subject but no object. For example, in the sentence ’they arrived’, ’arrived’ is intransitive. Intransitive verbs are marked [I] in this dictionary//  → transitive//  -- intransitively adv //


Words: intrapreneur
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: intra- +  -preneur (as in  entrepreneur)]//  someone who works for a large company and whose job is to develop new ideas or ways of doing business for that company//    entrepreneur//  -- intrapreneuring n  [U] //


Words: intravenous
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   through or into a vein (=tube in the body taking blood back to the heart) //  --an intravenous injection//  --intravenous drug users//  -- intravenously adv //  --The drug was given intravenously.//


Words: intrepid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: intrepidus, from  trepidus  ’frightened and worried’]//  willing to do dangerous things or go to dangerous places - often used humorously//  --intrepid explorers//


Words: intricacy
Meaning:
n   plural  intricacies //\n  1  the intricacies of sth:  the complicated details of something//  --the intricacies of private banking//\n  2 [U] the state of containing a large number of parts or details:  --designs of amazing intricacy and sophistication//


Words: intricate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  intricare  ’to mix up in a complicated way’, from  tricae  ’small unimportant things, things that get in your way’]//  containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together//  --intricate patterns//  -- intricately adv //  --intricately woven fabric//


Words: intrigue
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: intriguer, from  Italian  intrigare, from  Latin intricare;   INTRICATE]//\n  1 [T] if something intrigues you, it interests you a lot because it seems strange or mysterious:  --Other people’s houses always intrigued her.//\n  2 [I]  formal to make secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power:  intrigue against//  --While King Richard was abroad, the barons had been intriguing against him.//\nintrigue 2   n   [U and C] the making of secret plans to harm someone or make them lose their position of power, or a plan of this kind//  --It’s an exciting story of political intrigue and murder.//  --a web of intrigue  (=complicated set of secret plans) //  intrigue of//  --the political intrigues of the capital//


Words: intrigued
Meaning:
adj   very interested in something because it seems strange or mysterious//  intrigued by/with//  --He was intrigued by her reaction.//  intrigued to know/learn etc //  --She was intrigued to know what he planned to do next.//


Words: intriguing
Meaning:
adj   something that is intriguing is very interesting because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected//  --The magazine carries an intriguing mixture of high fashion, gossip and racing.//  -- intriguingly adv //


Words: intrinsic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: intrins[hA169]que, from  Late Latin intrinsecus]//  being part of the nature or character of someone or something//  --the intrinsic interest of the subject//  intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of sth //  --There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.//  intrinsic to//  --Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.//  -- intrinsically/-kli/ adv //  --Science is seen as intrinsically good.//


Words: intro
Meaning:
n   plural  intros  [C]  informal //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: introduction]//  a short part at the beginning of a song, piece of writing etc//    introduction//


Words: intro-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: French; Origin: Latin, from   intro  ’inside’, from an unrecorded  Latin interus;   INTERIOR2]//  into, especially into the inside//  --introspection (=examining your own feelings) //


Words: introduce
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 when people meet:\n   2 new system/product:\n   3 bring something to a place:\n   4 new experience:\n   5 programme/public event:\n   6 start a change:\n   7 law:\n   8 put something into something:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: introducere, from  ducere  ’to lead’]//\n  1 WHEN PEOPLE MEET:  if you introduce someone to another person, you tell them each other’s names for the first time//  --Have you two been introduced? Tom, this is Greg.//  introduce sb to sb//  --June, let me introduce you to Bob.//  introduce yourself//   (=formally tell someone who you are) //  --May I introduce myself? My name is Meg Johnson.//\n  2 NEW SYSTEM/PRODUCT:  to bring a plan, system, or product into use for the first time//  --They want to introduce a system of identity cards.//  --The store have introduced a new range of food for children.//\n  3 BRING SOMETHING TO A PLACE:  to bring a type of thing somewhere for the first time//  introduce sth to/into sth//  --The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.//\n  4 NEW EXPERIENCE:  to show someone something or tell them about it for the first time//  introduce sb to sth/introduce sth to sb//  --Malcolm introduced me to the joys of wine-tasting.//\n  5 PROGRAMME/PUBLIC EVENT:  to speak at the beginning of and sometimes during a television or radio programme, or at the beginning of a public event//  --Jim Adams will introduce tonight’s programme.//\n  6 START A CHANGE:  to make something new start to happen or exist in a situation//  --The peace agreement has introduced a feeling of optimism here.//\n  7 LAW:  to formally present a possible new law to be discussed//  --Several senators introduced legislation aimed at sexual harassment.//\n  8 PUT SOMETHING INTO SOMETHING:   technical to put something carefully into something else//  introduce sth into sth//  --Fuel was introduced into the jet pipe.//


Words: introduction
Meaning:
W2   n   ----------//\n   1 new system/product:\n   2 bring something to a place:\n   3 when meeting somebody:\n   4 book/speech:\n   5 music:\n   6 explanation:\n   7 new experience:\n   8 letter:  ----------//\n  1 NEW SYSTEM/PRODUCT:   [U] the act of bringing something into use for the first time//  introduction of//  --the introduction of a range of new products//  --With the introduction of independent taxation, a married woman’s position is much clearer.//\n  2 BRING SOMETHING TO A PLACE:  a)  [U] the act of bringing something somewhere for the first time//  introduction of//  --the introduction of Buddhism to China nearly 2000 years ago//  b)  [C] a type of thing that is brought somewhere for the first time//  --The potato was a sixteenth century introduction.//\n  3 WHEN MEETING SOMEBODY:   [C] the act of formally telling two people each other’s names when they first meet//  --Pete, are you going to make the introductions ?//  --Our first contestant needs no introduction (=everyone already knows the person) .//\n  4 BOOK/SPEECH:   [C] a written or spoken explanation at the beginning of a book, speech etc//  --In the introduction he explains why he wrote the book.//  --Mr Brown gave a brief introduction to the course.//\n  5 MUSIC:   [C] a short part at the beginning of a song or piece of music//\n  6 EXPLANATION:   [C] something that explains the basic facts of a subject//  introduction to//  --The book is a useful introduction to British geology.//\n  7 NEW EXPERIENCE:   [C] someone’s first experience of something//  introduction to//  --an introduction to water sports//\n  8 LETTER:   [C] a letter by someone else that explains who you are, which you can give to a person you have not met before//


Words: introductory
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 said or written at the beginning of a book, speech etc in order to explain what it is about:  introductory chapter/paragraph //  --the objectives described in the introductory chapter//  --as the chairman said in his introductory remarks //\n  2 intended for people who have never done a particular activity before:  --an introductory course in data processing//\n  3  introductory offer/price etc:  a special low price that is charged for a new product for a limited period of time//  --Don’t miss our introductory offer!//


Words: introspection
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: introspectio, from  introspicere, from  specere  ’to look’]//  the process of thinking deeply about your own thoughts, feelings, or behaviour//


Words: introspective
Meaning:
adj   tending to think deeply about your own thoughts, feelings, or behaviour//  --a shy and introspective person//  -- introspectively adv //


Words: introvert
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: intro- +  -vert (as in  divert)]//  someone who is quiet and shy, and does not enjoy being with other people//  → extrovert//


Words: introverted
Meaning:
adj   someone who is introverted is quiet and shy and does not enjoy being with other people//  → extrovert, extroverted//  -- introversion/[hA366]ntr[hA353]v[hA362][hA359][hA35D][hA368]n $ -v[hA362][hA359]r[hA360][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: intrude
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: intrudere, from  trudere  ’to push’]//\n  1 to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs in an annoying and unwanted way:  --Would I be intruding if I came with you?//  intrude into/on/upon//  --Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.//\n  2 to come into a place or situation, and have an unwanted effect:  intrude on//  --It is to be hoped that TV cameras never intrude on this peaceful place.//


Words: intruder
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal something:  --The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.//\n  2 someone who is in a place where they are not wanted:  --At first I felt like an intruder in their family.//


Words: intrusion
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 when someone does something or something happens that affects your private life or activities in an unwanted way:  intrusion into/on/upon//  --I resented this intrusion into my domestic affairs.//  --the unwelcome intrusion of the press//\n  2 when something comes into a place or situation and has an unwanted effect:  --the intrusion of badly designed new buildings in the historic high street//


Words: intrusive
Meaning:
adj   affecting someone’s private life or interrupting them in an unwanted and annoying way//  --They found the television cameras too intrusive.//


Words: intuit
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: intuition]//  to know or guess something because of a feeling you have, rather than because of facts you know//


Words: intuition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: intuitio, from  Latin intueri  ’to look at, think about’]//\n  1 [U] the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts:   instinct//  --feminine intuition//  --Intuition told her it was unwise to argue.//\n  2 [C] an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts:  intuition (that)//  --He had an intuition there was trouble brewing.//  --We should trust our intuitions.//


Words: intuitive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an intuitive idea is based on a feeling rather than on knowledge or facts:   instinctive//  --He seemed to have an intuitive awareness of how I felt.//\n  2 someone who is intuitive is able to understand situations without being told or having any proof about them:  -- intuitively adv //


Words: Inuit
Meaning:
adj   relating to the Inuit//\nInuit 2 n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Aleut; Origin: , plural of  inuk;   INUK]//\n  1 someone who belongs to a race of people who live in the very cold northern areas of North America:    Eskimo//\n  2  the Inuit [plural] the people who belong to this race:


Words: inundate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inundare, from  unda  ’wave’]//\n  1  be inundated (with/by sth):  to receive so much of something that you cannot easily deal with it all//   swamp//  --After the broadcast, we were inundated with requests for more information.//\n  2  formal to cover an area with a large amount of water:   flood//  --The tidal wave inundated vast areas of cropland.//  -- inundation/[hA366]n[hA353]nde[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: inure
Meaning:
v   inure to [inure sb to sth] phr v//  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: ure  ’usual practice’ (15-18 centuries), from  Old French uevre  ’work, practice’, from  Latin opera  ’works’]//  to make someone become used to something unpleasant, so that they are no longer upset by it//  --Nurses soon become inured to the sight of suffering.//


Words: invade
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: invadere, from  vadere  ’to go’]//\n  1 [I and T] to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it:  --The Romans invaded Britain 2000 years ago.//\n  2 [T] to go into a place in large numbers, especially when you are not wanted:  --Every summer the town is invaded by tourists.//  --Fans invaded the pitch at half-time.//\n  3 [T] to get involved in something in an unwanted and annoying way:  --What right does he have to invade my privacy?//  --Patients are given the feeling that they mustn’t try to invade medical territory (=try to deal with things that are not their responsibility) .//    invasion//


Words: invader
Meaning:
n [C]   a soldier or a group of soldiers that enters a country or town by force in order to take control of it//  --Invaders from the south ransacked the town.//


Words: invalid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: invalidus, from  validus;   VALID]//\n  1 a contract, ticket, claim etc that is invalid is not legally or officially acceptable:  → valid//  --Without the right date stamped on it, your ticket will be invalid.//\n  2 an argument, reason etc that is invalid is not based on true facts or clear ideas, and lacks good judgment:  → valid//\n  3 if something you type into a computer is invalid, the computer does not recognize or accept it:  --Filename in invalid format.//\ninvalid 2   n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: invalide, from  Latin invalidus;   INVALID1]//  someone who cannot look after themselves because of illness, old age, or injury//  --I resented being treated as an invalid.//  -- invalid adj  [only before noun] //\ninvalid 3 v   be invalided out phr v//  to have to leave the army, navy etc because you are ill or injured//


Words: invalidate
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make a document, ticket, claim etc no longer legally or officially acceptable:  --Failure to disclose all relevant changes may invalidate your policy.//\n  2 to show that something such as a belief or explanation is wrong:  --Later findings invalidated the theory.//


Words: invalidity
Meaning:
n [U]  formal \n  1 the state of being too ill, old, or injured to work:  --invalidity benefit//\n  2 the state of being not legally or officially acceptable:


Words: invaluable
Meaning:
adj   extremely useful//  invaluable to/for//  --Your advice has been invaluable to us.//  invaluable in/for (doing) sth//  --This help was invaluable in focusing my ideas.//  --The internet is an invaluable source of information.//


Words: invariable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 always happening in the same way, at the same time etc:  --His invariable answer was ’Wait and see.’//\n  2  technical never changing:  → variable//  --Mass, unlike weight, is invariable.//


Words: invariably
Meaning:
adv   if something invariably happens or is invariably true, it always happens or is true//  --It invariably rains when I go there.//  --The security guards were invariably ex-servicemen.//


Words: invasion
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] when the army of one country enters another country by force, in order to take control of it:  invasion of//  --the invasion of Normandy//\n  2 [C] the arrival in a place of a lot of people or things, often where they are not wanted:  --the annual invasion of teenagers for the Glastonbury Festival//\n  3  invasion of privacy:  a situation in which someone tries to find out details about another person’s private affairs in a way that is upsetting and often illegal//


Words: invasive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 invasive medical treatment involves cutting into someone’s body:  --invasive surgery//\n  2 an invasive disease spreads quickly and is difficult to stop:  --invasive bladder cancers//


Words: invective
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: invectif, from  Latin, from  invehere;   INVEIGH]//  rude and insulting words that someone says when they are very angry//  --He let out a stream of invective.//


Words: inveigh
Meaning:
v   inveigh against / [inveigh against sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: invehi  ’to attack’, from  invehere, from  vehere  ’to carry’]//  to criticize someone or something strongly//


Words: inveigle
Meaning:
v   inveigle into [inveigle sb into sth] phr v//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: aveugler  ’to make blind’, from  aveugle  ’blind’, from  Medieval Latin ab oculis  ’without eyes’]//  to persuade someone to do what you want, especially in a dishonest way//  inveigle sb into doing sth//  --She had inveigled me into taking messages to her lover.//


Words: invent
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  invenire  ’to come upon, find’, from  venire  ’to come’]//\n  1 to make, design, or think of a new type of thing:  --Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.//\n  2 to think of an idea, story etc that is not true, usually in order to deceive people:  --They invented a very convincing alibi.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not confuse invent and discover. To discover something means to be the first person to find it or to know that it exists: Scientists have discovered a new type of bacteria. //  ----------//


Words: invention
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a useful machine, tool, instrument etc that has been invented:  --The dishwasher is a wonderful invention.//\n  2 [U] the act of inventing something:  --The invention of the computer has revolutionized the business world.//\n  3 [U and C] a story, explanation etc that is not true:  --They subsequently admitted that the story was pure invention.//\n  4 [U] the ability to think of new and clever ideas:  --With such powers of invention he should get a job easily.//


Words: inventive
Meaning:
adj   able to think of new, different, or interesting ideas//   creative//  --one of the most talented and inventive drummers in modern music//  -- inventively adv //  -- inventiveness n  [U] //


Words: inventor
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who has invented something, or whose job is to invent things//  --the inventor of the vacuum cleaner//


Words: inventory
Meaning:
n   plural  inventories //\n  1 [C] a list of all the things in a place:  inventory of//  --We made an inventory of everything in the apartment.//\n  2 [U and C]  AmE all the goods in a shop:   stock//


Words: inverse
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: inversus, past participle of  invertere;   INVERT]//\n  1 if there is an inverse relationship between two amounts, one gets bigger at the same rate as the other gets smaller:  --Clearly, the amount of money people save increases in inverse proportion to the amount they spend.//  --the inverse relationship between prices and interest rates//\n  2  technical exactly opposite:  -- inversely adv //\ninverse 2 n [singular]  technical   the complete opposite of something//    reverse//


Words: inversion
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1  formal the act of changing something so that it is the opposite of what it was before, or of turning something upside down  (=the bottom is on the top and the top is on the bottom) :\n  2  technical a type of weather condition in which the air nearest the ground is cooler than the air above it:


Words: invert
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: invertere, from  vertere  ’to turn’]//  to put something in the opposite position to the one it was in before, especially by turning it upside down  (=the bottom is on the top and the top is on the bottom) //


Words: inverted comma
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  BrE \n  1 one of a pair of marks (") that are put at the beginning and end of a written word, sentence etc to show that someone said it or wrote it, or when writing the title of a book, song etc:   quotation mark//    punctuation mark//\n  2  in inverted commas:   spoken used to show that a word you are using to describe something is only what it is usually called, and not what you think it really is//  --Her friends, in inverted commas, all disappeared when she was in trouble.//


Words: invest
Meaning:
W3   v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: investire  ’to dress, invest’, from  Latin,  ’to dress’, from  vestis  ’piece of clothing’]//\n  1 [I and T] to buy shares, property, or goods because you hope that the value will increase and you can make a profit:  --I’ve got a few thousand dollars I’m looking to invest.//  invest (sth) in sth//  --Oliver made a fortune by investing in antique furniture.//  --Williams invested a large sum of money in Swiss stocks.//  --He had invested heavily  (=invested a lot of money) in the bond market.//\n  2 [I and T] if a government, business, or organization invests in something, they spend a large amount of money to improve it or help it succeed:  invest (sth) in sth//  --The city has invested millions of dollars in the museum.//  --The factory plans to invest in new computers.//\n  3 [T] to use a lot of time, effort etc or spend money in order to make something succeed:  invest sth in sth//  --It was very difficult to leave a home we had invested so much in.//  invest () in [invest (sth) in sth] phr v//  to buy something or spend money or time on something, because it will be useful for you//  --It’s about time you invested in a new shirt.//  --Everyone here has a lot invested in their careers.//  invest with [invest sb/sth with sth] phr v//\n  1 to officially give someone power to do something:  --Jody has invested Alan with great power over her career.//\n  2 to make someone or something seem to have a particular quality or character:  --Richard’s heavy-rimmed glasses invested him with an air of intelligence.//


Words: investigate
Meaning:
W2   v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  investigare  ’to follow the track of’, from  vestigium  ’track’]//\n  1 [I and T] to try to find out the truth about or the cause of something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem:  --The state police are investigating the incident.//  --The study investigates the impact of violent TV programming on children.//  --I heard a noise and went downstairs to investigate.//\n  2 [T] to try to find out more about someone’s character, actions etc, because you think they may have been involved in a crime:  --Penney was already being investigated by the police on suspicion of murder.//


Words: investigation
Meaning:
W2   n \n  1 [C] an official attempt to find out the truth about or the causes of something such as a crime, accident, or scientific problem:  --The investigation continued for nearly three years.//  investigation into//  --The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale investigation into the crash.//  investigation of//  --Baker demanded an investigation of the district attorney’s office.//  --a criminal investigation //  --A private detective was hired to conduct the investigation .//\n  2 [U] the act of investigating something:  investigation of//  --the investigation of computer fraud//  under investigation//   (=being investigated) //  --The whole issue is still under investigation.//


Words: investigative
Meaning:
adj   investigative journalism/report/work//  work or activities that involve investigating something//


Words: investigator
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who investigates things, especially crimes//  --police investigators//    private investigator//


Words: investigatory
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   relating to investigating something//  --the investigatory powers of the Office of Fair Trading//


Words: investiture
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   a ceremony at which someone is given an official title//  investiture of//  --the investiture of the Prince of Wales//


Words: investment
Meaning:
W1   n \n  1 [U and C] the use of money to get a profit or to make a business activity successful, or the money that is used:  --Foreign investment in Taiwan rose by 79% last year.//  --A Certificate of Deposit remains one of the safest investments.//  --We plan to buy some property as an investment.//  investment in//  --That year, Japanese investment in American real estate totaled $13.06 billion.//  investment of//  --Each of us was required to put up a minimum investment of $5,000.//  --The Postal Service has made a large investment in new technology.//  --Shareholders want to see a better return on their investment .//  -- tax cuts aimed at  stimulating investment  and expanding the economy//\n  2 [C] something that you buy or do because it will be useful later:  a good/sound investment //  --The lessons cost me over $500, but I consider them a good investment.//\n  3 [singular,U] when you spend a large amount of time, energy, emotion etc on something:  --a huge investment of time and effort//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  make an investment (in something) //  return on an investment  (=profit from an investment) //  short-term/long-term investment (=one that will give you profit in a short time, or only after a long time) //  stimulate/encourage/attract investment //  investment income //  ----------//


Words: investment bank
Meaning:
n [C]   a bank that buys and sells securities, stocks, or bonds//  -- investment banker n  [C] //  -- investment banking n  [U] //


Words: investment club
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people who meet regularly to decide which invesments to buy and sell together, with money that they all put into the group//  --O’Hara belongs to an investment club in Detroit.//


Words: inveterate
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  written   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  inveterare  ’to get old’, from  vetus  ’old’]//\n  1  inveterate liar/smoker/womanizer etc:  someone who lies a lot, smokes a lot etc and cannot stop//\n  2  inveterate fondness/distrust/hatred etc:  an attitude or feeling that you have had for a long time and cannot change//


Words: invidious
Meaning:
adj  written   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: invidiosus, from  invidia  ’envy’]//  unpleasant, especially because it is likely to offend people or make you unpopular//  --By innocently lying to detectives, she’d put herself in an invidious position .//


Words: invigilate
Meaning:
v [I and T]  BrE   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: invigilare  ’to watch, be awake in’, from  vigil;   VIGIL]//  to watch people who are taking an examination and make sure that they do not cheat//  American Equivalent:  proctor//  -- invigilator n  [C] //


Words: invigorate
Meaning:
v [T ] \n  1 if something invigorates you, it makes you feel healthier, stronger and have more energy:  --At my age, the walk into town is enough to invigorate me.//  --He felt invigorated after a day in the country.//\n  2 [usually passive] to make the people in an organization or group feel excited again, so that they want to make something successful:  --Carey’s hope was that the church would be renewed and invigorated.//


Words: invigorating
Meaning:
adj   making you feel healthy and giving you a lot of energy//  --an invigorating swim before breakfast//


Words: invincible
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin invincibilis, from  Latin vincere  ’to defeat’]//\n  1 too strong to be destroyed or defeated:  --an invincible army//  --Young athletes think of themselves as invincible.//\n  2 an invincible belief, attitude etc is extremely strong and cannot be changed:  -- invincibility/[hA366]nv[hA366]ns[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: inviolable
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin inviolabilis, from  violare  ’to violate’]//  an inviolable right, law, principle etc is extremely important and should be treated with respect and not broken or removed//  -- inviolability/[hA366]nva[hA366][hA353]l[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U ] //  --the inviolability of the country’s borders//


Words: invisible
Meaning:
adj \n  1 something that is invisible cannot be seen:  → visible//  --The house was surrounded by trees and invisible from the road.//  invisible to//  --The Stealth bomber is meant to be invisible to radar.//  --Using a telescope, Galileo discovered stars that were invisible to the naked eye .//  virtually/practically/almost etc invisible //\n  2 not noticed, or not talked about:  --There’s an invisible barrier that keeps women out of top jobs.//\n  3  invisible earnings/exports/trade etc:  money that is made from services and tourism rather than from products//  -- invisibly adv //  -- invisibility/[hA366]nv[hA366]z[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: invisible ink
Meaning:
n [U]   ink that cannot be seen on paper until it is heated, treated with chemicals etc, and is used for writing secret messages//


Words: Invisible Man
Meaning:
1  The Invisible Man:  (1897) a  science fiction novel by H. G.  Wells about a scientist who discovers a way of making himself unable to be seen//\n  2  Invisible Man:  (1952) a novel by the US writer Ralph Ellison about the life of a young black man in New York City//


Words: invitation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a written or spoken request to someone, inviting them to go somewhere or do something:  --Shortly afterwards, Dawson received an invitation to speak at a scientific conference.//  -- She  accepted  his  invitation to  join him for lunch. //  invitation to//  -- Roger never  turns down an invitation  to dinner. //  --I  extend an invitation  to the minister to visit this area.//  -- We’ve got a  standing invitation . Maybe we should go tonight. //\n  2 [U] the act of being invited or of inviting someone to go somewhere or do something:  by invitation//  --Attendance at the seminars is by invitation only  (=only those people who have been invited can attend) .//  --They were always dropping by, usually without invitation.//  at sb’s invitation/at the invitation of sb//  --Kegl traveled to Nicaragua at the invitation of the education minister.//\n  3 [C] a card inviting someone to attend a party, wedding etc:  party/wedding invitation //  --We sent out more than 300 wedding invitations.//  invitation to//  --Did you get an invitation to Jason’s party?//\n  4 [singular, U] encouragement to do something:  take sth as an invitation to do sth //  --He seemed to take my silence as an invitation to talk.//\n  5  be an open invitation for/to sb:  to make it very easy for someone to rob you or harm you//  --Leaving the car unlocked is just an open invitation to thieves.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  invitation to do something //  receive/get an invitation //  accept an invitation (=say yes) //  refuse/turn down/decline an invitation (=say no) //  issue/extend an invitation  formal (=invite someone) //  open/standing invitation  (=an invitation to do something at any time you like) //  dinner/lunch invitation //  formal invitation //  ----------//


Words: invite
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: inviter, from  Latin invitare]//\n  1 to ask someone to come to a party, wedding, meal etc:  invite sb to sth//  --Who should we invite to the party?//  invite sb to do sth//  --Gail invited me to stay with her while her husband was out of town.//  invite sb for sth//  --Why don’t you invite her for a drink at the club one evening?//  --I’m afraid I wasn’t invited.//\n  2 to politely ask someone to do something:  invite sb to do sth//  --Anyone interested in contributing articles is invited to contact the editor.//\n  3 to encourage something bad to happen, especially without intending to:  --Any government that sells arms to dictators is inviting trouble.//  invite along [invite sb along] phr v//  to ask someone if they would like to come with you when you are going somewhere//  --Why don’t you invite Barbara along?//  invite back [invite sb back] phr v//\n  1 to ask someone to come to your home, hotel etc after you have been out somewhere together:  invite somebody back for//  --Richard often used to invite me back for coffee after the show.//\n  2 to ask someone to come to your home, your office etc again:  --If you keep arguing with Gerry, they won’t invite us back.//  invite in [invite sb in] phr v//  to ask someone to come into your home//  --After a few seconds, the door opened and Mrs Barnes invited me in.//  invite out [invite sb out] phr v//  to ask someone to go somewhere with you, especially to a restaurant or film//  invite somebody out for//  --We invited Clarissa out for ice cream.//  invite over [invite sb over] phr v//  to ask someone to come to your home, usually for a drink or a meal//  invite somebody over for//  --Max has invited me over for dinner.//\ninvite 2   n [C]  informal   an invitation to a party, meal etc//


Words: inviting
Meaning:
adj   something that is inviting is very attractive and makes you want to be near it, try it, taste it etc//  --The log fire looked warm and inviting.//  -- invitingly adv //  --She smiled invitingly.//


Words: invocation
Meaning:
n \n  1  the invocation:   AmE a speech or prayer at the beginning of a ceremony or meeting//\n  2 [U and C]  literary a request for help, especially from a god:


Words: invoice
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  French envois, plural of  envoi  ’message’]//  a list of goods that have been supplied or work that has been done, showing how much you owe for them//    bill//\ninvoice 2 v [T]   to send someone an invoice//


Words: invoke
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: invoquer, from  Latin invocare, from  vocare  ’to call’]//\n  1 if you invoke a law, rule etc, you say that you are doing something because the law allows or forces you to:  --The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.//\n  2 to make a particular idea, image, or feeling appear in people’s minds by describing an event or situation, or by talking about a person:    evoke//  --a painting that invokes images of the Rocky Mountains//  --During his speech, he invoked the memory of Harry Truman.//\n  3 to use a law, principle, or theory to support your views:\n  4 to operate a computer program:\n  5 to ask for help from someone more powerful than you, especially a god:  --St. Genevieve is often invoked against plagues.//\n  6 to make spirits appear by using magic:  --invoking the spirits of their ancestors//


Words: involuntary
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an involuntary movement, sound, reaction etc is one that you make suddenly and without intending to because you cannot control yourself:  --When Willie tapped on a window, Miguel gave an involuntary jump.//\n  2 happening to you although you do not want it to:  --involuntary part-time workers//  -- involuntarily adv //


Words: involve
Meaning:
W1S2   v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: involvere  ’to wrap’, from  volvere  ’to roll’]//\n  1 if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a result of it:  --What will the job involve?//  --I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work.//  involve doing sth//  --Running your own business usually involves working long hours.//\n  2 to include or affect someone or something:  --These changes will involve everyone on the staff.//  --There have been four accidents involving Forest Service planes.//\n  3 to ask or allow someone to take part in something:  involve sb in (doing) sth//  --Try to involve as many children as possible in the game.//  --We want to involve the workforce at all stages of the decision-making process.//\n  4  involve yourself:  to take part actively in a particular activity//  involve yourself in//  --Reilly involves himself in every aspect of his company’s business.//


Words: involved
Meaning:
W3S2   adj \n  1  be/get involved:  to take part in an activity or event, or be connected with it in some way//  be/get involved in//  --More than 30 software firms were involved in the project.//  --I don’t want to get involved in some lengthy argument about who is to blame.//  --I’m afraid your son’s been involved in an accident  (=he is one of the people in an accident) .//  be/get involved with//  --Landel has been involved with the Hercules project for years.//  actively/deeply/heavily involved (=involved very much) //  --Mrs. Cummings has been actively involved with the church for years.//\n  2  work/effort etc involved in doing sth [not before noun] the amount of work, money, effort etc that is needed in order to make something succeed:  --Most people don’t realize the amount of effort involved in writing a novel.//\n  3  be involved with sb:  a) to be having a romantic relationship with someone, especially a sexual one//  --The senator denied that he was romantically involved with a member of his staff.//  b) to spend time with someone that you have a relationship with//  --Fathers are encouraged to be more involved with their families.//\n  4 having so many different parts that it is difficult to understand:   complicated//  --The plot was so involved that very few people knew what was going on.//


Words: involvement
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U] the act of taking part in an activity or event, or the way in which you take part in it:   participation//  --School officials say they welcome parental involvement.//  involvement in//  --His new book examines the United States’ involvement in World War II.//  involvement with//  --The police have been looking into Harris’s possible involvement with a series of robberies.//\n  2 [C] something that you take part in or spend time doing:  --sporting involvements//  --her political involvements//\n  3 [U] the feeling of excitement and satisfaction that you get from an activity:  involvement in//  --Weaver admitted a strong emotional involvement in her client’s case.//\n  4 [U and C] a romantic relationship between two people, especially when they are not married to each other:  involvement with//  --Donna knew nothing of her husband’s involvement with another woman.//


Words: invulnerable
Meaning:
adj   someone or something that is invulnerable cannot be harmed or damaged if you attack or criticize them//  → vulnerable//  --Gerry’s confidence made him feel invulnerable.//  invulnerable to//  --We will not be satisfied until this city is safe and invulnerable to attack.//  -- invulnerability/[hA366]nv[hA356]ln[hA368]r[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: inward
Meaning:
adj  written   [Language: Old English; Origin: inweard]//\n  1 [only before noun] felt or experienced in your own mind but not expressed to other people:  → outward//  --a feeling of inward satisfaction//  --inward panic//\n  2 towards the inside or centre of something:  -- inwardly adv //  --I managed to smile, but inwardly I was furious.//


Words: inward-looking
Meaning:
adj   an inward-looking person or group is more interested in themselves than in other people - used to show disapproval//


Words: inwards
Meaning:
adv  especially BrE inward  AmE   towards the inside of something//  → outwards//  --A breeze blew the curtains inwards.//


Words: iodine
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: iode, from  Greek ion  ’dark bluish-red’]//  a dark blue chemical substance that is used on wounds to prevent infection. It is a chemical element: symbol I//


Words: ion
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: , present participle of  ienai  ’to go’]//  an atom which has been given a positive or negative force by adding or taking away an electron//


Words: Iona
Meaning:
an island off western Scotland, one of the Inner Hebrides, famous as the starting place in the 6th century of Scots Christianity, and the home of the Iona Community, an ecumenical Christian group //


Words: Ionesco
Meaning:
Eug[hA169]ne   (1912-94) a French writer of plays, born in Romania, who wrote about the meaningless lives of human beings and their difficulty in communicating with each other. This type of play was known as the ’Theatre of the Absurd’. Ionesco’s plays include  The Bald Prima Donna,  Rhinoceros, and  The Chairs.//


Words: Ionic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Ionique, from  Latin, from  Greek Ionikos]//  made in the simply decorated style of ancient Greek buildings//  --an Ionic column//


Words: ionize
Meaning:
also  ionise BrE   v [I and T]   to form ions or make them form//  -- ionization/a[hA366][hA353]na[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -n[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: ionizer
Meaning:
also  ioniser BrE   n [C]   a machine used to make the air in a room more healthy by producing negative ions//


Words: ionosphere
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: ion +  -sphere (as in  atmosphere)]//  the ionosphere//  the part of the atmosphere which is used to help send radio waves around the Earth//


Words: iota
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek, name of the fifth and smallest letter of the Greek alphabet]//  not one/an iota//  not even a small amount//  --It won’t make an iota of difference.//


Words: IOU
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Representing  I owe you]//  a note that you sign to say that you owe someone some money//


Words: Iowa
Meaning:
IA a state in the  Midwest of the US. It produces mainly meat, maize and  soya beans.//  -- Iowan n  adj //


Words: IPA
Meaning:
n [U]   International Phonetic Alphabet a system of special signs, used to represent the sounds made in speech//


Words: IPO
Meaning:
n [C]   initial public offering; the first time that stock in a company is available for the public to buy on the stock market//


Words: ipso facto
Meaning:
adv  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’by the fact itself’]//  used to show that something is known from or proved by the facts//


Words: IQ
Meaning:
n [C]   intelligence quotient your level of intelligence, measured by a special test, with 100 being the average result//  --an IQ of 130//


Words: IRA
Meaning:
n \n  1  the IRA:   the Irish Republican Army an illegal organization that wants to unite Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland//    Sinn Fein//\n  2 :  /’a[hA366]r[hA353]/ AmE  individual retirement account a special bank account in which you can save money for your retirement without paying tax on it until later//


Words: Iran
Meaning:
a country in southwest Asia, between Iraq and Afghanistan. Population: 66,129,000 (2001). Capital: Tehran. Iran was called Persia until 1935, and is an important oil-producing country. Iran is a democratic county in which Muslim religious leaders have had a lot of political power since the Shah was removed in 1979 and the Ayatollah Khomeini came to power.//  -- Iranian n  adj //


Words: Irangate the Iran-Contra Affair
Meaning:
a political  scandal in 1987, when it was discovered that members of President Reagan’s government had sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the return of US  hostages (=people kept as prisoners by an enemy) , and had then used the profits to support the Contras, an unofficial army that was fighting the government in Nicaragua//


Words: Iraq
Meaning:
a country in southwest Asia, between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Population: 23,332,000 (2001). Capital: Baghdad. It is an oil-producing country. Under its leader Saddam Hussein, Iraq was at war with Iran from 1980 to 1988, and its  invasion of Kuwait in 1990 led to the  Gulf War.//  -- Iraqi n  adj //


Words: irascible
Meaning:
adj  written   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin irascibilis, from  Latin ira;   IRE]//  easily becoming angry//  --an irascible old man//


Words: irate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: iratus, from  ira;   IRE]//  extremely angry, especially because you think you have been treated unfairly//  --an irate customer//


Words: ire
Meaning:
n [U]  written   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin ira]//  anger//  raise/arouse/draw sb’s ire (=make someone angry) //  --The proposal has drawn the ire of local residents.//


Words: Ireland
Meaning:
a large island to the west of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea. It is divided politically into  Northern Ireland and the  Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland is part of the UK, and many people there belong to the Protestant religion. The Republic of Ireland has been an independent state since 1921, and most people there belong to the Roman Catholic religion. Ireland is famous for its beautiful green countryside, and is sometimes called the  Emerald Isle.//    Republic of Ireland//


Words: iridescent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: iris;   IRIS]//  showing colours that seem to change in different lights//  --small iridescent blue flies//  -- iridescence n  [U] //


Words: iridium
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: iris (  IRIS); because when it becomes liquid in a particular acid, it shows the colors of the rainbow]//  a hard and very heavy metal that is combined with platinum to make jewellery and is used in scientific instruments. It is a chemical element: symbol Ir//


Words: iris
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek,  ’rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye’]//\n  1 a tall plant with long, thin leaves and large purple, yellow, or white flowers:\n  2 the round coloured part of your eye, that surrounds the black pupil:


Words: Irish
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: Irisc, from  Iras  ’Irish people’]//  relating to Ireland or its people//\nIrish 2 n   the Irish [plural] people from Ireland//


Words: irk
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old Norse yrkja  ’to work’]//  if something irks you, it makes you feel annoyed//  --Luna never told me what irked her that Sunday morning.//


Words: iron
Meaning:
W2S3   n   ----------//\n   1 metal:\n   2 for clothes:\n   3 have several irons in the fire:\n   4 sport:\n   5 chains:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: isern,  iren]//\n  1 METAL:   [U] a common hard metal that is used to make steel, is magnetic, and is found in very small quantities in food and blood. It is a chemical element: symbol Fe//  --the iron and steel industry//  --a driveway with large iron gates//  -- iron ore  (=rock that contains iron) //  --the absorption of iron from food//  ironing board, iron//\n  2 FOR CLOTHES:   [C] a thing used for making clothes smooth, which has a heated flat metal base//\n  3  have several irons in the fire:  to be involved in several different activities or have several plans all happening at the same time//  --He has several economic irons in the fire, including gold and diamond mines.//  4 SPORT//   [C] a golf club made of metal rather than wood//  --a 5-iron//\n  5 CHAINS:   irons [plural]  especially literary a chain used to prevent a prisoner from moving//  --leg irons//    a will of iron/an iron will at will2 (1),  pump iron at pump2 (8),  rule sb/sth with a rod of iron at rule2 (5),  strike while the iron’s hot at strike1 (27)//\niron 2 S3 v [T]   to make clothes smooth using an iron//   press//  --Have you ironed my shirt?//    ironing//  iron out [iron sth → out] phr v//  to solve or get rid of problems or difficulties, especially small ones//  --We need to iron out a few problems first.//\niron 3 adj [only before noun]   very firm and strong or determined//  --He runs the company with an iron fist .//


Words: Iron Age
Meaning:
n   the Iron Age//  the period of time about 3000 years ago when iron was first used for making tools, weapons etc//    Bronze Age,  Stone Age//


Words: Iron Curtain
Meaning:
n   the Iron Curtain//  the name that was used for the border between the Communist countries of Eastern Europe and the rest of Europe//


Words: Iron Lady
Meaning:
the   a name that was formerly used, especially in newspapers, for Margaret  Thatcher when she was the British Prime Minister. She was called this because people thought of her as a strong leader who did not change her mind easily.//


Words: Ironbridge
Meaning:
a bridge over the River Severn in Shropshire, western England, or the area surrounding it. It was the first  cast iron bridge ever built, in 1779, and the area around the bridge was a centre of the  Industrial Revolution and is now a  museum.//


Words: ironclad
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an ironclad agreement, proof, defence etc is so strong and sure that it cannot be changed or argued against:  --an ironclad guarantee//\n  2  old-fashioned covered with iron:  --an ironclad battleship//


Words: ironic
Meaning:
1 an ironic situation is one that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true:  --Your car was stolen at the police station! How ironic!//  -- It’s ironic that her husband smoked for thirty years, and yet she’s the one who died of lung cancer.//  --In an ironic twist , the most trustworthy character in the film turned out to be the thief.//\n  2 using words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in a joking way:  --ironic comments//  --When I told Lucy I loved her book, she thought I was being ironic.//    sarcastic//


Words: ironically
Meaning:
adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] used when talking about a situation in which the opposite of what you expected happens or is true:  --Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.//\n  2 in a way that shows you really mean the opposite of what you are saying:  --’Oh, no problem!’ said Terry, ironically.//


Words: ironing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the activity of making clothes smooth with an iron:  --I hate doing the ironing .//\n  2 clothes that are waiting to be ironed or have just been ironed:  --I’m tired and there’s still a pile of ironing to do.//


Words: ironmonger
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned \n  1 someone who works in or owns a shop that sells tools and equipment for your home and garden:\n  2  ironmonger’s:  a shop that sells this equipment//  -- ironmongery n  [U] //


Words: irony
Meaning:
n   plural  ironies //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ironia, from  Greek eironeia, from  eiron  ’person who lies’]//\n  1 [U and C] a situation that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens, or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true:  --Life is full of little ironies.//  tragic/cruel/bitter etc irony //  -- The tragic irony is that the drug was supposed to save lives.//\n  2 [U] when you use words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in order to be amusing:  trace/hint/touch of irony //  --Wagner calls his program ’the worst talk show in America,’ without a hint of irony.//  heavy irony  BrE  (=a lot of irony) //  --’Of course Michael won’t be late; you know how punctual he always is,’ she said with heavy irony.//    sarcasm//    dramatic irony//


Words: irradiate
Meaning:
v [T usually passive] \n  1  technical if someone or something is irradiated, X-rays or radioactive beams are passed through them:\n  2  technical if food is irradiated, it is treated with radiation in order to kill bacteria and make it last longer:  --irradiated food//\n  3  literary to make something look bright as if a light is shining onto it:  -- irradiation/[hA366]re[hA366]die[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: irrational
Meaning:
adj   not based on clear thought or reason//   unreasonable//  → rational, reasonable//  --an irrational fear of flying//  --He’s becoming increasingly irrational.//  -- irrationally adv //  -- irrationality/[hA366]r[zB024][hA35D][hA353]n[zB024]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: irreconcilable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 irreconcilable positions etc are so strongly opposed to each other that it is not possible for them to reach an agreement:  irreconcilable differences/conflicts //  --The differences between the landowners and the conservationists were irreconcilable from the start.//\n  2 if two beliefs or ideas are irreconcilable, it is not possible to believe both of them:  irreconcilable with//  --This belief was irreconcilable with the Church’s doctrine of salvation.//\n  3  irreconcilable differences:  strong disagreements between two people who are married, given as a legal reason for getting a divorce//


Words: irrecoverable
Meaning:
adj  formal   something that is irrecoverable is lost or has gone and you cannot get it back//  --irrecoverable loss of sight//  --The insurance premium is wholly irrecoverable.//


Words: irredeemable
Meaning:
adj \n  1  formal too bad to be corrected, repaired, or saved:  --Very few children are irredeemable.//\n  2  technical irredeemable bonds pay interest to the person who is lending money but do not have a set date saying when the money being lent must be paid back:  -- irredeemably adv //


Words: irreducible
Meaning:
adj  written   an irreducible sum, level etc cannot be made smaller or simpler//  -- irreducibly adv //


Words: irrefutable
Meaning:
adj   an irrefutable statement, argument etc cannot be proved to be wrong, and must be accepted//  irrefutable evidence/proof/facts //  --irrefutable proof of his innocence//  -- irrefutably adv //


Words: irregular
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having a shape, surface, pattern etc that is not even, smooth, or balanced:   uneven//  → regular//  --a jagged, irregular coastline//  --It has a highly irregular shape, covered in bumps and indentations.//\n  2 not happening at times that are an equal distance from each other:  → regular//  --He’s receiving medication for an irregular heartbeat.//  --Beamish only returned to Britain at irregular intervals .//\n  3 not happening or done at the normal time for doing something:  → regular//  --Funeral directors often work long, irregular hours .//\n  4  formal not obeying the usually accepted legal or moral rules:  --It would be highly irregular  (=extremely irregular) for a minister to accept payments of this kind.//\n  5  irregular verb/plural etc:  a verb or a form of a word that does not follow the usual pattern of grammar, such as the verb ’catch’ or the plural ’fish’//  → regular//\n  6  AmE a word meaning constipated (=unable to easily pass food waste from your body) , used in order to be polite:  -- irregularly adv //  -- irregularity/[hA366]regj[hA36A]l[zB024]r[hA369]ti/ n  [U and C] //  --The club were found guilty of financial irregularities.//\nirregular 2 n [C]   a soldier who is not an official member of a country’s army//


Words: irrelevance
Meaning:
1 [U] a lack of importance in a particular situation:\n  2 [C] someone or something that is not important in a particular situation:  irrelevance of//  --debates on the irrelevance of the education system//


Words: irrelevant
Meaning:
adj   not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not important//  → relevant//  --We’re focusing too much on irrelevant details.//  --Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant.//  largely/totally/completely etc irrelevant //  --His age is completely irrelevant if he can do the job.//  irrelevant to//  --The defendant’s lawyer argued that his past offenses were irrelevant to this case.//  -- irrelevantly adv //


Words: irremediable
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: irremediabilis, from  remediare  ’to cure’]//  so bad that it is impossible to make it better//


Words: irreparable
Meaning:
adj  written   irreparable damage, harm etc is so bad that it can never be repaired or made better//  --Extensive mining will cause irreparable damage to the area.//  -- irreparably adv //


Words: irreplaceable
Meaning:
adj   too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by anything else//  --Works of art were lost, many of them irreplaceable.//


Words: irrepressible
Meaning:
adj  written   full of energy, confidence, and happiness so that you never seem unhappy//  --an irrepressible optimist//  -- irrepressibly adv //


Words: irreproachable
Meaning:
adj  formal   something, such as someone’s behaviour, that is irreproachable is so good that you cannot criticize it//


Words: irresistible
Meaning:
adj \n  1 so attractive, desirable etc that you cannot prevent yourself from wanting it:  irresistible to//  --Tax-cutting proposals could prove irresistible to lawmakers.//  --Men find Natalie irresistible .//\n  2 too strong or powerful to be stopped or prevented:  --I was overcome by an irresistible urge to cry.//  -- irresistibly adv //


Words: irresolute
Meaning:
adj  formal   unable to decide what to do//   uncertain//  → resolute//  -- irresolution/[hA366]rez[hA353]lu[hA359][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: irrespective
Meaning:
adv  formal   irrespective of sth//  used when saying that a particular fact has no effect on a situation and is not important//  --The course is open to anyone, irrespective of age.//


Words: irresponsible
Meaning:
adj   doing careless things without thinking or worrying about the possible bad results//  → responsible//  totally/highly/completely etc irresponsible //  --When it comes to money, Dan is completely irresponsible.//  it is irresponsible (for sb) to do sth//  --It would be irresponsible not to turn up for work without calling.//  --It was highly irresponsible of him to leave the children on their own in the pool.//  -- irresponsibly adv //  --He was acting totally irresponsibly.//  -- irresponsibility/[hA366]r[hA366]sp[hA361]ns[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti $ -sp[hA35A][hA359]n-/ n  [U] //


Words: irretrievable
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 an irretrievable situation cannot be made right again:  --the irretrievable breakdown of their marriage//\n  2  irretrievable loss:  the loss of something that you can never get back//  -- irretrievably adv //  --irretrievably lost//


Words: irreverent
Meaning:
adj   someone that is irreverent, does not show respect for organizations, customs, beliefs etc that most other people respect - often used to show approval//  --his irreverent sense of humour//  --She has an irreverent attitude towards marriage.//  -- irreverently adv //  -- irreverence n  [U] //


Words: irreversible
Meaning:
adj \n  1 irreversible damage, change etc is so serious or so great that you cannot change something back to how it was before:  → reversible//  --Fossil fuels have caused irreversible damage to the environment.//\n  2 if an illness or bad physical condition is irreversible, it will continue to exist and cannot be cured:  --Miller is in an irreversible coma.//  --irreversible blindness//  -- irreversibly adv //  --His reputation was irreversibly damaged by the affair.//


Words: irrevocable
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: irrevocabilis, from  revocare;   REVOKE]//  an irrevocable decision, action etc cannot be changed or stopped//  --Think about the situation carefully before you take an irrevocable step.//  -- irrevocably adv //  --machines that irrevocably changed the pattern of rural life//


Words: irrigate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  irrigare, from  rigare  ’to water’]//\n  1 to supply land or crops with water:  --The water in Lake Powell is used to irrigate the area.//  irrigated land/farms/crops //\n  2  technical to wash a wound with a flow of liquid:  -- irrigation/[hA366]r[hA369]ge[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --major irrigation projects//


Words: irritable
Meaning:
adj   getting annoyed quickly or easily//   crabby//  --Jo was tired, irritable, and depressed.//  -- irritably adv //  -- irritability/[hA366]r[hA369]t[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: irritant
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  formal something that keeps annoying you over a period of time:  --Low flying aircraft are a constant irritant in this area.//\n  2 a substance that can make a part of your body painful and sore:  --a skin irritant//


Words: irritate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  irritare  ’to cause strong feelings in, excite’]//\n  1 to make someone feel annoyed or impatient, especially by doing something many times or for a long period of time:  -- It really irritates me when he doesn’t help around the house.//\n  2 to make a part of your body painful and sore:  --This cream may irritate sensitive skin .//


Words: irritated
Meaning:
adj \n  1 feeling annoyed and impatient about something:  irritated about/at/with/by//  --John was getting irritated by all her questions. see usage note  nervous//\n  2 painful and sore:  --Her throat and eyes were irritated.//


Words: irritating
Meaning:
adj   an irritating habit, situation etc keeps annoying you//  --He’s the most irritating man I’ve ever met.//  --He was smiling in a way I found very irritating .//  irritating habit/characteristics/mannerisms //  --She has an irritating habit of interrupting everything you say.//  --a dry irritating cough//  -- irritatingly adv //


Words: irritation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the feeling of being annoyed about something, especially something that happens repeatedly or for a long time:  --The heavy traffic is a constant source of irritation .//  irritation at/with//  --The doctor’s irritation at being interrupted showed.//\n  2 [C] something that makes you annoyed:  --The children are just an irritation for him when he’s trying to work.//\n  3 [U] a painful, sore feeling on a part of your body:  --The astringent can cause irritation to sensitive skin.//  --a throat irritation//


Words: IRS
Meaning:
n   the IRS//   the Internal Revenue Service the department of the US government that collects national taxes//


Words: Irving
Meaning:
Washington   (1783-1859) a US writer known especially for his stories set in New York at the time when it was ruled by the Dutch. His two most famous stories are  Rip van Winkle, about a man who falls asleep for 20 years, and  The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, about a teacher who meets a "Headless horseman".//


Words: ISA
Meaning:
Individual Saving Account a type of  savings account in Britain on which you do not have to pay tax//


Words: Isaiah
Meaning:
(8th century BC) in the Jewish and Christian religions, a Hebrew  prophet who said that God would send a  messiah to save the Jews. The  Book of Isaiah in the Old Testament of the Bible contains his  prophecies.//


Words: ISDN
Meaning:
n [U]   Integrated Services Digital Network a system that is used to send computer information at very high speed along an electronic wire similar to a telephone line//


Words: Isis
Meaning:
in ancient Egyptian  mythology, the most important goddess. She was the goddess of nature and was also the wife and sister of  Osiris.//


Words: Islam
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Arabic; Origin: islam  ’obeying (the will of God)’]//\n  1 the Muslim religion, which was started by Muhammad and whose holy book is the Koran:\n  2 the people and countries that follow this religion:  -- Islamist n  [C] //  -- Islamic/[hA366]zl[zB024]m[hA366]k,[hA366]s-/ adj //


Words: island
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: igland, from  ig  ’island’ +  land]//  a piece of land completely surrounded by water//  --The Cayman Islands//  --the Greek island of Crete//  on an island//  --No cars are allowed on the island.//


Words: Islay
Meaning:
an island off the west coast of Scotland and one of the  Inner Hebrides. It has many distilleries, where  whisky is made.//


Words: isle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin insula  ’island’]//  a word for an island, used in poetry or in names of islands//  --the British Isles//


Words: Isle of Dogs
Meaning:
the Isle of Dogs//  an area of East London, surrounded on three sides by the River Thames. It used to be a very  working class area, with a lot of industry and  docks (=places where ships are loaded) . But it is now part of  Docklands and there are a lot of new houses and offices there.//


Words: Isle of Man
Meaning:
also Man   IOM  the Isle of Man//  an island in the Irish Sea. It is under British control, but has its own parliament, the  Tynwald, and its own laws. Many rich British people live there or keep their money there because taxes are lower than in the UK. A well-known series of  motor-cycle races called the TT (Tourist Trophy) races is held in the Isle of Man every year. The adjective for describing people or things from the Isle of Man is Manx.//


Words: Isle of Wight
Meaning:
IOW  the Isle of Wight//  an island off the coast of southern England and an English  county. It is a popular place for English families to go to on holiday and for people who enjoy sailing.//


Words: ism
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: -ism]//  used to describe a set of ideas or beliefs whose name ends in ’ism’, especially when you think that they are not sensible or practical//


Words: ISO
Meaning:
trademark   International Standards Organization an international organization which sets standards for the size, shape, and technical features of industrial goods, electrical products etc. ISO has members in more than 70 countries.//


Words: iso-
Meaning:
prefix  technical   [Language: Late Latin; Origin: Greek, from  isos  ’equal’]//  the same all through or in every part//   equal//  --an isotherm (=line joining places of equal temperature) //


Words: isobar
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: iso- +  -bar (from  Greek baros  ’weight’)]//  a line on a weather map joining places where the air pressure is the same//


Words: isolate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: isolated]//\n  1 to separate one person, group, or thing from other people or things:  --The town was isolated by the floods.//  --The US has sought to isolate Cuba both economically and politically.//  isolate sb from sb//  --Presley’s phenomenal early success isolated him from his friends.//  isolate sb from sth//  --New-born babies must be isolated from possible contamination.//\n  2 if you isolate an idea, problem etc, you consider it separately from other things that are connected with it:  isolate sth from sth//  --It is impossible to isolate political responsibility from moral responsibility.//\n  3  technical to separate a substance, disease etc from other substances so that it can be studied:  isolate sth from sth//  --The hepatitis B virus has been isolated from breast milk.//


Words: isolated
Meaning:
W3   adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: isole, from  Italian isolata, from  isola  ’island’]//\n  1 an isolated building, village etc is far away from any others:   remote//  --small isolated communities//  --Not many people visit this isolated spot.//\n  2 feeling alone and unable to meet or speak to other people:  --Young mothers often feel isolated.//\n  3 an isolated action, event, example etc happens only once, and is not likely to happen again:  isolated incident/case/event //  --Police say that last week’s protest was an isolated incident.//


Words: isolation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 when one group, person, or thing is separate from others:  --Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.//  isolation of//  --the isolation of rural areas//  international/diplomatic/political isolation //  --the country’s continuing political isolation//  in isolation//  --The political prisoner had been held in complete isolation .//  --The mansion sits in splendid isolation on top of the hill (=it is far from everything and looks impressive) .//  isolation hospital/ward  BrE //  --Scarlet fever victims had to go to the isolation hospital.//  --a patient’s isolation period//\n  2 when someone feels alone and unable to meet or speak to other people:  --Retirement can often cause feelings of isolation.//  --elderly people living in social isolation//\n  3  in isolation (from sth):  if something exists or is considered in isolation, it exists or is considered separately from other things that are connected with it//  --The future of health care cannot be considered in isolation from economic factors.//


Words: isolationism
Meaning:
n [U]   beliefs or actions that are based on the political principle that your country should not be involved in the affairs of other countries//  -- isolationist adj //  --isolationist policies//  -- isolationist n  [C] //


Words: isometrics
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: isometria  ’equal measure’]//  exercises that make your muscles stronger by pushing against each other//


Words: isosceles triangle
Meaning:
n [C]   a three-sided shape in which two of the sides are the same length//    equilateral triangle//


Words: isotherm
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: isotherme, from  Greek iso- (  ISO-) +  therme  ’heat’]//  a line on a weather map joining places where the temperature is the same//


Words: isotope
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: iso- +  Greek topos  ’place’]//  one of the possible different forms of an atom of a particular element (=simple chemical substance) //


Words: ISP
Meaning:
n [C]   Internet service provider a business that provides a connection to the Internet for people’s computers//


Words: Israel
Meaning:
a country on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon. Population: 5,938,000 (2001). Capital: Jerusalem. Israel was established in 1948 as a home for the Jewish people, and was part of Palestine. In the past, Israel has been at war with the Arab countries which surround it. There is a lot of fighting between the Arab  Palestinians who live in Israel and the Israeli government.//


Words: Israeli
Meaning:
adj   relating to Israel or its people//  --the Israeli government//\nIsraeli 2 n [C]   someone from Israel//


Words: Israelite
Meaning:
n, adj  biblical   someone who lived in Israel in the past when it was ruled by kings, or relating to this country or its people//


Words: issue
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 subject/problem:\n   2 magazine:\n   3 take issue with somebody/something:\n   4 make an issue (out) of something:\n   5 have issues (with somebody/something):\n   6 at issue:\n   7 act of giving something:\n   8 set of things for sale:\n   9 die without issue:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: issir  ’to come out, go out’, from  Latin exire, from  ire  ’to go’]//\n  1 SUBJECT/PROBLEM:   [C] a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people//  --Abortion is a highly controversial issue.//  --We should  raise the issue of  discrimination with the council. //  --Dillon  addressed the issue of  child abuse in his speech.//  -- How the  issue is resolved  is crucial. //  -- When asked about the bill, the senator tried to  duck the issue . //  --They’re clouding the issue  with uninformed judgements. //  -- The  key issue  is whether workers should be classified as ’employees’. //  -- the  thorny issue  of creating a single European currency //  -- Economic issues  should get more attention.//  --Unemployment  is not the issue  - the real problem is the decline in public morality.//\n  2 MAGAZINE:   [C] a magazine or newspaper printed for a particular day, week, or month//  issue of//  --the January issue of Newsweek//  the current/latest issue //  --Have you seen the latest issue?//\n  3  take issue with sb/sth:  to disagree or argue with someone about something//  --It is difficult to take issue with his analysis.//  take issue with sb over sth//  --I must take issue with you over what you said yesterday.//\n  4  make an issue (out) of sth:  to argue about something, especially in a way that annoys other people because they do not think it is important//  --I was upset by Eleanor’s remarks, but didn’t make an issue of it.//\n  5  have issues (with sb/sth):   informal //  a) to have problems dealing with something because of something that happened in the past//  --There’s a self-help group for people who have issues with money.//  b) if you have issues with someone or something, you do not agree with or approve of them//  --I have a few issues with Marc.//\n  6  at issue:   formal the problem or subject at issue is the most important part of what you are discussing or considering//  --At issue here is the extent to which exam results reflect a student’s ability.//\n  7 ACT OF GIVING SOMETHING:   [singular] the act of officially giving people something to use//  --the issue of identity cards to all non-residents//\n  8 SET OF THINGS FOR SALE:   [C] a new set of something such as shares or stamps, made available for people to buy//  --We launched the share issue on March 1.//  --a new issue of bonds//\n  9  die without issue:   old use to die without having any children//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  the issue of something //  raise an issue  (=say that an issue should be discussed) //  address an issue  (=discuss or deal with an issue) //  resolve an issue //  avoid/dodge/duck/evade an issue  (=avoid discussing an issue) //  confuse/cloud an issue  (=make an issue more difficult by talking about things not related to it) //  important/key/major/big issue //  thorny/vexed issue  (=difficult issue) //  complex issue //  sensitive issue //  political/social/economic/environmental issues //  something is not the issue spoken (=used to say that something is not the important part of what you are discussing) //  ----------//\nissue 2 W2 v [T] \n  1 to officially make a statement, give an order, warning etc:  --Silva issued a statement denying all knowledge of the affair.//  --a warning issued by the Surgeon General//\n  2 if an organization or someone in an official position issues something such as documents or equipment, they give these things to people who need them:  issue a passport/permit/visa etc //  --The US State department issues millions of passports each year.//  issue sb with sth//  --All the workers were issued with protective clothing.//  issue sth to sb//  --The policy document will be issued to all employees.//\n  3 to officially produce something such as new stamps, coins, or shares and make them available to buy:  issue forth phr v//  if something issues forth, it comes out of a place or thing//  issue forth from//  --A low grunt issued forth from his throat.//  issue from [issue from sth] phr v//  if something issues from a place or thing, it comes out of it//  --Smoke issued from the factory chimneys.//


Words: Istanbul
Meaning:
a large city and port in northwest Turkey, at the point where Europe joins Asia. From 330 AD to 1923 it was called  Constantinople, and before that it was known as  Byzantium. It is the largest city in Turkey, but it is not the capital city (which is Ankara).//


Words: isthmus
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek isthmos]//  a narrow piece of land with water on both sides, that connects two larger areas of land//  --the Isthmus of Panama//


Words: IT
Meaning:
n [U]   information technology the study or use of electronic processes and equipment for storing information and making it available//


Words: it
Meaning:
pron [used as subject or object]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hit]//\n  1 used to refer to a thing, animal, situation, idea etc that has already been mentioned or is already known about:  --’Where’s your office?’ ’It’s on the third floor.’//  --I love the spring - it’s a wonderful time of the year.//  --There were people crying, buildings on fire. It was terrible!//  --Don’t blame me. It wasn’t my idea.//  --This little beast is a lemur and it lives in Madagascar.//\n  2 used to refer to the situation that someone is in now, or what is happening now:  --I can’t stand it any longer. I’m resigning.//  --How’s it going, Bob? I haven’t seen you for ages.//  --And the worst of it is the car isn’t even paid for yet.//  --Stop it, you two. You’re just being silly.//\n  3 used as the subject or object of a verb when the real subject or object is later in the sentence:  --It worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.//  --What’s it like being a sailor?//  --Apparently it’s cheaper to fly than to go by train.//  --It’s a pity you couldn’t come.//  --It seems that we are not welcome here.//  --I found it hard to concentrate.//\n  4 used as the subject of a sentence when you are talking about the weather, the time, a distance etc:  --Is it still raining?//  --It was 4 o’clock and the mail still hadn’t come.//  --It’s my birthday today.//  --It’s over 200 miles from London to Manchester.//  --It gets dark very early in the winter.//  --It’s three years since I last saw her.//\n  5 used with the verb ’be’ to emphasize that you are talking about one particular thing, person, group etc and not any other:  --It’s Lawrence you should be talking to.//  --It was malaria that killed him.//  --It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr Cronje.//\n  6 used to refer to a baby when you do not know what sex the baby is:  --What will you call it if it’s a boy?//\n  7 :  a) used to say who a person is//  --’Who’s that over there?’ ’It’s Robert Morley.’//  b)  spoken used to say who is speaking, especially on the telephone//  --Hello, it’s Frank here.//  --It’s all right, it’s only me.//\n  8  informal used to refer to sex:  --Have you done it with him yet?//\n  9  if it wasn’t/weren’t for sb/sth:   also if it hadn’t been for sb/sth //  used to say who or what prevents or prevented something from happening//  --We would have arrived much earlier if it hadn’t been for the snow.//\n  10  informal a particular ability or quality that is needed in order to do something:  --In a job like advertising, you’ve either got it or you haven’t!//\n  11  this is it:   spoken used to say that something you expected to happen is actually going to happen//  --This is it, boys, the moment we’ve been waiting for.//\n  12  that’s it:   spoken //  a) used to say that something is completely finished or that a situation cannot be changed//  --That’s it then. There’s nothing more we can do.//  b) used to tell someone that they are doing something correctly//  --Slowly...slowly. Yeah, that’s it.//  c)  also that does it //  used when you are angry about a situation and you do not want it to continue//  --That’s it. I’m leaving.//\n  13  think you’re it:   informal to think you are more important than you are//  --Just because he got a higher mark he really thinks he’s it.//


Words: it’s
Meaning:
1 the short form of ’it is’:  --It’s raining.//\n  2 a short form of ’it has’:  --It’s been cloudy all day.//  ----------//  HINT sense 2 //  Do not confuse it’s and its. Its (without an apostrophe) is a possessive form like my, his, their etc. //  ----------//


Words: Italian
Meaning:
adj   relating to Italy, its people, or its language//\nItalian 2 n \n  1 [C] someone from Italy:\n  2 [U] the language used in Italy:


Words: italics
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: italicus  ’Italian’, from  Greek italikos, from  Italia  ’Italy’; because these letters were introduced by a 16th-century Italian printer, Aldus Manutius]//  a type of printed letters that lean to the right, often used to emphasize particular words//  in italics//  --This example is written in italics.//    roman//  -- italic adj //  --italic script//


Words: Italy
Meaning:
a country in southern Europe, surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea. Italy is a member of the EU. Population: 57,680,000 (2001). Capital: Rome. In ancient times, Italy was home of the Roman  civilization, which has had a great influence on how people in Europe live and think. The  Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century. Italy has many beautiful paintings, sculptures, and buildings.//


Words: ITC
Meaning:
the   the Independent Television Commission the organization which is responsible for controlling the operation of private television companies in the UK//


Words: itch
Meaning:
v   [Language: Old English; Origin: giccan]//\n  1 [I and T] if part of your body or your clothes itch, you have an unpleasant feeling on your skin that makes you want to rub it with your nails:    scratch//  --My feet were itching terribly.//  --The label on this shirt itches me.//\n  2  be itching to do sth:  be itching for sth //   informal to want to do something very much and as soon as possible//  --He was itching for a fight.//\nitch 2 n \n  1 [singular] an uncomfortable feeling on your skin that makes you want to rub it with your nails:  --Scratch my back - I have an itch .//\n  2  informal a strong desire to do or have something:  itch for//  --an itch for adventure//


Words: itchy
Meaning:
adj   comparative  itchier superlative  itchiest //\n  1 if part of your body is itchy, it feels slightly unpleasant and you want to rub it with your nails:  --My eyes sometimes get red and itchy in the summer.//  --an itchy rash//\n  2 if clothes are itchy, they make your skin feel slightly unpleasant, so that you want to rub your skin with your nails:   scratchy//  --These tights are all itchy.//\n  3 wanting to go somewhere new or do something different:  --He’s had that job now for about eight years, and he’s starting to get itchy .//  --I’ve only been back home for a few months and I’ve already got itchy feet  (=the desire to go somewhere new) .//\n  4  itchy fingers:   informal someone with itchy fingers is likely to steal things//  --I tucked the bills deep into my pocket, away from itchy fingers.//  -- itchiness n  [U] //


Words: item
Meaning:
W1   n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’in the same way, also’ (used to introduce things in a list), from  ita  ’in this way’]//\n  1 [C] a single thing, especially one thing in a list, group, or set of things:  --He opened the cardboard box and took out each item.//  --The store is having a sale on furniture and household items.//  item on the agenda/list/menu //  --We went on to the next item on the agenda.//  item of clothing/furniture/jewellery etc (=a single piece of clothing, furniture, jewellery etc) //  -- luxury items such as exotic spices and perfumes//  --The original 1965 bottle is now a collector’s item  (=one of a set of objects people like to collect because they are interesting or valuable) .//\n  2 [C] a single, usually short, piece of news in a newspaper or magazine, or on television:  --I also saw that news item in the Sunday Times.//\n  3  be an item:   informal if two people are an item, they are having a romantic or sexual relationship//


Words: itemize
Meaning:
also  itemise BrE   v [T]   to make a list and give details about each thing on the list//  --an itemized bill//


Words: iterate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  iterare, from  iterum  ’again’]//\n  1 if a computer iterates, it goes through a set of instructions before going through them for a second time:\n  2  formal to say or do something again:  -- iteration/[hA366]t[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //  -- iterative/[hA366]t[hA368]r[hA353]t[hA366]v/ adj  [only before noun] //  --iterative processes//


Words: itinerant
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , present participle of  itinerari  ’to go on a journey’, from  iter  ’journey’]//  travelling from place to place, especially to work//  --itinerant labourers//  -- itinerant n  C //


Words: itinerary
Meaning:
n   plural  itineraries  [C] //  a plan or list of the places you will visit on a journey//  --His itinerary would take him from Bordeaux to Budapest.//


Words: ITN
Meaning:
trademark   Independent Television News a British news service which provides news for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, and independent radio stations in the UK//


Words: its
Meaning:
determiner [possessive form of ’it’]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: it]//  used to refer to something that belongs to or is connected with a thing, animal, baby etc that has already been mentioned//  --Salzburg is famous for its beautiful buildings.//  --The hotel has its own pool.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not confuse its and it’s. It’s (with an apostrophe) means ’it is’ or ’it has’. //  ----------//


Words: itself
Meaning:
pron [reflexive form of ’it’] \n  1 used to show that a thing, organization, animal, or baby that does something is affected by its own action:  --The cat lay on the sofa, washing itself.//  --The machine switches itself off when the process is complete.//  --a small local enterprise that has transformed itself into a highly successful company//\n  2 used to emphasize that you are talking about one particular thing, organization etc:  --We’ve checked the wiring so the problem may be the television itself.//\n  3  in/of itself:  considered separately from any other facts//  --There is a slight infection in the lung which in itself is not serious.//\n  4  (all) by itself:  a) alone//  --Will the dog be safe left in the car by itself?//  b) without help or without a person making it work//  --The door seemed to open all by itself.//\n  5  (all) to itself:  not shared with other things//  --This idea deserves a chapter to itself.//


Words: itsy-bitsy
Meaning:
[only before noun]  spoken   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: little bit]//  very small - used humorously//


Words: ITV
Meaning:
n   Independent Television a group of British television companies that are paid for by advertising//


Words: iTV
Meaning:
n [U]   interactive television a type of television programme that allows people who are watching at home to answer questions or find out more information by using a computer or special equipment//


Words: IUD
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: intrauterine device]//  intra-uterine device a small plastic or metal object used inside a woman’s uterus (=place where a baby develops)  to prevent a baby being born//   coil//


Words: IV
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   intravenous medical equipment that is used to put liquid directly into your blood//  British Equivalent:  drip//


Words: Ivan the Terrible
Meaning:
(1530-84) the first Russian ruler to take the title  tsar. He was famous for his cruel and unfair leadership.//


Words: Ivanhoe
Meaning:
the main character in the novel  Ivanhoe (1819) by Sir Walter  Scott, set in England in the 12th century. Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe is a brave  knight who has many adventures.//


Words: Ives
Meaning:
Charles   (1874-1954) an American  composer who wrote modern music that later influenced many other composers, and who used  folk music and familiar songs in his works. He is known for his  symphonies and for his Concord Sonata.//


Words: IVF
Meaning:
n [U]   in vitro fertilization a process in which a human egg is fertilized outside the woman’s body//


Words: ivory
Meaning:
n   plural  ivories //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ivoire, from  Latin ebor, from  Egyptian ab  ’elephant, ivory’]//\n  1 [U] the hard smooth yellowish-white substance from the tusks (=long teeth) of an elephant:  --an ivory chess set//\n  2 [U] a yellowish white colour:  --an ivory silk wedding gown//\n  3 [C often plural] something made of ivory, especially a small figure of a person or animal:  --a collection of Chinese ivories//


Words: ivory tower
Meaning:
n [C]   a place or situation where you are separated from the difficulties of ordinary life and so are unable to understand them, used especially to describe a college or university//  --an academic in an ivory tower//


Words: ivy
Meaning:
n   plural  ivies  [U and C] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: ifig]//  a climbing plant with dark green shiny leaves//


Words: Ivy League
Meaning:
n   the Ivy League//  a group of eight old and respected universities in the northeastern US//  -- Ivy League adj //  --an Ivy League college//


Words: Iwo Jima
Meaning:
an island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to Japan, where US forces won a very difficult battle in World War II. There is a statue in Washington, D.C., of US  Marines raising the US flag on Iwo Jima after they had won the battle.//


Words: J
Meaning:
j/d[hA360]e[hA366]/ n   plural  J’s  j’s  [U and C] //  the tenth letter of the English alphabet//\n  the written abbreviation of joule or joules//


Words: J-17
Meaning:
trademark   a British magazine for  teenage girls, formerly called  Just Seventeen, which contains pictures and articles about fashion, health, music, boys etc, and answers to readers’ questions about personal problems. In the US there is a similar magazine called  Seventeen.//


Words: jab
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  jabbed present participle  jabbing  [I and T] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: job  ’to jab’ (15-20 centuries), probably copying the action]//  to push something into or towards something else with short quick movements//  jab at//  --She jabbed at the elevator buttons.//  --When I didn’t respond, he jabbed a finger at me.//  jab sb with sth//  --Stop jabbing me with your elbow!//  jab sth into sth//  --The soldier jabbed a rifle into his ribs.//\njab 2 n [C] \n  1 a sudden hard hit, especially with a pointed object or your fist (=closed hand) :  --a boxer with a good left jab //\n  2 something you say to criticize someone or something else:  --White House officials took a sharp jab at the Democrats’ plan.//\n  3  BrE  informal an injection given to prevent you from catching a disease:   shot//  --a typhoid jab//


Words: jabber
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  From the sound]//  to talk quickly in an excited and unclear way - used to show disapproval//  --The tourists were jabbering away on the bus.//  -- jabber n  [singular, U] //


Words: jack
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From the man’s name  Jack]//\n  1 a piece of equipment used to lift a heavy weight off the ground, such as a car, and support it while it is in the air:  --a hydraulic jack//\n  2 a card used in card games that has a man’s picture on it and is worth less than a queen and more than a ten:  jack of hearts/clubs etc //  --a pair of jacks//\n  3 an electronic connection for a telephone or other electric machine:  --a phone jack//\n  4 :  a)  jacks [plural] a children’s game in which the players try to pick up small objects called jacks while bouncing and catching a ball//  b) a small metal or plastic object that has six points, used in this game//\n  5 a small white ball at which players aim larger balls in the game of bowls:\n  6  jack (shit):   AmE  spoken  not polite a rude expression meaning anything at all//  --He doesn’t know jack shit about cars.//    jumping jack,  Union Jack//\njack 2 v   jack around [jack sb around] phr v//   AmE  spoken to waste someone’s time by deliberately making things difficult for them//  --Stop jacking me around and make up your mind!//  jack in [jack sth → in] phr v//   BrE  informal to stop doing something//  --I’d love to jack in my job and go and live in the Bahamas.//  jack off phr v//   AmE  informal  not polite to masturbate//  jack up [jack sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to lift something heavy off the ground using a jack:  --Jack the car up higher - I can’t get the tire off.//\n  2  informal to increase prices, sales etc by a large amount:  --They’re just interested in jacking up their profit margins.//


Words: Jack and Jill
Meaning:
two children in a  nursery rhyme (=an old song or poem for young children.)  The rhyme goes: Jack and Jill went up the hill/To fetch a pail of water;/Jack fell down and broke his crown,/And Jill came tumbling after.//


Words: Jack and the Beanstalk
Meaning:
also Jack the Giant-killer    a  fairy tale (=old story for children)  about a boy called Jack who buys some magic beans that grow into a tall  beanstalk (=the main stem of a bean plant) . Jack climbs up it into the clouds, where he finds a  giant ’s castle. He enters it and finds a magic  hen (=a female chicken)  that produces golden eggs. Jack steals the hen, and goes back down the beanstalk. The giant tries to follow him, but when Jack arrives back on the ground he cuts down the beanstalk, the giant falls and dies, and Jack becomes rich as a result of the golden eggs.//


Words: Jack Sprat
Meaning:
a character in a  nursery rhyme (=an old song or poem for children) . The rhyme goes: Jack Sprat would eat no fat,/His wife would eat no lean,/And so between them both, you see,/They licked the platter clean.//


Words: Jack the Lad
Meaning:
n [singular]    BrE  spoken a young man who enjoys drinking alcohol and going out with his male friends, and who thinks he is sexually attractive//


Words: Jack the Ripper
Meaning:
the name given to a man who killed and cut up the bodies of several  prostitutes (=women who are paid to have sex)  in the Whitechapel area of London in 1888. The police never caught him and never discovered who he was. The name "the Ripper" is now sometimes used to describe criminals who murder people in a similar way.//


Words: jack-in-the-box
Meaning:
n [C]   a children’s toy shaped like a box with a figure inside that springs out when the box is opened//


Words: jack-o’-lantern
Meaning:
n [C]   a pumpkin(1) that has a face cut into it and a candle put inside to shine through the holes//


Words: jack-of-all-trades
Meaning:
n   [singular] someone who can do many different types of work, but who often is not very skilled at any of them//


Words: jackal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Turkish; Origin: [hA168]akal, from  Persian shagal, from  Sanskrit srgala]//  a wild animal like a dog that lives in Asia and Africa and eats the remaining parts of dead animals//


Words: jackboot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Perhaps from  jack  ’soldier’s coat’ (14-19 centuries) (from  French jaque;   JACKET) +  boot]//  a boot worn by soldiers that covers their leg up to the knee//  -- jackbooted adj //


Words: jackdaw
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Jack male name +  daw  ’jackdaw’ (15-19 centuries) (perhaps from an unrecorded  Old English dawe)]//  a black bird like a crow that sometimes steals small, bright objects//


Words: jacket
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: jaquet, from  jaque  ’short coat’, probably from  jacque  ’poor farmer’, from the male name  Jacques  ’James’]//\n  1 a short, light coat:  a leather/denim/linen etc jacket //  --a suede jacket//    bomber jacket,  dinner jacket,  life jacket,  straitjacket(1)//\n  2 the part of a suit that covers the top part of your body:  --Gene has to wear a jacket and tie to work.//  --tweed jackets//    sports jacket//\n  3 a stiff piece of folded paper that fits over the cover of a book to protect it:   dust jacket//\n  4  AmE a stiff paper cover that protects a record:  British Equivalent:  sleeve//\n  5 a cover that surrounds and protects some types of machines:


Words: jackhammer
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a large powerful tool used to break hard materials such as the surface of a road//  British Equivalent:  pneumatic drill//


Words: jackpot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  JACK12 +   POT1; from a card game in which a player needs two jacks to begin]//  a large amount of money that you can win in a game that is decided by chance//  --a [hA124]50,000 jackpot//  --jackpot winners//    hit the jackpot at hit1 (25)//


Words: Jackson
Meaning:
the capital city of the US state of Mississippi//\n Andrew   (1767-1845) a US soldier and politician in the Democratic Party who was the President of the US from 1829 to 1937. He became popular because of his success as a military leader in the battles against the creek tribe in 1812 and against the British in 1815. His picture is printed on the US twenty-dollar  bill.//\n Michael   (1958- ) a very successful US  pop singer, songwriter, and dancer. As a child, he was a member of The Jackson Five in the 1970s. He then worked on his own and became even more successful with the  albums Thriller and  Bad, and with his performances in concert.//\n Stonewall   (1824-63) a US  general in the  Confederate army during the American Civil War, whose real name was Thomas Jackson. He fought at the battle of Bull Run and helped to defeat the Union army there.//\n the Reverend Jesse   (1941- ) a US politician in the Democratic Party, who is also a minister in the Baptist Church and one of the leading black politicians in the US. He was active in the civil rights movement during the 1960s, and is a very effective public speaker who has always supported black people and other groups who have been unfairly treated in the past.//


Words: Jacob
Meaning:
in the Old Testament of the Bible, the son of  Isaac, and the brother of  Esau. Jacob’s 12 sons were the  ancestors of the 12 tribes of Israel.//


Words: Jacobean
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Jacobaeus, from  Jacobus  ’James’]//  belonging to or typical of the period between 1603 and 1623 in Britain, when James I was king of England//  --Jacobean drama//


Words: Jacobite
Meaning:
n [C]   someone in the 17th or 18th centuries who supported King James II of England and wanted one of his descendants to rule England//  -- Jacobite adj //


Words: Jacobite Rising
Meaning:
the  also the Jacobite Rebellion  \n  1 the failed attempt in 1715-16 to make James Edward  Stuart (the Old Pretender) king of England:\n  2 the failed attempt in 1745-46 to make  Bonnie Prince Charlie (Charles Edward Stuart) king of England, which ended all hope of making the  Stuart family kings of England again:


Words: Jacuzzi
Meaning:
n [C]    trademark a large indoor bath that makes hot water move in strong currents around your body//


Words: jade
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: from early  Spanish (piedra de la) ijada  ’(stone of the) lower back’; because it was believed that jade cures pain in the kidneys]//\n  1 a hard, usually green stone often used to make jewellery:  --a jade necklace//\n  2  also jade green :  the light green colour of jade//


Words: jaded
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: jade  ’to make (a horse) tired with too much work’ (17-19 centuries), from  jade  ’worn-out horse’ (14-21 centuries)]//  someone who is jaded is no longer interested in or excited by something, usually because they have experienced too much of it//  --The concert should satisfy even the most jaded critic.//


Words: jag
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: jag  ’small load’ (16-19 centuries)]//   informal  crying/shopping/talking etc jag//  a short period of time when you suddenly cry etc without controlling how much you do it//


Words: jagged
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: jag  ’cut in the edge of a piece of cloth’ (14-18 centuries), perhaps from  Arabic az-zagaye  ’the lance’]//  having a rough or pointed edge or surface//  --the broken bottle’s jagged edge //  --the jagged rocks of St. Saviour’s Point//  -- jaggedly adv //


Words: Jagger
Meaning:
Mick   (1943- ) a British singer and songwriter with the group The  Rolling Stones. He is famous for his exciting stage performances.//


Words: jaguar
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Spanish; Origin: yaguar and  Portuguese jaguar, from  Guarani yaguara and  Tupi jaguara]//  a large South American wild cat with brown and yellow fur with black spots//


Words: jail
Meaning:
also  gaol BrE   n [U and C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jaiole, from  Latin caveola, from  cavea  ’cage’]//  a place where criminals are kept as part of their punishment, or where people who have been charged with a crime are kept before they are judged in a law court//   prison//  --He’s been  in jail for three months already. //  -- They’re  going to jail  for embezzlement and fraud. //  -- The government would  put  him  in jail  if he stayed in the country. //  --Drunks  were thrown in jail  for a few days.//  --Griffiths  spent three days in jail  after pushing a policeman.//  -- More than 30 of those arrested were  released from jail  for lack of evidence. //  -- He’s serving a 7-year  jail sentence . //  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  in jail //  go to jail //  put somebody in jail //  send somebody to jail //  be/get thrown in jail (=be put in jail) //  spend time/3 months/6 years etc in jail //  release somebody from jail //  get out of jail //  jail sentence  (= punishment of time in jail) //  jail term  (=amount of time spent in jail) //  ----------//\njail 2  also  gaol BrE v [T]   to put someone in jail//  jail sb for sth//  --Watson was jailed for tax evasion.//  jail sb for two months/six years/life etc //  --They ought to jail her killer for life.//


Words: jailbird
Meaning:
also  gaolbird BrE   n [C]  old-fashioned  informal   someone who has spent a lot of time in prison//


Words: jailbreak
Meaning:
also  gaolbreak BrE   n [C]   an escape or an attempt to escape from prison, especially by several people//


Words: jailer
Meaning:
also  gaoler BrE   n [C]  old-fashioned   someone who is in charge of guarding a prison or prisoners//


Words: Jainism
Meaning:
n []   a religion practised in India, which teaches that the soul does not die but is reborn until it reaches perfection and is then freed. The gods of Jainism are perfect souls which have become free in this way.//


Words: Jakarta
Meaning:
the capital and largest city of Indonesia, on the island of Java, which is an important industrial city, port, and tourist centre, and one of the largest cities in southeast Asia//


Words: jalape[hA172]o
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Mexican Spanish]//  a small, very hot green pepper used especially in Mexican food//


Words: jam
Meaning:
n   butter, jam//  ----------//\n   1 food:\n   2 cars/people:\n   3 machine:\n   4 difficult situation:\n   5 music:\n   6 kick out the jams:\n   7 jam tomorrow:  ----------//\n  1 FOOD:   [U and C] a thick sweet substance made from boiled fruit and sugar, eaten especially on bread//    jelly//  --strawberry jam//  --a jam sandwich//  --jam jars//\n  2 CARS/PEOPLE:   [C] a situation in which it is difficult or impossible to move because there are so many cars or people//  --Sorry we’re late. We got stuck in a traffic jam. //\n  3 MACHINE:   [C] a situation in which a machine does not work because something is stopping a part from moving//  --It caused a jam in the printer.//\n  4 DIFFICULT SITUATION:   [C usually singular]  informal a difficult situation//  (be/get) in/out of/into a jam//  --We became friends after he helped me out of a jam.//\n  5 MUSIC:   [C] //  a) a jam session//  b) a song or piece of music, especially one by a rap or rock group//\n  6  kick out the jams:   AmE  informal to play rock music loudly and with a lot of energy or emotion//  --Make no mistake - these guys know how to kick out the jams.//\n  7  jam tomorrow:   BrE  informal good things someone promises you, which never happen//  --There is an element of ’jam tomorrow’ about some of the government’s policies.//\njam 2 v   past tense and past participle  jammed present participle  jamming //  ----------//\n   1 push hard:\n   2 machine:\n   3 block:\n   4 music:\n   5 jam on the brakes:\n   6 jam somebody’s/the switchboard:\n   7 radio:\n   8 somebody is jamming:  Phrasal verbs//   jam out//  ----------//  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps copying the action]//\n  1 PUSH HARD:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to push something somewhere using a lot of force, until it can move no further//  --He jammed his foot on the accelerator and the car sped off.//  --A chair had been jammed up against the door.//\n  2 MACHINE:   [I and T]  also jam up //  if a moving part of something jams, or if you jam it, it no longer works properly because something is preventing it from moving//  --The front roller has jammed on the photocopier.//\n  3 BLOCK:   [I and T]  also jam up //  if a lot of people or vehicles jam a place, they fill it so that it is difficult to move//   cram//  --Crowds jammed the entrance to the stadium.//  jam into//  --They all jammed into the car.//    jammed(2)//\n  4 MUSIC:   [I]  also jam out //  to play music in an informal way with other people//    jam session//\n  5  jam on the brakes:  to slow down a car suddenly by putting your foot down hard on the brake//\n  6  jam sb’s/the switchboard:  if telephone calls jam the switchboard of an organization, so many people are phoning the organization that it cannot deal with them all//  --Viewers jammed the switchboard with complaints.//\n  7 RADIO:   [T] to deliberately prevent broadcasts or other electronic signals from being received, by broadcasting signals on the same wavelength//\n  8  sb is jamming:   AmE  spoken used to say that someone is doing something very quickly or well//  jam out phr v//  to dance to music//


Words: jam-packed
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  informal   full of people or things//  jam-packed with//  --The place was jam-packed with tourists.//


Words: JAMA
Meaning:
trademark   Journal of the American Medical Association a highly-respected US magazine which provides reports on recent medical developments, new drugs and medical treatments etc//    Lancet, the//


Words: Jamaica
Meaning:
an island in the Caribbean Sea which is an independent state and a member of the British  Commonwealth. Population: 2,666,000 (2001). Capital: Kingston. Many  slaves were brought there from Africa from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Jamaica is the home of  reggae music and the  Rastafarian religion.//  -- Jamaican  n, adj //


Words: jamb
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: jambe  ’leg’, from  Late Latin gamba]//  a post that forms the side of a door or window//


Words: jambalaya
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Louisiana French; Origin: Proven[hA168]al jambalaia]//  a dish from the southern US, containing rice and seafood//


Words: James Brown
Meaning:
(1928- ) a US popular musician, singer, and songwriter. Many people consider him one of the greatest  soul singers ever. He is sometimes called ’the Godfather of Soul’.//


Words: James I
Meaning:
King   (1566-1625) the king of England from 1603 until his death. Before he became king of England, he was already the king of Scotland (as James VI), and in 1603 the two kingdoms were united under one king.//


Words: James II
Meaning:
King   (1633-1704) the king of England from 1685 until 1688, when he was forced to give up his position because he had become a Catholic. In 1690 he tried to get back power from the new British king, William III, but he was defeated at the Battle of the  Boyne in Ireland.//


Words: James Madison
Meaning:
(1751-1836) the President of the US from 1809 to 1817. He is sometimes called the "Father of the Constitution" because of his work at the  Constitutional Convention in 1787. He also helped to write the  Bill of Rights. He started the  War of 1812 against Great Britain, and it was called "Mr Madison’s War".//


Words: Jamestown
Meaning:
a town in Virginia which was the first town built by English people who went to live in North America. It was established in 1607, and is a popular place for tourists to visit.//


Words: jammed
Meaning:
adj [not before noun] \n  1 stuck and impossible to move:  --Ben had got his finger jammed in the door.//\n  2 full of people or things:   packed//  --The place is jammed. We’ll never get in.//  jammed with//  --The town was completely jammed with traffic.//    jam-packed//\n  3 if people are jammed in a place, there are a lot of them there, so that there is no space between them:  --We were jammed together, shoulder to shoulder, in the narrow corridor.//


Words: jammy
Meaning:
adj  BrE   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: money for jam;   MONEY]//\n  1 [only before noun]  informal lucky - used especially when someone has got something good without having to use any special effort or skill:  --The jammy devil won [hA124]1000.//\n  2 covered in jam or like jam:


Words: Jane Doe
Meaning:
n [U and C]  AmE   used especially by the police to refer to a woman whose name is not known//    John Doe//


Words: Jane Eyre
Meaning:
(1847) a book by Charlotte  Bront[hA16C] about a young woman called Jane Eyre who becomes a  governess and agrees to marry her employer, Mr Rochester, not knowing that he already has a wife who is mentally ill and kept locked in the  attic (=a room under the roof)  of the house. //


Words: jangle
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jangler]//\n  1 if metal objects jangle, or if you jangle them, they make a sound when they hit each other:  --Her bracelets jangled on her wrist.//  --Dev jangled his car keys.//\n  2 if your nerves jangle, or if something jangles your nerves, you feel nervous or upset:  --The harsh sound jangled his nerves.//  -- jangle n  [singular] //


Words: janitor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: janua  ’door’]//   especially AmE someone whose job is to look after a school or other large building//  British Equivalent:  caretaker//


Words: January
Meaning:
n   plural  Januaries  [U and C]  written abbreviation Jan. //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: Januarius, from  Janus ancient Roman god of doors, gates, and new beginnings]//  the first month of the year, between December and February//  next/last January //  --I haven’t heard from him since last January.//  in January//  --She started working there in January.//  on January 6th//  --Rosie’s party was on January 6th.//  on 6th January//   BrE //  --He took office on 6th January 1999.//  January 6//   AmE //  --The package arrived January 6.//


Words: Janus
Meaning:
in Roman  mythology, the god of gates and doorways and of new beginnings. Janus is usually shown in pictures with two faces, one of which looks back at the past while the other looks forward towards the future.//


Words: Jap
Meaning:
n [C]  taboo   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Japanese]//  a very offensive word for someone from Japan. Do not use this word.//


Words: Japan
Meaning:
a country in East Asia consisting of four large islands,  Hokkaido,  Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and many smaller ones. Population: 126,771,662 (2001). Capital: Tokyo. The main religions are  Shinto and  Buddhism.//\n the Sea of  also the East Sea   the sea that separates Korea from Japan//


Words: Japanese
Meaning:
adj   relating to Japan, its people, or its language//  --a Japanese car//\nJapanese 2 n \n  1  the Japanese [plural] people from Japan:\n  2 [U] the language used in Japan:


Words: jape
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: jape  ’to joke, make fun of someone’ (14-20 centuries), from  Old French japer  ’to cry out like a dog’]//  a trick or joke//


Words: jar
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old Proven[hA168]al; Origin: jarra, from  Arabic jarrah  ’pot for carrying water’]//\n  1 a glass container with a wide top and a lid, used for storing food such as jam or honey, or the amount it contains:  --a jam jar//  --half a jar of peanut butter//\n  2 a container made of clay, stone etc used especially in the past for keeping food or drink in:\n  3  BrE  informal a glass of beer:  --We’d had a few jars down the pub.//\njar 2 v   past tense and past participle  jarred present participle  jarring //  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Probably from the sound]//\n  1 [I and T] to make someone feel annoyed or shocked:  --His enthusiasm jarred.//  --His words jarred Harriet.//  jar on//  --The screaming was starting to jar on my nerves .//\n  2 [I and T] to shake or hit something in a way that damages it or makes it loose:  --Alice landed badly, jarring her ankle.//\n  3 [I] to be different in style or appearance from something else and therefore look strange:  jar with//  --There was a modern lamp that jarred with the rest of the room.//  -- jarring adj //


Words: jargon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: jargoun]//  words and expressions used in a particular profession or by a particular group of people, which are difficult for other people to understand - often used to show disapproval//  --Keep it simple and avoid the use of jargon.//  technical/scientific/legal/medical etc jargon //  --documents full of legal jargon//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Jargon is an uncountable noun. Do not say jargons. //  ----------//


Words: Jarlsberg
Meaning:
trademark   a type of hard, pale yellow cheese made in Norway, which has holes in it and a not very strong taste//


Words: Jarman
Meaning:
Derek   (1942-94) a British artist, writer, and film  director whose unusual and original films, including  Sebastiane (1975),  Caravaggio (1986), and  Edward II (1991), often contained homosexual characters//


Words: Jarrow
Meaning:
an industrial town in northeast England on the River  Tyne, where ships were built and steel was made until 1930, when many people lost their jobs as a result of the  Great Depression. In 1936 many unemployed people walked from Jarrow to London as a protest, in what was known as the Jarrow March. This was the most famous of the Hunger Marches of the 1920s and 1930s in the UK.//


Words: jasmine
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: jasmin, from  Arabic yasamin]//  a plant that grows up a wall, frame etc and has small, sweet-smelling white or yellow flowers//


Words: Jason
Meaning:
in ancient Greek stories, a  hero who sailed with a group of men called the  Argonauts in the ship Argo to find the  Golden Fleece. Together they had many exciting adventures.//


Words: jasper
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: jaspre, from  Latin jaspis, from  Greek]//  a red, yellow, or brown stone that is not very valuable//


Words: jaundice
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: jaunice, from  jaune  ’yellow’]//  a medical condition in which your skin and the white part of your eyes become yellow//


Words: jaundiced
Meaning:
adj \n  1 thinking that people or things are bad, especially because you have had bad experiences in the past:  --He has a very jaundiced view of the world.//  --She viewed politics and politicians with a jaundiced eye  (=in a jaundiced way) .//\n  2 suffering from jaundice:


Words: jaunty
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: jentee  ’polite’ (17-18 centuries), from  French gentil]//\n  1 showing that you are confident and happy:  --He had a jaunty walk.//  --Her hat was set at a jaunty angle. //\n  2 jaunty music is fast and makes you feel happy:  --a jaunty tune//  -- jauntily adv //  -- jauntiness n  [U] //


Words: java
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  JAVA, where coffee is produced]//  coffee//\nJava 1 \n  1 an island which is part of Indonesia. It is not the largest of the Indonesian islands, but it includes the capital, Jakarta, and it has the highest population.:\n  2  trademark a computer language, used especially to write programs for the Internet:  -- Javanese n  adj //


Words: javelin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Early  French javeline, from  Old French javelot, probably from a  Celtic language]//\n  1 a long stick with a pointed end, thrown as a sport:\n  2  the javelin:  a sports event in which competitors throw a javelin//


Words: jaw
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: joe]//\n  1 [C] one of the two bones that your teeth are in:  --a broken jaw//  lower/upper jaw //  --an animal with two rows of teeth in its lower jaw//\n  2 [C usually singular] the lower part of your face. Its shape is sometimes thought to show your character:  --He punched him on the jaw.//  --a rugged physique and a strong square jaw//  --She’s got a very determined jaw.//\n  3  sb’s jaw dropped:  used to say that someone looked surprised or shocked//  --’You’re not serious, are you?’ Ellen’s jaw dropped.//\n  4  jaws [plural] :  a) the mouth of a person or animal, especially a dangerous animal//  b) the two parts of a machine or tool that move together to hold something tightly//\n  5  the jaws of death/defeat/despair etc:   literary a situation in which something unpleasant almost happens//  --She had saved him from the jaws of death.//\njaw 2 v [I]    informal to talk//  --Stop jawing and let me get on with the work!//


Words: Jaws
Meaning:
(1975) an exciting and frightening US film made by Steven  Spielberg, about a  shark (=a large, dangerous fish)  that kills people who go swimming in the sea and then tries to kill a group of men who go out in a boat to catch it//


Words: Jaws of Life
Meaning:
n   the Jaws of Life//   trademark a tool used to make a hole in a car, truck etc after an accident, so that the people inside can be taken out//


Words: Jay
Meaning:
John   (1754-1829) a US lawyer who became the first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court in 1789. He helped to make peace with Britain after the American Revolutionary War, and in 1794 made an arrangement with Britain called Jay’s Treaty, that included an agreement on trade//


Words: jay
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin gaius, probably from the name  Gaius]//  a bird of the crow family that is noisy and brightly-coloured//


Words: Jaycee
Meaning:
a member of an organization with branches in many towns and cities in the US. They are called the Jaycees from the letters JC, an abbreviation for Junior Chamber (of Commerce), and they encourage useful and interesting activities for local people.//


Words: jaywalking
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: jay  ’stupid person’ (19-20 centuries) +  walking]//  when someone walks across a road at a place where it is dangerous to cross//  -- jaywalker n  [C] //  -- jaywalk v  [I] //


Words: jazz
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  Bantu jas  ’to cause to dance, excite’]//\n  1 a type of music that has a strong beat and parts for performers to play alone:  --a jazz band//  --a jazz club//  --modern jazz//\n  2  and all that jazz:   spoken and things like that//  --I’m fed up with work, meetings, and all that jazz.//\njazz 2 v   jazz up [jazz sth → up] phr v//   informal to make something more attractive or exciting//  --Jazz up your everyday meals with our new range of seasonings.//


Words: jazzy
Meaning:
adj  informal \n  1 brightly coloured and modern:  --a jazzy tie//\n  2 similar to the style of jazz music:


Words: JCB
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  trademark   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  The first letters of  J.C. Bamford, the makers]//  a vehicle used for digging and moving earth//


Words: je ne sais quoi
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: ’I don’t know what’]//  a good quality that you cannot easily describe - often humorous//  --the je ne sais quoi that makes the village magical//


Words: jealous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jelous, from  Late Latin zelus;   ZEAL]//\n  1 feeling angry and unhappy because someone has something that you wish you had:    envious//  jealous of//  --Why are you so jealous of his success?//  --You’re just jealous of her.//\n  2 feeling angry and unhappy because someone you like or love is showing interest in another person, or another person is showing interest in them:  --She gets jealous if I even look at another woman.//  --He was talking to Nina to make me jealous. //  jealous husband/wife/lover etc //\n  3  jealous of sth:   formal wanting to keep or protect something that you have because you are proud of it//  --a country jealous of its heritage//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’jealous about’ someone or something or ’jealous with’ someone. Say jealous of someone or something. //  ----------//


Words: jealously
Meaning:
adv \n  1 if you jealously guard or protect something, you try very hard to keep or protect it:  --a jealously guarded secret//\n  2 if you do something jealously, you are feeling jealous when you do it:  --Ludens watched Marcus jealously.//


Words: jealousy
Meaning:
n   plural  jealousies //  [U and C] a feeling of being jealous//    envy//  a pang/stab/twinge of jealousy (=a sudden feeling of jealousy) //  --Polly felt a sharp pang of jealousy when she saw Paul with Suzanne.//  -- Sexual jealousy is a common motive for murder.//  --feelings of professional jealousy //  --He quickly discovered the petty jealousies and gossip of village life.//


Words: jeans
Meaning:
n [plural]   jeans//  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: jean  ’strong cotton cloth’ (15-21 centuries), from  Gene, early form of the name  Genoa, Italian city where the cloth was first made]//  trousers made of denim (=a strong, usually blue, cotton cloth) //


Words: jeer
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  Dutch gieren  ’to shout, laugh loudly’]//  to laugh at someone or shout unkind things at them in a way that shows you do not respect them//  --"You know I’m right!" she jeered.//  --The President was booed and jeered by a crowd of protesters.//  jeer at//  --Fans jeered at the referee.//  -- jeer n  [C] //  --There were jeers and booing from the audience.//  -- jeering n  [U] //


Words: jeering
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a jeering remark or sound is unkind and shows that you do not respect someone//  --jeering laughter//


Words: Jeeves
Meaning:
a character in many humorous stories by P. G.  Wodehouse. Jeeves is the  valet (=male servant)  of an  upper class young man called Bertie  Wooster, and is a very patient, sensible man. Wooster depends on him a lot and he always manages to solve Wooster’s problems.//


Words: jeez
Meaning:
interjection  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Jesus]//  used to express feelings such as surprise, anger, annoyance etc//


Words: Jefferson
Meaning:
Thomas   (1743-1826) the third President of the US, from 1801 to 1809. Jefferson was an important member of the  Continental Congress and wrote most of the  Declaration of Independence. When he was president, the US bought the  Louisiana Purchase, and the  slave trade officially stopped being legal.//


Words: Jefferson Davis
Meaning:
(1808-89) a US politician who was President of the  Confederacy (=the Southern US states)  during the American  Civil War, from 1861 to 1865//


Words: Jehovah’s Witness
Meaning:
n [C]   a member of a religious organization that believes the end of the world will happen soon and sends its members to people’s houses to try to persuade them to join//


Words: jejune
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: jejunus  ’not eating, (of food) small in amount’; influenced in meaning by  French jeune  ’young’]//\n  1 ideas that are jejune are too simple:  --jejune political opinions//\n  2 boring:


Words: Jekyll and Hyde
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  The Strange Case of Dr  Jekyll and Mr  Hyde, a story (1886) by Robert Louis Stevenson about a man with a good character and an evil character]//  someone who is sometimes nice but at other times is unpleasant//


Words: Jell-O
Meaning:
jello/d[hA360]el[hA353][hA35E] $ -lo[hA35E]/ n [U]  AmE  trademark   a soft sweet food made from fruit juice and gelatin//  British Equivalent:  jelly//


Words: jelly
Meaning:
n   plural  jellies //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: gelee, from  geler  ’to freeze’, from  Latin gelare]//\n  1 [U and C]  BrE a soft sweet food made from fruit juice and gelatin:  American Equivalent:  Jell-O//  --raspberry jelly//\n  2 [U and C] a thick sweet substance made from boiled fruit and sugar with no pieces of fruit in it, eaten especially on bread:    jam//  --a peanut butter and jelly sandwich//  --damson jelly//\n  3 [U]  especially BrE a soft solid substance made from meat juices and gelatin:\n  4 [U] a substance that is solid but very soft, and moves easily when you touch it:  --frogs’ eggs floating in a protective jelly//\n  5  feel like/turn to jelly:  if your legs or knees feel like jelly, they start to shake because you are frightened or nervous//\n  6  jellies [plural]  BrE  informal a drug that makes you feel relaxed and sleepy, which some people use illegally:\n  7  jellies [plural] shoes made of clear coloured plastic:


Words: jelly roll
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a long thin cake that is rolled up with jam or cream inside//  British Equivalent:  swiss roll//


Words: jemmy
Meaning:
n  BrE jimmy  AmE   plural  jemmies  [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  From the man’s name  Jemmy, from  James]//  a short strong metal bar used especially by thieves to break open locked doors, windows etc//  -- jemmy v  [T ] //


Words: Jenner
Meaning:
Edward   (1749-1823) a British doctor who developed the principle of  vaccination. He discovered that putting a small amount of  cowpox (=a disease that affects cows and people, but that is less serious than smallpox)  into people’s bodies protected them from  smallpox, a related disease that had killed many people until then.//


Words: jeopardize
Meaning:
also jeopardise  BrE   v [T]   to risk losing or spoiling something important//  --large-scale military offensives which could jeopardize the UN peace process//


Words: jeopardy
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: juparti, from  Old French jeu parti  ’divided game, uncertainty’]//  in jeopardy//  in danger of being lost or harmed//  --Thousands of jobs are in jeopardy.//  put/place sth in jeopardy //  --The killings could put the whole peace process in jeopardy.//


Words: jeremiad
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: jeremiade, from  Jeremie  ’Jeremiah’, the prophet who told of bad things that would happen]//  a long speech or piece of writing that complains about a situation, or says that bad things will happen//


Words: Jeremiah
Meaning:
(6th century BC) in the Jewish and Christian religions, a Hebrew  prophet who said that Jerusalem would be defeated and that God would become angry with the Jews and punish them. The  Book of Jeremiah  in the Old Testament of the Bible contains his  prophecies. A  pessimistic person, who always says that bad things are going to happen, is sometimes called a Jeremiah.//


Words: Jericho
Meaning:
a city in Israel, north of the  Dead Sea. It is the oldest city in the world. According to the Old Testament of the Bible, it was attacked by  Joshua, the leader of the Israelites, and his army shouted and blew their  trumpets so loudly that the walls of the city fell down.//


Words: jerk
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  yerk  ’to hit, pull suddenly’ (16-19 centuries)]//\n  1 [I and T] to move with a quick sudden movement, or to make part of your body move in this way:  --Wilcox jerked his head to indicate that they should move on.//  --’Is that the only way out of here?’ he asked, jerking a thumb at the door.//  jerk back/up/forwards etc//  --Suddenly he jerked back in his chair.//  --The sound of the phone jerked me awake .//\n  2 [I and T] to pull something suddenly and roughly:  jerk at//  --Doyle jerked at the girl’s hair, to make her sit down.//  --She jerked open the car door and got out.//  jerk around [jerk sb around] phr v//  to waste someone’s time or deliberately make things difficult for them//  jerk off phr v//  to masturbate//  jerk out [jerk out sth] phr v//  to say something quickly and nervously//  --’Don’t lie,’ she jerked out.//\njerk 2 n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  JERK1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  jerk off]//\n  1 a sudden quick movement:  --He gave a sudden jerk of his head .//  with a jerk//  --She started the car with a jerk and hit the bumper of the car in front.//\n  2  informal someone, especially a man, who is stupid or who does things that annoy or hurt other people:  --I swore at him for being such a jerk.//


Words: jerky
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  JERK2]//  jerky movements are rough, with many starts and stops//  → smooth//  --His skin was dry and hot, his breathing rapid and jerky.//  --The bus came to a jerky halt.//  -- jerkily adv //  -- jerkiness n  [U] //\njerky 2 n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: American Spanish; Origin: charqui, from  Quechua ch’arki]//   AmE meat that has been cut into thin pieces and dried in the sun or with smoke//


Words: Jerome
Meaning:
Jerome K.   (1859-1927) a British writer of humorous novels, best known for his book  Three Men in a Boat//


Words: Jersey
Meaning:
n [C]   a light brown cow that gives high quality milk//\nJersey  1 the largest of the Channel Islands, between England and France, which belongs to the UK. Jersey is famous for its cream and  new potatoes, and is popular with tourists.:\n  2  AmE an informal name for the US state of New Jersey:\nJerusalem 1   a city in Israel, which is of great historical importance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. It has many important places for all these religions, such as the  Wailing Wall, the  Mount of Olives, and the Dome of the Rock, an ancient and very holy Muslim building.//\nJerusalem 2   a  hymn (=a song of praise to God)  based on a poem by William  Blake, which English people sometimes sing on  patriotic occasions. //


Words: jersey
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Jersey, island in the English Channel]//\n  1 [C] a shirt made of soft material, worn by players of sports such as football and rugby:\n  2 [C]  BrE a piece of clothing made of wool that covers the upper part of your body and your arms:   sweater//\n  3 [U] a soft material made of cotton or wool:


Words: Jesse James
Meaning:
(1847-82) a US criminal who became famous for robbing banks and trains with his brother Frank. He was shot and killed by one of the members of his own  gang (=group of criminals) .//


Words: jest
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: geste  ’action’, from  Latin gesta (plural), from  gerere  ’to behave, perform’]//  something you say that is intended to be funny, not serious//   joke//  --I wasn’t sure whether to treat her words as a jest.//  in jest//  --His serious face told me that he was not speaking in jest.//\njest 2 v [I]  formal  or  old use   to say things that you do not really mean in order to amuse people//  --"Do I look as if I am jesting?" she asked, her face pale and tense.//  -- jestingly adv //


Words: Jesuit
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Jesuita, from  Late Latin Jesus]//  a man who is a member of the Roman Catholic Society of Jesus//


Words: Jesus
Meaning:
n  also Jesus Christ   the man who Christians believe was the son of God, and on whose life and ideas Christianity is based//\nJesus 2 interjection    not polite used to express anger, surprise, or shock//  --Jesus! That was close!//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Be careful about using Jesus in this way because Christians find it offensive. //  ----------//


Words: jet
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  JET2]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: jaiet, from  Latin gagates, from  Greek, from  Gagas, town and river in Asia Minor where it was found]//\n  1 [C] a fast plane with a jet engine:  jet fighter/aircraft/airliner //  --a squadron of F-6 jet fighter aircraft//  --He owns a private jet .//    jumbo jet//\n  2 [C] a narrow stream of liquid or gas that comes quickly out of a small hole, or the hole itself:  jet of//  --She soaped herself beneath the refreshing jets of water.//\n  3 [U] a hard black stone that is used for making jewellery:\njet 2   past tense and past participle  jetted present participle  jetting  v [I always + adverb/preposition] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: jetter,  getter  ’to throw’, from  Latin jactare]//\n  1  informal to travel by plane, especially to many different places:  jet off//  --We’re jetting off for a sunshine holiday in the Caribbean.//  --business executives jetting around the world//\n  2 if a liquid or gas jets out from somewhere, it comes quickly out of a small hole:


Words: jet lag
Meaning:
n [U]   the tired and confused feeling that you can get after flying a very long distance, especially because of the difference in time between the place you left and the place you arrived at//  --I’m suffering from jet lag but I’ll feel better after a good night’s sleep.//  -- jet-lagged adj //


Words: jet set
Meaning:
n   the jet set//   old-fashioned rich and fashionable people who travel a lot//  -- jet-setter n  [C] //


Words: jetsam
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: jettison]//  things that are thrown from a ship and float on the sea towards the shore//    flotsam and jetsam at flotsam//


Words: jettison
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: getteson, from  Old French getaison  ’act of throwing’, from  getter;   JET2]//\n  1 to get rid of something or decide not to do something any longer:  --The scheme was jettisoned when the government found it too costly.//\n  2 to throw things away, especially from a moving plane or ship:


Words: jetty
Meaning:
n   plural  jetties  [C] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: jettee, from  jetter;   JET2]//  a wide wall or flat area built out into the water, used for getting on and off boats//    pier//


Words: Jew
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: gyu, from  Latin Judaeus, from  Greek Ioudaios, from  Hebrew Yehudhi, from  Yehudhah  ’Judah, Jewish kingdom’]//  someone whose religion is Judaism, or who is a member of a group whose traditional religion is Judaism//


Words: jewel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: juel, from  jeu  ’game, play’]//\n  1 a valuable stone, such as a diamond:   gem//\n  2  jewels [plural] jewellery or other objects made with valuable stones and used for decoration:  --She loved dressing up and wearing priceless jewels.//\n  3 a very small stone used in the machinery of a watch:\n  4 something or someone that is very valuable, attractive, or important:  --He introduced her to Budapest, a jewel of a city.//\n  5  the jewel in the crown:  the best or most valuable part of something//  --Puddings are the jewel in the crown of British cookery.//    crown jewel//


Words: jeweller
Meaning:
BrE  jeweler AmE   n [C] \n  1 someone who buys, sells, makes, or repairs jewellery:\n  2  jeweller’s:  a shop selling jewellery and watches//


Words: jewellery
Meaning:
S3  BrE  jewelry AmE   n [U]   jewellery//  small things that you wear for decoration, such as rings or necklaces//  --a piece of jewellery //  --She wears a lot of gold jewelry.//    costume jewellery//


Words: Jiang Zemin
Meaning:
(1926- ) a Chinese politician who became leader of China and the  Communist Party after  Deng Xiaoping died in 1997//


Words: jib
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Origin unknown.]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Probably from  gibbet]//\n  1 a small sail in front of the large sail on a boat:    mainsail//\n  2 the long part of a crane:\njib 2   past tense and past participle  jibbed present participle  jibbing  v [I] //   especially BrE to be unwilling to do or accept something//  jib at//  --He jibbed at the price I asked for.//\njibe 1  gibe/d[hA360]a[hA366]b/ n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  JIBE22]//  an unkind remark intended to make someone seem silly//  --She was tired of his cheap jibes.//\njibe 2 v   [Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Origin unknown.]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French giber  ’to shake’]//\n  1 [I]  AmE  informal if two statements, reports etc jibe with each other, the information in them matches:  jibe with//  --His report did not jibe with the facts.//\n  2 [I + at] to say something that is intended to make someone seem silly:


Words: jiffy
Meaning:
spoken   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  Bantu tshipi  ’short’]//  in a jiffy//  very soon//  --I’ll be with you in a jiffy.//


Words: jig
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a type of quick dance, or a piece of music for this dance:\n  2 a piece of equipment for holding a tool, a piece of wood etc in position:\njig 2   past tense and past participle  jigged present participle  jigging  v [I always + adverb/preposition] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  French giguer  ’to dance’, from  Old French gigue  ’violin’]//  to dance or move up and down with quick short movements//


Words: jigger
Meaning:
n [C]   a unit for measuring alcohol, equal to 1.5 ounces, or the small glass this is measured with//


Words: jiggery-pokery
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE  informal secret dishonest activity to make something seem what it is not//  --There’s been some jiggery-pokery with the figures.//


Words: jiggle
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  JIG2]//  to make something move from side to side or up and down with short quick movements, or to move like this//  --She jiggled the handle of the pram to make the baby stop crying.//  --’Wake up,’ he said, jiggling up and down on the bed.//


Words: jiggy
Meaning:
adj   get jiggy//   AmE  informal //  a) to dance with a lot of energy to popular music//  b) to have sex//


Words: jigsaw
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  also jigsaw puzzle :  a picture cut up into many pieces that you try to fit together//\n  2 [usually singular] a very complicated situation, especially one that you are trying to understand:  --As he explained, another piece of the jigsaw fell into place.//  3 a tool for cutting out shapes in thin pieces of wood//


Words: jilt
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: jilt  ’woman who ends a relationship’ (17-20 centuries), probably from  jillet  ’girl who attracts sexual attention’ (16-19 centuries), from the female name  Jill]//  to suddenly end a close romantic relationship with someone//  --She jilted her fiance just before the wedding.//


Words: jimmy
Meaning:
n   plural  jimmies  [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Jimmy, male name, from  James]//  the American form of the word jemmy//  -- jimmy v  [T] //


Words: jingle
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From the sound]//  to shake small metal things together so that they make a sound, or to make this sound//  --He jingled his car keys.//\njingle 2 n \n  1 [C] a short song used in advertisements:\n  2 [singular] the sound of small metal objects being shaken together:


Words: Jingle Bells
Meaning:
the title and first words of a popular Christmas song. It begins: Jingle bells, jingle bells,/Jingle all the way./Oh, what fun it is to ride/In a one-horse open sleigh.//


Words: jingoism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: jingo  (17-21 centuries) (probably from  Jesus), used in the phrase by jingo as an exclamation in a 19th-century British song encouraging people to fight for their country]//  a strong belief that your own country is better than others - used to show disapproval//  --a mood of warlike jingoism//  -- jingoistic/d[hA360][hA366][hA26E]g[hA353][hA35E][hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B] $ -go[hA35E]-/ adj //


Words: jink
Meaning:
v [I]   to change direction suddenly//  --He jinked left, then right, throwing the plane into steep and sudden turns.//


Words: Jinnah
Meaning:
Mohammed Ali   (1876-1948) the first governor-general of Pakistan, from 1947 until his death. Jinnah was for many years the leader of the Muslim League in India, an organization that wanted a separate country for India’s Muslims. He was mainly responsible for establishing the state of Pakistan in 1947.//


Words: jinx
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  jynx type of bird used in doing magic  (17-19 centuries), from  Greek iygx]//  someone or something that brings bad luck, or a period of bad luck that results from this//  --The company had suffered so many disasters that some employees feared a jinx.//


Words: jinxed
Meaning:
adj   often having bad luck, or making people have bad luck//  --They seem to be jinxed when it comes to playing in the UK.//


Words: jitterbug
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: jitter  ’to move quickly and nervously’ (1900-2000) (from  jitters) +  bug  ’person with a strong interest in something’ (19-21 centuries); probably invented by the U.S. band leader Cab Calloway]//  a fast jazz dance popular in the 1940s//


Words: jitters
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  Mandingo ji-to  ’frightened’]//   informal a nervous, worried feeling, especially before an important event//  --The jitters are worst in the capital, where 61% of people are fearful of a terrorist attack.//


Words: jive
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a very fast dance, popular especially in the 1930s and 1940s, performed to fast jazz music:\n  2 [U]  AmE  informal statements that you do not believe are true:  --Don’t give me any of that jive!//\njive 2 v   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  Wolof jev  ’to say bad things about someone’]//\n  1 [I] to dance a jive:\n  2 [T]  AmE  informal to try to make someone believe something that is not true:


Words: Jnr
Meaning:
adj  BrE   the written abbreviation of junior , used after the name of a man who has the same name as his father//  --Sammy Davis Jnr//


Words: Joan of Arc
Meaning:
also St Joan   (1412-31) the  patron saint of France. As a young girl, she believed that she heard holy voices telling her to fight the English and force their army to leave France. Dressed as a man, she led a French army which defeated the English at Orleans, and became known as the ’ Maid of Orleans’. Later she was made a prisoner, and a court found her guilty of being a  witch (=a woman with evil magic powers) , and she was punished by being burned to death.//


Words: Job
Meaning:
1 in the Old Testament of the Bible, a man who continued to have faith in God even though God destroyed his property and his family:\n  2  Job’s comforter:  someone who tries to make you feel more cheerful, but actually makes you feel worse//\n  3  have the patience of Job:  to be extremely patient//


Words: job
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 work:\n   2 duty:\n   3 something you must do:\n   4 on the job:\n   5 I’m only/just doing my job:\n   6 it’s more than my job’s worth:\n   7 do the job:\n   8 have a job doing something/have a job to do something:\n   9 do a job on somebody/something:\n  10 computer:\n  11 crime:\n  12 a nose/boob job:\n  13 just the job:\n  14 type of thing:\n  15 jobs for the boys:\n  16 job of work:\n  17 job lot:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  job  ’piece, lump’ (15-17 centuries)]//\n  1 WORK:   [C] the regular paid work that you do for an employer//  --Do you enjoy your job?//  --It was the first paid job I ever had.//  --He’s been in the job for six years.//  --I’m looking for a new job.//  --Your pension can be affected if you change jobs.//  --I’ve applied for a job at the university.//  -- Well, Miss Taylor, we’d like to  offer  you the  job . //  -- Eventually, Mary  got a job as  a waitress. //  --I was so desperate that I took the first job that came along.//  --He had never been able to hold down a job .//  -- At least there’s no danger of you  losing  your  job . //  -- Oh Rick, you didn’t  quit your job  did you? //  -- If the project fails, we’re all  out of a job . //  -- It’s a  temporary job , but I’m hoping it will be made permanent. //  -- the pet shop where he had a  part-time job //  -- I haven’t had a  steady job  since last March. //  -- Levels of  job satisfaction  vary between departments. //  -- I didn’t see the point of moving my family to London without any  job security . //    job description//\n  2 DUTY:   [singular] something that you are responsible for doing//  --Raising kids can be a difficult job.//  -- It’s my job to make sure that the work is finished on time.//  the job of sb/sth//  --The job of the jury is to assess the credibility of the witness.//  the job of doing sth//  --I was given the job of making sure that everyone had enough to drink.//  --All too often councils fall down on the job  (=not do what they should) of keeping the streets clean.//\n  3 SOMETHING YOU MUST DO:   [C] a particular thing you have to do, considered as work//   task//  --My parents were always finding little jobs for me to do.//  --Filleting fish can be quite a fiddly job.//  --Tiling the bathroom is going to be a big job .//  --Sam does odd jobs  (=small jobs in the house or garden) for friends and neighbours.//  the job of doing sth//  --The job of choosing the right computer for you is made easy by this magazine.//  --We need to get on with the job of finding someone to replace him.//  do a good/great/marvellous etc job //  --Whoever did the plastering did a brilliant job.//  make a good/bad etc job of (doing) sth //  --She hates doing the cleaning, but she always makes a good job of it.//\n  4  on the job:  a) while you are doing a particular job//  --Most clerical training is done on the job.//  b) doing a particular job//  --We’ve got some of our best people on the job.//  c)  BrE  spoken  informal having sex//\n  5  I’m only/just doing my job:   spoken used to say that it is not your fault if you have to do something in your work that other people do not like//\n  6  it’s more than my job’s worth:   BrE  spoken used to tell someone that you cannot do what they want because you would lose your job if you did - often used humorously//\n  7  do the job:   spoken to have the effect or produce the result that you want//  --A little more glue should do the job.//\n  8  have a job doing sth/have a job to do sth:   BrE  spoken to have difficulty doing something//  --I think we might have a job parking in town.//\n  9  do a job on sb/sth:   informal  especially AmE to have a damaging effect on someone or something//  --The sun does quite a job on people’s skin.//\n  10 COMPUTER:   [C] an action done by a computer//  --a print job//\n  11 CRIME:   [C]  informal a crime in which money is stolen from a bank, company etc//  --a bank job//  --Police believe it was an inside job  (=done by someone who works for the company where the crime happens) .//\n  12  a nose/boob job:   informal an operation to improve the appearance of your nose or breasts//  --She looks completely different in this photo - she must have had a nose job.//\n  13  just the job:   BrE  spoken exactly what is needed for a particular purpose or situation//  --This bag is just the job for carrying your sports gear.//\n  14 TYPE OF THING:   [singular]  spoken used to say that something is of a particular type//  --Jack’s got a new car - a red two-seater job.//\n  15  jobs for the boys:   BrE when someone in an important position gives work to their friends, especially when this gives the friends an unfair advantage//  --The council chief was suspended over allegations of jobs for the boys.//\n  16  job of work:   BrE something that you have to do even if you do not enjoy it//\n  17  job lot:   BrE a mixed group of things that are sold together//  --a job lot of furniture//    blow job,  hand job,  hatchet job,  (it’s a) good job at good1 (49),  make the best of a bad job at best3 (9)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  apply for a job //  offer somebody a job //  get/find a job (as something) //  land a job informal (=get a job) //  take a job  (=accept a job that you are offered) //  hold down a job  (=keep a job when this is difficult) //  lose a job //  leave/quit a job //  be out of a job  (=not have a job) //  temporary job //  permanent job //  part-time job //  full-time job //  steady job  (=a job that is likely to continue) //  job satisfaction  (=the enjoyment you get from your job) //  job security  (=how permanent your job is likely to be) //  WORD CHOICE: job, work, post, position, occupation, profession, career //  Your  job  is the work that you do regularly in order to earn money, especially when you work for a company or public organization : My last job was with a computer firm. |  He finally got a job in a supermarket. //  Work  is used in a more general way to talk about activities that you do to earn money, either working for a company or for yourself : Will you go back to work when you’ve had the baby? |  I started work when I was 18. //  !!  Do not say ’what is your job?’ or ’what is your work?’. Say  what do you do?  or   what do you do for a living? //  Post and  position  are more formal words for a job in a company or organization. They are used especially in job advertisements and when you are talking about someone moving to a different job : This post would suit a recent graduate. |  He left last summer for a teaching position in Singapore. //  Use  occupation  to talk about the kind of work that someone usually does, for example if they are a teacher, lawyer, driving instructor etc. Occupation is used mainly on official forms : State your name, age, and occupation in the box below. //  !!   Do not use  occupation  to talk about your own job : I am an accountant. (NOT My occupation is an accountant). //  A  profession  is a kind of work for which you need special training and a good education, for example teaching, law, or medicine : the legal profession //  Your  career  is the type of work that you do or hope to do for most of your life : I’m interested in a career in television. |  His career is more important to him than his family. //  ----------//


Words: job centre
Meaning:
n [C]   a place run by the British government where jobs are advertised and training courses are provided for people who are looking for work//


Words: job-sharing
Meaning:
n [U]   an arrangement by which two people both work part-time doing the same job//  -- jobshare/d[hA360][hA361]b[hA35D]e[hA353] $ d[hA360][hA35A][hA359]b[hA35D]er/ n  [C] //  -- jobshare v  [I] //


Words: jobbing
Meaning:
adj  BrE   jobbing builder/gardener/printer etc//  someone who does small pieces of work for different people//


Words: jobsworth
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  informal someone who follows the rules of their job too exactly without using any imagination//


Words: jock
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: jockstrap]//\n  1  AmE someone, especially a student, who plays a lot of sport and is often considered to be stupid:\n  2  BrE someone from Scotland - sometimes used in an insulting way:\n  3 a disc jockey:


Words: jockey
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Jockey, Scottish male name, from  John]//  someone who rides horses in races//\njockey 2 v [I]   to compete strongly to get into the best position or situation, or to get the most power//  jockey for//  --photographers jockeying for position at the bar//  --After the war, rival politicians began to jockey for power.//


Words: Jockey Club
Meaning:
the   the organization in charge of horse racing in the UK. Some other countries also have a Jockey Club.//


Words: jockstrap
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: jock  ’male sex organ’ (  JOCK ITCH) +  strap]//  a piece of men’s underwear that supports their sex organs during sport//


Words: jocular
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: jocularis, from  jocus;   JOKE1]//  joking or humorous//  --He sounded in a jocular mood.//  -- jocularly adv //  -- jocularity/d[hA360][hA361]kj[hA36A]l[zB024]r[hA369]ti $ d[hA360][hA35A][hA359]-/ n  [U] //


Words: jodhpurs
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Jodhpur, city in India]//  a special type of trousers that you wear when riding horses//


Words: Jodrell Bank
Meaning:
an  observatory (=place from which scientists study the stars, etc)  in Cheshire, northwest England//


Words: Joe
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Male name, from  Joseph]//\n  1  Joe Public/Bloggs:   BrE Joe Blow/Schmo  AmE  spoken the ordinary average person//\n  2  Joe College/Citizen etc:   AmE  spoken someone who is a typical example of people in a particular situation or involved in a particular activity//


Words: Joffrey
Meaning:
Robert   (1930-1988) an American  ballet dancer and Choreographer (=someone who arranges how dancers will move) . He started the American Ballet Centre, a school for dancers, in 1953, and a ballet group in 1956. His ballet group later became the Joffrey Ballet, one of the most important ballet groups in the US.//


Words: jog
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  jogged present participle  jogging //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  shog  ’to shake, push’ (14-19 centuries)]//\n  1 [I] to run slowly and steadily, especially as a way of exercising:  --I go jogging every morning.//\n  2 [T] to knock or push something lightly by mistake:   bump//  --You jogged my elbow.//\n  3  jog sb’s memory:  to make someone remember something//  --Perhaps this photo will help to jog your memory.//  jog along phr v//  to continue in the same way as usual//  --We were jogging along comfortably and enjoying our work.//\njog 2 n [singular] \n  1 a slow steady run, especially done as a way of exercising:  --He set off along the riverbank at a jog.//  --Mike goes for a two-mile jog every morning.//\n  2 a light knock or push done by accident:


Words: jogger
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who runs slowly and steadily as a way of exercising//  --a jogger out for his early morning run//


Words: joggle
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  JOG1]//   informal to shake or move up and down slightly, or to make something move in this way//


Words: Johannesburg
Meaning:
also Jo’burg  informal   the largest city in South Africa, and a centre for business and industry. Before the end of  apartheid, black people were not allowed to live there, and had to live in  townships outside the city, especially in Soweto.//


Words: john
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: John, male name]//\n  1 a toilet:\n  2 the customer of a prostitute:


Words: John Barleycorn
Meaning:
literary  or  old-fashioned   the  personification (=the representation of a thing as a person, in literature or art)  of alcoholic drink, especially strong drinks such as  whisky//


Words: John Brown
Meaning:
(1800-59) a US abolitionist (=someone who worked to end slavery)  who tried to use violence to end slavery. With followers, he took over a government weapons establishment at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was caught and hanged for treason, During the American Civil War, a song called John Brown’s Body became popular in the North. The song is still well known and contains the words John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave,/But his soul goes marching on.//


Words: John Brown’s Body
Meaning:
a US  folk song about John  Brown, a man who fought against  slavery in the US. Some of the words are: John Brown’s body lies a-mouldering in the grave,/But his soul goes marching on...//


Words: John Bull
Meaning:
n  old-fashioned \n  1 [U] England or the English people:\n  2 [C] a typical Englishman, especially one who does not like foreigners:


Words: John Doe
Meaning:
n [U and C]    AmE used especially by the police to refer to a man whose name is not known//    Jane Doe//


Words: John O’ Groats
Meaning:
a place in northeast Scotland, which people think of as the most northern part of the UK, although in fact it is not. It is used especially in the phrase "from Land’s End to John O’Groats", which means right across the UK.//


Words: John of Gaunt
Meaning:
(1340-99) an English politician, son of Edward III, who acted as head of government until Richard II was old enough to rule//


Words: John Paul I
Meaning:
(1912-78) an Italian priest who was Pope (=the leader of the Roman Catholic religion)  for only 34 days before his death//


Words: John Paul II
Meaning:
Pope   (1920-) a Polish priest, who became the first Polish  pope (=the leader of the Roman Catholic religion)  in 1978. He has travelled more than any Pope before, visiting countries all over the world. He has often spoken about his opposition to  birth control and to the idea of women becoming priests.//


Words: John the Baptist
Meaning:
Saint   (?12 BC-?28 AD) in the New Testament of the Bible, a religious teacher who told people that Jesus Christ was coming, and who  baptized Jesus in the River  Jordan//


Words: John XXIII
Meaning:
(1881-1963) an Italian priest who became  Pope (=the leader of the Roman Catholic religion)  in 1958//


Words: Johnson
Meaning:
Amy   (1903-41) a British pilot who flew alone in several famous flights in which she broke new records, for example from England to Australia in 1930, and from England to South Africa in 1932. She died when her plane disappeared over the English Channel during World War II.//\n Andrew   (1808-1875) the seventeenth president of the US, from 1865 to 1869//\n Jack   (1878-1946), a US boxer who became the first black American to win the world heavyweight Championship. Johnson was a very skilful boxer who beat the world champion Tommy Burns in 1908.//\n Lyndon B.   LBJ (1908-73) a US politician in the Democratic Party who was the President of the US from 1963 to 1969. He first became president when President Kennedy was killed in 1963, and was elected again in 1964. He then started his plan for a ’Great Society’ by introducing laws that helped poor people, improved medical care and education, and gave  civil rights to all US citizens whatever their race. When the US became more involved in the Vietnam War, however, he became unpopular.//\n Samuel   (1709-84), known as Dr Johnson, a British  critic and dictionary writer, famous for his  Dictionary of the English Language (1755). He was well-known in London society in the 18th century, and considered to be an excellent  conversationalist (=his conversation was intelligent, amusing, and interesting) .//\n Virginia Eshelman     Masters and Johnson//


Words: joie de vivre
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’joy of living’]//  a feeling of general pleasure and excitement//


Words: join
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 group/organization:\n   2 activity:\n   3 go to somebody:\n   4 do something together:\n   5 connect:\n   6 join a queue:\n   7 join hands:\n   8 join the club:\n   9 join battle:\n  10 be joined in marriage/holy matrimony:  Phrasal verbs//   join in (something)//   join up//   join up with somebody/something//  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: joindre, from  Latin jungere]//\n  1 GROUP/ORGANIZATION:   [T] to become a member of an organization, society, or group//  --When did you join the Labour party?//  --I decided to join the army.//  --You can enjoy a sport without joining a club or belonging to a team.//\n  2 ACTIVITY:   [T] to begin to take part in an activity that other people are involved in//  --Many sacrificed their weekend to join the hunt for the missing girl.//  --the benefits of joining our pension scheme//  --Church leaders have joined the campaign to end fox-hunting.//\n  3 GO TO SOMEBODY:   [T] to go somewhere in order to be with someone or do something with them//  --She joined her aunt in the sitting room.//  --The immigrants were soon joined by their wives and children.//\n  4 DO SOMETHING TOGETHER:   [I and T] to do something together with someone else, or as a group//  join sb for sth//  --I invited them to join us for a glass of wine.//  join (with) sb in doing sth//  --I’m sure you’ll all join me in thanking today’s speaker.//  join (with) sb to do sth//  --Parents have joined with health experts to produce a video for bereaved families.//  join together//  --Three police forces have joined together to buy a helicopter.//\n  5 CONNECT:  a)  [T] to connect or fasten things together//  --Join the two pieces of wood with strong glue.//  join sth to sth//  --The island is joined to the mainland by a causeway.//  b)  [I and T] if two roads, rivers etc join, they come together and become connected at a particular point//  --Finally we arrived at Dartmouth, where the River Dart joins the sea.//  --the point where the two roads join//\n  6  join a queue:  to go and stand at the end of a line of people//  --He went in and joined the queue for the toilets.//\n  7  join hands:  if people join hands, they hold each other’s hands//  --They joined hands and danced round and round.//\n  8  join the club:   spoken used to say that you and a lot of other people are in the same situation//  --’I’m having difficulty knowing what today’s debate is about.’ ’Join the club, Geoffrey.’//\n  9  join battle:   formal to begin fighting//\n  10  be joined in marriage/holy matrimony:   formal to be married//    join/combine forces at force1 (10),  if you can’t beat ’em, join ’em at beat1 (23)//  join in () [join in (sth)] phr v//  to take part in something that a group of people are doing or that someone else does//  --In the evening there was a barbecue, with the whole village joining in the fun .//  --He stared at them without joining in the conversation.//  --He laughed loudly, and Mattie joined in.//  join up phr v//\n  1 to become a member of the army, navy, or air force:\n  2  BrE to connect things, or to become connected:  join sth → up//  --The dots are joined up by a line.//  join up with / [join up with sb/sth] phr v//  to combine with or meet other people in order to do something//  --Three months ago, they joined up with another big company that sells arms.//  ----------//  HINT sense 3 //  Do not say ’join with’ someone. Join is followed by a direct object: Will you join me? //  ----------//\njoin 2 n [C]   a place where two parts of an object are connected or fastened together//  --It’s been glued back together so well you can hardly see the join.//


Words: joined-up
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE \n  1 joined-up writing has all the letters in each word connected to each other:\n  2  BrE joined-up systems, institutions etc combine different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well:  -- joined-up government //  --the need for joined-up thinking between departments//


Words: joint
Meaning:
W2   adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  joindre;   JOIN]//\n  1 involving two or more people or groups, or owned or shared by them:  --The two ministers have issued a joint statement .//  --Both companies are involved in the joint development of a new medium-sized car.//  --Both parties must sign the form if the account is to be in joint names  (=belong to two named people) .//  --The meal was a joint effort  (=two or more people worked on it together) .//\n  2  joint venture:  a business activity begun by two or more people or companies working together//\n  3  joint resolution:   law a decision or law agreed by both houses of the US Congress and signed by the President//  -- jointly adv //  --tenants who are jointly responsible for their rent//\njoint 2 n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jointe, from  joindre;   JOIN]//\n  1 a part of your body that can bend because two bones meet there:  knee/neck/hip/elbow etc joint //  --a permanently damaged knee joint//\n  2  BrE a large piece of meat, usually containing a bone:  joint of//  --a joint of beef//\n  3 a place where two things or parts of an object are joined together:  --What should I use to seal the joint between a carport roof and the house wall?//\n  4  out of joint:  a) if a bone in your body is out of joint, it has been pushed out of its correct position//  b) if a system, group etc is out of joint, it is not working properly//  --Something is out of joint in our society.//    put sb’s nose out of joint at nose1 (15)//\n  5  informal a cheap bar, club, or restaurant:  --a hamburger joint//    clip joint//\n  6  informal a cigarette containing cannabis:   spliff//    case the joint at case2 (2)//\njoint 3 v [T]   to cut meat into joints//


Words: Joint Chiefs of Staff
Meaning:
the   the leaders of the four main parts of the US military forces, the Army, the Navy, the Airforce, and the  Marines. Their job is to advise the US President on important military matters.//


Words: joint honours
Meaning:
n [U]   a university degree course in Britain in which two main subjects are studied//    single honours//


Words: joist
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: giste, from  Latin jacere  ’to lie’]//  one of the beams that support a floor or ceiling//


Words: joke
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: jocus]//\n  1 something that you say or do to make people laugh, especially a funny story or trick:  --Do you know any good jokes?//  joke about//  --a joke about absent-minded professors//  --There’s no need to  make silly  jokes , David.//  -- He was always  telling jokes  and making people laugh. //  -- She never  gets  my  jokes . //  -- She wondered if the others were  playing  a  joke on  her. //  -- I couldn’t go out with someone  for a joke , could you? //  --They seemed to be sharing a private joke .//  -- What the workers think is a  practical joke,  management might regard as sabotage. //\n  2  be a joke:   informal to be completely useless, stupid, or unreasonable//  --The whole meeting was a joke.//\n  3  go/get/be beyond a joke:  a situation that has got beyond a joke has become serious and worrying//  --This rain’s getting beyond a joke - let’s go inside.//\n  4  sth is no joke:  used to emphasize that a situation is serious or that someone really means what they say//  --The risk he’s taking is no joke.//  --It’s no joke bringing up a child on your own.//\n  5  sb can take a joke:  used to say that someone is able to laugh at jokes about themselves//  --Your problem is you just can’t take a joke.//\n  6  make a joke (out) of sth:  to treat something serious as if it was intended to be funny//  --He could not bring himself to apologise. Instead, he tried to make a joke of it.//\n  7  sb’s idea of a joke:   spoken a situation that someone else thinks is funny but you do not//  --Look, if this is your idea of a joke, I don’t find it at all funny.//\n  8  the joke’s on sb:  used to say that something has happened to make someone seem stupid, especially when they were trying to make other people seem stupid//    in-joke,  practical joke,  standing joke at standing1 (3)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  crack/make a joke  (=say something funny) //  tell a joke  (=tell a funny story) //  get a joke  (=understand why something is funny) //  play a joke (on somebody)  (=trick someone) //  as a joke/for a joke  British English (=to make people laugh) //  private joke  (=a joke only a few people understand) //  inside joke American English (=a joke that only a few people with knowledge about a particular subject or event will understand) //  practical joke  (=a trick) //  dirty joke  (=a joke about sex) //  sick joke  (=an unpleasant joke) //  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’say a joke’. Say tell a joke or tell someone a joke. //  ----------//\njoke 2 S3 v [I] \n  1 to say things that are intended to be funny and that you do not really mean:  joke about//  --I never joke about money.//  joke with//  --As we left the hospital he joked with the staff.//  joke that//  --His father joked that his son was trying to put him out of business.//  --Calm down, Jo, I was only joking .//\n  2  you’re joking/you must be joking:   also you’ve got to be joking //   spoken used to tell someone that what they are suggesting is so strange or silly that you cannot believe that they are serious//  --’Tell him.’ ’You must be joking - he’d never believe me.’//\n  3  joking apart/aside:   BrE used before you say something serious after you have been joking//  -- jokingly adv //


Words: joker
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  informal someone who behaves in a way you think is stupid:  --Look at that joker - he’s doing 25 miles an hour at the most.//\n  2 a playing card that has no fixed value and is only used in some card games:\n  3 someone who makes a lot of jokes:\n  4  the joker in the pack:  something or someone whose effect on future events cannot be known//


Words: jokey joky
Meaning:
adj  informal   not serious and tending to make people laugh//  --Dave was a sweet man, very jokey about everything.//  -- jokily adv //  -- jokiness n  [U] //


Words: Joliet
Meaning:
Louis   (1645-1700) a French-Canadian  explorer who, with Jacques  Marquette, discovered the upper Mississippi River in 1673//


Words: jollies
Meaning:
n   get your jollies//   AmE  spoken to get pleasure from a particular experience or activity, especially a strange activity//


Words: jollity
Meaning:
n  also jollities  [U]  formal   when people are happy and enjoying themselves//  --a night of riotous jollity//


Words: jolly
Meaning:
adj  especially BrE   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: joli  ’happy, pretty’]//\n  1 happy and enjoying yourself:  --Everybody was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.//\n  2  old-fashioned very pleasant and enjoyable:  --We had a jolly time with the family.//\njolly 2 adv  BrE  old-fashioned  informal \n  1 very:  --Sounds like a jolly good idea to me.//  --It was all jolly good fun .//\n  2  jolly well:  used to emphasize an opinion or to show that you are annoyed//  --Right, I’m going to clear up, and you can jolly well help me.//\n  3  jolly good!:   spoken used to say that you are pleased by what someone has just said//\njolly 3 v  BrE   jolly along [jolly sb along] phr v//  to try to make someone do something faster by encouraging them//  --He jollied people along and got useful information out of them.//  jolly into [jolly sb into sth] phr v//  to gently persuade someone to do something//  --She jollied the children into going for a walk.//  jolly up [jolly sth → up] phr v//  to make an event or place more pleasant or exciting//


Words: Jolly Roger
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: jolly + the male name  Roger]//  a black flag with a picture of bones on it, used in the past by pirates//   skull and crossbones//


Words: Jolson
Meaning:
Al   (1886-1950) a white US singer who wore black  make-up to look like a black person, and sang songs associated with black people. He is famous for his emotional performances, and for appearing in the first film with sound,  The Jazz Singer, in 1927, in which he said the famous phrase "You ain’t heard nothin’ yet!" His songs include  Mammy and  Swanee.Today, if white actors and singers wore make-up to look like black people, it would be regarded as very offensive.//


Words: jolt
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  joll  ’to hit’ (15-19 centuries) +  jot  ’to knock against’ (16-19 centuries)]//\n  1 [I and T] to move suddenly and roughly, or to make someone or something move in this way:   jerk//  --We jolted along rough wet roads through an endless banana plantation.//\n  2 [T] to give someone a sudden shock or surprise:  --The phone jolted him awake.//  jolt sb into/out of sth//  --It jolted me into making the decision to quit.//  --Her sharp words seemed to jolt him out of his depression.//\njolt 2 n [C usually singular] \n  1 a sudden shock:  jolt of//  --Melanie experienced a jolt of surprise.//  with a jolt//  --Henry sat up with a jolt.//  --The oil crisis has given the government quite a jolt .//\n  2 a sudden rough shaking movement:  --People felt the first jolt of the earthquake at about 8 a.m.//


Words: Jonah
Meaning:
1 someone who seems to bring bad luck:\n  2 in the Old Testament of the Bible, a man who disobeyed God and tried to escape from him by getting on a ship. God caused a storm, and the other sailors threw Jonah into the sea. He was then swallowed by a  Whale, and spent three days in its stomach before escaping onto land.:


Words: Jones
Meaning:
Bridget   the main character in the popular novel  Bridget Jones’ Diary (1996) by British writer Helen Fielding, about an unmarried woman in her 30s and the problems she has in her busy life, such as trying to avoid smoking and eating too much//\n Casey   (1863-1900) an American train driver and  folk hero who saved the lives of passengers in a train crash, but was killed himself//\n Indiana   a character played by Harrison  Ford in a series of films by Steven  Spielberg, including  Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana Jones is an  archaeologist who tries to find valuable ancient objects and has many exciting adventures. //\n Inigo   (1573-1652) an English architect who designed many important buildings, especially in London. He was the first person to introduce the Italian  Palladian style of building into the UK. He also designed  scenery for the theatre.//\n Jim     Jonestown//


Words: Jonestown
Meaning:
a place in Guyana where people who followed the religious leader Jim  Jones lived. In 1974, they all killed themselves with poison as part of a ceremony, which became known as the Jonestown Massacre.//


Words: Jonson
Meaning:
Ben   (1572-1637) an English writer of plays, poetry, and criticism. His most famous plays are  Volpone,  The Alchemist, and  Bartholomew Fair.//


Words: Joplin
Meaning:
Janis   (1943-70) a US singer, popular in the 1960s, who was known for her low, rough singing voice, and for her exciting performances on stage. She died as a result of taking drugs.//\n Scott   (1868-1917) a US piano player and  composer famous especially for his  ragtime music, such as  Maple Leaf Rag and  The Entertainer//\nJordan 1   an Arab country in the Middle East, which is surrounded by Israel, Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. Population: 5,153,000 (2001). Capital: Amman.//  -- Jordanian n  adj //    West Bank//\nJordan 2   the Jordan//   also  the Jordan River//  a river in Israel and Jordan, which flows into the  Dead Sea. It is often mentioned in the Bible, and was the river in which  John the Baptist baptized Jesus.//\nJoseph 1   in the Old Testament of the Bible, the favourite son of  Jacob. Joseph was given a "coat of many colours" by his father, and this made his brothers  jealous of him. They sold him as a slave to some Egyptians, but Joseph later became powerful by becoming an adviser to the Egyptian king, and brought his people to live in Egypt.//\nJoseph 2   in the New Testament of the Bible, the husband of  Mary, the mother of Jesus. Joseph was a  carpenter in  Nazareth.//


Words: Joseph
Meaning:
Chief   (?1840-1904) the chief of a  Native American tribe who fought against the US army in 1870. He was not successful, and his tribe was forced to leave their land and move to a  reservation.//


Words: Joseph of Arimathea
Meaning:
Saint   in the New Testament of the Bible, a rich follower of Jesus who asked to be given Jesus’s dead body so that he could bury it in the  tomb that he had built for himself. There is also an old story that he brought the  Holy Grail (=the cup used by Jesus at the  Last Supper) to England and built the first Christian church in England at  Glastonbury.//


Words: Josephine
Meaning:
(1763-1814) the  empress of France from 1804 to 1809. She married Napoleon in 1796, but he got a  divorce in 1809 because they had not produced any children together. //


Words: josh
Meaning:
v   [I and T]  old-fashioned to talk to someone or laugh at them in a gentle joking way//  --The guys josh him and call him an egghead.//


Words: Joshua
Meaning:
in the Old Testament of the Bible, a man who led the Jews to the "Promised Land" of  Canaan. When Joshua and his army attacked the city of  Jericho they blew their  trumpets so loudly that the walls of the city fell down and they were able to take control of it. The  Book of Joshua  describes how the Jews took control of Canaan.//


Words: joss stick
Meaning:
n [C]   joss stick//  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: joss  ’Chinese figure of a god, luck’ (18-20 centuries), from  Pidgin English, from  Portuguese deus  ’god’]//  a stick of incense//


Words: jostle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: joust;   JOUSTING]//\n  1 [I and T] to push or knock against someone in a crowd, especially so that you can get somewhere or do something before other people:  jostle for//  --Followers of the president jostled for position in front of the TV cameras.//\n  2 [I] to compete for something such as attention or a reward:  --A thousand thoughts were jostling around inside my mind.//


Words: jot
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  jotted present participle  jotting //  jot down [jot sth → down] phr v//  to write a short piece of information quickly//  --Let me jot down your number and I’ll call you tomorrow.//\njot 2 n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: iota,  jota;   IOTA]//  not a jot//   old-fashioned not at all or none at all//  --There was not a jot of humour in the man.//


Words: jottings
Meaning:
n [plural]    informal short notes, usually written to remind yourself about something//  --her private jottings//


Words: joule
Meaning:
n  written abbreviation J  [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  James  Joule (1818-89), English scientist]//  a unit for measuring energy or work//


Words: journal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: journal  ’daily’, from  Latin diurnalis, from  diurnus  ’of the day’]//\n  1 a serious magazine produced for professional people or those with a particular interest:  --the British Medical Journal//\n  2 a written record that you make of the things that happen to you each day:   diary//  --He decided to keep a journal .//


Words: journalism
Meaning:
n [U]   the job or activity of writing news reports for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio//  --a career in journalism//  --The hospital has been the target of investigative journalism  (=journalism that examines an event or situation in order to find out the truth) .//


Words: journalist
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   someone who writes news reports for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio//    reporter//  --a well-known journalist and broadcaster//  -- journalistic/d[hA360][hA362][hA359]n[hA368]l[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B] $ -[hA362][hA359]r-/ adj  [only before noun] //  --journalistic skills//


Words: journey
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: journee  ’day’s journey’, from  jour  ’day’, from  Latin diurnus;   JOURNAL]//\n  1  especially BrE a time spent travelling from one place to another, especially over a long distance:  American Equivalent:  trip//  journey to/from/between//  --my journey to China//  --a long slow journey from Odessa//  journey through/across etc//  --our journey across Europe//  --the friends they made  on the journey //  -- I still use my car, but now I  make  fewer  journeys . //  -- We are  going on a journey  to a strange country. //  -- We  broke  our  journey  to have a picnic. //  -- the six-hour  train journey  home from London //  -- The  return journey  was uneventful. //  --Have a safe journey .//  -- To avoid a  wasted journey , ring the number below to check that the event is still on. //  -- On Thursday we set off on the final  leg of  our  journey.  see usage note  travel2 //\n  2  literary a long and often difficult process by which someone or something changes and develops:  --our journey through life//  --The novel is an account of his spiritual journey.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  make a journey //  go on a journey  (=make a long journey) //  break a journey  British English (=make a short stop in a journey) //  car/train/bus journey //  outward journey  (=a journey to a place) //  return journey  (=a journey home from a place) //  safe journey  (=used especially to wish someone a good journey) //  wasted journey  (=one that did not achieve the result you wanted) //  leg of a journey  (=one part of a journey) //  ----------//\njourney 2 v [I always + adverb/preposition]    literary to travel//  --They left the town and journeyed south.//


Words: journeyman
Meaning:
n   plural  journeymen /-m[hA353]n/ [C]  old-fashioned //  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: journey  ’day’s work’ (13-19 centuries) +  man]//\n  1 a trained worker who works for someone else:\n  2 an experienced worker whose work is acceptable but not excellent:


Words: joust
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 to fight with lances (=long sticks) while riding horses, as part of a formal competition in the past:\n  2 to compete or argue with someone:  joust with//  --The minister and I have often jousted with each other.//  -- joust n  [C] //


Words: Jove
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: Jov-, the earlier name of the ancient Roman god Jupiter]//  by Jove!//   BrE  old-fashioned used to express surprise or to emphasize something//  --By Jove, you’re right!//


Words: jovial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin jovialis  ’of the god Jove or Jupiter’; because people born under the influence of the planet Jupiter were thought likely to be happy]//  friendly and happy//  --He addressed me in a jovial manner.//  -- jovially adv //  -- joviality/d[hA360][hA353][hA35E]vi[zB024]l[hA369]ti $ d[hA360]o[hA35E]-/ n  [U] //


Words: jowl
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Language: Old English; Origin: ceole]//  the skin that covers your lower jaw on either side of your face//  --a man with heavy jowls  (=jowls that hang down slightly) //    cheek by jowl at cheek1 (3)//


Words: joy
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: joie, from  Latin gaudia]//\n  1 [U] great happiness and pleasure:  --the look of joy on her face//  with/for joy//  --I leaped into the air with joy.//  --She wept for joy.//  --I didn’t exactly jump for joy  (=I was not very pleased) when I heard the news.//\n  2 [C] something or someone that gives you happiness and pleasure:  joy of//  --one of the joys of travelling alone//  --The garden was his pride and joy .//  be a joy to watch/drive/use etc //  --The children’s singing was a joy to listen to.//\n  3  no joy/not any joy:   BrE  spoken if you have no joy, you do not succeed in getting something//  --I phoned the pub, but no joy. The landlord didn’t know where she was.//\njoy 2 v [I]  literary   to be happy because of something//


Words: Joy of Cooking
Meaning:
The   a very popular cookbook in the US, which has instructions on how to cook many standard US and foreign dishes //


Words: Joyce
Meaning:
James   (1882-1941) an Irish writer of  novels. Joyce greatly influenced the way English novels were written, with his use of unusual and invented words, and different styles of writing such as stream of consciousness (=expressing thoughts and feelings as they pass through the mind) . His most famous novels are  Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,  Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake.//


Words: joyful
Meaning:
adj   very happy, or likely to make people very happy//  --Christmas is a joyful occasion for children.//  --the joyful news//  -- joyfully adv //  -- joyfulness n  [U] //


Words: joyous
Meaning:
adj  literary   very happy, or likely to make people very happy//  --a joyous occasion//  --Our music is a joyous celebration of life.//  -- joyously adv //  -- joyousness n  [U] //


Words: joyriding
Meaning:
n [U]   the crime of stealing a car and driving it in a fast and dangerous way for fun//  -- joyride v  [I] //  -- joyrider n  [C] //


Words: joystick
Meaning:
n [C]   an upright handle that you use to control something such as an aircraft or a computer game//


Words: JPEG
Meaning:
also  JPG/d[hA360]e[hA366] peg/ n [C]  technical   Joint Photographic Experts Group a type of computer file used on the Internet that contains pictures, photographs, or other images//


Words: Jr.
Meaning:
AmE   the written abbreviation of junior , used after the name of a man who has the same name as his father//  --Alan Parks, Jr.//


Words: JSA
Meaning:
Jobseeker’s Allowance money paid by the British government to help people who have no work, and are trying to find work//


Words: jubilant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  jubilare  ’to call out, shout because you are happy’]//  extremely happy and pleased because of a success//  --Radicals were jubilant at getting rid of him.//  --The fans were in jubilant mood as they left the stadium.//  -- jubilantly adv //


Words: jubilation
Meaning:
n [U]    formal happiness and pleasure because you have been successful//  --There was jubilation that a local team had come first.//


Words: jubilee
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: jubile, from  Late Latin jubilaeus, from  Late Greek iobelaios, from  Hebrew yobhel  ’sheep’s horn, jubilee’; influenced by  Latin jubilare (  JUBILANT)]//  a date that is celebrated because it is exactly 25 years, 50 years etc after an important event//    diamond jubilee,  golden jubilee,  silver jubilee//


Words: Judaism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: Judaismus, from  Greek  Ioudaismos, from  Ioudaios;   JEW]//  the Jewish religion based on the sacred books known as the Hebrew Scriptures. These writings contain many of the books that are also in the Old Testament of the Christian  bible.//  -- Judaic/d[hA360]u[hA359]de[hA366]-[hA366]k/ adj //


Words: Judas
Meaning:
also Judas Iscariot \n  1 in the New Testament of the Bible, one of Jesus’s disciples (=his close friends and followers) . He received ’thirty pieces of silver’ from the Jewish authorities as payment for Betraying Jesus. He later felt guilty about what he had done, and hanged himself.:\n  2 someone who is not loyal to a friend:   traitor//


Words: judder
Meaning:
v [I]   if a vehicle or machine judders, it shakes violently//  --The engine juddered to life.//  -- judder n  [C] //


Words: judge
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: juge, from  Latin judex]//\n  1 the official in control of a court who decides how criminals should be punished:  --The trial judge specifies the number of years to be spent in prison.//  federal judge/high court judge etc (=a judge in a particular court) //\n  2 someone who decides on the result of a competition:  --The panel of judges included several well-known writers.//\n  3  a good/bad judge of sth:  someone whose opinion on something is usually right or wrong//  --Sandra’s a very good judge of character.//\n  4  be the judge (of sth):  to be the person whose opinion on something matters or is accepted//  --No-one else can say what its value to you is - only you can be the judge of that.//\n  5  let me be the judge of that:   spoken used to tell someone angrily that you do not need their advice//\n  6  as sober as a judge:  someone who is as sober as a judge is not drunk at all//\njudge 2 W3S2 v   past tense and past participle  judged present participle  judging //  ----------//\n   1 opinion:\n   2 judging by/from something:\n   3 competition:\n   4 criticize:\n   5 law:\n   6 it’s not for somebody to judge:\n   7 as far as I can judge:\n   8 don’t judge a book by its cover:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jugier, from  Latin judicare, from  judex;   JUDGE1]//\n  1 OPINION:   [I and T] to form or give an opinion about someone or something after thinking carefully about all the information you know about them//  --You should never judge a person by their looks.//  --Judge us on the improvements we make in the economy.//  --The therapist  judged that  Margaret had made a serious attempt to kill herself.//  --pollutants that were judged hazardous to human health//  --I am in no position to  judge whether  what she is doing is right or wrong.//  --The economic results of the reforms are very  difficult to judge .//  -- The likelihood of future bombs was  impossible to judge . //  -- We  judge the success of  a product by the number of sales it brings in. //  -- His conduct,  judged objectively  by what he has done, is dishonest. //  --Robert wanted to go and help him, but  judged it best to  stay where he was.//  --Do not  judge her too harshly , as she was very young at the time.//\n  2  judging by/from sth:  used to say that you are making a guess based on what you have just seen, heard, or learned//  --Judging by his jovial manner he must have enjoyed his meal.//  --Judging from what you say in your letter, you don’t sound well.//\n  3 COMPETITION:   [I and T] to decide on the result of a competition//  --I had the difficult task of judging the competition.//  judge sb on sth//  --Competitors will be judged on speed and accuracy.//\n  4 CRITICIZE:   [I and T] to form an opinion about someone, especially in an unfair or criticizing way//  --He just accepts people for what they are and he doesn’t judge them.//\n  5 LAW:   [T] to decide whether someone is guilty of a crime in court//\n  6  it’s not for sb to judge:  used to say that you do not think someone has the right to give their opinion about something//  --Was it the right decision? It’s not for us to judge.//\n  7  as far as I can judge:  used to say that you think what you are saying is true, but you are not sure//\n  8  don’t judge a book by its cover:  used to say that you should not form an opinion based only on the way something looks//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  judge somebody/something by something //  judge that //  judge somebody/something (to be) something //  judge whether/how/what etc //  difficult/hard to judge //  impossible to judge //  judge the success/quality/merits of something //  judge something objectively //  judge it best/right/proper etc to do something //  judge somebody harshly //  judge it safe to do something //  ----------//


Words: judgment
Meaning:
W2  also  judgement BrE   n   ----------//\n   1 opinion:\n   2 ability to decide:\n   3 law:\n   4 a judgment (on somebody/something):\n   5 judgment call:  ----------//\n  1 OPINION:   [U and C] an opinion that you form, especially after thinking carefully about something//  --It’s too soon to make a judgment about what the outcome will be.//  --In my judgment, we should accept his offer.//  pass judgment (on sth) (=give your opinion, especially a negative one) //  --Our aim is to help him, not to pass judgment on what he has done.//  --I’d advise you to reserve judgment  (=not decide your opinion before you have all the facts) .//  against your better judgment (=even though you do not think it is a sensible thing to do) //  --I lent him the money, against my better judgment.//\n  2 ABILITY TO DECIDE:   [U] the ability to make sensible decisions about what to do and when to do it//  --I’ve known him for years and I trust his judgment.//  professional/personal etc judgment //  --The minister showed a lack of political judgment.//  --a decision based on sound judgment  (=good judgment) //  --Watch carefully and use your judgment .//    error of judgment at error(3)//\n  3 LAW:   [U and C] an official decision given by a judge or a court of law//  --The company were fined [hA124]6 million, following a recent court judgment .//\n  4  a judgment (on sb/sth):   formal something bad that happens to someone and seems like a punishment for the things they have done wrong//\n  5  judgment call:   AmE  informal a decision you have to make yourself because there are no fixed rules in a situation//    last judgment,  value judgment,  sit in judgment at sit(10)//


Words: judgment day Judgement Day n [singular
Meaning:
not with the]  also the day of judgment   the last day of the world when all people will be judged by God for what they have done, according to Christianity and some other religions//


Words: judicature
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: judicatura, from  Latin judicare;   JUDGE2]//  the judicature//   formal judges as a group and the organization, power etc of the law//


Words: judicial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: judicialis, from  judicium  ’judgment’, from  judex;   JUDGE1]//  relating to the law, judges, or their decisions//    legislative//  --the judicial system//  -- judicially adv //


Words: judiciary
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: judiciarius, from  judicium;   JUDICIAL]//  the judiciary//   formal all the judges in a country who, as a group, form part of the system of government//


Words: judicious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: judicieux, from  Latin judicium;   JUDICIAL]//  done in a sensible and careful way//  --a judicious choice//  -- judiciously adv //


Words: judo
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Japanese; Origin: ’gentle way’]//  a Japanese sport or method of defence in which you try to throw your opponent onto the ground//


Words: jug
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from the female name  Jug, given to ugly women, from  Joan]//\n  1  BrE a container with a wide curved opening at the top and a handle, used especially at meals for pouring liquids:  American Equivalent:  pitcher//  --a milk jug//\n  2  AmE a deep round container with a very narrow opening at the top and a handle, used for holding liquids:  British Equivalent:  pitcher//\n  3  also jugful /d[hA360][hA356]gf[hA35E]l/:  the amount of liquid that a jug will hold//  jug of//  --a jug of water//\n  4  jugs:   not polite a woman’s breasts//


Words: juggernaut
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Hindi; Origin: Jagannath, title of the god Vishnu; from the belief that people who worshiped him threw themselves under the wheels of a large carriage with his image on it]//\n  1  BrE a very large vehicle that carries goods over long distances:  American Equivalent:  semi//\n  2 a very powerful force, organization etc whose effect or influence cannot be stopped:  --the juggernaut of industrialization//


Words: juggle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: juggler  (11-21 centuries), from  Old French jogleour, from  Latin joculari  ’to make fun’, from  jocus;   JOKE1]//\n  1 [I and T] to keep three or more objects moving through the air by throwing and catching them very quickly:  juggle with//  --One guy was juggling with five balls.//\n  2 [I and T] to try to fit two or more jobs, activities etc into your life, especially with difficulty:  juggle sth (with sth)//  --It’s hard trying to juggle a job with kids and the housework.//\n  3 [T] to change things or arrange them in the way you want, or in a way that makes it possible for you to do something:  juggle sth around//  --If I juggle these appointments around, I can fit you in.//    balancing/juggling act at act1 (12)//


Words: jugular
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: jugularis, from  Latin jugulum  ’throat’]//\n  1  jugular vein:  the large vein in your neck that takes blood from your head back to your heart//\n  2  go for the jugular:   informal to criticize or attack someone very strongly, especially in order to harm them//


Words: juice
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: jus, from  Latin]//\n  1 [U and C] the liquid that comes from fruit and vegetables, or a drink that is made from this:  --a carton of orange juice //  --A coke and a tomato juice, please.//\n  2 [C usually plural] the liquid that comes out of meat when it is cooked:\n  3  gastric/digestive juice(s):  the liquid inside your stomach that helps you to digest food//\n  4 [U]  informal something that produces power, such as petrol or electricity:  --Okay, turn on the juice.//    stew in your own juice at stew2 (2)//\njuice 2 v   [T] to get the juice out of fruit or vegetables//  juice up [juice sth → up] phr v//   AmE  informal to make something more interesting or exciting//


Words: juicy
Meaning:
adj   comparative  juicier superlative  juiciest //\n  1 containing a lot of juice:  --a juicy lemon//\n  2  juicy gossip/details/stories etc:   informal interesting or shocking information, especially about people’s sexual behaviour//  --Want to hear a juicy bit of news?//\n  3  informal involving work that is enjoyable and satisfying:  --She’s been trying to get a really juicy role for years.//\n  4  informal involving a lot of money:  --a big juicy cheque//  -- juiciness n  [U] //


Words: jujitsu
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Japanese; Origin: jujutsu  ’gentle art’]//  a type of fighting from Japan, in which you hold, throw, and hit your opponent//


Words: Julian calendar
Meaning:
the   the calendar introduced by  Julius Caesar in Rome in 46 BC, that fixed the normal year at 365 days. The  Gregorian calendar, the usual calendar used in western countries in modern times, is based on the Julian calendar.//


Words: Juliet
Meaning:
the main female character in the play  Romeo and Juliet by William  Shakespeare//    Capulets and Montagues, the//


Words: Julius Caesar
Meaning:
a play by William  Shakespeare about the murder of the Roman leader Julius  Caesar, and about his friend  Brutus, who thinks Caesar is taking too much power and so joins his murderers. After Julius Caesar’s death his friend Mark  Antony makes a famous speech to the crowd beginning with the words "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears".//


Words: July
Meaning:
n   plural  Julies  [U and C]  written abbreviation Jul. //  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Latin; Origin: Julius, from Gaius  Julius Caesar (  CAESAR), who was born in this month]//  the seventh month of the year, between June and August//  next/last July //  --Laura came over to England last July.//  in July//  --I plan to graduate in July.//  on July 6th//  --Two months later, on July 6th, he fired Owens.//  on 6th July//   BrE //  --’When’s the concert?’ ’On 6th July.’//  July 6//   AmE //  --The competition ends July 6.//


Words: jumble
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular] a lot of different things mixed together in an untidy way, without any order:  jumble of//  --a jumble of old toys//  --Inside she was a jumble of emotions.//\n  2 [U]  BrE things to be sold at a jumble sale:  American Equivalent:  rummage//\njumble 2  also jumble up  v [T often passive]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps copying the action]//  to mix things together in an untidy way, without any order//  --The photographs were all jumbled up.//  --Ben’s words became jumbled.//


Words: jumble sale
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a sale of used clothes, books etc in order to get money for a local church, school etc//  American Equivalent:  rummage sale//


Words: jumbo
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Jumbo, name of a very large elephant put on show in London and the U.S. in the 19th century, perhaps from  mumbo-jumbo]//  larger than other things of the same type//  --jumbo-sized hot dogs//


Words: jump
Meaning:
W3S2   v   ----------//\n   1 upwards:\n   2 downwards:\n   3 move fast:\n   4 in fear/surprise:\n   5 increase:\n   6 keep changing:\n   7 miss a stage:\n   8 machine:\n   9 attack:\n  10 jump to conclusions:\n  11 jump the gun:\n  12 jump for joy:\n  13 jump down somebody’s throat:\n  14 jump the queue:\n  15 jump through hoops:\n  16 jump ship:\n  17 jump bail:\n  18 jump to it!:\n  19 (go) jump in a lake!:\n  20 jump the rails:\n  21 jump a light:\n  21 jump the lights:\n  22 jump a train:\n  23 car:\n  24 sex:  Phrasal verbs//   jump at something//   jump in//   jump on somebody//   jump out at somebody//  ----------//\n  1 UPWARDS:  a)  [I] to push yourself up into the air, or over or away from something etc using your legs//  --How high can you jump?//  jump over/across/onto etc sth//  --He jumped over the wall and ran off.//  --Fans were jumping up and down  (=jumping repeatedly) and cheering.//  jump clear (of sth) (=jump out of danger) //  --We managed to jump clear of the car before it hit the wall.//  b)  [T] to go over or across something by jumping//  --He jumped the gate, landing on the concrete.//\n  2 DOWNWARDS:   [I] to let yourself drop from a place that is above the ground//  --The cats jumped down and came to meet us.//  jump from/out of/onto etc sth//  --Three people saved themselves by jumping from the window.//\n  3 MOVE FAST:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move quickly or suddenly in a particular direction//   leap//  jump up/back/in etc//  --Matt jumped up to answer the phone.//  --We all jumped in a taxi.//  --She jumped to her feet and left.//\n  4 IN FEAR/SURPRISE:   [I] to make a quick sudden movement because you are surprised or frightened//  --Marcia jumped. ’What’s that noise?’//  --Sorry, I didn’t mean to make you jump  (=surprise or frighten you) .//  --Don’t shout. I nearly jumped out of my skin  (=was very shocked or frightened) !//\n  5 INCREASE:   [I] to increase or improve suddenly and by a large amount//  jump (from ...) to sth//  --Profits jumped to [hA124]2.6 million last year.//  --Norway jumped from ninth to third place.//\n  6 KEEP CHANGING:   [I and T] to change quickly and often from one idea, place, position etc to another - used to show disapproval//  jump from sth to sth//  --Cathy kept jumping from one topic to another.//  jump about/around (sth)//  --I’ve been jumping about the file instead of working straight through it.//\n  7 MISS A STAGE:   [I and T] to move suddenly to a further part of a book, discussion, leaving out the part in between//  --I’m afraid I jumped a couple of chapters.//  jump to//  --The movie suddenly jumped ahead to the future.//\n  8 MACHINE:   [I] if a machine or piece of equipment jumps, it moves suddenly because something is wrong with it//  --Why does the video keep jumping like this?//\n  9 ATTACK:   [T]  informal to attack someone suddenly//  --Somebody jumped him in the park last night.//\n  10  jump to conclusions:  to form an opinion about something before you have all the facts//  --There may be a simple explanation. Let’s not jump to conclusions.//\n  11  jump the gun:  to start doing something too soon, especially without thinking about it carefully//\n  12  jump for joy:  to be extremely happy and pleased//\n  13  jump down sb’s throat:   informal to suddenly speak angrily to someone//\n  14  jump the queue:   BrE to go in front of others who are already waiting in a line - used to show disapproval//    queue-jumping//\n  15  jump through hoops:  to do a series of things that are difficult or annoying, but that are necessary in order to achieve something//  --We had to jump through hoops to get our visas in time.//\n  16  jump ship:  a) to leave an organization that you are working for, especially in order to join another//  --The best employees jumped ship at the first opportunity.//  b) to leave a ship on which you are working as a sailor, without permission//\n  17  jump bail:  to leave a town, city, or country where a court of law has ordered you to stay until your trial1(1)//\n  18  jump to it!:   spoken used to order someone to do something immediately//\n  19  (go) jump in a lake!:   spoken used to rudely tell someone to go away//\n  20  jump the rails:   BrE jump the tracks  AmE if a train jumps the rails, it suddenly goes off the metal tracks it is moving along//\n  21  jump a light:   also  jump the lights//  to drive through red traffic lights without stopping//\n  22  jump a train:   especially AmE to travel on a train, especially a freight train, without paying//\n  23 CAR:   [T]  AmE to jump-start a car//\n  24 SEX:   [T]  spoken  not polite to have sex with someone//  jump at [jump at sth] phr v//  to eagerly accept the chance to do something//  --I jumped at the chance of a trip to Hong Kong.//  jump in phr v//  to interrupt someone or suddenly join a conversation//  --Lena quickly jumped in with a diverting remark.//  jump on [jump on sb] phr v//  to criticize or punish someone, especially unfairly//  jump on somebody for//  --He used to jump on me for every little mistake.//  jump out at [jump out at sb] phr v//  if something jumps out at you, it is extremely noticeable, often in a way you do not like//  --I don’t like jewellery that jumps out at you.//  ----------//  HINT sense 5 //  Do not say that an amount, level, price etc ’jumps up’. Say it jumps. //  ----------//\njump 2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 up:\n   2 down:\n   3 increase:\n   4 progress:\n   5 with a jump:\n   6 keep/stay etc a jump ahead (of somebody):\n   7 something you jump over:\n   8 get a jump on somebody/something:  ----------//\n  1 UP:  an act of pushing yourself suddenly up into the air using your legs//   leap//  --the best jump of the competition//  --a dancer famous for his impressive jumps//\n  2 DOWN:  an act of letting yourself drop from a place that is above the ground//  do/make a jump //  --Douglas made his first 10,000 foot parachute jump yesterday.//\n  3 INCREASE:  a sudden large increase in an amount or value//  jump in//  --a jump in inflation rates//\n  4 PROGRESS:   especially BrE a large or sudden change, especially one that improves things//  --The new law is a great jump forward for human rights.//\n  5  with a jump:   BrE if you wake, sit up etc with a jump, you do it very suddenly because you are surprised or shocked//  --She woke with a jump, hearing a noise downstairs.//\n  6  keep/stay etc a jump ahead (of sb):   BrE  informal to keep your advantage over the people you are competing with by always being the first to do or know something new//\n  7 SOMETHING YOU JUMP OVER:  a fence, gate, or wall that a person or horse has to jump over in a race or competition//  --Her horse cleared all the jumps in the first round.//\n  8  get a jump on sb/sth:   AmE  informal to gain an advantage, especially by doing something earlier than usual or earlier than someone else//  --I want to get a jump on my Christmas shopping.//    high jump,  long jump,  take a running jump at running2 (8),  ski jump,  triple jump//


Words: jump ball
Meaning:
n [C]   the act of throwing the ball up in a game of basketball, so that one player from each team can try to gain control of it//


Words: jump leads
Meaning:
n [plural]    BrE thick wires used to connect the batteries of two cars in order to start the car that has lost power//


Words: jump rope
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a long piece of rope that children use for jumping over//  British Equivalent:  skipping rope//  -- jump rope v  [I] //


Words: jump shot
Meaning:
n [C]   an action in basketball in which you throw the ball towards the basket as you jump in the air//


Words: jump-start
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1  also jump  AmE :  to start a car whose battery has lost power by connecting it to the battery of another car//\n  2 to help a process or activity to start or become more successful:  --Congress hopes the tax cut will jump-start the economy.//  -- jump start n  [C] //


Words: jump-up
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of popular music from the Caribbean with a strong, regular beat, or a party, event etc where this music is played//  -- jump-up kids  (=young people who like this type of music) //


Words: jumped-up
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE  informal   a jumped-up person thinks they are more important than they really are, because they have improved their social position//  --a jumped-up little bureaucrat//


Words: jumper
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  jump  ’loose coat’ (17-19 centuries), probably from  jupe  ’coat’ (13-19 centuries), from  Old French, from  Arabic jubbah]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  JUMP1]//\n  1  BrE a piece of clothing made of wool that covers the upper part of your body and arms:   sweater, pullover//\n  2  AmE a dress without sleeves usually worn over a shirt:  British Equivalent:  pinafore//\n  3 a person or animal that jumps:


Words: jumper cables
Meaning:
n [plural]    AmE thick wires used to connect the batteries of two cars in order to start the car that has lost power//


Words: jumping jack
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a jump that is done from a standing position with your arms and legs pointing out to the side//


Words: jumpsuit
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of clothing like a shirt and a pair of trousers joined together, worn especially by women//


Words: junction
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: junctio, from  jungere;   JOIN]//  a place where one road, track etc joins another//   intersection//  --the junction of Abbot Road and Mill Street//  --Junction 5 on the M40//


Words: juncture
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: junctura, from  jungere;   JOIN]//  a particular point in an activity or period of time//  -- At this juncture , I suggest we take a short break.//  --The talks are at a critical juncture  (=very important point) .//


Words: June
Meaning:
n [U and C]  written abbreviation Jun.   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: juin, from  Latin Junius, probably from the name of an ancient Roman family]//  the sixth month of the year, between May and July//  next/last June //  --I finished school last June.//  in June//  --My birthday is in June.//  on June 6th//  --We met on June 6th.//  on 6th June//   BrE //  --He resigned on 6th June.//  June 6//   AmE //  --The first round will be held June 6.//


Words: Jung
Meaning:
Carl Gustav   (1875-1961) a Swiss  psychiatrist who studied the importance of dreams and religion in problems of the mind, and divided people into two groups,  introverts and  extroverts. Jung developed the idea of the  collective unconscious, the belief that people’s feelings and reactions are often based on deep memories of human experience in the past. He worked with Sigmund  Freud until they had a serious disagreement.//  -- Jungian adj //  --Jungian analysis//


Words: jungle
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Hindi; Origin: jangal  ’forest’, from  Sanskrit jangala]//\n  1 [U and C] a thick tropical forest with many large plants growing very close together:  --the Amazon jungle//\n  2 [singular] a situation in which it is difficult to become successful or get what you want, especially because a lot of people are competing with each other:  --the media jungle//\n  3 [singular] something that is very untidy, complicated, or confusing:  jungle of//  --a jungle of freeways and highways//\n  4 [U] a type of very fast dance music:    concrete jungle,  law of the jungle at law(8)//


Words: Jungle Book
Meaning:
The   a book of stories by Rudyard  Kipling about a young boy called Mowgli who grows up in the jungle in India and is cared for by animals, such as Baloo the bear and Bagheera the  panther. It was made into a very popular  cartoon film by Walt  Disney in 1967.//


Words: jungle gym
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a large frame made of metal bars for children to climb on//  British Equivalent:  climbing frame//


Words: Junior
Meaning:
written abbreviation Jr.  AmE Jnr  BrE   used after the name of a man or boy who has the same name as his father//  --John F. Kennedy, Jr.//\njunior 1 W3 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: ’younger’, from  juvenis  ’young’]//\n  1 having a low rank in an organization or profession:  → senior//  --a junior doctor//  junior to//  --There are several people junior to me (=with a lower rank than me) .//\n  2 relating to sport for young people below a particular age:  --the junior football club//\n  3  BrE relating to a school for children below the age of 11:  --the junior classrooms//\n  4  AmE relating to the year before the final year of high school or college:  --the second semester of my junior year //    senior1 //\njunior 2 n \n  1  be two/five/ten etc years sb’s junior:   also  be sb’s junior by two/five/ten etc years//   written to be two, five, ten etc years younger than someone//  --She married a man seven years her junior.//\n  2 [C] a young person who takes part in sport for people below a particular age:  --The juniors use the courts on Tuesday night.//\n  3 [C]  especially BrE someone who has a low rank in an organization or profession:  --an office junior//\n  4 [C]  BrE a child who goes to a junior school:\n  5 [C]  AmE a student in the year before the final year of high school or college:    freshman,  senior2 (1),  sophomore//\n  6  Junior:   AmE  spoken a name used humorously when speaking to or about a boy or a younger man, especially your son//  --Where’s Junior?//


Words: junior college
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a college in the US or Canada where students take a course of study that continues for two years//   community college//


Words: junior high school
Meaning:
also junior high  n [U and C]   a school in the US and Canada for children aged between 12 and 14 or 15//    middle school(2),  senior high school//


Words: junior varsity
Meaning:
n [U and C]  AmE   JV a team of younger or less experienced sports players who represent a school or university//    varsity//


Words: juniper
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: juniperus]//  a small bush that produces purple berries that can be used in cooking//


Words: junk
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French jonc  ’reed’]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1500-1600; Language: Portuguese; Origin: junco, from  Javanese jon]//\n  1 [U] old or unwanted objects that have no use or value:  --This cupboard’s full of junk.//\n  2 [U]  junk food:\n  3 [C] a Chinese sailing boat:  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not use junk when you are talking about things such as empty packets, cans, and bottles that are left in a public place. Use litter: Don’t drop litter in the street. //  ----------//\njunk 2 v [T]   to get rid of something because it is old or useless//


Words: junk food
Meaning:
also junk  n [U]    informal food that is not healthy, for example because it contains a lot of fat, sugar etc//


Words: junk mail
Meaning:
n [U]   letters, especially advertisements, that are sent by organizations to large numbers of people - used to show disapproval//


Words: Junkers
Meaning:
a type of German military aircraft designed by Hugo Junkers (1859-1935) and used by the German air force in World War I and World War II//


Words: junket
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: junket  ’sweet food made from milk’ (15-21 centuries), from  Old North French jonquette  ’basket made from reeds’, from  jonc  ’reed’; because the food was made or served in such baskets]//  [C]  informal  especially AmE an expensive trip paid for by government money or by a business for people they employ - used to show disapproval//


Words: junkie
Meaning:
junky/d[hA360][hA356][hA26E]ki/ n [C]  informal \n  1 someone who takes dangerous drugs and is dependent on them:\n  2  a TV/sports etc junkie:  someone who likes something so much that they seem to be dependent on it - used humorously//  --a technology junkie//


Words: Juno
Meaning:
in Roman  mythology, the goddess of women and marriage. She was the wife of Jupiter. In Greek mythology her name is  Hera.//


Words: junta
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Spanish; Origin: junto  ’joined’, from  Latin jungere;   JOIN]//  a military government that has gained power by using force//


Words: Jupiter
Meaning:
n   the planet that is fifth in order from the sun and is the largest in the solar system//  --a space probe on its way to Jupiter//


Words: Jurassic Park
Meaning:
(1993) an exciting and frightening US film made by Steven  Spielberg, about  dinosaurs (=very large animals that lived on the Earth millions of years ago)  that have been made by scientists and put in a special park where people can go and see them. The dinosaurs escape and try to kill people.//


Words: juridical
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: juridicus, from  jus (  JUST2) +  dicere  ’to say’]//  relating to judges or the law//


Words: jurisdiction
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: jurisdictio, from  jus (  JUST2) +  dictio  ’act of saying’]//  the right to use an official power to make legal decisions, or the area where this right exists//  jurisdiction over somebody/something//  --The committee has jurisdiction over all tax measures.//


Words: jurisprudence
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: Latin jus (  JUST2) +  prudens  ’wise’]//  the science or study of law//


Words: jurist
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: juriste, from  Latin jus;   JUST2]//  someone who has a very detailed knowledge of law//


Words: jury
Meaning:
n   plural  juries  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: juree, from  Old French jurer  ’to swear’, from  Latin jus;   JUST2]//\n  1 a group of 12 ordinary people who listen to the details of a case in court and decide whether someone is guilty or not:  --the members of the jury //  --The jury found him not guilty.//  --the right to  trial by jury //  sit/serve on a jury (=be part of a jury) //\n  2 a group of people chosen to judge a competition:\n  3  the jury is (still) out on sth:  used to say that something has not been finally decided//  --Is it good value? The jury is still out on that.//    grand jury//


Words: just
Meaning:
adv \n  1 exactly:  --A good strong cup of coffee is just what I need right now.//  --The house was large and roomy; just right for us.//  --She looks just like her mother.//  --Just what do you think you’re trying to do?//  just on  BrE //  --It’s just on three o’clock.//  -- Just then  (=exactly at that moment) Mrs Robovitch appeared at the bedroom door.//  -- Just as  (=at the exact moment when) I opened the door, the telephone started to ring.//  --A nice hot bath - just the thing  (=exactly the right thing) to relax sore muscles.//\n  2 nothing more than the thing, amount, action etc that you are mentioning:   only//  --It’s nothing serious - just a small cut.//  --Don’t be too hard on him - he’s just a kid.//  --Can you wait just a few minutes?//  --It’s not just me - there are other people involved as well.//\n  3 only a short time ago:  --John’s just told me that he’s getting married.//  --I’ve just been out shopping.//\n  4 at this moment or at that moment:  --Wait a minute, I’m just coming.//  --He was just leaving when the phone rang.//  --I’m just finishing my homework - it won’t take long.//  --The concert was just about to start.//\n  5 used to emphasize what you are saying:  --It just isn’t true.//  --I just love being in the mountains.//  --It was just wonderful to see Joyce again.//  --I just wish I could believe you.//\n  6 only by a small amount, time, distance etc:  just before/after/over etc //  --We moved here just after our son was born.//  --I saw her just before she died.//  --It’s just under three centimetres long.//\n  7 used to show that something which happens almost does not happen:   barely, hardly//  --He just managed to get home before dark.//  --We could just see the coast of France in the distance.//  --Those pants only just fit you now.//  --She was earning just enough money to live on (=enough but not more than enough) .//\n  8  just about:  almost//  --The plums are just about ripe now.//  --Just about everybody will be affected by the tax increases.//\n  9  just as good/bad/big etc:  equally as good, bad, big etc//  --Brad is just as good as the others.//  --I love this country just as much as you do.//\n  10  just have to do sth:  used to say that someone has to do something because nothing else is possible//  --We’ll just have to watch and see what happens.//  --You just have to accept things and get on with your life.//\n  11  not just any:  used to emphasize that you are talking about a particular thing or person that is especially good or important//  --For the best results use olive oil. Not just any olive oil, mind - only the finest quality will do.//\n  12  would just as soon:  if you would just as soon do something, you would prefer to do it//  --I’d just as soon stay at home - I don’t really enjoy parties.//\n  13  may just/might just:  might possibly//  --You could try Renee. She might just know where they live now.//  --It may just have been a coincidence.//\n  14  not just yet:  not now, but probably soon//  --I can’t leave just yet. I’ve still got a couple of letters to write.//\n  15  just because ... it doesn’t mean:  used to say that although one thing is true, another thing is not necessarily true//  --Just because you’re older than me, it doesn’t mean you can tell me what to do.//\n  16  spoken  just a minute/second/moment:  a) used to ask someone to wait for a short time while you do something//  --Just a minute, I’ll see if I can find it for you.//  b) used to interrupt someone in order to ask them something, disagree with them etc//  --Just a minute! How do I know you’re not telling me a pack of lies?//\n  17  spoken :  a) used when politely asking something or telling someone to do something//  --Could I just say a few words before we start?//  --Would you just explain to us how the system works.//  b) used when firmly telling someone to do something//  --Look, just shut up for a minute!//  --Now, just listen to what I’m telling you.//\n  18  spoken  it’s just that:  used when explaining the reason for something, especially when someone thinks there is a different reason//  --No, I do like Chinese food, it’s just that I’m not hungry.//\n  19  spoken  just now:  a) a very short time ago//  --Where have my glasses gone? I had them just now.//  b)  especially BrE at this moment//  --We’re busy just now - can you come back later?//\n  20  spoken  just think/imagine/look:  used to tell someone to imagine or look at the same thing that you are imagining or looking at//  --Just think - in a week we’ll be lying on a beach in the sun!//\n  21  spoken  it’s/that’s just as well:  used to say that it is fortunate that something is true or happened because otherwise there would be problems//  --It’s just as well we’d prepared everything beforehand.//\n  22  spoken  isn’t she just/aren’t they just etc:   old-fashioned used to strongly agree with something someone has said about a person or thing//  --’He’s a selfish, rude, ignorant man!’ ’Isn’t he just!’//\n  23  spoken  just so:  a) with everything arranged neatly and tidily//  --Her house always has to be just so.//  b)  old-fashioned used to say yes or agree with something//  --’You should have beaten them, shouldn’t you?’ ’Just so.’//    just the same at same2 (3),  just in case at case1 (7),  just my luck at luck1 (12),  might just as well at might1 (9)//\njust 2 W3S3   adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: juste, from  Latin justus, from  jus  ’right, law’]//\n  1 morally right and fair:  --Henry sincerely believed that he was fighting a just war.//  --a just settlement//  --Charlemagne was respected as a just ruler.//\n  2 deserved by someone:  --a just reward for their loyal service//  --What would be a just punishment for such a crime?//  --I hope that he’s caught and gets his just deserts  (=is punished in the way he deserves) .//  -- justly adv //  --These men are criminals, but they must be dealt with justly.//  --an achievement of which we can be justly proud//


Words: Just William books
Meaning:
the   a series of humorous British books for children by Richmal  Crompton, the first of which was called  Just William (1922), about an English schoolboy called William Brown who likes to play tricks on adults and who always gets into trouble//


Words: just-in-time
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  technical   if goods are produced or bought using a just-in-time system, they are produced or bought just before they are needed so that the company does not have to store things for a long time//  --just-in-time manufacturing methods//


Words: justice
Meaning:
W2   n   ----------//\n   1 system of judgement:\n   2 fairness:\n   3 being right:\n   4 do justice to somebody/something:\n   5 do yourself justice:\n   6 justice has been done/served:\n   7 judge:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin justitia, from  justus;   JUST2]//\n  1 SYSTEM OF JUDGEMENT:   [U] the system by which people are judged in courts of law and criminals are punished//  --a book on the criminal justice system //  --The killers will be brought to justice  (=caught and punished) .//  --Acts of terrorism must not escape justice .//    miscarriage of justice//\n  2 FAIRNESS:   [U] fairness in the way people are treated//  → injustice//  --Children have a strong sense of justice .//  --His people came to him, demanding justice .//    poetic justice//\n  3 BEING RIGHT:   [U] the quality of being right and deserving fair treatment//  --No one doubts the justice of our cause.//\n  4  do justice to sb/sth:   also do sb/sth justice //  to treat or represent someone or something good, beautiful etc in a way that is as good as they deserve//  --The photo doesn’t do her justice.//  --No words can do justice to the experience.//\n  5  do yourself justice:  to do something such as a test well enough to show your real ability//  --Sara panicked in the exam and didn’t do herself justice.//\n  6  justice has been done/served:  used to say that someone has been treated fairly or has been given a punishment they deserve//\n  7 JUDGE:   [C]  also  Justice//  a)  AmE a judge in a law court//  b)  BrE the title of a judge in the High Court//    rough justice at rough1 (16)//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not use justice when you mean the laws of a country and the ways in which these laws operate. Use legal system: The jury plays an important role in the legal system. //  ----------//


Words: Justice of the Peace
Meaning:
n [C]   JP someone who judges less serious cases in small law courts and, in the US, can perform marriage ceremonies//


Words: justifiable
Meaning:
adj   actions, reactions, decisions etc that are justifiable are acceptable because they are done for good reasons//  --justifiable anger//  economically/commercially justifiable //  --Are these experiments morally justifiable?//  -- justifiably adv //


Words: justifiable homicide
Meaning:
n [U]  law   a situation in which you are not punished for killing someone, usually because you did it to defend yourself//


Words: justification
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a good and acceptable reason for doing something:  justification for (doing) sth//  --There is no justification for holding her in jail.//  --Hoggart felt, with some justification , that his colleagues had let him down.//\n  2  in justification (of sb/sth):  in order to explain why an idea or action is right//  --He made a speech in justification of his actions.//


Words: justified
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having an acceptable explanation or reason:  --In the Chief Constable’s view the use of force was fully justified .//  justified in doing sth//  --Under the circumstances, the principal was justified in expelling this student.//\n  2  right/left justified:   technical used to describe a page where the words form a straight edge on the right or left side of the page//


Words: justify
Meaning:
W3S2   v   past tense and past participle  justified present participle  justifying third person singular  justifies  [T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: justifier, from  Late Latin justificare, from  Latin justus;   JUST2]//\n  1 to give an acceptable explanation for something that other people think is unreasonable:  --Ministers must appear before parliament and justify their actions.//  justify doing sth//  --How can we justify spending so much money on arms?//  justify yourself//   (=prove that what you are doing is reasonable) //  --I don’t have to justify myself to you or anyone else.//\n  2 to be a good and acceptable reason for something:  --Nothing justifies murdering another human being.//\n  3  technical to arrange lines of words on a page or computer screen so that they form a straight edge on both the right and left sides:


Words: jut
Meaning:
v  also jut out   past tense and past participle  jutted present participle  jutting //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  JET2 ’to stick out’ (16-18 centuries)]//\n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition] something that juts out sticks out further than the other things around it:  --Tall jagged rocks jutted out over the beach.//\n  2 [T] if you jut your chin out, you move it so that it sticks forward:  --She jutted her chin out aggressively as she glowered back at him.//  -- jutting adj //  --jutting cliffs//


Words: jute
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Hindi; Origin:  and  Bengali jut]//  a natural substance that is used for making rope and rough cloth//


Words: Jutland
Meaning:
a  peninsula (=a long, thin area of land with sea on three sides)  in northern Europe belonging partly to Denmark and partly to Germany. The Battle of Jutland was fought between the British navy and German navy off the coast of Jutland in World War I.//


Words: juvenile
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: juvenilis, from  juvenis  ’young person’]//\n  1 [only before noun]  law relating to young people who are not yet adults:  --juvenile crime//  --a juvenile court//\n  2 silly and typical of a child rather than an adult - used to show disapproval:   childish//  --a very juvenile sense of humour//\n  3  technical juvenile birds or animals are young:  -- juvenile n  [C] //


Words: juxtapose
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  juxtaposition  (17-21 centuries), from  Latin juxta  ’near’ +  English position]//   formal to put things together, especially things that are not normally together, in order to compare them or to make something new//  juxtapose sth with sth//  --a style of decor that juxtaposes antiques with modern furniture//  -- juxtaposition/d[hA360][hA356]kst[hA353]p[hA353]z[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: K
Meaning:
k/ke[hA366]/ n   plural  K’s, k’s  [U and C] //  the 11th letter of the alphabet//\n\n  1  also  k:   informal an abbreviation of one thousand //  --a salary of [hA124]30k a year//\n  2 an abbreviation of kilobyte or kilobytes:\n  3  also  k:  a written abbreviation of kilometre or kilometres//  --a 20k international race walker//\n  4 the abbreviation of kelvin or kelvins:


Words: K through
Meaning:
2   in the US, the period of schooling from kindergarten through to grade 12 - the final year of high school//


Words: K2
Meaning:
also  Mount Godwin Austen   the second highest mountain in the world after Mount Everest, on the border between Kashmir and China//


Words: kabob
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Persian; Origin:  and  Hindi kabab, from  Arabic, from  Turkish kebap]//  an American spelling of kebab//


Words: kaffir
Meaning:
n [C]    taboo a very offensive word for a black person, used by white people in South Africa. Do not use this word.//


Words: Kafka
Meaning:
Franz   (1883-1924) a Czech writer who wrote in German, famous for his  novels such as The Trial and  The Castle, and his short stories such as  Metamorphosis, in which a man turns into a large and ugly insect. His stories deal with the struggle of ordinary people on their own against the state or large organizations. The word Kafkaesque is used to describe this type of experience, in which you feel that no one understands you and there is no way of escaping from an unpleasant situation.//


Words: Kahlo
Meaning:
Frida   (1907-54) a Mexican painter in the style of surrealism, who was the wife of the painter Diego Rivera//


Words: Kaiser
Meaning:
the   Wilhelm II, the King of Germany from 1888 to 1918. He was given the  nickname ’Kaiser Bill’ by the British in World War I.//


Words: Kalashnikov
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  M. T.  Kalashnikov, Russian inventor of the gun]//  a type of rifle (=long gun)  that can fire very quickly//


Words: kale
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Scottish English; Origin: Old English cal]//  a dark green vegetable with curled leaves//


Words: kaleidoscope
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: kalos  ’beautiful’ +  eidos  ’form’ +  English -scope (as in telescope)]//\n  1 a pattern, situation, or scene that is always changing and has many details or bright colours:  kaleidoscope of//  --a kaleidoscope of cultures//\n  2 a tube with mirrors and pieces of coloured glass at one end, which shows coloured patterns when you turn it:


Words: Kama Sutra
Meaning:
the   an ancient Hindu book about sex and love, famous for the many positions it describes for sexual acts//


Words: kamikaze
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Japanese; Origin: ’wind of god’]//\n  1  kamikaze pilot:  a pilot who deliberately crashes his plane on enemy camps, ships etc knowing he will be killed//\n  2 used to describe someone who is willing to take risks, without caring about their safety:  --kamikaze lorry drivers//


Words: Kane
Meaning:
Bob   (1915-1998) a US comic-book artist, who was the creator of Batman in 1939. Batman was so successful that by 1940 he had his own comic.//


Words: kangaroo
Meaning:
n [C]   pouch//  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  From an  Australian Aboriginal language]//  an Australian animal that moves by jumping and carries its babies in a pouch (=a special pocket of skin)  on its stomach//


Words: Kansas
Meaning:
1 KS a state in the  Great Plains area of the central US, which produces large amounts of wheat:\n  2  we’re not in Kansas any more:   AmE a line from the film ’The Wizard of Oz’, which people sometimes use humorously when they are in a strange or difficult situation//


Words: Kansas City
Meaning:
1 KC a city and port in west Missouri, USA. When people in the US mention Kansas City, they usually mean this city in Missouri.:\n  2 a city and port in northeast Kansas, USA:


Words: Kant
Meaning:
Immanuel   (1724-1804) a German  philosopher who believed that moral decisions must be based on reason, and whose most important book is the  Critique of Pure Reason. His works had great influence on 19th century philosophy.//


Words: kaolin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Gaoling, name of a hill in China where it was originally obtained]//  a type of white clay used in medicine//


Words: Kapital
Meaning:
Das   (1867) a book by Karl  Marx in which Marx explains his ideas about the  class struggle and about the way that  capitalism works. It had a great influence on the development of Communism.//


Words: kaput
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: French capot  ’having lost in a card game’]//   spoken broken//  --The TV’s gone kaput .//


Words: karaoke
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Japanese; Origin: kara  ’empty’ +  oke (from  okesutora  ’orchestra’, from  English orchestra)]//  [U] an activity that people do for entertainment, in which someone sings a popular song while a karaoke machine plays the music to the song//  --a karaoke bar//


Words: karate
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Japanese; Origin: ’empty hand’]//  a Japanese fighting sport, in which you use your feet and hands to hit and kick//    judo//


Words: Kariba Dam
Meaning:
the Kariba Dam//  one of the world’s biggest  dams (=a large wall built across a river or lake) , built across the Zambezi river in southern Africa//


Words: Karloff
Meaning:
Boris   (1887-1969) a British actor who worked in US  horror films (=films that are intended to make you feel frightened) , and who is especially famous for appearing as the  monster in the film  Frankenstein (1931)//


Words: karma
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Sanskrit; Origin: ’work’]//\n  1 the belief that all the good and bad things that you do in this life affect how good or bad your future lives will be, according to the Hindu and Buddhist religions:\n  2  informal the feeling that you get from a person, place, or action:  good/bad karma //  --The house had a lot of bad karma.//  -- karmic adj //


Words: Karnak
Meaning:
a village in Egypt where many  temples (=holy buildings)  of the  Pharaohs have been found, especially a very large and impressive temple built for the god Amon//


Words: Kashmir
Meaning:
an area of northwest India and northeast Pakistan. After India became independent in 1947, Kashmir was divided so that part of it now belongs to India, and part to Pakistan.//  -- Kashmiri n  adj //


Words: kayak
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Inuit; Origin: qajaq]//  a type of light boat, usually for one person, that is moved using a paddle//    canoe//


Words: Kazakhstan
Meaning:
a country in central Asia, between Russia and China, which was part of the former  Soviet Union, and is now an independent country. Population: 16,731,000 (2001). Capital: Almaty.//


Words: kazoo
Meaning:
n   plural  kazoos  [C] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  From the sound it makes]//  a simple musical instrument that you play by holding it to your lips and making sounds into it//


Words: KC
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   King’s Counsel the highest level of barrister (=lawyer who speaks in court)  in Britain when the ruler is a king//    QC//


Words: Keaton
Meaning:
Buster   (1896-1966) a US film actor who made many humorous  silent films (=films made with no sound) . He is famous for appearing as a character with a serious, sad face, who never smiles.//


Words: Keats
Meaning:
John   (1795-1821) a British poet and a leading figure in the  Romantic Movement. His most famous poems include  odes (=long poems expressing his feelings about a particular person or thing)  such as  To a Nightingale,  On a Grecian Urn, and  To Autumn. He died very young from  tuberculosis.//


Words: keel
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: kj[hA177]lr]//\n  1  on an even keel:  steady, without any sudden changes//  keep sth/get sth back on an even keel //  --Now that the crisis is over, we must try to get things back on an even keel.//\n  2 [C] a bar along the bottom of a boat that keeps it steady in the water:\nkeel 2 v   keel over phr v//  to fall over sideways//  --Several soldiers keeled over in the hot sun.//


Words: keelhaul
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to punish someone severely - often used humorously:\n  2 to pull someone under the keel of a ship with a rope as a punishment:


