# dict

Words: otherwise
Meaning:
adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] used when saying what bad thing will happen if something is not done:  --You’ll have to go now, otherwise you’ll miss your bus.//  --Put your coat on, otherwise you’ll get cold.//\n  2 [sentence adverb] used when saying what would have happened or might have happened if something else had not happened:  --We were delayed at the airport. Otherwise we would have been here by lunch time.//  --They got two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.//\n  3  say/think/decide etc otherwise:  to say, think, or decide something different//  --The government claims that the economy is improving, but this survey suggests otherwise.//  --A lot of people think otherwise.//\n  4 except for what has just been mentioned:  --He was tired but otherwise in good health.//  [sentence adverb] //  --I could hear the distant noise of traffic. Otherwise all was still.//  [+ adjective/adverb] //  --This spoiled an otherwise excellent piece of work.//  --Their arrival livened up an otherwise dull afternoon.//\n  5  or otherwise:   especially BrE used to refer to the opposite of what has just been mentioned//  --We welcome any comments from viewers, favourable or otherwise.//  --The truth or otherwise of this diagnosis would be revealed in the future.//\n  6  otherwise engaged:   formal busy doing something else//  --I’m afraid I will be otherwise engaged that day.//\n  7  otherwise known as:  also called//  --Albert DeSalvo, otherwise known as the Boston Strangler//\n  8  formal in a different way:  --people who smoke or otherwise abuse their bodies//\n  9  it cannot be otherwise/how can it be otherwise?:   formal used to say that it is impossible for something to be different from the way it is//  --Life in the military is hard - how can it be otherwise?//


Words: OTT
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   over-the-top remarks, behaviour etc that are OTT are so extreme or unreasonable that they seem stupid or offensive//


Words: Ottawa
Meaning:
the capital city of Canada, in the southeast of the country. One third of its people are French-speaking.//


Words: otter
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: otor]//  an animal with smooth brown fur that swims in rivers and eats fish//


Words: ottoman
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ottomane, from  ottoman  ’Turkish’, from  Arabic ’othmani, from  ’Othman  ’Osman’, first ruler of the Ottoman Empire]//  a piece of furniture like a large box with a soft top, used as a seat, for resting your feet on when you are sitting, or for storing things//


Words: Ottoman Empire
Meaning:
the   a large  empire, based in Turkey and with its capital in Istanbul, which also included large parts of Eastern Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It continued from the 13th century until after World War I, but it was most powerful in the 16th century, at the time of its most famous ruler,  Suleiman.//


Words: ouch
Meaning:
interjection   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Natural sound]//  a sound that you make when you feel sudden pain//  --Ouch! That hurt!//


Words: ought to
Meaning:
modal v   [Language: Old English; Origin: ahte, past tense of  agan;   OWE]//\n  1 used to say that someone should do something because it is the best or most sensible thing to do:   should//  --You really ought to quit smoking.//  --The company ought to be making changes in its marketing strategy.//  --What sort of crimes ought the police to concentrate on?//  --You were out enjoying yourself when you ought to have been studying.//\n  2 used to make a suggestion about something you think is a good idea, especially in a social situation:   should//  --We ought to get together some time soon.//  --You ought to meet him; he’s really nice.//  --We ought to get her some flowers for her birthday.//  --I ought to call Brian.//\n  3 used to say that someone should do something or something should happen, because it is morally right or fair:   should//  --You ought to be ashamed of yourself.//  --The courts ought to treat black and white defendants in exactly the same way.//  --Many people felt that America ought not to take part in the war.//\n  4 used to say that you think something will probably happen, is probably true etc:   should//  --He left two hours ago, so he ought to be there by now.//  --They ought to win - they’ve trained hard enough.//  --That ought to be enough potatoes for eight people.//  --New technology ought to make this easier.//


Words: oughta
Meaning:
modal v  informal   a way of saying ’ought to’ - used especially in writing to show how it is pronounced by some people//  --You oughta tell your mom.//


Words: Ouija board
Meaning:
n [C]  trademark   a board with letters and signs on it, which some people believe can be used to receive messages from dead people//


Words: ounce
Meaning:
S3   n [C]  written abbreviation oz   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: unce, from  Latin uncia  ’twelfth part, ounce’]//\n  1 a unit for measuring weight, equal to 28.35 grams. There are 16 ounces in a pound.:    fluid ounce//\n  2  an ounce of sense/truth/decency etc:  any sense, truth etc at all//  --If you had an ounce of sense you wouldn’t believe him!//\n  3  every (last) ounce of courage/energy/strength etc:  all the courage, energy etc that you have//  --Every ounce of attention was focused on our common goal.//\n  4  an ounce of prevention (is worth a pound of cure):  used to say that it is better to prevent a problem before it happens than to try to solve it after it has happened//\n  5  not an ounce of fat (on sb):  if there is not an ounce of fat on someone, they are thin and usually look healthy//


Words: our
Meaning:
determiner [possessive form of ’we’]   [Language: Old English; Origin: ure]//\n  1 belonging to or connected with us:  --a picture of our grandchildren//  --You can stay at our house.//  --We must preserve our natural environment.//  --We must each take responsibility for our own actions.//\n  2  spoken used to show that the person mentioned is your child, brother, or sister - used in northern England:  --Our Sharon did really well in her exams.//


Words: ours
Meaning:
S1   pron [possessive form of ’we’]   used to refer to something that belongs to or is connected with us//  --I’ll show you to your room. Ours is next door.//  --The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.//  --No, that’s not ours.//  of ours//  --The Thackers are friends of ours .//


Words: ourselves
Meaning:
pron \n  1 used by the person speaking to show that they and one or more other people are affected by their own action:  --We prepared ourselves for the long journey ahead.//  --It was strange seeing ourselves on television.//\n  2 :  a) used to emphasize ’we’ or ’us’//  --We built the house ourselves.//  --As parents ourselves, we understand the problem//  b) used after ’as’, ’like’, or ’except’ instead of ’us’//  --More help is needed for people like ourselves.//\n  3  (all) by ourselves:  a) alone//  --We weren’t supposed to play by ourselves near the pond.//  b) without help from anyone else//  --I knew that Tim and I wouldn’t be able to do the whole job by ourselves.//\n  4  (all) to ourselves:  without having to share something with any other people//  --We had the house to ourselves.//


Words: Ouse
Meaning:
the Ouse//  a)  also the Great Ouse //  a river in eastern England which begins in Northamptonshire and flows northeast to the  Wash//  b) a river in northeast England which flows southeast to the  Humber//


Words: oust
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: ouster, from  Latin obstare  ’to stand against, prevent’]//  to force someone out of a position of power, especially so that you can take their place//  oust sb from sth//  --The Communists were finally ousted from power.//


Words: ouster
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Anglo-French; Origin:  OUST]//  when someone is removed from a position of power or from a competition - used in news reports//  sb’s ouster/the ouster of sb//  --the ouster of the brutal dictatorship//


Words: out
Meaning:
adv   ----------//\n   1 from inside :\n   2 outside:\n   3 not at home:\n   4 distant place:\n   5 given to many people:\n   6 get rid of something:\n   7 not burning/shining:\n   8 sun/moon etc:\n   9 flowers:\n  10 completely/carefully:\n  11 not included:\n  12 come from something:\n  13 away from the edge of something:\n  14 not working:\n  15 product:\n  16 not in a situation:\n  17 having left an institution:\n  18 not fashionable:\n  19 not secret:\n  20 read/shout etc something out (loud):\n  21 unconscious:\n  22 none left:\n  23 before the day/year etc is out:\n  24 not correct :\n  25 be out for something/be out to do something:\n  26 not in power:\n  27 on strike:\n  28 homosexual:\n  29 not possible:\n  30 sea:\n  31 sport:\n  32 out with it!:\n  33 reason:\n  34 made of something:\n  35 how many of a group:\n  36 out of it:\n  37 out there:\n  38 out front:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ut]//\n  1 FROM INSIDE :  from inside an object, container, building, or place//  → in//  --She opened her suitcase and took out a pair of shoes.//  --Lock the door on your way out.//  --Charlotte went to the window and looked out.//  --Out you go! (=used to order someone to leave a room) //  out of//  --The keys must have fallen out of my pocket.//  --Get out of here!//  --Someone had torn several pages out of her diary.//  --I don’t think I’d have the courage to jump out of a plane.//  --All the roads out of the city were snowbound.//  out came/jumped etc //  --The egg cracked open and out came a baby chick.//\n  2 OUTSIDE:  not inside a building//   outside//  --Many of the homeless have been sleeping out for years.//  --Children were out playing in the snow.//  --Brrr, it’s cold out there.//\n  3 NOT AT HOME:  a) away from your home, office etc, especially for a short time//  → in//  --Did anyone call while I was out?//  --My parents are both out at the moment.//  --He went out at 11 o’clock.//  b) to or in a place that is not your home, in order to enjoy yourself//  --You should get out and meet people.//  --Let’s eat out tonight (=eat in a restaurant) .//  --At first he was too shy to ask her out.//  be/get out and about (=go to places where you can meet people) //  --Most teenagers would rather be out and about with their friends.//\n  4 DISTANT PLACE:  a) in or to a place that is far away or difficult to get to//  --He went out to New Zealand.//  --They’ve rented a farmhouse right out in the country.//  b) used to say how far away something is//  --The Astra Satellite is travelling some 23,000 miles out in space.//  out of//  --a little village about five miles out of Birmingham//\n  5 GIVEN TO MANY PEOPLE:  used to say that something is given to many people//  --The examination will start when all the question papers have been handed out.//  --Have you sent out the invitations yet?//\n  6 GET RID OF SOMETHING:  used to say that someone gets rid of something or makes it disappear//  --Have you thrown out yesterday’s paper?//  --Mother used washing soda to get the stains out.//\n  7 NOT BURNING/SHINING:  a fire or light that is out is no longer burning or shining//  --Turn the lights out when you go to bed.//  --The firefighters arrived, and within minutes the fire was out.//\n  8 SUN/MOON ETC:  if the sun, moon, or stars are out, they have appeared in the sky//  --When the sun came out, a rainbow formed in the sky.//\n  9 FLOWERS:  if the flowers on a plant are out, they have opened//  --It’s still February and already the primroses are out.//\n  10 COMPLETELY/CAREFULLY:  used to say that something is done carefully or completely//  --I spent all morning cleaning out the kitchen cupboards.//  --In the summer months the soil dries out quickly.//\n  11 NOT INCLUDED:  not included in a team, group, competition etc//  --The Welsh team was surprisingly knocked out in the semi finals.//  out of//  --Daniels will be out of the team until he recovers from his injury.//\n  12 COME FROM SOMETHING:  used to say where something comes from or is taken from//  out of//  --A lot of good music came out of the hippy culture in the 1960s.//  --The money is automatically taken out of your bank account every month.//\n  13 AWAY FROM THE EDGE OF SOMETHING:  away from the main part or edge of something//  --I swam out into the middle of the lake.//  --A long peninsula juts out into the sea.//  out of//  --She stuck her head out of the window to see what was happening.//\n  14 NOT WORKING:   especially AmE if a machine, piece of equipment etc is out, it is not working//  --I don’t believe it - the elevator’s out again!//    out of order at order1 (8)//\n  15 PRODUCT:  used to say that a product is available to be bought//  --Is the new Harry Potter book out yet?//  --Sony have brought out a new portable music system.//\n  16 NOT IN A SITUATION:  no longer in a particular state or situation//  out of//  --She’s not completely cured, but at least she’s out of danger.//  --This whole situation is getting out of control.//  --How long have you been out of work now?//  --Karen waved until the car was out of sight  (=too far away to be seen) .//\n  17 HAVING LEFT AN INSTITUTION:  a) having left the institution where you were//  out of//  --a kid just out of college//  --His wife isn’t out of hospital yet.//  b) no longer in prison//  --Once he was out, he returned to a life of crime.//\n  18 NOT FASHIONABLE:  no longer fashionable//  → in//  --You can’t wear that - maxi skirts have been out for years.//\n  19 NOT SECRET:  no longer a secret//  --Her secret was out.//  --The word’s out that Mel Gibson is in town.//  --Eventually the truth came out.//\n  20  read/shout etc sth out (loud):  to say something in a voice that is loud enough for others to hear//  --Someone called out my name.//  --We all listened as he read the statement out loud.//\n  21 UNCONSCIOUS:  not conscious//  --She fainted - she was out for about ten minutes.//  --How hard did you hit him? He’s out cold .//\n  22 NONE LEFT:  used to say that there is none of something left because you have used it all, sold it all etc//  --The album was sold out within minutes.//  out of//  --We’re out of milk.//  --They’ve run out of ideas.//\n  23  before the day/year etc is out:  before the day, year etc has ended//  --Don’t cry, I’ll be back before the week’s out.//\n  24 NOT CORRECT :  if a measurement, result etc is out, it is wrong because the numbers have not been calculated correctly//  --He was out in his calculations, so there was a lot of carpet left over.//  --The bill was out by over [hA124]10.//  --Their forecast was way out .//    not far off/out/wrong at far1 (2)//\n  25  be out for sth/be out to do sth:   informal to have a particular intention//  --Andrew’s just out for a good time.//  --I was convinced he was out to cheat me.//\n  26 NOT IN POWER:  used to say that someone, especially a political party, no longer has power or authority//  → in//  --It’s time we voted the Republicans out.//  out of//  --The party has been out of office for a long time.//\n  27 ON STRIKE:   BrE used to say that someone has stopped working as a way of protesting about something//  --The railway workers have come out in sympathy with the miners.//\n  28 HOMOSEXUAL:  if a homosexual is out, they have told people that they are homosexual//\n  29 NOT POSSIBLE:   spoken if a particular suggestion or activity is out, it is not possible//  --We don’t have enough money to rent a car, so that’s out.//\n  30 SEA:  when the tide is out, the sea by the shore is at its lowest level//  → in//  --You can walk across the sands when the tide is out.//\n  31 SPORT:  a) a player or team that is out in a game such as  cricket or baseball is no longer allowed to bat//  --Sussex were all out for 365.//  b) a ball that is out in a game such as tennis or  basketball is not in the area of play//  → in//\n  32  out with it!:   spoken used to tell someone to say something which they have been unwilling to say or have difficulty saying//  --OK, out with it! What really happened?//\n  33 REASON:  because of a particular feeling that you have//  out of//  --They obeyed him out of fear rather than respect.//  --Just out of curiosity, why did you take that job?//\n  34 MADE OF SOMETHING:  used to say what substance or materials a particular thing is made of//  out of//  --a tombstone carved out of black marble//  --toy boats made out of old tin cans//\n  35 HOW MANY OF A GROUP:  used to say how common something is, or how large a part of a group you are talking about//\n  9 out of 10/three out of four etc :  --Nine out of ten students pass the test first time.//  --Apparently they’ve lost three games out of seven already.//\n  36  out of it:   informal //  a) slightly unhappy because you feel different from the rest of a group of people and cannot share their fun, conversation etc//  --I felt a bit out of it because I was the only one who couldn’t speak French.//  b) unable to think clearly because you are tired or drunk, or have taken drugs//  --You were really out of it last night. What were you drinking?//\n  37  out there:  a) in a place that could be anywhere except here//  --My real father is out there and one day I plan to find him.//  b) where someone or something can be noticed by many people//  --Jerry Lewis is out there all the time raising money for disabled kids.//\n  38  out front:   especially AmE //  a) in front of something, especially a building, where everyone can see you//  --There’s a blue car out front.//  b) taking a leading position//  --As a civil rights leader, he was always out front.//  c)  informal very honest and direct//  --Molly is very out front in talking about her mistakes.//    out of your mind at mind1 (24),  out of the blue at blue2 (4),  out of luck at luck1 (10),  out of this world at world1 (15),  be out of the question at question1 (9),  out front at front1 (8),  out back at back2 (2),  out of sorts at sort1 (10)//  ----------//  word choiceout, outside, outdoors, out of doors //  If you are  out , you are away from a building, especially the place where you live or spend a lot of time : Debbie’s out. She’ll be back later. |  Why don’t we go out for the day? //  If you are  outside  a room or building, you are not in it but are close to it : Meet me outside the library. |  I sat on a chair outside his office. | You’ll have to wait outside in the corridor. //  When  outside  is an adverb, it can also mean ’not inside any building’ : It’s cold outside. //  Outdoors  or  out of doors  always mean ’not inside any building’ : We usually spend summers outdoors. |  I like weddings that are held out of doors. //  !!  Do not confuse  outdoors  (with an -s) and  outdoor  (without an -s).  Outdoors  is an adverb : I like playing outdoors.  Outdoor  is an adjective that can only be used before a noun : outdoor activities //  ----------//\nout 2 prep    informal  especially AmE from the inside to the outside of something - many teachers of British English consider it incorrect to use ’out’ as a preposition//  --Karen looked out the window at the back yard.//  --Get out the car and push with the rest of us!//\nout 3 v \n  1 [T usually passive] to publicly say that someone is homosexual when that person would prefer to keep it secret:  --Several gay politicians have been outed in recent months.//\n  2  murder/the truth etc will out!:  used to say that it is difficult to hide a murder, the truth etc//\nout 4 n \n  1 [singular] an excuse to avoid doing an activity or to avoid being blamed for something:  --I’m busy on Sunday, so that gives me an out.//\n  2 [C] an act of making a player in baseball lose the chance to score a point:\n  3  on the outs (with sb):   AmE  informal arguing or not agreeing with someone//  --Wilson is on the outs with his family because of his relationship with that woman.//    ins and outs//\nout 5 adj [not before noun] \n  1 no longer fashionable:  → in//  --You can’t wear that - maxi skirts have been out for years.//\n  2  especially AmE if a machine, piece of equipment etc is out, it is not working:  --I don’t believe it the elevator’s out again!//    be out of order at order1 (8)//


Words: out of doors
Meaning:
adv   outside, not in a building//   outdoors//  → indoors//  --The kids spent all their time out of doors. see usage note  out1 //


Words: out tray
Meaning:
n [C]   a box on an office desk where you put work and letters which are ready to be posted or put away//    in tray//


Words: out-
Meaning:
prefix \n  1 used to form nouns and adjectives from verbs that are followed by ’out’:  --an outbreak of flu (=from ’break out’) //  --outspoken comments (=from ’speak out’) //\n  2 [in nouns and adjectives] outside or beyond something:  --an outbuilding (=small building away from the main building) //  --outlying areas (=far from the centre) //\n  3 [in verbs] being or becoming bigger, further, greater etc than someone or something else:  --He’s outgrown his clothes (=become too big for them) .//  --She outlived her brother (=he died before her) .//\n  4 [in verbs] doing better than someone, so that you defeat them:  --I can out-argue you any day.//  --She outran him.//


Words: out-and-out
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   used to emphasize that someone is definitely a particular kind of person or thing//   complete//  --an out-and-out liar//


Words: out-of-body experience
Meaning:
n [C]   the feeling that you are outside your body and looking down on it from above, which people sometimes have when they are close to death//


Words: out-of-court settlement
Meaning:
n [C]   an agreement to end a legal argument, in which one side agrees to pay money to the other so that the problem is not brought to court//    settle sth out of court at court1 (1)//


Words: out-of-date
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if information is out-of-date, it is not recent and may no longer be correct:   outdated//  --The information in the tourist guide is already out-of-date.//\n  2 if something is out-of-date, it is no longer considered useful or effective, because something more modern exists:  --Their manufacturing methods are hopelessly out-of-date.//\n  3 an official document that is out-of-date cannot be used because the period of time for which it was effective has finished:  --an out-of-date passport//


Words: out-of-pocket expenses
Meaning:
n [plural]   small amounts of money that you have to spend as part of your job, and get back from your employer//


Words: out-of-the-way
Meaning:
adj  out of the way\n  1 an out-of-the-way place is in an area where there are few people:    remote//  --an out-of-the-way spot for a picnic//  --It’s a great little pub, but a bit out of the way.//\n  2  BrE unusual or strange:  --Her taste in music is a bit out-of-the-way.//


Words: out-of-town
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 to, from, or in another town:  --out-of-town visitors//\n  2  BrE on the edge of a town:  --out-of-town shopping centres//


Words: out-take
Meaning:
also  outtake AmE   n [C]   a piece of a film or television show that is removed before it is broadcast, especially because it contains a mistake//


Words: outage
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a period of time during which a service such as the electricity supply cannot be provided//  British Equivalent:  power cut//  --a power outage//


Words: outbid
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outbid present participle  outbidding  [T] //  to offer a higher price than someone else, especially at an auction//


Words: outbound
Meaning:
adj   moving away from you or away from a town, country etc//  → inbound//  --outbound traffic//  --the outbound flight//


Words: outbox out box
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the place in a computer email program where messages that you have not sent yet are stored:    inbox//\n  2  AmE a container on an office desk that is used to hold letters, documents etc that have been dealt with and are ready to be taken away by someone such as a secretary:  British Equivalent:  out tray//


Words: outbreak
Meaning:
n [C]   if there is an outbreak of fighting or disease in an area, it suddenly starts to happen//  --a cholera outbreak//  outbreak of//  --outbreaks of fighting//  --the outbreak of World War II//    break out at break1 //


Words: outburst
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 something you say suddenly that expresses a strong emotion, especially anger:  --He later apologized for his outburst.//  emotional/violent/angry outburst //  --his father’s violent outbursts of temper//  outburst of//  --an outburst of anger//\n  2 a sudden short increase in an activity:  outburst of//  --an outburst of creative energy//  --outbursts of violence//


Words: outcast
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is not accepted by the people they live among, or who has been forced out of their home//  --Smokers are often treated as social outcasts.//  -- outcast adj //


Words: outclass
Meaning:
v [T]   to be or do something much better than someone or something else//  --He won his next race, completely outclassing his rivals.//


Words: outcome
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc - used especially when no one knows what it will be until it actually happens//   result//  outcome of//  --the outcome of the election//  --People who had heard the evidence at the trial were surprised at the outcome.//


Words: outcry
Meaning:
n [>C usually singular, U]   an angry protest by a lot of ordinary people//  --The closure of the local hospital has caused a huge public outcry .//  outcry against/about/over//  --a national outcry about the lack of gun control laws//  outcry from//  --The proposed changes caused an angry outcry from residents.//


Words: outdated
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if something is outdated, it is no longer considered useful or effective, because something more modern exists:    old-fashioned//  --outdated teaching methods//  --a factory with outdated equipment//  --His writing style is now boring and outdated.//\n  2 outdated information is not recent and may no longer be correct:  --This estimate was made on the basis of outdated figures.//


Words: outdistance
Meaning:
v [T]   to run, ride etc faster than other people, especially in a race, so that you are far ahead//  --Lewis quickly outdistanced the other runners.//


Words: outdo
Meaning:
v   past tense  outdid /-d[hA366]d/past participle  outdone /-d[hA356]n/third person singular  outdoes /-d[hA356]z/ [T] //\n  1 to be better or more successful than someone else at doing something:  --When it comes to speed of response, a small firm can outdo a big company.//  outdo sb in sth//  --skaters trying to outdo each other in grace and speed//\n  2  not to be outdone:  in order not to let someone else do better or seem better than you//  --Not to be outdone, other computer manufacturers are also donating machines to schools.//


Words: outdoor
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] existing, happening, or used outside, not inside a building:  → indoor//  --a huge outdoor market//  --outdoor recreational activities//  --outdoor clothing//  --a healthy outdoor life//\n  2  outdoor type:  someone who enjoys camping, walking in the countryside etc//


Words: outdoors
Meaning:
adv   outside, not in a building//   out of doors//  → indoors//  --It’s warm enough to eat outdoors tonight.//  --He wants a job that will let him work outdoors.//   see usage note  out1 //\noutdoors 2 n   the (great) outdoors//  the countryside far away from buildings and cities//  --a woman with a taste for adventure in the great outdoors//


Words: outer
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: out]//\n  1 on the outside of something:  → inner//  --Remove the tough outer leaves before cooking.//\n  2 further from the centre of something:  → inner//  --the outer suburbs//\n  3 relating to objects, activities etc that are part of the world, as opposed to your own thoughts and feelings:  → inner//  --His inner conflict is related to struggles in the outer world.//


Words: Outer Hebrides
Meaning:
also the Western Isles   the Outer Hebrides//  a group of islands northwest of the  Inner Hebrides to the west of Scotland. The main islands are Lewis and Harris, North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula, and Barra. The main town, Stornoway, is on Lewis. Many people there still speak Scottish Gaelic, and the main industries are sheep farming and producing goods made of wool, especially  Harris tweed. The area attracts many tourists in summer. English people sometimes use this name to represent any place that is very far away from the places where most people live//  --You would have to be living in the Outer Hebrides not to have heard about Harry Potter.//


Words: outer space
Meaning:
n [U]   the space outside the Earth’s air, where the planets and stars are//  --creatures from outer space (=from another planet) //


Words: outfield
Meaning:
n   the outfield//  a) the part of a  cricket or baseball field furthest from the player who is batting//    infield//  b) the players in this part of the field//    infield//  -- outfielder n  [C] //


Words: outfit
Meaning:
S3   n [C] \n  1 a set of clothes worn together, especially for a special occasion:  --She bought a new outfit for the party.//  --a cowboy outfit//\n  2  informal a group of people who work together as a team or organization:  --My outfit was sent to Italy during the war.//  --a small advertising outfit in San Diego//\n  3  BrE a set of equipment that you need for a particular purpose or job:   kit//  --a tyre repair outfit//\noutfit 2   past tense and past participle  outfitted present participle  outfitting  v [T] //  to provide someone or something with a set of clothes or equipment, especially ones that are needed for a particular purpose//  outfit sb/sth with sth//  --a car outfitted with dual controls for driver training//  outfit sb in sth//  --Members outfit themselves in Civil War clothing.//


Words: outfitter
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE  old-fashioned a shop that sells men’s clothes:\n  2  AmE a shop that sells equipment for outdoor activities such as camping:


Words: outflank
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to gain an advantage over an opponent, especially in politics:  --The Tories found themselves outflanked by Labour on the issue of law and order.//\n  2 to go around the side of a group of enemies during a battle and attack them from behind:


Words: outflow
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 when money, goods etc leave a bank, country etc:  outflow of//  --the outflow of capital from the developed countries//\n  2 the flow of water or air from something:  outflow of//  --an outflow of gas escaping from the main duct//  --the outflow valve//


Words: outgoing
Meaning:
adj \n  1 someone who is outgoing likes to meet and talk to new people:  --We’re looking for someone with an outgoing personality.//\n  2  outgoing president/chancellor etc:  someone who will soon finish their time as president etc//\n  3 [only before noun] going out or leaving a place:  → incoming//  --the tray for outgoing mail//  --outgoing phone calls//


Words: outgoings
Meaning:
n [plural]  BrE   the money that you have to spend regularly, for example on rent or food//  --List all your outgoings for a month.//


Words: outgrow
Meaning:
v   past tense  outgrew /-gru[hA359]/past participle  outgrown /-gr[hA353][hA35E]n $ -gro[hA35E]n/ [T] //\n  1 to grow too big for something:   grow out of//  --They outgrow their clothes so quickly.//  --Harry outgrew his cot when he was about two.//\n  2 to no longer do or enjoy something that you used to do, because you have grown older and changed:  --Most children eventually outgrow a tendency toward travel sickness.//\n  3 if a business outgrows a building, it begins to have too many people or too much work to fit into the building:  --His furniture-making business soon outgrew his garage.//\n  4 to grow or increase faster than someone or something else:  --a population outgrowing its resources//


Words: outgrowth
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 something that develops from something else, as a natural result of it:  outgrowth of//  --Crime is often an outgrowth of poverty.//\n  2  technical something that grows out of something else:


Words: outhouse
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE a small building which is near to and belongs to a larger main building:   outbuilding//\n  2  AmE a small building over a hole in the ground that is used as a toilet, in a camping area or, in the past, behind a house:  British Equivalent:  privy//


Words: outing
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a short trip that a group of people take for pleasure:  a family/school etc outing //  --a class outing to the ballet//  outing to//  --an outing to the beach//  on an outing//  --They had gone on an outing to the pool for Robert’s birthday.//\n  2 [U and C] when someone publicly says that someone else is homosexual, when that person does not want anyone to know:


Words: outlandish
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: utlendisc, from  utland  ’foreign country’]//  strange and unusual//  --outlandish clothes//  --Her story seemed so outlandish.//


Words: outlast
Meaning:
v [T]   to continue to exist or be effective for a longer time than something else//  --Smith outlasted his rivals in the council to become leader in 1996.//  --A leather sofa will usually outlast a cloth one.//    outlive//


Words: outlaw
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: utlagi]//  to completely stop something by making it illegal//  --The bill would have outlawed several types of guns.//\noutlaw 2 n [C]   someone who has done something illegal, and who is hiding in order to avoid punishment - used especially about criminals in the past//


Words: outlay
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the amount of money that you have to spend in order to start a new business, activity etc//    expense, cost//  small/modest/considerable/large etc outlay //  --For a relatively small outlay, you can start a home hairdressing business.//  outlay on//  --House buyers usually have a large initial outlay on carpets and furniture.//


Words: outlet
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a way of expressing or getting rid of strong feelings:  outlet for//  --Is football a good outlet for men’s aggression?//  --an outlet for creativity//\n  2 :  a)  formal a shop, company, or organization through which products are sold//  --Benetton has retail outlets in every major European city.//  --a fast-food outlet//  b) a shop that sells things for less than the usual price, especially things from a particular company or things of a particular type//\n  3  AmE a place on a wall where you can connect electrical equipment to the supply of electricity:  British Equivalent:  power point//\n  4 a pipe or hole through which something such as a liquid or gas can flow out:  --a waste water outlet//


Words: outlet mall
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a shopping mall where clothes are sold for less than the usual price, often because they are no longer fashionable or are slightly damaged//


Words: outline
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the main ideas or facts about something, without the details:  --a research proposal outline//  outline of//  --an outline of world history//  broad/rough/general outline //  --a broad outline of the committee’s plans//  in outline//  --A debt reduction scheme was agreed in outline (=people agreed on its main points) //  --.//\n  2 [U and C] a line around the edge of something which shows its shape:  outline of//  --The outlines of animals were cut into the rock.//  --an outline map of Europe//  in outline//  --figures drawn in outline//\n  3 [C] a plan for a piece of writing in which each new idea or fact is separately written down:  --Always write an outline for your essays.//\noutline 2 v [T] \n  1 to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details:  --The new president outlined plans to deal with crime, drugs, and education.//\n  2 [usually passive] to show the edge of something, or draw around its edge, so that its shape is clear:  --a map with our property outlined in red//  --trees outlined against the sky//


Words: outlive
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to remain alive after someone else has died:  --She outlived her husband by twenty years.//\n  2 to continue to exist after something else has ended or disappeared:    outlast//  --Good books have a way of outliving those who want to ban them.//\n  3  outlive its/your usefulness:  to become no longer useful//  --The docks have outlived their usefulness.//


Words: outlook
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 your general attitude to life and the world:  outlook on//  --He’s got a good outlook on life .//  --Exercise will improve your looks and your outlook.//  positive/optimistic outlook //  --She still has an optimistic outlook for the future.//\n  2 [usually singular] what is expected to happen in the future:  outlook for//  --The outlook for the weekend is unsettled, with periods of heavy rain.//  --The outlook for sufferers from this disease is bleak.//  economic/financial/political etc outlook //  --a gloomy economic outlook in Western Europe//\n  3 a view from a particular place:  --a very pleasing outlook from the bedroom window//


Words: outlying
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   far from the centre of a city, town etc or from a main building//  --one of the outlying suburbs//


Words: outmanoeuvre
Meaning:
BrE  outmaneuver AmE   v [T]   to gain an advantage over someone by using cleverer or more skilful plans or methods//  --He believed he could outmanoeuvre and trap the English king.//


Words: outnumber
Meaning:
v [T]   to be more in number than another group//  --Flats outnumber houses in this area.//  --His troops were hopelessly outnumbered.//  outnumber sb/sth by sth//  --In nursing, women still outnumber men by four to one.//  vastly/greatly/heavily outnumber //  --Men in prison vastly outnumber women.//


Words: outpace
Meaning:
v [T]   to go faster, do better, or develop more quickly than someone or something else//  --Job openings were outpacing the supply of qualified workers.//


Words: outpatient
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who goes to a hospital for treatment but does not stay for the night//    inpatient//  --an outpatient clinic//  --a routine examination in outpatients  (=the outpatient department of a hospital) //


Words: outperform
Meaning:
v [T]   to be more successful than someone or something else//  --Stocks generally outperform other investments.//


Words: outplacement
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a service that a company provides to help its workers find new jobs when it cannot continue to employ them//


Words: outpost
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of buildings in a place far from cities or towns, usually established as a military camp or a place for trade//  --a remote outpost of the empire//


Words: outpouring
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an expression of strong feelings:  outpouring of//  --an outpouring of grief//\n  2 a lot of something that is produced suddenly:  outpouring of//  --an outpouring of creative energy//


Words: output
Meaning:
W2   n [U and C] \n  1 the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etc:    production//  --Output is up 30% on last year.//  manufacturing/industrial/agricultural etc output //  --Korea’s agricultural output//  output of//  --the world’s output of carbon dioxide//\n  2 the information produced by a computer:  → input//\n  3  technical the amount of electricity produced by a generator:\noutput 2   past tense and past participle  output present participle  outputting  v [T] //  if a computer outputs information, it produces it//


Words: outrage
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ’too great quantity’, from  outre  ’beyond, too much’; influenced in meaning by rage]//\n  1 [U] a feeling of great anger and shock:  --The response to the jury’s verdict was one of outrage.//  --a sense of moral outrage //  outrage at/over//  --environmentalists’ outrage at plans to develop the coastline//  public/popular outrage //  --The case generated public outrage.//\n  2 [C] an event that produces great anger and shock, especially because it is cruel or violent:  --bomb outrages in London//  --This is an outrage!//\noutrage 2 v [T usually passive]   to make someone feel very angry and shocked//  --Customers were outraged by the price increases.//


Words: outrageous
Meaning:
adj \n  1 very shocking and extremely unfair or offensive:  --outrageous prices//  --an outrageous attack on his policies//  it is outrageous (that)//  --It’s outrageous that the poor should pay such high taxes.//\n  2 extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking:  --an outrageous hairstyle//  --He says the most outrageous things.//  -- outrageously adv //


Words: outrank
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to have a higher rank than someone else in the same group:\n  2 to be more important than something else:


Words: outre
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  outrer  ’to go beyond limits’]//  strange, unusual, and slightly shocking//


Words: outreach
Meaning:
n [U]   when help, advice, or other services are provided for people who would not otherwise get these services easily//  outreach program/service/center etc //  --outreach centers for drug addicts//


Words: outride
Meaning:
v   past tense  outrode /-r[hA353][hA35E]d $ -ro[hA35E]d/past participle  outridden /-r[hA366]dn/ [T] //  to ride faster or further than someone else//


Words: outrider
Meaning:
n [C]   a guard or police officer who rides on a motorcycle or horse beside or in front of a vehicle in which an important person is travelling//


Words: outrigger
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a long piece of wood that is attached to the side of a boat, especially a canoe, to prevent it from turning over in the water:\n  2 a boat with an outrigger:


Words: outright
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 clear and direct:  --an outright refusal//  --an outright attack on his actions//\n  2 complete and total:  --an outright victory//  --an outright ban on the sale of tobacco//\n  3  the outright winner/victor:  someone who has definitely and easily won//\noutright 2   adv \n  1 clearly and directly, without trying to hide your feelings or intentions:  --If she asked me outright , I’d tell her.//\n  2 clearly and completely:  --She won outright.//  --They rejected the deal outright .//\n  3  buy/own sth outright:  to own something such as a house completely because you have paid the full price with your own money//\n  4 immediately and without any delay:  --The passenger was killed outright .//  --They fired her outright.//


Words: outrun
Meaning:
v   past tense  outran /-r[zB024]n/past participle  outrun present participle  outrunning  [T] //\n  1 to run faster or further than someone else:\n  2 to develop more quickly than something else:  --The company’s spending was outrunning its income.//


Words: outsell
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outsold /-s[hA353][hA35E]ld $ -so[hA35E]ld/ [T] //\n  1 to be sold in larger quantities than something else:  --It may outsell his previous novels.//\n  2 to sell more goods or products than a competitor:  --Australia now outsells the US in wines.//


Words: outset
Meaning:
n   at/from the outset//  at or from the beginning of an event or process//    set out//  --It was clear from the outset that there were going to be problems.//  --It’s better to get something in writing right at the outset.//  at/from the outset of//  --A person with higher qualifications can get a better paid job at the outset of their career.//


Words: outshine
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outshone /a[hA35E]t[hA35D][hA361]n $ -[hA35D]o[hA35E]n/ [T] //  to be better or more impressive than someone or something else//  --Several new players outshone the veterans.//


Words: outside
Meaning:
adv, prep \n  1 :  a) not inside a building//   outdoors//  → inside//  --When we got up, it was still dark outside.//  --Go and play outside. see usage note  out1 //  b) not inside a building or room but close to it//  --Could you wait outside please.//  --I’ll meet you outside the theatre at 2 o’clock.//  outside of//   AmE //  --Several people were standing in the hallway outside of his room.//  c) out of a building or room//  --We went outside to see what was happening.//  --I opened the door and looked outside.//\n  2 :  a) not in a particular city, country etc//  --She often travels outside the UK.//  b) close to a place, city etc but not in it//  --We camped a few miles outside the town.//  --Bolton is a mill town just outside Manchester.//  outside of//   AmE //  --Maritza, 19, lives in Everett, outside of Boston.//\n  3 beyond the limits or range of a situation, activity etc:  → within//    beyond//  --It’s outside my experience, I’m afraid.//  outside of//   especially AmE //  --children born outside of marriage//\n  4 if someone is outside a group of people, an organization etc, they do not belong to it:  --Few people outside the government realized what was happening.//  from outside (sth)//  --The university administrators ignored criticism from outside.//  --Management consultants were brought in from outside the company.//\n  5  outside of sb/sth:   informal  especially AmE apart from a particular person or thing//   except//  --Outside of love, the best thing you can give a child is attention.//  --I’m taking one big trip this summer, but outside of that I’ll be around.//\n  6 if the time that someone takes to do something, especially finish a race, is outside a particular time, it is greater than that time:  --He finished in 10 minutes 22.4 seconds, 4 seconds outside the record.//\noutside 2   adj [only before noun] \n  1 not inside a building:  → inside//  --We turned off the outside lights and went to bed.//  --The house will need a lot of outside repairs before we can sell it.//\n  2 involving people who do not belong to the same group or organization as you:  --Outside observers said the election was free and fair.//  --Consultants were brought in to provide some outside advice.//\n  3  the outside world:  the rest of the world//  --The city is largely cut off from the outside world.//  --computers linked by modems to the outside world//\n  4  outside interests/experiences etc:  interests, experiences etc that are not part of your work or studying//  --Children should be encouraged to take up outside interests, such as music or sport.//\n  5  an outside chance:  a very small possibility that something will happen//  --Ireland still have an outside chance of winning.//\n  6  outside line/call etc:  a telephone line or telephone call which is to or from someone who is not inside a particular building or organization//  --Dial ’9’ before the number when making outside calls.//\n  7  an outside figure/estimate etc:  a number or amount that is the largest something could possibly be//\n  8  the outside lane:   BrE the lane that is nearest the middle of the road//   fast lane//  → the inside lane//\noutside 3   n \n  1  the outside:  a) the part or surface of something that is furthest from the centre//  → inside//  the outside of//  --The outside of the house was painted white.//  b) the area around something such as a building, vehicle etc//  → inside//  from the outside//  --From the outside, it looked like any other big warehouse.//  c) someone who is on or from the outside is not involved in an activity or does not belong to a particular group, organization etc//  → inside//  from the outside//  --Influences from the outside can undermine the values you want to teach your children.//  on the outside//  --To anyone on the outside, our marriage seemed perfect.//\n  2  on the outside:  a) used to describe the way someone appears to be or to behave//  --Ken was furious, but forced himself to appear calm on the outside.//  b) not in prison//  --Life on the outside was not as easy as he’d first thought.//  c)  BrE if a car passes another car on the outside, it passes on the driver’s side//\n  3  at the (very) outside:  used to say that a particular number or amount is the largest something could possibly be, and it might be less//   at the most//  --It’s only a 20-minute walk, half an hour at the outside.//


Words: outsider
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is not accepted as a member of a particular social group:    insider//  --I’m an outsider, the only foreign woman in the group.//  to an outsider//  --To an outsider, the system seems complex and confusing.//\n  2 someone who does not belong to a particular company or organization or who is not involved in a particular activity:    insider//  --a political outsider who is running for governor//\n  3 someone who does not seem to have much chance of winning a race or competition:  rank outsider  BrE //  --Last year he was a rank outsider for the title.//


Words: outsize
Meaning:
1 larger than normal:  --a woman in outsize glasses//\n  2 made for people who are very large or fat:  --outsize clothes//


Words: outskirts
Meaning:
n [plural]   the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre//  on the outskirts (of sth)//  --They live on the outskirts of Paris.//


Words: outsmart
Meaning:
v [T]   to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or your intelligence//   outwit//  --The older kids outsmart the young ones when trading cards.//


Words: outsourcing
Meaning:
n [U]   when a company uses workers from outside the company to do a job//  --the outsourcing of the marketing to a specialist firm//  -- outsource v  [T] //


Words: outspend
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outspent /-spent/ [T] //  to spend more money than another person or organization//  --In the Senate race, the Republican outspent his rival by nearly $2 million.//


Words: outspoken
Meaning:
adj   expressing your opinions honestly and directly, even when doing this might annoy some people//  --an outspoken critic of the education reforms//  -- outspokenly adv //  -- outspokenness n  [U] //


Words: outspread
Meaning:
adj   spread out flat or completely//  --He was lying on the beach with arms outspread.//  --a bird with its wings outspread//


Words: outstanding
Meaning:
W3   adj \n  1 extremely good:  --an outstanding example of a 13th century castle//  --an outstanding success//  --His performance was outstanding.//\n  2 not yet done, solved, or paid:  --We’ve got quite a few debts still outstanding.//  --an outstanding issue//\n  3 very great or clear:  --The question of who is in charge is of outstanding importance.//


Words: outstandingly
Meaning:
adv   extremely well//  --He played outstandingly.//  --She performed outstandingly well in her examinations.//  --an outstandingly talented musician//


Words: outstretched
Meaning:
adj   stretched out to full length//  outstretched arms/hands/fingers //  --She ran to meet them with outstretched arms.//


Words: outstrip
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outstripped present participle  outstripping  [T] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: strip  ’to move fast’ (15-18 centuries)]//\n  1 to do something better than someone else or be more successful:  --We outstripped all our competitors in sales last year.//\n  2 to be greater in quantity than something else:  --Demand for new aircraft production is outstripping supply.//\n  3 to run or move faster than someone or something else:  --Speeding at 90 mph, Denny outstripped police cars for an hour.//


Words: outta
Meaning:
prep  AmE  informal   used in writing to represent the spoken form ’out of’//  --I’ve got to get outta here.//


Words: outvote
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   to defeat a person by winning more votes than them//  --France was outvoted on that issue.//


Words: outward
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] relating to how a person or situation seems to be, rather than how it really is:  → inward//  --The economy and outward appearance of the area have changed considerably.//  --His clenched fist was the only outward sign of his anger.//\n  2  outward journey/voyage etc:  a journey in which you are travelling away from home//\n  3 [only before noun] directed towards the outside or away from a place:  --the outward flow of oil//


Words: Outward Bound
Meaning:
trademark   an educational organization that provides adventure programmes and team activities for schoolchildren and adults, who are taught skills such as how to live outside in wild areas of land. These programmes and activities aim to develop qualities such as leadership, courage, and respect for the environment.//


Words: outwardly
Meaning:
adv   according to the way people or things seem//  → inwardly//  --Calvin remained outwardly calm, but inside he was very angry.//  --Outwardly, at least, he was an optimist.//


Words: outwards
Meaning:
adv  also outward  AmE   towards the outside or away from the centre of something//  → inwards//  --The door opens outwards.//  facing/looking/spreading etc outwards //  --Stand with your elbows pointing outwards.//


Words: outweigh
Meaning:
v [T]   to be more important or valuable than something else//  --The benefits of the scheme outweigh the disadvantages.//


Words: outwit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  outwitted present participle  outwitting  [T] //  to gain an advantage over someone using tricks or clever plans//  --a wolf that had outwitted hunters for years//


Words: outworn
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   old-fashioned, and no longer useful or important//    worn out//  --outworn traditions//


Words: ouzo
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Greek]//  a Greek alcoholic drink that is drunk with water//


Words: oval
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: ovalis, from  Latin ovum;   OVUM]//  a shape like a circle, but wider in one direction than the other//  -- oval adj //  --an oval mirror//


Words: ovary
Meaning:
n   plural  ovaries  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: ovarium, from  Latin ovum;   OVUM]//\n  1 the part of a female that produces eggs:\n  2 the part of a female plant that produces seeds:


Words: ovation
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ovatio, from  ovare  ’to show great happiness’]//  if a group of people give someone an ovation, they clap to show approval//  --The Chancellor’s entrance was greeted with a standing ovation  (=everyone stood up) .//  --Fans gave the rock group a thunderous ovation. //


Words: oven
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   burner, oven, hotplate, timer//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ofen]//\n  1 a piece of equipment that food is cooked inside, shaped like a metal box with a door on the front:    cooker, stove//  --Preheat the oven to 200 degrees C.//  --Press the mixture onto the bread and bake in a hot oven for 10 minutes.//\n  2  like an oven:   informal uncomfortably hot//    have a bun in the oven at bun(5)//


Words: oven-ready
Meaning:
adj  BrE   oven-ready food is already prepared when you buy it, so you only have to cook it//  --a five-pound oven-ready turkey//


Words: over
Meaning:
prep   ----------//\n   1 above:\n   2 covering:\n   3 across:\n   4 on the other side:\n   5 down from something :\n   6 in many parts of something:\n   7 no longer affected:\n   8 more than:\n   9 during:\n  10 concerning:\n  11 controlling:\n  12 better:\n  13 by telephone/radio:\n  14 over and above:\n  15 louder than something:\n  16 preferring:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ofer]//\n  1 ABOVE:  above or higher than something, without touching it//  → under//  --A lamp hung over the table.//  --She leaned over the desk to answer the phone.//  --The sign over the door said ’Mind your head’.//  --We watched a helicopter flying low over the harbour.//\n  2 COVERING:  on something or covering it//  → under//  --Over the body lay a thin white sheet.//  --She wore a large jacket over her sweater.//  --Mind you don’t spill coffee over my best tablecloth.//\n  3 ACROSS:  from one side of something to the other side of it//  --Somehow the sheep had jumped over the fence.//  --The road over the mountains is steep and dangerous.//  --a bridge over the River Thames//  --Their house has a magnificent view over the bay.//\n  4 ON THE OTHER SIDE:  on the opposite side of something from where you already are//  --There’s a bus stop just over the road.//  --They live over the river in Richmond.//\n  5 DOWN FROM SOMETHING :  down from the edge of something//  --The car plunged over a cliff.//\n  6 IN MANY PARTS OF SOMETHING:  in or to many parts of a particular place, organization, or thing//  --He used to wander over the moors, losing all track of time.//  all over (sth) (=in every part) //  --They said they had cleaned up but there were bottles all over the place.//  --Scientists from all over the world gather here.//\n  7 NO LONGER AFFECTED:  if you are over an illness or a bad experience or situation, you are no longer affected by it//    recover//  --I think we’re over the worst of the crisis now.//  --He had a fever last night, but he seems to be over it now.//  --Sybil has never got over the shock of her mother’s death.//  --I’m over him now (=I am no longer in love with him) .//\n  8 MORE THAN:  more than a particular number, amount, or level//  → under//  --The Japanese were producing over 100 million tons of steel.//  --toys suitable for children over the age of three//  --drivers who go over the speed limit//  the over-30s/50s etc (=people who are more than a particular age) //  --a social club for the over-60s//\n  9 DURING:  during//  --Will you be home over the summer vacation?//  --Over a period of ten years he stole a million pounds from the company.//  --Can we talk about this over dinner? see usage note  since//\n  10 CONCERNING:  about a particular subject, person or thing//  --He’s having problems over his income tax.//  --a row over public expenditure//  --There is concern over the bad image of the legal profession.//\n  11 CONTROLLING:  in control of or influencing someone or something//  --Genghiz ruled over an empire that stretched from Persia across to China.//  --She had great personal influence and power over her followers.//\n  12 BETTER:  used to say that someone or something is more successful or better than someone or something else//  --Ipswich’s 3-1 win over Manchester City//  --Can Labour maintain its lead over the Conservatives?//  --It has one great advantage over its rivals.//\n  13 BY TELEPHONE/RADIO:  using something such as a telephone or radio//  --I don’t want to talk about this over the telephone.//  --I heard the news over the radio.//\n  14  over and above:  in addition to something//  --He gets a travel allowance over and above his existing salary.//\n  15 LOUDER THAN SOMETHING:  making a sound louder than another sound//  --’What?’ he yelled over the noise of the engine and the wind.//\n  16 PREFERRING:  if you choose one thing over another, you choose that thing rather than the other//  --What is your main reason for choosing one restaurant over another?//\nover 2 adv, adj   ----------//\n   1 falling down:\n   2 bending/folding:\n   3 across:\n   4 in or to a place:\n   5 finished:\n   6 to the side:\n   7 giving:\n   8 changing:\n   9 turning:\n  10 more than:\n  11 very/too:\n  12 remaining:\n  13 covered:\n  14 above:\n  15 talking/thinking/reading:\n  16 again:\n  17 over and over (again):\n  18 twice over/three times over etc:\n  19 all over again:\n  20 over to somebody:\n  21 radio message:\n  22 over against something:  ----------//\n  1 FALLING DOWN:  from an upright position into a position of lying on a surface//  --He was so drunk he fell over in the road.//  --Mind you don’t knock the candle over.//  --Engineers are working to prevent the tower from toppling over.//\n  2 BENDING/FOLDING:  so that someone or something is no longer straight or flat, but is bent or folded in the middle//  --As Sheila bent over, a sudden pain shot up her back.//  --He folded the paper over and put it in his pocket.//\n  3 ACROSS:  a) from one side of an object, space, or area to the other side//  --There are only three canoes so some people will have to swim over.//  --The wall was crumbling where children had climbed over.//  --I went over (=crossed the room, street etc) to say hello, but Vincent didn’t recognize me.//  over to//  --We flew over to the US to visit my Aunt Polly.//  over from//  --One of my cousins is coming over from France with his wife and daughter.//  --Come over here and see what I’ve found.//  b) in a place that is on the other side of a space or area//  --Bill lives over on the other side of town.//  --She was standing over by the window.//  --Do you see that building over there? //\n  4 IN OR TO A PLACE:  in or to a particular house, city etc//  --You really should come over and see our new house.//  --I spent the whole day over at Gabby’s place.//  --We could drive over to Oxford this afternoon.//\n  5 FINISHED:  if an event or period of time is over, it has finished//  --Is the meeting over yet?//  over (and done) with (=used about something unpleasant) //  --I’m so glad the mid-term exams are over and done with.//  --You’d better give them the bad news. Do it now - get it over with.//\n  6 TO THE SIDE:  towards one side//  --The bus pulled over to the side of the road.//  --Would you move over, so I can sit next to you.//\n  7 GIVING:  from one person or group to another//  --The attacker was ordered to hand over his weapon.//  --Most of the money has been signed over to his children.//\n  8 CHANGING:  from one position or system to another//  --The guards change over at midnight.//  --We switched over from electricity to gas because it was cheaper.//\n  9 TURNING:  so that the bottom or the other side of something can now be seen//  --Turn the box over and open it at that end.//  --Josh rolled over and went back to sleep.//\n  10 MORE THAN:  more than or higher than a particular number, amount, or level//  → under//  --Almost 40% of women are size 14 or over .//  --People earning [hA124]33,000 and over will pay the higher rate of tax.//\n  11 VERY/TOO:  used before an adjective or adverb to mean ’very’ or ’too’//  --She didn’t seem over pleased when I asked her to wait.//  --Perhaps we were all over enthusiastic about the project.//\n  12 REMAINING:  an amount of something that is over is what remains after some of it has been used//  --There should be some money over when I’ve paid all the bills.//  --There was a little food left over from the party.//\n  13 COVERED:  used to show that something is completely covered with a substance or material//  --Most of the windows have been boarded over.//  --Parts of the river were iced over.//  over with//  --The door had been painted over with a bright red varnish.//\n  14 ABOVE:  above someone or something//  --We stood on the roof watching the planes fly over.//\n  15 TALKING/THINKING/READING:  in a detailed and careful way//  --After talking it over with my wife, I’ve decided to retire.//  --I’ll need time to read the contract over before I sign.//  --Think it over carefully before you make a decision.//\n  16 AGAIN:   AmE if you start or do something over, you do it again//  --I got mixed up and had to start over.//\n  17  over and over (again):  many times//  --The way to learn the script is to say it to yourself over and over again.//\n  18  twice over/three times over etc:  a) used to say how many times the same thing happens//  --He sings each song twice over.//  --The pattern is repeated many times over.//  b) used to say by how much an amount is multiplied//  --Trade between the two countries has increased five times over.//\n  19  all over again:  used to emphasize that you do the whole of something again from the beginning, or that the same thing happens again//  --Their first plan had gone wrong, so they had to start all over again.//  --We had quarrelled about the money before, and now it was happening all over again.//\n  20  over to sb:  used to say that it is now someone else’s turn to do something, to speak etc//  --I’ve done my best. Now it’s over to the professionals.//\n  21 RADIO MESSAGE:   spoken used when communicating by radio to show that you have finished speaking//  --Are you hearing me loud and clear? Over.//\n  22  over against sth:   formal used to say what something is compared to or preferred to//  --The Celtic Church maintained the Greek calendar over against that of Rome.//\nover 3 n [C]   the period of time in the game of cricket during which six or eight balls are thrown by the same bowler in one direction//


Words: over-
Meaning:
prefix \n  1 too much:  --overpopulation//  --overcooked vegetables//  --overweight//\n  2 above; beyond; across:  --overhanging branches//  --overhead telephone wires//  --the overland route (=not by sea or air) //\n  3 outer:  --an overcoat//\n  4 additional:  --We were working overtime. (=working beyond the usual time) //


Words: over-achiever
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who works very hard to be successful, and is very unhappy if they do not achieve everything they want to//  → underachiever//


Words: over-age
Meaning:
adj   too old for a particular purpose or activity//  → under-age//  --Leyton was over-age for recruitment into the army.//


Words: over-exposure
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 when too much light,  radiation etc reaches someone’s skin, a photographic film etc and is harmful:\n  2 when someone receives too much attention from television, the newspapers etc:


Words: over-optimistic
Meaning:
adj   expecting that things will be better than is possible or likely//  --over-optimistic forecasts of economic growth//


Words: over-the-counter
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription (=a written order)  from a doctor:\n  2  AmE OTC over-the-counter business shares are ones that do not appear on an official stock exchange list:


Words: over-the-top
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   OTT remarks, behaviour etc that are over-the-top are so extreme or unreasonable that they seem stupid or offensive//  --It’s a bit over-the-top to call him a fascist.//


Words: overact
Meaning:
v [I]   to act in a play with too much emotion or movement - used to show disapproval//  -- overacting n  [U] //


Words: overactive
Meaning:
adj   too active, in a way that produces a bad result//  → underactive//  --an overactive thyroid gland//  --Such fears are nothing more than the product of an overactive imagination .//


Words: overall
Meaning:
W2S3   adj [only before noun]   considering or including everything//  --The overall cost of the exhibition was [hA124]400,000.//  --The overall result is an increase in population.//  --An overall winner and a runner-up were chosen.//  --We don’t want all the details now, just the overall picture.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’in the overall’ or ’on the overall’. Say on the whole: In spite of the film’s many faults, on the whole it’s worth seeing. //  ----------//\noverall 2 adv \n  1 considering or including everything:  --Williams came fifth overall.//  --What will it cost, overall?//\n  2 [sentence adverb] generally:  --Overall, prices are still rising.//\noverall 3   n \n  1 [C]  BrE a loose-fitting piece of clothing like a coat, that is worn over clothes to protect them:\n  2  overalls [plural]  AmE heavy cotton trousers with a piece covering your chest, held up by pieces of cloth that go over your shoulders:  British Equivalent:  dungarees//\n  3  overalls [plural]  BrE a piece of clothing like a shirt and trousers in one piece that is worn over other clothes to protect them:  American Equivalent:  coveralls//


Words: overall majority
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1 more votes than all the other political parties together:  --The Conservatives had a huge overall majority in the House of Commons.//\n  2 the difference between the number of votes gained by the winning party and the total votes gained by all the other parties:  --an overall majority of 28//


Words: overarching
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   including or influencing every part of something//  --The crisis gave an overarching justification to the government’s policy.//


Words: overarm
Meaning:
adj, adv  especially BrE   an overarm throw in a sport is when you throw the ball with your arm high above your shoulder//    underarm//


Words: overawe
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   to make someone feel respect or fear, so that they are nervous or unable to say or do anything//  --He was totally overawed by his father.//  -- overawed adj //


Words: overbalance
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1  BrE to fall over or nearly fall over because you lose balance:\n  2  AmE  outweigh:


Words: overbear
Meaning:
v   past tense  overbore /-b[hA350][hA359] $ -b[hA350][hA359]r/past participle  overborne /-b[hA350][hA359]n $ -b[hA350][hA359]rn/ [T usually passive] //  to defeat someone or something//  --She is independent-minded enough not to be easily overborne by her husband.//


Words: overbearing
Meaning:
adj   always trying to control other people without considering their wishes or feelings//   domineering//  --a bossy, overbearing wife//


Words: overbid
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overbid present participle  overbidding //\n  1 [I + for] to offer too high a price for something, especially at an auction:\n  2 [I and T] to offer more than the value of your cards in a card game such as bridge:


Words: overblown
Meaning:
adj   made to seem greater or more impressive than something really is//   exaggerated//  --He’s not really a scientist; he’s just an overblown technician.//


Words: overboard
Meaning:
adv \n  1 over the side of a ship or boat into the water:  --One of the crew fell overboard and drowned.//  --Man overboard! (=said when someone falls off a boat) //\n  2  go overboard:  to do or say something that is too extreme for a particular situation//  --I hope politicians will not go overboard in trying to control the press.//\n  3  throw sth overboard:  to get rid of an idea, system etc that is considered to be useless or unnecessary//


Words: overbook
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to sell more tickets for a theatre, plane etc than there are seats available//  --overbooked hotels//


Words: overburden
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   to give an organization, person, or system more work or problems than they can deal with//  --Health services have been overburdened and are unable to care for many older people.//  --a manager overburdened with work//


Words: overcast
Meaning:
adj   dark with clouds//  --a chilly overcast day//  --The sky was overcast and a light rain began to fall.//


Words: overcharge
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to charge someone too much money for something:  → undercharge//  --They were being overcharged for cheap beer.//\n  2 [T] to put too much power into a battery or electrical system:


Words: overcome
Meaning:
W3S3   v   past tense  overcame /-ke[hA366]m/past participle  overcome  [T] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: ofercuman]//\n  1 to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents you from achieving something:  --He struggled to overcome his shyness.//  --Her financial problems could no longer be overcome.//\n  2 [usually passive] if smoke or gas overcomes someone, they become extremely sick or unconscious because they breathe it:  --The engineer was working on the freezer when he was overcome by gas.//\n  3 if an emotion overcomes someone, they cannot behave normally because they feel the emotion so strongly:  overcome with//  --Charles was overcome with grief.//\n  4 to fight and win against someone or something:  --Australia overcame the Netherlands 2-1.//


Words: overcompensate
Meaning:
v [I]   to try to correct a weakness or mistake by doing too much of the opposite thing//  overcompensate for//  --Zoe overcompensates for her shyness by talking a lot.//  -- overcompensation/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]k[hA361]mp[hA353]nse[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n, -pen- $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]rk[hA35A][hA359]m-/ n  [U] //


Words: overcrowded
Meaning:
adj   filled with too many people or things//  --Staff had to work in overcrowded conditions .//  --overcrowded housing//


Words: overcrowding
Meaning:
n [U]   when there are too many people or things in one place//  relieve/ease/reduce overcrowding //  --There are plans to relieve overcrowding in the village.//  --the prison’s chronic overcrowding problem//


Words: overdeveloped
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if a city or area is overdeveloped, too many houses, buildings, roads etc have been built there:  --an overdeveloped country//\n  2 too great or large:  --You have an overdeveloped sense of duty.//


Words: overdo
Meaning:
v   past tense  overdid /-d[hA366]d/past participle  overdone /-d[hA356]n/third person singular  overdoes /-d[hA356]z/ [T] //\n  1 to do something more than is suitable or natural:  --Analysts believe that worries about the economy are overdone.//  --Use a few drawings and photographs, but don’t overdo it .//\n  2  overdo it:  to work too hard or be too active so that you become tired//  --You mustn’t overdo it - if you’ re tired, just sit down and start again.//\n  3 to use too much of something:  --I think I overdid the salt.//


Words: overdose
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 too much of a drug taken at one time:  overdose of//  --a massive overdose of heroin//  --She took an overdose and died two days later.//\n  2 too much of something, especially something harmful:  overdose of//  --an overdose of sun//\noverdose 2   v [I]   OD to take too much of a drug at one time, so that it harms you or kills you//  overdose on//  --She overdosed on sleeping pills.//


Words: overdraft
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   the amount of money you owe to a bank when you have spent more money than you had in your account//  --a [hA124]250 overdraft//  --Many students have a free overdraft facility  (=agreement with their bank to have an overdraft up to a particular limit) .//


Words: overdrawn
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   if you or your bank account is overdrawn, you have spent more than you had in your account and so you owe the bank money//  --I try not to go overdrawn if possible.//  overdrawn by//  --My account is overdrawn by [hA124]300.//


Words: overdressed
Meaning:
adj   dressed in clothes that are too formal for the occasion//  → underdressed//  --She felt overdressed in her smart suit.//  -- overdress v  [I] //


Words: overdrive
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 an additional gear which allows a car to go fast while its engine produces the least power necessary:\n  2  go into overdrive/be in overdrive:  to start being very active or working very hard//  --Her career has gone into overdrive.//


Words: overdue
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not done, paid, returned etc by the time expected:  --an overdue gas bill//  --The library books are overdue.//  --The baby was a week overdue (=it was expected to be born a week ago) .//\n  2 something that is overdue should have happened or been done a long time ago:  overdue for//  --He was overdue for a shave.//  --We welcome this announcement and think it’s long overdue .//


Words: overeat
Meaning:
v   past tense  overate /-et,-e[hA366]t $ -e[hA366]t/past participle  overeaten /-i[hA359]tn/ [I] //  to eat too much, or eat more than is healthy//


Words: overegg
Meaning:
v   overegg the pudding//   BrE  informal to do more than is necessary, or add something that is not needed//


Words: overemphasize
Meaning:
also  overemphasise BrE   v [T]   to give something more importance than it deserves or than is suitable//  --In the past the exam had been overemphasized.//  --The importance of adequate preparation cannot be overemphasized  (=used to say that something is very important) .//  -- overemphasis/-f[hA353]s[hA369]s/ n  [singular] //  --There has been an overemphasis on content rather than methodology.//


Words: overestimate
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to think something is better, more important etc than it really is:  → underestimate//  --He tends to overestimate his own abilities.//  --The importance of training in health and safety cannot be overestimated  (=is extremely important) .//\n  2 to guess an amount or value that is too high:  → underestimate//  --Most patients overestimated how long they had had to wait to see a doctor.//\noverestimate 2   n [C]   a calculation, judgement, or guess that is too large//  --The figure of 30% is clearly an overestimate.//


Words: overexcited
Meaning:
adj   someone who is overexcited is very excited and not behaving sensibly//  --Some of the boys became overexcited.//


Words: overexpose
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to allow too much light to reach the film when taking or developing a photograph:    underexpose//\n  2  be overexposed:  to appear too many times on television, in the newspapers etc, so that people lose interest in you and you become less popular//


Words: overextend
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to try to do or use too much of something, causing problems, illness, or damage:  overextend yourself//  --Be careful not to overextend yourself. You’ve been very ill.//\n  2 to spend more money than you actually have:  --Jackson’s company became overextended financially.//  -- overextended adj //


Words: overfishing
Meaning:
n [U]   the process of taking too many fish from the sea, a river etc, so that the number of fish in it becomes too low//


Words: overflow
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 if a river, lake, or container overflows, it is so full that the liquid or material inside flows over its edges:  --The drains flooded and water overflowed down the main street.//  --The river had overflowed its banks.//  overflow with//  --wastebins overflowing with plastic cups//\n  2 to have a lot of something:  overflow with//  --The garden overflows with colour.//  --He was overflowing with good ideas.//\n  3 if a place overflows with people or people overflow into a place, there are too many of them to fit into it:  overflow with//  --Hospitals were reported to be overflowing with dead and wounded.//  overflow into//  --The house was full and people were overflowing into the street.//\n  4 to have a very strong feeling:  overflow with//  --My heart was overflowing with gratitude.//\n  5  be filled to overflowing (with sth):  to be completely full//  --One wall was filled to overflowing with books.//\noverflow 2   n \n  1 [singular] the amount of something or the number of people that cannot be contained in a place because it is already full:  --The overflow will be accommodated in another hotel.//  overflow of//  --the overflow of water from the lake//\n  2 [C] a pipe through which water flows out of a container when it becomes too full:


Words: overfly
Meaning:
v   past tense  overflew /-flu[hA359]/past participle  overflown /-fl[hA353][hA35E]n $ -flo[hA35E]n/present participle  overflying third person singular  overflies  [T] //  to fly over an area or country in an aircraft//


Words: overground
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   used to describe a train system that runs on the surface of the ground rather than below it//  → underground//  --an overground railway//


Words: overgrown
Meaning:
adj \n  1 covered with plants that have grown in an uncontrolled way:  overgrown with//  --The garden will be overgrown with weeds by the time we get back.//\n  2 when grass or plants are overgrown, they have grown in an uncontrolled way:  --a lawn with overgrown grass//\n  3  overgrown schoolboy/child:  an adult who behaves like a child - used to show disapproval//  --Stop acting like an overgrown schoolboy.//


Words: overhand
Meaning:
adj, adv  AmE   an overhand throw in a sport is when you throw the ball with your arm above the level of your shoulder//    underhand//


Words: overhang
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overhung /-h[hA356][hA26E]/ [I and T] //  to hang over something or stick out above it//\noverhang 2   n [>C,usually singular] \n  1 a rock, roof etc that hangs over something else:  --We stood under the overhang while it rained.//\n  2 the amount by which something hangs over something else:  --a five-foot overhang//


Words: overhaul
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: overhaul  ’to make (a rope) loose by pulling it back’ (17-19 centuries)]//\n  1 to repair or change the necessary parts in a machine, system etc that is not working correctly:  --A mechanic is coming to overhaul the engine.//\n  2 to change a system or method in order to improve it:  --All the community’s decision-making institutions need to be overhauled.//\noverhaul 2   n [C] \n  1 necessary changes or repairs made to a machine or system:  --The car needs a complete overhaul .//\n  2 when a system or method is changed in order to improve it:  overhaul of//  --an overhaul of the tax system//


Words: overhead
Meaning:
adv   above your head or in the sky//  --Bullets whizzed overhead.//  --A plane flew overhead.//  -- overhead adj //  --overhead wires//\noverhead 2   n \n  1 [U]  AmE  overheads:   [plural]  BrE money spent regularly on rent, insurance, electricity, and other things that are needed to keep a business operating//  --Their offices are in London so the overheads are very high.//\n  2 [C] a piece of transparent material used with an overhead projector to show words, pictures etc:


Words: overhead projector
Meaning:
n [C]   OHP a piece of electrical equipment used when giving a talk, which shows words or pictures on a wall or large screen so that many people can see them//


Words: overhear
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overheard /-h[hA362][hA359]d $ -h[hA362][hA359]rd/ [T] //  to accidentally hear what other people are saying, when they do not know that you have heard//  --I overheard part of their conversation.//  overhear sb saying sth//  --She overheard the management discussing pay rises.//  overhear sb say (that) //  --We overheard the teacher say there would be a pop quiz today.//  --I couldn’t help overhearing your argument.//    eavesdrop//


Words: overheat
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 to become too hot, or to make something too hot:  --I think the engine’s overheating again.//  --Try not to overheat the sauce.//\n  2 if a country’s economy overheats, or if something overheats it, it grows too fast and this leads to increases in prices, salaries, interest rates etc:


Words: overheated
Meaning:
adj \n  1 too hot:  --an overheated waiting room//\n  2 an overheated economy grows too fast, leading to increases in prices, salaries, interest rates etc:\n  3 too full of anger or excitement:  --her overheated imagination //


Words: overindulge
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I] to eat or drink too much:  --It’s hard not to overindulge at Christmas.//\n  2 [T] to let someone have everything they want, or always let them do what they want:  --Penny was overindulged by her parents.//  -- overindulgence n  [U] //


Words: overjoyed
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   extremely pleased or happy//  overjoyed to hear/find/see etc sth //  --He was overjoyed to see his mother again.//  overjoyed at//  --She wasn’t exactly overjoyed at the prospect of looking after two small boys.//  overjoyed (that)//  --Her parents were overjoyed that she’d been found alive.//


Words: overkill
Meaning:
n [U]   more of something than is necessary or desirable//  --More television coverage of the election would be overkill.//


Words: overland
Meaning:
adv   across land, not by sea or air//  --They plan to travel overland to China.//  -- overland adj //  --an overland route//


Words: overlap
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overlapped present participle  overlapping  [I and T] //\n  1 if two or more things overlap, part of one thing covers part of another thing:  --One of Jilly’s front teeth overlaps the other.//  --The tiles on the roof overlap.//\n  2 if two subjects, ideas etc overlap, they include some but not all of the same things:  --Maxwell’s responsibilities overlap yours, so you will be sharing some of the work.//  overlap with//  --The study of sociology overlaps with the study of economics.//  --two great men with overlapping interests//\n  3 if two activities or periods of time overlap, the second one starts before the first one has finished:  --The second phase of development overlaps the first.//  overlap with//  --My vacation overlaps with yours.//\noverlap 2   n [U and C]   the amount by which two activities, ideas, things etc overlap//  overlap between//  --There is considerable overlap between the girls’ and boys’ test results.//  overlap of//  --an overlap of about two centimetres//  --a large degree of overlap //


Words: overlay
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overlaid  [T] //\n  1 to cover or be on top of something:  be overlaid with sth//  --The wood is overlaid with silver.//\n  2 if one quality, sound etc overlays another, it is added to it and is often stronger or more noticeable:  --The roar of the engines was overlaid by a loud banging.//\noverlay 2   n [C] \n  1 something which covers something else:  --the brass fire surround with its decorative overlay//\n  2 a transparent sheet with a picture or drawing on it which is put on top of another picture to change it:\n  3 an additional quality or feeling:  --sad stories with an overlay of humour//


Words: overlie
Meaning:
v   past tense  overlay /-le[hA366]/past participle  overlain /-le[hA366]n/present participle  overlying  [T]  technical //  to lie over something//  --Clay overlies chalk in the southern mountains.//


Words: overload
Meaning:
v   past participle  overloaded  or  overladen /-le[hA366]dn/ [T] //\n  1 to put too many things or people on or into something:  --Be careful not to overload the washing machine.//  be/become overloaded with sth//  --The bus was overloaded with tourists and their luggage.//\n  2 to put too much electricity through an electrical system or piece of equipment:  --Don’t overload the lighting circuit.//\n  3 to give someone too much work or information to deal with:  be/become overloaded with sth//  --All the staff are overloaded with work.//  -- overload/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]l[hA353][hA35E]d $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]rlo[hA35E]d/ n  [U and C] //  --the modern day information overload //  --an overload of urgent daily business//


Words: overlook
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to not notice something, or not see how important it is:   miss//  --It is easy to overlook a small detail like that.//  --Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales were down.//\n  2 to forgive someone’s mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action:  --She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.//\n  3 if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it, usually from above:  --Our room overlooks the ocean.//


Words: overly
Meaning:
adv   too or very//  --Your views on economics are overly simplistic.//  --I’m not overly fond of cats.//


Words: overmanning
Meaning:
n [U]   a situation in which a company, industry etc has more workers than are needed//   overstaffing//  -- overmanned adj //


Words: overmuch
Meaning:
adv  literary   too much or very much//  --At his age, he didn’t care overmuch about impressing people.//


Words: overnight
Meaning:
adv \n  1 for or during the night:  --Pam’s staying overnight at my house.//\n  2 suddenly or surprisingly quickly:  --He became a millionaire overnight.//  happen/appear/change overnight //  --Reputations are not changed overnight.//  ----------//  HINT sense 2 //  Do not talk about ’an overnight’ because overnight is never a noun. It is either an adverb or an adjective. //  ----------//\novernight 2   adj \n  1 happening during the night or for the night:  --an overnight flight to Chicago//  --overnight accommodation in London//\n  2 happening surprisingly quickly:  --The show was an overnight success.//  --his overnight decision to become a vegetarian//


Words: overnight bag
Meaning:
n [C]   a bag containing everything you need for a night away from home//  --He packed an overnight bag and left.//


Words: overpaid
Meaning:
adj   given more money for a job than you deserve//  → underpaid//  --grossly overpaid football players//


Words: overpay
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overpaid //\n  1 [T] to pay someone more money than they deserve:  → underpay//  --Most big companies continue to overpay their top executives.//\n  2 [I and T] to pay too much money for something:  → underpay//  --Try to recover any tax you have overpaid.//  -- overpayment n  [U and C] //


Words: overplay
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make something seem more important than it is:  → underplay//  --His role in the group’s success has been overplayed.//\n  2  overplay your hand:  to behave too confidently because you think you are in a stronger position than you actually are//  --The unions overplayed their hand in the end and failed to get the pay rise they wanted.//


Words: overpopulation
Meaning:
n [U]   when there are too many people living in a particular place//  --efforts to reduce overpopulation//  -- overpopulated/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]p[hA361]p[hA36A]le[hA366]t[hA369]d $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]rp[hA35A][hA359]p-/ adj //  --our overpopulated cities//


Words: overpower
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to take control of someone physically because you are stronger:  --The security guards soon overpowered the man.//\n  2 if a smell, taste, or emotion overpowers you, it affects you very strongly:  --Her scent overpowered his senses.//  --She was overpowered by grief.//


Words: overpowering
Meaning:
adj \n  1 very strong:    intense//  --an overpowering smell of rotten flesh//  --He felt an overpowering desire to slap her.//\n  2 someone who is overpowering has such a strong character that they make other people feel uncomfortable or afraid:   overbearing//  -- overpoweringly adv //


Words: overproduction
Meaning:
n [U]   the act of producing more of something than people want or need//  --the systematic overproduction of food//


Words: overprotective
Meaning:
adj   so anxious to protect someone from harm that you restrict their freedom//  --overprotective parents//


Words: overqualified
Meaning:
adj   if you are overqualified for a particular job, you have more experience or training than is needed//  → underqualified//  --I’m having trouble finding another job - everyone says I’m overqualified.//


Words: overrated
Meaning:
adj   not as good or important as some people think or say//  → underrated//  --a vastly overrated film//  -- overrate v  [T] //


Words: overreach
Meaning:
v   overreach yourself//  to try to do more than you have the power, ability, or money to do//  --The company overreached itself financially.//


Words: overreact
Meaning:
v [I]   to react to something with too much emotion, or by doing something that is unnecessary//  overreact to//  --You always overreact to criticism.//  --Many investors overreacted to the stock market crash.//  -- overreaction/-ri[zB024]k[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [singular,U] //  --Their response was an overreaction.//


Words: override
Meaning:
v   past tense  overrode /-ra[hA35E]d $ -ro[hA35E]d/past participle  overridden /-r[hA366]dn/ [T] //\n  1 to use your power or authority to change someone else’s decision:  --The EU commission exercised its power to override British policy.//\n  2 to be regarded as more important than something else:  --The needs of the mother should not override the needs of the child.//\n  3 to stop a machine doing something that it does by itself:  --Can you override the automatic locking system?//  -- override/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]ra[hA366]d $ o[hA35E]-/ n  [C] //  --a manual override//


Words: overriding
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   more important than anything else//  --a question of overriding importance//  --Their overriding concern is with efficient crime control.//


Words: overripe
Meaning:
adj   overripe fruit and vegetables are past the point of being ready to eat and are too soft//  --overripe bananas//


Words: overrule
Meaning:
v [T]   to change an order or decision that you think is wrong, using your official power//  --The House of Lords overruled the decision of the Court of Appeal.//  --They have the power to overrule the local council.//


Words: overrun
Meaning:
v   past tense  overran /-r[zB024]n/past participle  overrun present participle  overrunning //\n  1 [T usually passive] if unwanted things or people overrun a place, they spread over it in great numbers:  be overrun by/with sth//  --a tiny island overrun by tourists//  --The house was overrun with mice.//\n  2 [I and T] to take more time or money than intended:  --The final speaker overran by at least half an hour.//\n  3 [T usually passive] if soldiers overrun a place, they take control of it:  --Poland was overrun by the Russian army.//\noverrun 2   n [C]   an amount of time or money that is larger than was planned or intended//  --cost overruns of [hA124]2 billion//


Words: overseas
Meaning:
W3   adv   to or in a foreign country that is across the sea//    abroad//  --Chris is going to work overseas.//  --Most applications came from overseas.//\noverseas 2   adj [only before noun]   coming from, existing in, or happening in a foreign country that is across the sea//    home//  --overseas students//  --overseas investment//


Words: oversee
Meaning:
v   past tense  oversaw /-s[hA350][hA359] $ -s[hA361][hA359]/past participle  overseen /-si[hA359]n/ [T] //  to be in charge of a group of workers and check that a piece of work is done satisfactorily//   supervise//  --A team leader was appointed to oversee the project.//


Words: overseer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is in charge of a project, group of workers etc, and who makes sure that the job is done properly//   supervisor//


Words: oversell
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  oversold /-s[hA353][hA35E]ld $ -so[hA35E]ld/ [T] //\n  1 to praise someone or something too much:  --Tourism on the island is oversold.//\n  2 to sell more of something than is actually available:


Words: overshadow
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make someone or something else seem less important:  --Her interest in politics began to overshadow her desire to be a poet.//  --The achievement of the men’s team was overshadowed by the continuing success of the women’s team.//\n  2 to make an occasion or period of time less enjoyable by making people feel sad or worried:  --The threat of war overshadowed the summer of 1939.//\n  3 if a tall building, mountain etc overshadows a place, it is very close to it and much taller than it:  --a dark valley overshadowed by towering peaks//


Words: overshoot
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overshot /-[hA35D][hA361]t $ -[hA35D][hA35A][hA359]t/ [I and T] //\n  1 to accidentally go a little further than you intended:  --The plane overshot the runway and plunged into a ditch.//\n  2 to spend more money than you had intended:  --The school has overshot its cash limit.//  -- overshoot/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353][hA35D]u[hA359]t $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]r-/ n  [C] //


Words: oversight
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a mistake in which you forget something or do not notice something:  --I assure you that this was purely an oversight on my part.//\n  2  have oversight of sth:  to be in charge of something//  --He has general oversight of all training courses.//


Words: oversimplify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  oversimplified present participle  oversimplifying third person singular  oversimplifies  [I and T] //  to describe something in a way that is too simple and ignores many facts//  --To describe all these people as refugees is to oversimplify the situation.//  -- oversimplification/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]s[hA366]mpl[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]r-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: oversleep
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overslept /-slept/ [I] //  to sleep for longer than you intended//  --Sorry I’m late. I overslept.//    sleep in at sleep1 //


Words: overspend
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overspent /-spent/ [I and T] //  to spend more money than you can afford//  --The hospital has overspent its budget by [hA124]70,000.//  -- overspend/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]spend $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]r-/ n  [C] //  --an overspend of [hA124]200,000//


Words: overspill
Meaning:
n [singular,U]  BrE   people who move out of a big city because there are too many people living there, and go to live in new houses outside the city//  --an overspill of workers from London//


Words: overstate
Meaning:
v [T]   to talk about something in a way that makes it seem more important, serious etc than it really is//   exaggerate//  → understate//  --To say that all motorists speed in residential areas is overstating the case. //  --The importance of a child’s early years cannot be overstated  (=is very important) .//  -- overstatement n  [U and C] //  --It’s an overstatement to say that the man’s a fool.//


Words: overstay
Meaning:
v [T]   to stay somewhere longer than you are allowed to//   outstay//  --They overstayed their visas and were arrested.//    overstay your welcome at welcome3 (3)//


Words: overstep
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overstepped present participle  overstepping  [T] //\n  1  overstep the limits/bounds/boundaries:  to do something that is not acceptable or allowed//  --He has overstepped the bounds of acceptable behaviour.//\n  2  overstep the mark:  to offend someone by doing or saying things that you should not do or say//  --She overstepped the mark and lost her job.//


Words: overstock
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to obtain more of something than is needed//  -- overstock/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]st[hA361]k $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]rst[hA35A][hA359]k/ n  [C] //


Words: overstretch
Meaning:
v [T]   to try to do more than you are able to, or to use more money, supplies etc than you have//  --an overstretched social services department//  overstretch yourself//  --Problems only arise when people overstretch themselves.//


Words: oversubscribed
Meaning:
adj   if something is oversubscribed, too many people have said that they want to use it or have it//  --All good schools are oversubscribed.//


Words: oversupply
Meaning:
n   plural  oversupplies  [U and C] //  the state of having more of something than you need or can sell//  --an oversupply of computers//


Words: overt
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: , past participle of  ovrir  ’to open’]//  overt actions are done publicly, without trying to hide anything//  → covert//  --an overt attempt to silence their political opponents//  --Overt race discrimination is illegal.//  -- overtly adv //  --an overtly political message//


Words: overtake
Meaning:
v   past tense  overtook /-t[hA35E]k/past participle  overtaken /-te[hA366]k[hA353]n///\n  1 [I and T] to go past a moving vehicle or person because you are going faster than them and want to get in front of them:  --He pulled out to overtake the van.//  --Never try to overtake on a bend.//\n  2 [T] to develop or increase more quickly than someone or something else and become more successful, more important, or more advanced than them:  --Television soon overtook the cinema as the most popular form of entertainment.//  --Hingis has now overtaken her in the world tennis rankings.//\n  3 [T] if something bad, especially a feeling, overtakes you, it happens to you suddenly and has a strong effect on you:    overcome//  be overtaken by sth//  --She was overtaken by emotion and started to cry.//  --A terrible sense of panic overtook him.//\n  4  be overtaken by events:  if you are overtaken by events, the situation changes, so that your plans or ideas are not useful any more//  --The diplomatic negotiations were soon overtaken by events.//


Words: overtax
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make someone do more than they are really able to do, so that they become very tired:  overtax yourself//  --Be careful you don’t overtax yourself.//\n  2 to make people pay too much tax:


Words: overthrow
Meaning:
v   past tense  overthrew /-[hA35F]ru[hA359]/past participle  overthrown /-[hA35F]r[hA353][hA35E]n $ -[hA35F]ro[hA35E]n/ [T] //\n  1 to remove a leader or government from power, especially by force:   oust//  --Rebels were already making plans to overthrow the government.//\n  2 to get rid of the rules, ideas, or systems of a society:\noverthrow 2   n [U]   the defeat and removal from power of a leader or government, especially by force//  overthrow of//  --The organization was dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism.//  --the overthrow of Mussolini//


Words: overtime
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours:  --six hours’ overtime//  --They’re working overtime to get the job finished.//  --He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently.//  --Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime .//  --Many of our offices will be working  on overtime until the end of the year.//\n  2 the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual:  --He earns [hA124]450 a week, including overtime.//\n  3  be working overtime:   informal to be very active//  --As she put down the phone, her brain was working overtime.//  --His senses were working overtime.//\n  4  AmE a period of time added to the end of a sports game to give one of the two teams a chance to win:  British Equivalent:  extra time//  in overtime//  --Steve Smith scored all nine of the Hawks’ points in overtime.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  work/do overtime //  paid/unpaid overtime //  overtime payment/pay //  on overtime //  ----------//


Words: overtone
Meaning:
n \n  1  overtones [plural] signs of an emotion or attitude that is not expressed directly:    undertone//  overtones of//  --There were overtones of anger in his voice.//  racial/sexual etc overtones //  --football songs with violent overtones//  political/religious overtones (=having a connection to politics or religion that is not directly expressed) //  --The decision may have political overtones.//\n  2 [C]  technical a higher musical note that sounds together with the main note:


Words: overtop
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  overtopped present participle  overtopping  [T]  formal //  to be higher or more important than something//


Words: overture
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: ’opening’, from  Latin apertura;   APERTURE]//\n  1 [C] a short piece of music written as an introduction to a long piece of music, especially an opera:\n  2  overtures [plural] an attempt to begin a friendly relationship with a person, country etc:  --They began making overtures to the Irish government.//  --She had rejected his overtures.//\n  3  be an overture:  if an event is an overture to a more important event, it happens just before it and makes you expect it//


Words: overturn
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] if you overturn something, or if it overturns, it turns upside down or falls over on its side:  --Leslie jumped to her feet, overturning her chair.//  --His car overturned, trapping him inside.//\n  2  overturn a decision/verdict etc:  to change a decision or result so that it becomes the opposite of what it was before//  --His conviction was overturned by the Court of Appeal.//\n  3 [T] to suddenly remove a government from power, especially by using violence:   overthrow//


Words: overuse
Meaning:
v [T]   to use something too much, especially so that it is not effective any more or it is damaged//  --Students tend to overuse certain words.//  -- overuse/-ju[hA359]s/ n  [U] //  --the overuse of natural resources//


Words: overvalue
Meaning:
v [T]   to believe or say that something is more valuable or more important than it really is//  -- overvaluation/[hA353][hA35E]v[hA353]v[zB024]ljue[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ o[hA35E]v[hA353]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: overview
Meaning:
n [C]   a short description of a subject or situation that gives the main ideas without explaining all the details//  overview of//  --an overview of the issues involved//  provide/give an overview //  --The document provides a general overview of the bank’s policies.//  broad/general overview //  --This chapter gives a broad overview of the main concerns facing employers.//


Words: overweening
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: overween  ’to be too confident’ (14-19 centuries), from  ween  ’to think, believe’ (11-20 centuries), from  Old English wenan]//  too proud and confident - used to show disapproval//   arrogant//  --overweening ambition//  -- overweeningly adv //


Words: overweight
Meaning:
adj \n  1 someone who is overweight is too heavy and fat:    underweight//\n  10 kilos/20 lbs etc overweight :  --Sally was fifty pounds overweight.//  --He is slightly overweight. see usage note  fat1 //\n  2 something such as a package that is overweight weighs more than it is supposed to weigh:    underweight//  --My luggage was overweight by five kilos.//


Words: overwhelm
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   ----------//\n   1 emotion:\n   2 too much:\n   3 surprise somebody:\n   4 defeat somebody:\n   5 water:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: whelm  ’to turn over, cover up’ (13-19 centuries)]//\n  1 EMOTION:  if someone is overwhelmed by an emotion, they feel it so strongly that they cannot think clearly//  be overwhelmed by sth//  --Harriet was overwhelmed by a feeling of homesickness.//  be overwhelmed with sth//  --The children were overwhelmed with excitement.//  --Grief overwhelmed me.//\n  2 TOO MUCH:  if work or a problem overwhelms someone, it is too much or too difficult to deal with//  be overwhelmed by sth//  --We were overwhelmed by the number of applications.//  overwhelm sb with sth//  --They would be overwhelmed with paperwork.//\n  3 SURPRISE SOMEBODY:  to surprise someone very much, so that they do not know how to react//  be overwhelmed by sth//  --I was completely overwhelmed by his generosity.//  --We were overwhelmed by the sheer size of the place.//\n  4 DEFEAT SOMEBODY:  to defeat an army completely//  --In 1532 the Spaniards finally overwhelmed the armies of Peru.//\n  5 WATER:   literary if water overwhelms an area of land, it covers it completely and suddenly//


Words: overwhelming
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react:  --an overwhelming sense of guilt//  --She felt an overwhelming desire to hit him.//  --She found the city quite overwhelming when she first arrived.//\n  2 very large or greater, more important etc than any other:  --There is overwhelming evidence that smoking damages your health.//  --An overwhelming majority of the members were against the idea.//  --The proposal has been given overwhelming support.//  --The British Air Force succeeded despite overwhelming odds against them.//  -- overwhelmingly adv //  --Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of the bill.//


Words: overwinter
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to live through the winter, or to make it possible for something to live through the winter//  --These birds generally overwinter in tropical regions.//


Words: overwork
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to work too much or to make someone work too much//  --You’ve been overworking - why don’t you take a week off?//  --Have they been overworking you again?//\noverwork 2 n [U]   too much hard work//  --a heart attack brought on by overwork//


Words: overworked
Meaning:
adj \n  1 made to work too hard:  --an overworked doctor//  --They’re overworked and understaffed.//\n  2 a word or phrase that is overworked is used too much and has become less effective:  --overworked metaphors//


Words: overwrought
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Old past participle of  overwork]//  very upset, nervous, and worried//  --Clara was tired and overwrought after all the problems of the last few days.//


Words: Ovid
Meaning:
(43 BC-17 AD) a Latin poet whose Roman name was Publius Ovidius Naso, who is famous for the  Metamorphoses, a set of poems telling ancient stories ( myth s)//


Words: oviduct
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: oviductus, from  Latin ovum (  OVUM) +  ductus (  DUCT)]//  one of the two tubes in a woman or female animal through which eggs pass to the womb//


Words: oviparous
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: oviparus, from  ovum (  OVUM) +  -parus  ’producing’]//  an animal, fish, bird etc that is oviparous produces eggs that develop outside its body//


Words: ovoid
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ovo[hA170]de, from  Latin ovum;   OVUM]//  shaped like an egg//  -- ovoid n  [C] //


Words: ovulate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: ovulum  ’small egg’, from  Latin ovum;   OVUM]//  when a woman or female animal ovulates, she produces eggs inside her body//  -- ovulation/[hA361]vj[hA36A]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA35A][hA359]v-/ n  [U] //


Words: ovum
Meaning:
n   plural  ova /-v[hA353]/ [C]  technical //  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin,  ’egg’]//  an egg, especially one that develops inside the mother’s body//


Words: ow
Meaning:
interjection   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Natural sound]//  used to express sudden pain//  --’Ow, that hurts!’//


Words: owe
Meaning:
W3S2   v [T]   ----------//\n   1 money:\n   2 something done/given:\n   3 owe somebody an explanation/apology:\n   4 help to achieve something:\n   5 good effect:\n   6 owe it to somebody to do something:\n   7 owe it to yourself to do something:\n   8 owe loyalty/allegiance etc to somebody:\n   9 think that the world owes you a living:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: agan]//\n  1 MONEY:  to need to pay someone for something that they have done for you or sold to you, or to need to give someone back money that they have lent you//    borrow, lend//  owe sb money/[hA124]10 etc //  --I owe my brother $50.//  owe sb for sth//  --I still owe you for the taxi.//  --How much do I owe you (=often used to show that you want to pay for something) ?//  owe sth to sb//  --the money owed to credit card companies//\n  2 SOMETHING DONE/GIVEN:  to feel that you should do something for someone or give someone something, because they have done something for you or given something to you//  --He asked for help from a colleague who owed him a favour .//  owe sb a drink/letter etc //  --I owe Shaun a letter; I must write soon.//  --Thanks a lot for being so understanding about all this - I owe you one  (=used to thank someone who has helped you, and to say that you are willing to help them in the future) !//  owe sb//   (=be in a position in which someone has helped you, so that you should help them) //  --Let’s go and see Joe - he owes me!//\n  3  owe sb an explanation/apology:  to feel that you should give someone an explanation of why you did something, or say you are sorry//  --You owe him an apology.//\n  4 HELP TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING:  a) to have something or achieve something because of what someone else has done//  owe sth to sb//  --He probably owes his life to her prompt action.//  b) to know that someone’s help has been important to you in achieving something//  owe sb a lot/owe sb a great deal //  --’I owe my parents a lot,’ he admitted.//  --He owes a great deal to his publishers.//  owe it all to sb/owe everything to sb //  --I owe it all to you.//  owe sb a debt (of gratitude) //  --the debt that we owe to our teachers//\n  5 GOOD EFFECT:  to be successful because of the good effect or influence of something or someone//  owe to//  --Their success owes more to good luck than to careful management.//  --Pearson’s work owed much to the research of his friend, Hugh Kingsmill.//\n  6  owe it to sb to do sth:  to feel you should do something for someone, because they have helped you or given you support//  --You owe it to your supporters not to give up now.//\n  7  owe it to yourself to do sth:  to feel you should try to achieve something because it is what you deserve//  --You owe it to yourself to take some time off.//\n  8  owe loyalty/allegiance etc to sb:  to have a duty to obey someone//  --provinces owing allegiance to the Emperor//\n  9  think that the world owes you a living:  to be unwilling to work in order to get things, and expect them to be provided for you - used to show disapproval//


Words: Owen
Meaning:
Wilfred   (1893-1918) a British poet who was a soldier in World War I and whose poems are mainly about the terrible events and experiences of the war. Some of his best-known poems, such as ’Anthem for Doomed Youth’, are a protest against the idea that it is honourable to die for your country. He was killed just before the end of the war, and his poems were published after his death.//


Words: Owens
Meaning:
Jesse   (1913-80) a very successful black US  athlete, who won four  gold medals at the 1936  Olympic Games in Berlin. This disproved the Nazi idea that the ’Aryans’ (=white people from Northern Europe)  were better than people of other races. Hitler refused to attend the ceremonies at which Owens was given his gold medals.//


Words: owing
Meaning:
adj   [not before noun]  especially BrE if money is owing, it has not yet been paid to the person who should receive it//    outstanding//  --You need to pay the amount owing, plus the interest.//


Words: owing to
Meaning:
prep    formal because of something//  --Owing to a lack of funds, the project will not continue next year.//  --Flight BA213 has been delayed owing to fog.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE:owing to, due to, because of, thanks to //  Owing to  and  due to  are slightly formal. They are often used in official notices and public statements : Owing to bad weather, this morning’s flight will be delayed. |  He is retiring due to ill health. //  !! Owing to  and  due to  are prepositions (they come immediately before a noun). They are not conjunctions (they cannot connect two parts of a sentence) : I had to wait hours because the plane was delayed (NOT I had to wait hours owing to the plane was delayed). //  In spoken English, it is more usual to use  because of  than  owing to  or  due to : All my clothes got wet because of the storm (NOT owing to the storm). //  Thanks to  is used to explain why something good has happened :  Thanks to the success of his first album, he is now a wealthy man. //  ----------//


Words: Owl and the Pussycat
Meaning:
The   (1871) a  nonsense poem (=a humorous poem that uses strange words and describes impossible events) by Edward  Lear which begins: The owl and the pussycat went to sea/In a beautiful pea-green boat./They took some honey and plenty of money,/Wrapped up in a five-pound note...//


Words: owlish
Meaning:
adj   looking like an owl and seeming serious and clever//  --He was an owlish man, with little round glasses.//  -- owlishly adv //


Words: own
Meaning:
adj, pron [always after a possessive] \n  1 used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with a particular person or thing and not any other:  --Bring your own equipment.//  --Every dance has its own rhythm.//  --The yacht was intended for the king’s own personal use.//  --His face was only a few inches from her own.//  of your own//  --We have problems of our own.//  --I’d like to have a place of my own (=my own home) .//  your very own (=used to add more emphasis) //  --One day I want to have a horse of my very own.//  sth to call your own/which you can call your own (=something that belongs to you) //  --She just wanted a place to call her own.//\n  2 used to emphasize that someone did or made something without the help or involvement of anyone else:  --She makes a lot of her own clothes.//  --We encourage students to develop their own ideas.//  --It’s your own fault for leaving the window open.//\n  3  (all) on your own:  a) alone//  --I’ve been living on my own for four years now.//  --He didn’t want to be left on his own .//  b) without anyone’s help//  --You can’t expect him to do it all on his own.//  --I can manage on my own, thanks.//\n  4  for your own good/safety/benefit etc:  if you do something for someone’s own good etc, you do it to help them even though they might not like it or want it//  --I’m only telling you this for your own good.//  --He was kept away from the other prisoners for his own safety.//\n  5  too nice/clever etc for your own good:  used to say that someone has too much of a good quality so that it may be a disadvantage//  --Stephen can be too generous for his own good.//\n  6  get your own back (on sb):   informal to do something bad to someone who has harmed you, as a way of punishing them//    revenge//  --She wanted to get her own back on Liz for ruining her party.//\n  7  be your own man/woman:  to have strong opinions and intentions that are not influenced by other people//  --Hilary’s very much her own woman.//\n  8  make sth your own:  to change or deal with something in a way that makes it seem to belong to you//  --Great singers can take an old song and make it their own.//    come into your own at come1 (6),  hold your own at hold1 (24)//  ----------//  HINT //  Use own only after possessive words like my, John’s, the company’s etc //  ----------//\nown 2 v [T not in progressive]   [Language: Old English; Origin: agnian, from  agen  ’own’]//\n  1 to have something which belongs to you, especially because you have bought it, been given it etc and it is legally yours:    possess//  --The building is owned by the local council.//  --You need to get permission from the farmer who owns the land.//  --Many more people now own their own homes.//  --the cost of owning a car//  publicly/privately owned  BrE  (=belonging to the government or a private organization) //  --a privately owned company//\n  2  as if/as though/like you own the place:   informal to behave in a way that is too confident and upsets other people//  --She acts like she owns the place!//  --They walked in as if they owned the place.//\n  3  old-fashioned to admit that something is true:  own (that)//  --I own that I judged her harshly at first.//  own to//  --I must own to a feeling of anxiety.//  own up phr v//  to admit that you have done something wrong, especially something that is not serious//  --Come on, own up. Who broke it?//  own up to (doing) sth//  --No one owned up to breaking the window.//  --He was too frightened to own up to his mistake.//  --He still wouldn’t own up to the fact that he’d lied.//


Words: own brand
Meaning:
adj  BrE   own brand goods are specially produced and sold by particular shops and have the name of the shop on them//  American Equivalent:  store brand//  --Tesco’s own brand tomato sauce//


Words: own goal
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1 a goal that you accidentally score against your own team without intending to in a game of football, hockey etc:\n  2  informal an action or remark that has the opposite effect from what you intended:  --The minister’s admission turned out to be a spectacular own goal.//


Words: owner
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who owns something//  owner of//  --I met the owner of the local hotel.//  original/previous/new owner //  --the club’s new owners//  --He was now the proud owner of a bright red sports car.//  car-owner/dog-owner etc //  --Dog-owners have been warned to keep their animals under control.//  home-owner (=someone who owns their house) //


Words: owner-occupied
Meaning:
adj   houses, apartments etc that are owner-occupied are lived in by the people who own them//  --Most of these properties are owner-occupied.//  -- owner-occupier n  [C] //


Words: ownership
Meaning:
W3S3   n [U]   the fact of owning something//  ownership of//  --a dispute over the ownership of the land//  public/private/state ownership //  --The company was returned to private ownership in mid-1987.//  --The price of home ownership is increasing.//


Words: ox
Meaning:
n   plural  oxen /’[hA361]ks[hA368]n $ a[hA359]k-/ [C] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: oxa]//\n  1 a bull whose sex organs have been removed, often used for working on farms:\n  2 a large cow or bull:


Words: Oxfam
Meaning:
OXFAM  the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief one of the best-known charity organizations in the UK, whose aim is to help people in poorer countries, for example by providing training in farming methods or operating educational programmes, and also by providing medicine at times of serious shortage//


Words: Oxford
Meaning:
1 a city on the Rivers Thames and Cherwell in Oxfordshire, southern England. It has many beautiful old buildings and is famous for its university:\n  2  also Oxford University :  one of the two oldest and most respected universities in the UK, established in the 13th century. The university is made up of about 35 separate colleges, where the students live and also receive some of their teaching//  --A lot of well-known politicians went to Oxford. (=were students there) //  --an Oxford graduate//    cambridge//    Oxbridge//    Oxon//


Words: oxford
Meaning:
n  AmE   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Oxford, English city and university]//\n  1  oxfords [plural] a type of leather shoes that fasten with shoelaces:\n  2 [C] a type of shirt made of thick cotton:


Words: Oxford Circus
Meaning:
the place in central London where  Regent Street and  Oxford Street cross, and also the name of the  underground station there. It is one of the busiest places in London, and is always full of people going shopping.//


Words: Oxford English Dictionary
Meaning:
the   OED a very large dictionary of English, started in the 1880s, which is famous for its completeness and for its explanations of the origins of words and their history. It is available either as a book in several large  volumes, or as a  CD-rom.//


Words: Oxford Movement
Meaning:
the   a group that was formed in Oxford in the mid-19th century, which tried to bring some of the ceremonies and beliefs of the Catholic religion into the Church of England //


Words: Oxfordshire
Meaning:
Oxon. a  county in south central England, in and around the  Thames Valley. It is mainly farmland, with some old towns and villages.//


Words: oxide
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: oxyg[hA169]ne  ’oxygen’ +  acide  ’acid’]//  a substance which is produced when a substance is combined with oxygen//  --iron oxide//


Words: oxidize
Meaning:
also  oxidise BrE   v [I and T]  technical   to combine with oxygen, or make something combine with oxygen, especially in a way that causes rust//  -- oxidation/[hA361]ks[hA369]de[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA35A][hA359]k-/ also  oxidization/aks[hA369]da[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA35A][hA359]ks[hA369]d[hA353]-///   n  [U] //


Words: Oxon
Meaning:
1  Oxfordshire:\n  2 used after the title of a degree to show that it is from  Oxford University:  --David Jones, BA (Oxon)//    cantab//


Words: oxyacetylene
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: oxygen +  acetylene]//  a mixture of oxygen and acetylene that produces a hot white flame that can cut steel//


Words: oxygen
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: oxyg[hA169]ne, from  Greek oxys  ’sharp, acid’ +  French -g[hA169]ne  ’forming’; because it was believed that oxygen forms part of all acids]//  a gas that has no colour or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live. It is a chemical element: symbol O//


Words: oxygen bar
Meaning:
n [C]   a bar where you pay to breathe pure oxygen, or oxygen that has a pleasant smell, so that you can relax and have more energy//


Words: oxygen tent
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of equipment shaped like a tent that is put around people who are very ill in hospital, to provide them with oxygen//


Words: oxygenate
Meaning:
v [T]  technical   to add oxygen to something//  -- oxygenation/[hA361]ks[hA366]d[hA360][hA353]ne[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ [hA35A][hA359]k-/ n  [U] //


Words: oxymoron
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: oxys  ’sharp’ +  moros  ’stupid’]//  a deliberate combination of two words that seem to mean the opposite of each other, such as ’cruel kindness’//


Words: oyez
Meaning:
interjection   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: ’hear!’]//  a word used by law officials or by town criers in the past to get people’s attention//


Words: Oyl
Meaning:
Olive   a character in the US  cartoon strip television cartoons, and film about Popeye. Olive Oyl is a tall very thin woman who is Popeye’s  girlfriend.//


Words: oyster
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: oistre, from  Latin, from  Greek ostreon]//\n  1 a type of shellfish that can be eaten cooked or uncooked, and that produces a jewel called a pearl:\n  2  the world is your oyster:  used to tell someone that they can achieve whatever they want//


Words: Oz
Meaning:
n  BrE  AusE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Australia]//  a short way of saying Australia//\nBrE  AusE   an informal name for Australia//


Words: oz
Meaning:
BrE  oz. AmE   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: onza  ’ounce’, from  Latin uncia;   OUNCE]//  the written abbreviation of ounce or ounces//


Words: ozone
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: ozon, from  Greek, from  ozein  ’to smell’]//\n  1  technical a poisonous blue gas that is a type of oxygen:\n  2  informal air near the sea, thought to be fresher and healthier:


Words: ozone layer
Meaning:
n [singular]   a layer of gases in the sky that prevents harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the Earth//  --the hole in the ozone layer//


Words: P
Meaning:
p/pi[hA359]/ n   plural  P’s  p’s  [U and C] //  the 16th letter of the English alphabet//    mind your p’s and q’s at mind2 (23)//\nP (BrE)   the written abbreviation of provisional , used on cars to show that the driver is a learner and has a provisional licence//    P-plate//


Words: P-plate
Meaning:
n [C]   a flat white square with a green letter P on it, that is attached to the car of someone in Britain who has passed their driving test but who is not very experienced//


Words: p.
Meaning:
also  p BrE \n  1 the written abbreviation of page :    p.p.//\n  2  BrE the abbreviation of penny or pence :  --The bus fare was only 50p.//\n  3 used in written music to show that a part should be played or sung quietly:


Words: p.m.
Meaning:
also  pm BrE //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: post meridiem  ’after noon’]//  used after numbers expressing the time, to show that it is between noon and midnight//    a.m.//  --The meeting starts at 2.30 pm.//


Words: p.o.’d
Meaning:
adj  AmE  spoken   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: pissed off]//  very annoyed//  --She was really p.o.’d when she didn’t get the job.//


Words: p.w.
Meaning:
BrE   per week used in writing to show that something happens, is paid etc each week//  --Rent is [hA124]55 p.w.//


Words: P45
Meaning:
in the UK, an official document that is given to you by your employer when you leave a job. It gives details of the money you have earned and the taxes you have paid during this period of employment, and if you start a new job you have to give it to your new employer.//


Words: P60
Meaning:
in the UK, an official document which is given to you by your employer each year and which gives details of the money you have earned and the taxes you have paid during that year//   W-2 //


Words: p[hA163]te
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Old French paste, from  paste;   PASTE1]//  a soft food made from meat or fish, that you can spread on bread//


Words: PA
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 [usually singular]  public address system electronic equipment that makes someone’s voice loud enough to be heard by large groups of people:\n  2  BrE  personal assistant someone who works as a secretary for one person:


Words: pa
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: papa]//   old-fashioned  informal father - used by children or when speaking to children//\nPA 2   the written abbreviation for Pennsylvania//


Words: PAC
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   the abbreviation of political action committee //\nPac 10 Pac Ten  also Pacific Ten   a group of ten university  football teams from the area of the US along the Pacific coast who play against each other//


Words: pace
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 speed of events/changes:\n   2 walk/run:\n   3 step:\n   4 keep pace (with something/somebody):\n   5 go through your paces:\n   6 put somebody/something through their paces:\n   7 set the pace:\n   8 force the pace:\n   9 be able to stand the pace:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: pas  ’step’, from  Latin passus]//\n  1 SPEED OF EVENTS/CHANGES:   [singular] the speed at which something happens or is done//  --The pace of change in our lives is becoming faster and faster.//  --Here in Bermuda, the pace of life is very slow.//  --Public spending continues to rise at a steady pace .//  --Children learn best by studying at their own pace .//  --The company had been growing at breakneck pace until last year.//  --Support for European unity began to gather pace .//  --If they can keep up the pace , they should have finished by early next week.//  --Things are changing, but at a snail’s pace .//\n  2 WALK/RUN:   [singular] the speed at which someone walks, runs, or moves//  pace of//  --You need to step up the pace of your exercises.//  at a slow/leisurely/brisk etc pace //  --Lucy set off at a leisurely pace back to the hotel.//  --He quickened his pace , longing to be home.//  --Traffic slowed to a walking pace .//\n  3 STEP:   [C] a single step when you are running or walking, or the distance you move in one step//  pace backwards/towards/forwards etc//  --He took a pace towards the door.//  --Rebecca walked a few paces behind her mum.//\n  4  keep pace (with sth/sb):  to change or increase as fast as something else, or to move as fast as someone else//  --Salaries have not always kept pace with inflation.//  --The supply of materials cannot keep pace with demand.//  --Slow down! I can’t keep pace with you.//\n  5  go through your paces:   also show your paces //  to show how well you can do something//\n  6  put sb/sth through their paces:  to make a person, vehicle, animal etc show how well they can do something//  --The test driver puts all the cars through their paces.//\n  7  set the pace:  a) if a company sets the pace, it does something before its competitors or to a better standard//  set the pace in//  --Japanese firms have been setting the pace in electronic engineering.//  b)  also set a brisk/cracking etc pace  BrE //  to go faster than the other competitors in a race, who then try to achieve the same speed//  --The Italians set the pace for the first eight laps.//\n  8  force the pace:  to make something happen or develop more quickly than it would do normally//  force the pace on//  --measures designed to force the pace on alternative energy policies//\n  9  be able to stand the pace:  to be able to deal with situations where you are very busy and have to think and act very quickly//  --If you can stand the pace, working in advertising pays well.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  pace of change/reform/growth //  pace of life //  at your own pace (=at the pace that suits you) //  at a rapid/slow/steady etc pace //  at breakneck pace (=extremely fast) //  gather pace (=happen more quickly) //  keep up the pace (=continue to do something or happen as quickly as before) //  at a snail’s pace (=very slowly) //  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’in your own pace’ or ’on your own pace’. Say at your own pace. //  ----------//\npace 2 v \n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition, T] to walk first in one direction and then in another many times, especially because you are nervous:  --I found Mark at the hospital, pacing restlessly up and down .//  pace the floor/room //  --Sam stood up and paced the floor, deep in thought.//\n  2  pace yourself:  a) to control the speed that you move at in a race, so that you still have energy left near the end//  --Nicky paced herself and came through the ranks to win.//  b) to organize your life and activities so that you do not have too much to do//  --You need to pace yourself and decide which tasks are the most important.//\n  3 [T]  also pace sth → off :  pace sth → out //  to measure a distance by walking across it with steps of equal length//  --The director paced out the length of the stage.//


Words: pacemaker
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a small machine that is placed inside someone’s chest in order to help their heart beat regularly:\n  2  also pacesetter :  a person or horse who goes to the front in a race and sets the speed that the others must try to achieve//


Words: pacesetter
Meaning:
n  also pacemaker  [C] \n  1 a person or team that is winning in a competition, and that others have to try to defeat:  --That left him three strokes behind the pacesetter, Parry.//\n  2 a person or company that is considered to be a leader in a particular area of activity:  --a new company, now seen as the industry’s pacesetter//\n  3  pacemaker(2):


Words: Pachelbel
Meaning:
Johann   (1653-1706) a German composer of Baroque music, famous especially for his Canon and Gigue in D major.//


Words: pachinko
Meaning:
n [U]   a game that is popular in Japan, in which you can win money or prizes by making balls fall into particular places in a special machine//


Words: pachyderm
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Greek, from  pachys  ’thick’ +  derma  ’skin’]//   technical an animal with thick skin, such as an elephant//


Words: pacific
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: pacifique, from  Latin pacificus, from  pax;   PEACE]//  peaceful and loving or wanting peace//  --a normally pacific community//


Words: Pacific Northwest
Meaning:
the Pacific Northwest//  the area of the US which includes Washington State, Oregon, and northern California, especially along the Pacific coast. The area is famous for its wild beauty, cliffs, and forests.//


Words: Pacific Ocean
Meaning:
the Pacific Ocean//   also the Pacific //  the world’s largest ocean, covering one third of the Earth’s surface between the  continents of North and South America to the east and Asia and Australia to the west//


Words: Pacific Rim
Meaning:
n   the Pacific Rim (countries)//  the countries around the Pacific Ocean, such as Japan, Australia, and the west coast of the US, considered as an economic group//


Words: pacifier
Meaning:
n [C]   1  AmE a rubber object that you give a baby to suck so that it does not cry//  British Equivalent:  dummy//\n  2 something that makes people calm:


Words: pacifism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: pacifisme, from  pacifique;   PACIFIC]//  the belief that war and violence are always wrong//


Words: pacifist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who believes that wars are wrong and who refuses to use violence//  -- pacifist adj  [only  before noun] //  --the pacifist movement//


Words: pacify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  pacified present participle  pacifying third person singular  pacifies  [T] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: pacificare, from  pax;   PEACE]//\n  1 to make someone calm, quiet, and satisfied after they have been angry or upset:  --’You’re right,’ Rita said, in order to pacify him.//\n  2 to stop groups of people from fighting or protesting, often by using force:  --Economic reforms are needed to pacify and modernize the country.//


Words: pack
Meaning:
W3S2   v   ----------//\n   1 clothes:\n   2 goods:\n   3 crowd:\n   4 protect something:\n   5 snow/soil etc:\n   6 pack your bags:\n   7 pack a gun:\n   8 pack a (hard/hefty/strong etc) punch:  Phrasal verbs//   pack something → away//   pack in//   pack somebody/something off//   pack up//  ----------//  [Sense: 1-5, 7; Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  PACK2]//  [Sense: 6; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: pack  ’to make a secret agreement’ (16-17 centuries), perhaps from  pact]//\n  1 CLOTHES:   [I and T]  also pack up //  to put things into cases, bags etc ready for a trip somewhere//  --I forgot to pack my razor.//  --Have you finished packing yet?//  pack your things/belongings //  --Kelly packed her things before breakfast.//  pack a bag/case //  --You’d better pack your bags. We’re leaving in an hour.//  pack sb sth//  --Shall I pack us a picnic?//\n  2 GOODS:   [T]  also pack up //  to put something into a box or other container, so that it can be moved, sold, or stored//  pack sth in/into sth//  --Now wild mushrooms are available all year, packed in handy 25g boxes.//\n  3 CROWD:   [>I always + adv/prep, T] to go in large numbers into a space, or to make people or animals do this, until the space is too full//  pack into/in/onto//  --50,000 fans packed into the stadium.//  --The sheep had been packed into a truck and transported without food or water.//\n  4 PROTECT SOMETHING:   [T] to cover or fill an object with soft material so that it does not get damaged//  pack in/with//  --Glass must be packed in several layers of paper.//\n  5 SNOW/SOIL ETC:  to press snow, soil, sand etc down so that it becomes hard and firm//  pack sth down//  --Pack the soil down firmly.//\n  6  pack your bags:   informal to leave a place and not return, especially because of a disagreement//\n  7  pack a gun:   AmE  informal to carry a gun//\n  8  pack a (hard/hefty/strong etc) punch:   also pack a wallop //   informal to have a very strong or impressive effect//  --The Spanish wine, with the flavour of honey, packed quite a punch.//    send sb packing at send(11)//  pack away [pack sth → away] phr v//  to put something back in a box, case etc where it is usually kept//  --Christmas was over and the decorations packed away.//  pack in phr v//\n  1  pack sth → in:   also pack sth into sth //  to do a lot in a limited period of time, or fit a lot of information, ideas etc into a limited space//  --We packed a lot of sightseeing into two weeks.//  --In an essay of 2000 words, you can pack a lot in.//\n  2  pack sb → in:   informal if a film, play etc packs people in, it attracts large numbers to come and see it//  --Any film starring Tom Cruise always packs them in.//\n  3  pack sth → in:   BrE  informal to stop doing a job or activity that you are not enjoying//  --After one year, I packed in university.//  --Sometimes I feel like packing it all in and going off travelling.//\n  4  pack it in:   BrE  spoken used to tell someone to stop doing something that is annoying you//\n  5  BrE  informal if a machine packs in, it stops working because there is something wrong with it:   pack up//  --Halfway to the airport, the engine packed in.//  pack off [pack sb/sth off] phr v//  to send someone to stay somewhere for a period of time//  pack somebody/something off to//  --My parents used to pack us off to camp every summer.//  pack up phr v//\n  1 to put things into cases, bags etc ready for a trip somewhere:  --Most of the holidaymakers had packed up and gone.//  pack sth → up//  --I gave her a hand packing up her clothes and stuff.//\n  2  pack sth → up:  to put something into a box or other container, so that it can be moved, sold, or stored//  --Don’t worry. The removal men will pack everything up.//\n  3  informal to finish work at the end of the day:  --’What time do you pack up?’ ’Oh, about six.’//\n  4  BrE  informal if a machine packs up, it stops working because there is something wrong with it:   pack in//  --The photocopier’s packed up again.//\n  5  pack sth → up:   BrE  informal to stop doing something, especially a job//  --He packed up his teaching job after only three months.//\npack 2 W3S2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 things wrapped together:\n   2 small container:\n   3 bag:\n   4 cards:\n   5 animals:\n   6 group of people:\n   7 pack of lies:\n   8 Cub/Brownie pack:\n   9 on a wound:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Low German; Origin: Dutch pak]//\n  1 THINGS WRAPPED TOGETHER:  something wrapped in paper or packed in a box and then sent by post or taken somewhere//  pack of//  --a pack of three T-shirts//  --Send away for your free information pack today.//    six-pack(1)//\n  2 SMALL CONTAINER:   especially  AmE a small container, usually made of paper, that something is sold in//  British Equivalent:  packet//  pack of//  --a pack of cigarettes//  --a 10 oz. pack of frozen peas see usage note  package1 //\n  3 BAG:   especially BrE a bag that you carry on your back, especially when climbing or walking, used to carry equipment, clothes etc//  British Equivalent:  rucksack//   backpack//\n  4 CARDS:   also pack of cards //  a complete set of playing cards//   deck//\n  5 ANIMALS:  a group of wild animals that hunt together, or a group of dogs trained to hunt together//  --a wolf pack//  pack of//  --a pack of hounds//\n  6 GROUP OF PEOPLE:  a group of the same type of people, especially a group who you do not approve of//  pack of//  --A pack of reporters were waiting outside.//\n  7  pack of lies:   informal something you are told that is completely untrue//  --Don’t believe what it says in the paper - it’s a pack of lies.//\n  8  Cub/Brownie pack:  a group of children who belong to a particular children’s organization//    Cub Scout,  brownie,  girl scout//\n  9 ON A WOUND:  a thick soft piece of cloth that you press on a wound to stop the flow of blood//   compress//    ice pack//


Words: pack trip
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a trip through the countryside on horses, for fun or as a sport//  British Equivalent:  pony-trekking//


Words: package
Meaning:
n [C]   sticker, string//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: pack]//\n  1 something wrapped in paper, packed in a box and then sent by mail or delivered:  British Equivalent:  parcel//  --There’s a package here for a Miami Lakes address.//\n  2  AmE the paper or plastic container that food or other goods are sold in:  British Equivalent:  packet//  package of//  --a package of meat//\n  3 a set of ideas or services that are suggested or offered all together as a group:  package of measures/proposals/incentives etc //  --The government has announced a package of measures to assist affected areas.//  aid/financial/benefits etc package //  --Many banks are offering financial packages for students.//\n  4 a set of related programs sold together for use on a computer:  software/word-processing/graphics etc package //  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: package, packet, packaging, packing, pack //  !!  Do not confuse these similar words. //  A  package  is a parcel, usually sent by post : A package containing a bomb was delivered to her home. //  In American English, a  package  is also a paper or plastic container that food etc is sold in : a package of cookies //  In British English, a  packet  is a box, bag, or some other container that things are sold in : a packet of biscuits |  a packet of crisps.   A  packet  can also sometimes be called a  pack : a pack of cigarettes.  This meaning of  pack  is also used in American English. //  In American English, a  packet  is a small flat paper or plastic container for something such as tomato ketchup or sugar. The British word for this is  sachet . //  Packaging  is material that is put round things that are sold, to protect them or to encourage people to buy them : It’s the same old stuff in better packaging. //  Packing  is material that is put around things to protect them, especially from getting damaged in the post : Carefully remove the computer from its foam packing. //  ----------//\npackage 2 v [T usually passive] \n  1  also package up :  to put food or other goods into a bag, box etc ready to be sold or sent//  --The code informs us where and when a product was packaged.//  --The videos were packaged up, ready for distribution.//\n  2 to prepare something for sale, especially by making it attractive or interesting to a particular group of people:  --books that are packaged for mass readership//


Words: package deal
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  also package holiday  BrE :  a holiday organized by a company at a fixed price that includes the cost of travel, hotel etc//  --a cheap package deal to Tenerife//\n  2 an offer or agreement which includes several things that you must buy or accept together:  --The Commission attempted to bring all three proposals into one package deal.//


Words: packaging
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the container or material that a product is sold in:  --plastic packaging see usage note  package1 //\n  2 the process of wrapping something for sale:  --the date of packaging//\n  3 a way of making something seem attractive and interesting to people:  --the packaging of the company image//


Words: packed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 extremely full of people:  --a packed courtroom//  packed with//  --The island was packed with tourists.//\n  2  packed with/full of sth:  containing a lot of a particular type of thing//  --a new magazine packed with exciting recipes//\n  3 [not before noun] if you are packed, you have put everything you need into cases ready to go somewhere:\n  4  tightly/loosely/densely packed:  pressed, arranged etc closely or not closely together//  --houses tightly packed in rows//


Words: packed lunch
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE food such as sandwiches and fruit that you take with you to work, school etc for  lunch//


Words: packed out
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  BrE  informal   a cinema, restaurant etc that is packed out is completely full of people//


Words: packet
Meaning:
S2   n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: pacquet, from  pack]//\n  1 :  a)  BrE a container made of paper, plastic, or  cardboard that something is sold in//  packet of//  --a packet of envelopes//  --a packet of cigarettes//  --a cereal packet//\n  2  especially BrE a small flat package that is sent by post or delivered to someone:  --Paul tore open the packet as soon as it arrived.//    pay packet//\n  3  cost a packet:   BrE  informal to cost a lot of money//  --I bet that car cost him a packet.//\n  4  technical a quantity of information that is sent as a single unit from one computer to another on a network or on the Internet:


Words: packet boat
Meaning:
n [C]    old-fashioned a boat that carries letters, packages etc and usually passengers at regular times//


Words: packet-switching
Meaning:
n [C]   a method of sending information stored on a computer, usually across the Internet. Long messages are broken into pieces and put together again when they are received.//


Words: packing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 when you put things into cases or boxes so that you can send or take them somewhere:  --I can do my packing the night before we leave.//\n  2 the material used for packing things so that they can be sent somewhere:  --Use plenty of packing. see usage note  package1 //


Words: pact
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: pacte, from  Latin pactum, from  pacisci  ’to agree’]//  a formal agreement between two groups, countries, or people, especially to help each other or to stop fighting//  --the Warsaw pact//  make/sign a pact //  --The two countries signed a non-aggression pact.//  pact with//  --a defence pact with the USA//  pact between//  --a peace pact between the rebels and the government//    suicide pact//


Words: pad
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 soft material:\n   2 paper:\n   3 flat ground:\n   4 animal’s foot:\n   5 apartment:\n   6 water plant:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  Low German,  ’bottom surface of the foot’]//\n  1 SOFT MATERIAL:  a thick flat object made of cloth or rubber, used to protect or clean something, or to make something more comfortable//  pad of//  --Press on the wound with a large pad of cotton wool.//  --Use an abrasive pad for stubborn stains.//  knee/elbow/shin/shoulder pad (=a pad that you wear to protect a part of your body when you are playing a sport) //\n  2 PAPER:  several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing or drawing//  writing/sketch/memo/legal etc pad //  --a box of paints and a sketch pad//  --Keep a telephone pad and a pen to hand.//  --a pad of paper//\n  3 FLAT GROUND:  a piece of flat ground where small aircraft can land//  launch/landing/helicopter pad //  --The hospital has built a helicopter pad.//\n  4 ANIMAL’S FOOT:  the flesh on the bottom of the foot of a cat, dog, etc//\n  5 APARTMENT:   old-fashioned  informal someone’s apartment or the room where they live//\n  6 WATER PLANT:  the leaf of a water lily//    launch pad,  helicopter pad//\npad 2 v   past tense and past participle  padded present participle  padding //  [Sense: 1; Date: 1500-1600; Language: Low German; Origin: padden  ’to go along a path’]//  [Sense: 2-4; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  PAD1]//\n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition] to walk softly and quietly:  pad across/through/along etc//  --The cat came padding silently back to its home.//  --She padded barefoot down the stairs.//\n  2 [T]  also pad (sth) out  BrE :  to fill or cover something with a soft material in order to protect it or make it more comfortable//  pad sth with sth//  --jackets padded out with a soft cotton filling//\n  3 [T]  AmE to dishonestly make bills more expensive than they should be:  -- padding the bills of Medicare patients//\n  4 [T]  also pad (sth) out :  to make a speech or piece of writing longer by adding unnecessary words or details//  --Don’t pad out your answer to make it seem impressive.//  pad with//  --His autobiography is padded with boring anecdotes.//


Words: padded
Meaning:
adj   filled or covered with a soft material to make it thicker or more comfortable//  --The shoes are padded to protect the foot.//  --a padded headrest//


Words: padded cell
Meaning:
n [C]   a special room in a hospital for people who are mentally ill. The room has thick soft material on the walls so that the person in it cannot get hurt.//


Words: padding
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 soft material used to fill or cover something:  --a helmet with protective padding//\n  2 unnecessary and uninteresting details or words that are added to make a sentence, speech etc longer - used to show disapproval:


Words: Paddington
Meaning:
a railway station in the western part of central London, from which trains go to the west and southwest of England and to South Wales//


Words: Paddington Bear
Meaning:
also Paddington   the main character in children’s stories by the British writer Michael Bond. Paddington is a  teddy bear from Peru who gets lost at  Paddington Station in London, and goes to live with an English family. //


Words: paddle
Meaning:
n   hat, life jacket, paddle//  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  Medieval Latin padela, from  Latin patella;   PATELLA]//\n  1 [C] a short pole that is wide and flat at the end, used for moving a small boat in water:    oar//\n  2 [singular]  BrE when you walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep:  --If it’s not too cold, we can go for a paddle .//\n  3 [C]  AmE a small round flat bat with a short handle, used for hitting the ball in table tennis:  --a ping-pong paddle//\n  4 [C] a tool like a flat spoon, used for mixing food:    dog paddle//\npaddle 2 v   past tense and past participle  paddled present participle  paddling //  [Sense: 1,4-5; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  PADDLE1]//  [Sense: 2-3; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from   PAD21]//\n  1 [I and T] to move a small light boat through water, using one or more paddles:  paddle along/upstream/towards etc//  --I desperately tried to paddle for the shore.//  --She and her husband paddled a canoe down the Mississippi.//    row3 //\n  2 [I]  BrE to walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep:  American Equivalent:  wade//  --children paddling in the sea //\n  3 [I] to swim with short, quick movements:  --The dog was paddling furiously after the ducks.//\n  4 [T]  AmE  informal to hit a child with a piece of wood as a punishment:\n  5  paddle your own canoe:   BrE  informal to do things yourself, without help from anyone else//


Words: paddle steamer
Meaning:
also paddle boat  n [C]    BrE a large old-fashioned boat that moves by using steam to drive a large wheel attached to the side//


Words: paddling pool
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a small pool or plastic container of water which is not very deep, for children to play in//  American Equivalent:  wading pool//


Words: paddock
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: parrock  ’enclosed piece of ground’ (11-19 centuries), from  Old English pearroc]//\n  1  especially BrE a small field in which horses are kept:\n  2 a piece of ground where horses are brought together before a race so that people can look at them:


Words: paddy
Meaning:
n  also paddy field   plural  paddies  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Malay; Origin: padi]//  a field in which rice is grown in water//   rice paddy//


Words: paddy wagon
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  Paddy  ’Irish person, (Irish) policeman’ (18-21 centuries), from the male name  Paddy, from  Irish Gaelic Padraig  ’Patrick’]//   AmE  informal a police vehicle used to carry prisoners//


Words: Paderewski
Meaning:
Jan   (1860-1941) a Polish politician who became the first Prime Minister of Poland after World War I. He was also a  classical musician who played the piano.//


Words: padlock
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: pad (of unknown origin) +  lock]//  a lock that you can put on a gate, door, bicycle etc//  --He undid the padlock and eased back the lid.//  -- padlock v  [T] //


Words: padre
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: Italian, or  Portuguese,  ’father’, from  Latin pater;   PATERNAL]//   informal a priest, especially one in the army//


Words: paean
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’song to the Greek god Apollo’, from  Greek paion, from  Paion, name given to Apollo in the song]//   literary a happy song of praise, thanks, or victory//


Words: paediatrics
Meaning:
BrE  pediatrics AmE   n [U]   the area of medicine that deals with children and their illnesses//  -- paediatric adj //  --a pediatric hospital//


Words: paella
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Catalan; Origin: ’pot, pan’, from  Latin patella;   PATELLA]//  a Spanish dish made with rice, pieces of meat, fish, and vegetables//


Words: pagan
Meaning:
adj   pagan religious beliefs and customs do not belong to any of the main religions of the world, and may come from a time before these religions//  --ancient pagan temples//\npagan 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: paganus, from  Latin,  ’someone who lives in the country’, from  pagus  ’country area’]//\n  1  also  Pagan:  someone who believes in a pagan religion//\n  2 someone with few or no religious beliefs - used humorously:  -- paganism n  [U] //


Words: Paganini
Meaning:
Niccol[hA173]   (1782-1840) an Italian  violin player and  composer who was one of the greatest violin players ever//


Words: page
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 paper:\n   2 computer:\n   3 young person:\n   4 on the same page:\n   5 boy:\n   6 servant:\n   7 a page in history:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-2,4,7; Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin pagina]//  [Sense: 3,5-6; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Old Italian paggio]//\n  1 PAPER:  one side of a piece of paper in a book, newspaper, document etc, or the sheet of paper itself//  --The address is given on page 15 .//  --You’ll find the answers at the bottom of  the page. //  --Her picture appeared on the front page of a local newspaper.//  --Complete the booking form on the opposite page .//  --The answers are  over the page .//  --I never read the business pages .//  --a full page article//  --a half-page ad//  --a 400 page novel//  --She waited, idly turning the pages of a magazine.//  --He took out a notebook, and flicked through the pages .//  --For full details see page 99.//  --One name seemed to leap off the page from the list of candidates.//  --Start each section of your essay on a new page. //\n  2 COMPUTER:  all the writing etc that you can see at one time on a computer screen//  --a web page  (=a single screen of writing, pictures etc on a website) //\n  3 YOUNG PERSON:   AmE a student, usually a student, who works as a helper to a member of the US Congress//\n  4  on the same page:  if a group of people are on the same page, they are working well together and have the same aims//  --We need to get environmentalists and businesses on the same page to improve things.//\n  5 BOY:  a) a boy who served a knight during the Middle Ages as part of his training//  b) a pageboy(2)//\n  6 SERVANT:  a boy who in the past served a person of high rank//\n  7  a page in history:  an important event or period of time//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  (on) page 5/20/360 etc //  the top/bottom of the page //  the front/back page (=of a newspaper) //  the opposite/facing page //  over the page British English (=on the next left-hand page) //  the sports/fashion/financial etc pages (=pages about sports, fashion, money etc in a newspaper) //  full/half page //  turn a page //  flick through the pages (of something) (=turn the pages without reading carefully) //  see/turn to/go to page 22, 49 etc //  jump/leap off the page (=be very easy to notice) //  a blank/new/clean/fresh page (=a page that you have not written on yet) //  ----------//\npage 2 v [T] \n  1 to call someone’s name out in a public place, especially using a loudspeaker, in order to find them:  --She hurried to the reception desk and asked the girl to page her husband.//\n  2 to send a message to someone’s pager asking them to go somewhere or telephone someone:  --He was constantly being paged during meetings.//  --the paging network//  page down phr v//  to press a special key on a computer that makes the screen show the page after the one you are reading//  --It’s not there, so page down and see if you can find it.//  page through [page through sth] phr v//  to look at a book, magazine etc by turning the pages quickly//  page up phr v//  to press a special key on a computer that makes the screen show the page before the one you are reading//


Words: pageant
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: pagina  ’scene of a play’, from  Latin,  ’page’;   PAGE1]//\n  1 an organized public show, often performed outdoors, where people dress in decorated or unusual clothes:  --a colourful pageant of Scotland’s past//\n  2  AmE a public competition for young women in which their appearance, and sometimes other qualities, are compared and judged:   beauty contest//\n  3  the pageant of sth:   literary a series of historical events that are interesting and important//  --the pageant of African history//


Words: pageantry
Meaning:
n [U]   impressive ceremonies or events, involving many people wearing special clothes//  pageantry of//  --the pageantry of a military ceremony//


Words: pageboy
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE a boy who helps the bride as part of a wedding ceremony:    bridesmaid//\n  2  old-fashioned a young man who works in a hotel, club etc, delivering messages, carrying bags etc:\n  3 a woman’s hairstyle in which very straight hair is cut shorter at the front than at the back, and turned under at the ends:


Words: pager
Meaning:
n [C]   a small machine you can carry in your pocket that can receive signals from a telephone. It tells you when someone has sent you a message, or wants you to telephone them, for example by making a noise//   beeper//


Words: pagination
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin pagina;   PAGE1]//   technical the process of giving a number to each page of a book, magazine etc//  -- paginate/p[zB024]d[hA360][hA369]ne[hA366]t/ v  [T] //


Words: pagoda
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Portuguese; Origin: pagode, probably from  Sanskrit bhagavat  ’blessed’]//  a Buddhist temple (=religious building)  that has several levels with a decorated roof at each level//


Words: paid-up
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal \n  1  a fully paid-up member of sth:  if someone is a fully paid-up member of a particular group, they strongly support what that group likes or believes in//  --a fully paid-up member of the celebrity circuit//\n  2  paid-up member:  someone who has paid the money needed to be a member of a club, political party etc//  --The competition is open to all paid-up members of the Women’s Institute.//


Words: Paige
Meaning:
Satchell   (1906-82) a US  baseball player, famous as a  pitcher, who played in the  National Negro Leagues from 1926 to 1947, and became one of the first black players in the  Major Leagues when he joined the Cleveland Indians team in 1948.//


Words: pail
Meaning:
n [C]  especially AmE   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Old English p[zB024]gel, a unit of measurement for liquids]//\n  1 a metal or wooden container with a handle, used for carrying liquids:   bucket//  --a milk pail//  pail of//  --a pail of water//\n  2  also pailful /-f[hA35E]l/:  the amount of liquid a pail will hold//


Words: pain
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: peine, from  Latin poena, from  Greek poine  ’payment, punishment’]//\n  1 [U and C] the feeling you have when part of your body hurts:  pain in//  --The pain in her jaw had come back.//  --I had a nasty pain in my leg.//  --Greg was in a lot of pain .//  --If you suffer from back pain , consult your doctor before attempting this exercise.//  --The patient complained of severe chest pains .//  --She felt a sharp pain in her stomach//  --Morphine is used to relieve pain .//  --drugs for pain relief //  --She hated the thought of anyone inflicting pain on an animal.//  --a few minor aches and pains //    growing pains(2)//\n  2 [U and C] the feeling of unhappiness you have when you are sad, upset, etc:  --the pain and grief of bereavement//  cause (sb) pain/inflict pain on sb //  --She hated to say the words, for fear of causing pain.//\n  3  be a pain (in the neck):   spoken  also be a pain in the ass/arse/backside/butt  not polite //  to be very annoying//  --There were times when Joe could be a real pain in the neck.//  --It’s a pain, having to go upstairs to make the coffee every time.//\n  4  take/go to (great) pains to do sth:   also take pains with/over sth //  to make a special effort to do something//  --He’s taken great pains to improve his image.//\n  5  be at pains to do sth:  to be especially careful to make sure people understand what you are saying or what you plan to do//  --Roy was at pains to point out that English was the only exam he’d ever failed.//\n  6  for your pains:  as a reward for something you worked to achieve - used especially when this is disappointing//  --I fetched the file, and all I got for my pains was a dirty look from Simon.//\n  7  on/under pain of death:  at the risk of being killed as punishment, if you do not obey//  --Communist activity was prohibited on pain of death.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  have a pain in your stomach/leg/side etc //  be in pain //  chest pain/back pain/neck pain etc //  severe/terrible/chronic pain //  sharp pain (=a short but severe pain) //  excruciating pain (=very severe pain) //  dull pain (=one that is not severe but continues for a long time) //  nagging pain (=one that continues for a long time and keepsbothering you) //  shooting pain (=a severe pain that starts in one place then quickly moves to another) //  ease/relieve/kill pain //  pain relief/control //  inflict pain (on somebody) //  labour pains (=pain felt by a woman who is starting to have a baby) //  aches and pains (=slight feelings of pain that are not very serious) //  WORD FOCUS: pain //  pain in different parts of your body: headache,  backache,  toothache,  earache,  stomach ache,  my leg/arm/neck etc hurts //  to feel a lot of pain: be in agony //  what you say when something hurts: ouch //  See also:  painful, sore, twinge//  ----------//\npain 2 v [T]   it pains sb to do sth//   formal used to say that it is very difficult and upsetting for someone to have to do something//


Words: pain barrier
Meaning:
n   the pain barrier//  in sport, the point that you reach when you continue trying to do something, even though you are in pain, very tired, or injured//  --Iona reached the final, but she had to go through the pain barrier to get there.//


Words: Paine
Meaning:
Thomas   (1737-1809) a US political  philosopher and writer, born in England. He supported the American states in their fight to become independent of Britain, and he also supported the French Revolution and had to escape from England to France because of this. His most famous books, which have had a great influence on political thinking, are  The Rights of Man and  The Age of Reason.//


Words: pained
Meaning:
adj   pained expression/look/voice etc//  someone’s expression, voice etc that shows they are worried, upset, or slightly annoyed//  --He sat stiffly, with a pained expression on his face .//


Words: painful
Meaning:
adj \n  1 making you feel very upset, or very difficult and unpleasant for you:  → painless//  painful memories/experience etc //  --He sobbed as he recalled the painful memory.//  --Venice was a painful reminder of her marriage.//  --He and his wife took the painful decision to switch off their son’s life support machine.//  --the long and painful process of growing up//  painful to do sth//  --It can be painful to leave the house in which you were born.//  painful for/to//  --The divorce was painful for both of us.//  --Even hearing his name was painful to her.//\n  2 if a part of your body is painful, it hurts:  --stiff, painful joints//  --Is your arm very painful?//  --The neck becomes swollen and painful to the touch  (=hurts when you touch it) .//\n  3 causing physical pain:  --a painful blow on the head//  excruciatingly/extremely painful //  --an excruciatingly painful death//  painful to do sth//  --He was finding it painful to breathe.//\n  4 if someone’s behaviour or a performance is painful, it is so bad that it embarrasses people:  painful to watch/listen/hear to etc //  --It’s painful to watch her making the best of a terrible script.//  ----------//  HINT //  Do not use painful to mean ’feeling pain’: He didn’t feel much pain (NOT feel very painful) at first! //  ----------//


Words: painfully
Meaning:
adv \n  1 very - used to emphasize a bad or harmful quality that someone or something has:  --painfully thin arms//  --As a teenager, I was painfully shy.//  --The road to peace is a painfully slow process.//  --We are only too painfully aware of the damage his actions have caused.//  painfully obvious/clear/evident/apparent //  --It was painfully obvious he’d rather not see her again.//\n  2 with pain or causing pain:  --Robyn swallowed painfully.//\n  3 needing a lot of effort:  --all the knowledge that he had so painfully acquired//


Words: painless
Meaning:
adj \n  1 causing no pain:  --a painless death//\n  2 not difficult or unpleasant to do:  --The train is a quick and painless way to travel.//  --The interview was relatively painless. //  -- painlessly adv //


Words: painstaking
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   very careful and thorough//  --The work had been done with painstaking attention to detail.//  --Chris described in painstaking detail what had happened.//  -- painstakingly adv //  --The old painting was painstakingly restored.//


Words: paint
Meaning:
W3S2   n [U]   1 a liquid that you put on a surface, using a brush to make the surface a particular colour//  --a can of blue paint//  --Wet paint (=used as a warning on signs when something has just been painted) //  --The whole house could do with a fresh coat of paint .//  peeling/flaking paint (=old paint that is starting to come off the surface) //  --All this room needs is a lick of paint  (=paint used to make a place more attractive) .//  palette, paint//\n  2  paints:  tubes or dry blocks of a coloured substance, used for painting pictures//  --acrylic and oil paints//\npaint 2 W3S2 v   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: peint, past participle of  peindre  ’to paint’, from  Latin pingere]//\n  1 [I and T] to put paint on a surface:  --The ceiling needs painting.//  -- brightly painted houses//  paint sth (in) blue/red/green etc //  --We painted the door blue.//  --Paint the walls in a contrasting colour.//  --The living room was painted in pastel shades of pink and blue.//\n  2 [I and T] to make a picture, design etc using paint:  --A white cross was painted on the door.//  --Turner is famous for painting landscapes.//  paint in oils/watercolours etc (=paint using a particular type of paint) //  --He paints mainly in acrylics.//\n  3 [T] to put a coloured substance on part of your face or body to make it different or more attractive:  --The children’s faces were painted to look like animals.//  --She’d painted her toenails with red nail polish.//\n  4 [T] to describe someone or something in a particular way:  paint sb/sth as sth//  --She’s often been painted as a tough businesswoman.//  paint a grim/rosy/gloomy picture of sb/sth //  --Dickens painted a grim picture of Victorian life.//  --The article painted him in a bad light  (=described him in a way that made him seem bad) .//\n  5  paint the town (red):   informal to go out to bars, clubs etc to enjoy yourself//    not be as black as you are painted at black1 (10)//  paint out [paint sth → out] phr v//  to cover part of a picture or sign with paint so that it can no longer be seen//  --The name of the firm had been partially painted out.//  paint over [paint over sth] phr v//  to cover a picture or surface with new paint//  --Much of the original decoration was painted over.//


Words: paint job
Meaning:
n [singular]    informal if a car has a paint job, it is painted again//  --old cars that are given a quick paint job before being sold//


Words: Painted Desert
Meaning:
the Painted Desert//  a desert area in Arizona in the southwestern US, east of the Little Colorado River. It is famous for the red, brown, and purple rock surfaces on the  plateaus (=large areas of flat land higher than the land around them) .//


Words: painter
Meaning:
n [C]   canvas, easel//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  PAINT2]//\n  1 someone who paints pictures:   artist//  --Gerry’s ambition was to become a portrait painter.//\n  2 someone whose job is painting houses or other buildings:  painter and decorator  BrE //


Words: painting
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [C] a painted picture that you put on a wall for people to see:  --a collection of valuable paintings//  painting of//  --There was a large painting of his father on the wall.//  --Can you help me hang this painting  (=put it on a wall) ?//    oil painting//\n  2 [U] the act or skill of making a picture, using paints:  --Degas’ style of painting//  --the Cubist school of painting (=a particular style used by a group of people) //\n  3 [U] the work of covering a wall, house etc with paint:  painting and decorating  BrE //


Words: pair
Meaning:
n   plural  pairs  or  pair  [C] //  ----------//\n   1 joined together:\n   2 belonging together:\n   3 in pairs:\n   4 two people:\n   5 the pair of you/them:\n   6 two animals:\n   7 I’ve only got one pair of hands:\n   8 an extra pair of hands:\n   9 a safe pair of hands:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: paire, from  Latin paria  ’equal things’, from  par;   PAR]//\n  1 JOINED TOGETHER:  an object that is made from two similar parts that are joined together//  pair of trousers/scissors/glasses etc //  --two pairs of jeans//  --a pair of black tights//  2 BELONGING TOGETHER//  two things of the same type that are used together//  pair of//  --a new pair of sandals//  pair of hands/eyes/legs etc //  --She felt as if every pair of eyes in the room was on her.//  --earrings, [hA124]5 a pair//  --a pair of skis//  --We have five pairs of free tickets to give away.//\n  3  in pairs:  in groups of two//  --We worked in pairs for the role-play exercise.//  --The leaves of the tree are arranged in pairs.//\n  4 TWO PEOPLE:  two people who are standing or doing something together, or who have some type of connection with each other//    couple//  --The pair are looking for sponsorship from local businesses.//  pair of//  --a pair of dancers//\n  5  the pair of you/them:   BrE  spoken used when you are angry or annoyed with two people//  --Oh, get out, the pair of you.//\n  6 TWO ANIMALS:  a) a male and a female animal that come together in order to breed//  pair of//  --a pair of doves//  --a breeding pair//  b)  old use two horses that work together//\n  7  I’ve only got one pair of hands:   spoken used to say that you are busy and cannot do any more than you are already doing//\n  8  an extra pair of hands:  someone who helps you do something when you are busy//  --Having an extra pair of hands during busy periods can take the pressure off.//\n  9  a safe pair of hands:  someone you can trust and depend on because they are sensible - used especially in news reports//  --Colleagues regard him as a safe pair of hands.//  ----------//  HINT sense 4 //  Do not use pair to talk about a husband and wife (or two people in a similar relationship). Use couple: They’re such a nice couple (NOT pair). //  ----------//\npair 2 v \n  1 [I,T usually passive] to put people or things into groups of two, or to form groups of two:  be paired with sb//  --We were each paired with a newcomer to help with training.//\n  2  also pair up :   [I] if animals pair, they come together in order to breed//  pair off phr v//  to come together or bring two people together to have a romantic relationship//  --All the others were pairing off and I was left on my own.//  pair sb off with sb//  --My aunt was forever pairing me off with unsuitable men.//  pair up phr v//\n  1  BrE to become friends and start to have a relationship:  --We learned later that he and Tanya had paired up.//\n  2 to work together to do something or to put two people together to do something:  --They first paired up in the screen adaptation of ’Grease’.//  pair sb → up//  --They have paired up writers and artists, and commissioned linked works.//\n  3 if animals pair up, they come together in order to breed:


Words: Paisley
Meaning:
the Reverend Ian   (1926- ) a Northern Irish  protestant political leader who speaks very strongly in favour of Northern Ireland remaining part of the United Kingdom//


Words: paisley
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Paisley, town in Scotland]//  a pattern consisting of curved shapes used on cloth//  --a paisley shawl//


Words: pajamas
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Hindi; Origin: pajama (singular), from  Persian pa  ’leg’ +  jama  ’piece of clothing’]//  the American spelling of pyjamas//


Words: pak choi
Meaning:
n  BrE  bok choy AmE [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Chinese; Origin: paak ts’oi  ’white vegetable’]//  a green vegetable similar to cabbage that is used in Chinese cooking//


Words: Paki
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  taboo a very offensive word for someone from Pakistan or India. Do not use this word.//


Words: Pakistan
Meaning:
a Muslim country in Asia, west of India and east of Afghanistan and Iran. Population: 144,617,000 (2001). Capital: Islamabad. Pakistan was formed as a new, independent country in 1947, when the British left India and India was divided into separate parts in a process known as ’Partition.’ The mainly Hindu part of India became the country now called India, and the mainly Muslim part became Pakistan. Pakistan was also divided into East Pakistan and West Pakistan, but they separated in 1971. East Pakistan became the new country of Bangladesh, and West Pakistan became Pakistan. //


Words: Pakistani
Meaning:
adj   relating to Pakistan or its people//\nPakistani 2 n [C]   someone from Pakistan//  --a 20-year-old Pakistani//


Words: pal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Romany; Origin: phral,  phal  ’brother, friend’, from  Sanskrit bhratr  ’brother’]//\n  1  informal a close friend:    mate//  --We’ve been pals since we were at school.//  --an old pal  (=a friend you have had for a long time) //\n  2  spoken used to speak to a man in an unfriendly way:  --Look, pal, I don’t want you hanging around.//\npal 2 v   past tense and past participle  palled present participle  palling //  pal around phr v//   AmE if you pal around with someone, you do things together as friends//  pal around with//  --It was nice having someone to pal around with.//  pal up phr v//   BrE to become someone’s friend//  pal up with//  --She palled up with Neil while travelling round Europe.//


Words: Palace
Meaning:
BrE   the Palace//  an informal name for Buckingham Palace, used especially to mean the British queen or king and his/her advisers//  --A spokesman for the Palace confirmed that Her Majesty would be visiting South Africa next year.//


Words: palace
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: palais, from  Latin palatium, from  Palatium the Palatine Hill in Rome where the ruler’s palace was]//\n  1 the official home of a person of very high rank, especially a king or queen - often used in names:  --Buckingham Palace//\n  2  the Palace:   especially BrE the people who live in a palace - used in news reports//  --The Palace has announced that the Duke and Duchess are to separate.//\n  3 a large, beautifully decorated house:  --the splendid palaces of Florence//


Words: palace revolution
Meaning:
also palace coup  n [C]   a situation in which the people who work for a leader take control and remove that leader’s power//  --He deposed his father in a palace coup.//


Words: paladin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Italian paladino, from  Latin palatinus  ’palace official’, from  palatium;   PALACE]//  a knight (=a soldier of high rank)  in the Middle Ages who was very brave and loyal//


Words: palatable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 palatable food or drink has a pleasant or acceptable taste:  → unpalatable//  --a very palatable wine//\n  2 an idea, suggestion etc that is palatable is acceptable:  → unpalatable//  palatable to//  --They changed the wording of the advertisement to make it more palatable to women.//  --The truth, as always, is slightly less palatable.//


Words: palate
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: palatum]//\n  1 [C] the roof (=top inside part)  of your mouth:    cleft palate,  soft palate//\n  2 [U and C] the sense of taste, and especially your ability to enjoy or judge food:  --It tasted very strange, at least to my untrained palate.//  --a collection of dishes to tempt your palate//


Words: palatial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: palatium;   PALACE]//  a palatial building etc is large and beautifully decorated//  --a palatial country residence//


Words: Palau
Meaning:
a country consisting of a group of many islands in the western Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Philippines. Population: 190,092 (2001). Capital: Koror.//


Words: palaver
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  especially BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Portuguese; Origin: palavra  ’word, speech’, from  Late Latin parabola;   PARABLE]//   informal unnecessary trouble and anxiety that makes something seem more important than it really is//  --We could have done without all this palaver.//  -- What a palaver over nothing!//


Words: pale
Meaning:
W3   adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin pallidus;   PALLID]//\n  1 having a skin colour that is very white, or whiter than it usually is:  --He looked very pale and drawn.//  turn/go pale //  --He suddenly went pale.//  --Sharon went deathly pale and looked as if she might faint.//  --an elderly, pale-faced woman//\n  2 a pale colour has more white in it than usual:    deep//   light//  --pale blue curtains//\n  3 pale light is not bright:  --the pale gray dawn//\n  4  pale imitation (of sth):  something that is similar to, but not as good as, something else//  --The cheese is a pale imitation of real Parmesan.//\npale 2 v [I] \n  1  literary if your face pales, it becomes whiter than usual because you have had a shock:  --Kent’s face paled when he saw that Rob had a knife.//\n  2  pale into insignificance:  to seem much less important when compared to something bigger, worse, more serious etc//  --The amounts of money involved pale into insignificance when compared with the sums spent each year on research.//\n  3  pale in/by comparison:  to seem small or unimportant compared to something else//  pale in/by comparison to/with//  --Today’s economic problems pale in comparison with those of the 1930s.//\npale 3 n   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: pale  ’limit’ (15-18 centuries), from  ’fence’ (14-19 centuries), from  ’pointed piece of wood driven into the ground’ (14-20 centuries), from  Old French pal, from  Latin palus]//  beyond the pale//  offensive or unacceptable//  --His opinions are entirely beyond the pale.//


Words: paleo-
Meaning:
palaeo-/p[zB024]li[hA353][hA35E], pe[hA366]- $ pe[hA366]lio[hA35E]/ prefix  technical   [Language: Greek; Origin: palaio-  ’ancient’, from  palai  ’long ago’]//  relating to very ancient times//


Words: paleolithic
Meaning:
also  palaeolithic BrE   adj  often  Paleolithic  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: paleo- +  Greek lithos  ’stone’]//  relating to the Stone Age (=the period of time thousands of years ago when people used stone tools and weapons) //  --a paleolithic axe//    neolithic//


Words: paleontology
Meaning:
palaeontology/p[zB024]li[hA361]nt[hA361]l[hA353]d[hA360]i, pe[hA366]- $ pe[hA366]li[hA35A][hA359]nt[hA35A][hA359]/ n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: paleo- +  Greek onta  ’living things’ +  English -ology]//  the study of fossils (=ancient bones, plants etc that have been preserved in rock) //  -- paleontologist n  [C] //


Words: Palestine
Meaning:
an area of land in the modern state of Israel, which includes the West Bank of the River Jordan, the city of Jericho, and the Gaza Strip, which the Arab population, the Palestinians, want to control as an independent country. Since 1995, this area has been partly independent.//


Words: Palestine National Authority Palestinian National Authority
Meaning:
the government of the Palestinian people, which controls Gaza and part of the West Bank area of Israel//


Words: palette
Meaning:
n [C]   palette, paint//  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Old French pale  ’spade’]//\n  1 a thin, curved board that an artist uses to mix paints, holding it by putting his or her thumb through a hole at the edge:\n  2 [usually singular] the colours that a particular artist uses or the colours in a particular painting:\n  3 the choice of colours or shapes that are available in a computer program:


Words: palette knife
Meaning:
n [C]   a knife that bends easily and is not sharp, used for spreading a substance, for example in cooking or painting//


Words: palimony
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: pal +  alimony]//   especially AmE an amount of money that a law court orders someone to pay regularly to a former partner that they were living with but were not married to//


Words: palimpsest
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: palimpsestus, from  Greek, from  palin  ’again’ +  psen  ’to rub’]//  an ancient document on which the original writing has been covered over with new writing//


Words: palindrome
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: palindromos, from  palin  ’back, again’ +  dramein  ’to run’]//  a word or phrase such as ’deed’ or ’level’, which is the same when you spell it backwards//


Words: paling
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: pale  ’pointed piece of wood’;   PALE3]//  a wooden or metal post that is pointed at the top, or a fence made of these posts//  --A new paling had been erected around the yard.//  --iron palings//


Words: palisade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: palissade, from  Latin palus;   PALE3]//\n  1 a strong fence made of pointed posts:\n  2  also palisades  AmE a line of high straight cliffs, especially beside water:


Words: pall
Meaning:
v [I not in progressive]  literary   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: appal]//  if something palls, it becomes less interesting or enjoyable because you have experienced it before//  --Gradually, the novelty of city life began to pall.//\npall 2 n [C]   [Date: 900-1000; Language: Latin; Origin: pallium  ’covering’]//\n  1 [usually singular] a thick, dark cloud of smoke, dust etc:  pall of smoke/dust/ash etc //  --A pall of thick grey smoke hung over the buildings.//\n  2  a pall of sth:   literary an unpleasant quality that seems to be in a place or situation//  --The area is enveloped in a pall of neglect.//\n  3 a cloth used to cover a coffin (=a box containing a dead body) :


Words: Pall Mall
Meaning:
a wide street in west central London, between  Trafalgar Square and  St James’s Palace, where there are a lot of  gentleman’s clubs//


Words: palladium
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Pallas asteroid discovered a short time before the metal]//  a soft silver-white metal that is often combined with gold and silver, and used to cover an object with a very thin layer of metal. It is a chemical element: symbol Pd//


Words: pallet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: palette;   PALETTE]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: paillete, from  paille  ’straw’]//\n  1 a large frame, used for storing or carrying heavy things:  --wooden pallets//\n  2 a rough cloth bag filled with straw, used in the past for sleeping on:


Words: palliate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  palliare  ’to cover, hide’, from  Latin pallium;   PALL2]//  to reduce the effects of illness, pain etc without curing them//  --Chosen carefully, the oils may not only palliate but also cure the condition.//


Words: palliative
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  formal something done to make a bad situation seem better, but which does not solve the problem:  --short-term economic palliatives//\n  2  medical a medical treatment that will not cure an illness but will reduce the pain:  -- palliative adj  [usually before noun] //  --palliative care//


Words: pallid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: pallidus]//\n  1 very pale, especially in a way that looks weak or unhealthy:  --pallid cheeks//\n  2 not very interesting:  --a pallid performance//


Words: pallor
Meaning:
n [singular, U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: pallere  ’to be pale’]//  when someone’s skin is very pale in a way that makes them look weak or unhealthy//  --A sleepless night had added to her pallor.//


Words: palm
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 part of hand:\n   2 tree:\n   3 hold/have somebody in the palm of your hand:\n   4 read somebody’s palm:  ----------//\n  1 PART OF HAND:  the inside surface of your hand, in which you hold things//  in sb’s palm//  --She looked at the coins in her palm.//  --He held the pebble in the palm of his hand .//\n  2 TREE:   also  palm tree//  a tropical tree which grows near beaches or in deserts, with a long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top//  --coconut palms//\n  3  hold/have sb in the palm of your hand:  to have a strong influence on someone, so that they do what you want them to do//\n  4  read sb’s palm:  to tell someone what is going to happen to them in the future by looking at the lines on their hand//    cross sb’s palm (with silver) at cross1 (18),  grease sb’s palm at grease2 (2)//\npalm 2 v [T]   to hide something in the palm of your hand, especially when you are performing a magic trick or stealing something//  palm off [palm sth → off] phr v//  to persuade someone to accept or buy something that is not of good quality or is not the thing that they really want//  palm something → off on/onto//  --He tried to palm off his old books onto me.//  palm something → off as//  --Dealers sometimes palm off fakes as genuine works of art.//  palm off with [palm sb off with sth] phr v//  to give someone an explanation that is not true but that you hope they will accept//


Words: Palm Beach
Meaning:
a city in the southeast of Florida in the US, which is a popular tourist centre, especially as a place for rich people to go in the winter//


Words: palm tree
Meaning:
also  palm n [C]   a tropical tree which grows near beaches or in deserts, with a long straight trunk and large pointed leaves at the top//


Words: palm-sized
Meaning:
adj   palm-sized computer/PC/PDA//  a palm-sized computer, PC etc is small enough to fit in your hand//


Words: palmist
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE someone who claims they can tell what will happen to a person by looking at the lines on the palm of their hand//


Words: palmistry
Meaning:
n [U]   the art of looking at the palm of a person’s hand to tell what will happen to them in the future//


Words: Palomar
Meaning:
Mount   a mountain near San Diego, California, where the Mount Palomar  Observatory (=a special building from which scientists study the stars)  is based. Its equipment includes a very large  telescope.//


Words: palomino
Meaning:
n   plural  palominos  [C] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Language: American Spanish; Origin: Spanish,  ’like a dove’, from  Latin palumbes  ’dove’]//  a horse that is a golden or cream colour, with a white mane and tail//


Words: palpable
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: palpabilis, from  Latin palpare  ’to touch gently’]//\n  1 a feeling that is palpable is so strong that other people notice it and can feel it around them:  → impalpable//  --There was a palpable sense of relief among the crowd.//\n  2 [only before noun] complete:  --What he said is palpable nonsense.//  -- palpably adv //  --This was palpably untrue.//


Words: palpate
Meaning:
v [T]  medical   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  palpare;   PALPABLE]//  to touch part of someone’s body in order to examine it//


Words: palpitate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  palpitare, from  palpare;   PALPABLE]//  if your heart palpitates, it beats quickly in an irregular way//


Words: palsy
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: paralisie, from  Latin paralysis;   PARALYSIS]//\n  1 an illness that makes your arms and legs shake because you cannot control your muscles:\n  2  old use  paralysis:    cerebral palsy//


Words: palsy-walsy
Meaning:
adj  BrE  spoken   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: pal]//  very friendly with someone - used especially when you disapprove of this//


Words: paltry
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: paltry  ’worthless material’ (16-19 centuries)]//\n  1 a paltry amount of something is too small to be useful or important:  -- paltry sum of money//  --He received only a paltry [hA124]25 a day.//\n  2  formal unimportant or worthless:  --paltry issues//


Words: pampas
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: American Spanish; Origin: , plural of  pampa, from  Quechua and  Aymara,  ’plain’]//  the pampas//  the large flat areas of land covered with grass in some parts of South America//


Words: pamper
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Dutch]//  to look after someone very kindly, for example by giving them the things that they want and making them feel warm and comfortable//  --She spent her childhood as the pampered daughter of a wealthy family.//  pamper yourself//  --Pamper yourself with a stay in one of our luxury hotels.//


Words: pamphlet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Pamphilus seu De Amore  ’Pamphilus or On Love’, popular Latin love poem of the 12th century]//  a very thin book with paper covers, that gives information about something//    leaflet//  --a political pamphlet//


Words: Pan
Meaning:
in Greek  mythology, the god of fields, forests, and  shepherds. Pan is usually shown in pictures as a man with a goat’s horns, ears, and legs, playing the  panpipes. He is also famous for his strong sexual desire.//


Words: pan
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 for cooking:\n   2 for baking cakes etc:\n   3 open container:\n   4 toilet:\n   5 go down the pan:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: panne]//\n  1 FOR COOKING:  a round metal container that you use for cooking, usually with one long handle and a lid//   saucepan//  --a frying pan//  --pots and pans//  --Cook the pasta in a large pan of boiling water.//\n  2 FOR BAKING CAKES ETC:   AmE a metal container for baking things in//  British Equivalent:  tin//  --a cake pan//\n  3 OPEN CONTAINER:   AmE a wide, usually round, open container with low sides, used for holding liquids//\n  4 TOILET:   BrE the bowl of a toilet//\n  5  go down the pan:   BrE  informal to be wasted or become useless or ruined//  --The business is rapidly going down the pan.//    warming pan//    a flash in the pan at flash2 (5)//\npan 2 v   past tense and past participle  panned present participle  panning //  ----------//\n   1 criticize:\n   2 camera:\n   3 gold:  Phrasal verbs//   pan out//  ----------//  [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  PAN1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: panorama]//\n  1 CRITICIZE:   [T]  informal to strongly criticize a film, play etc in a newspaper or on television or radio//  --The movie was panned by the critics.//\n  2 CAMERA:  a)  [I always + adverb/preposition] if a film or television camera pans in a particular direction, it moves in that direction and follows the thing that is being filmed//  --The camera panned slowly across the crowd.//  b)  [I and T] to move a camera in this way//\n  3 GOLD:   [I and T] to wash soil in a metal container in order to separate gold from other substances//  pan for//  --panning for gold in Alaska//  pan out phr v//  to happen or develop in a particular way//  --We’ll have to see how things pan out.//


Words: Pan American Games
Meaning:
the   a number of sports competitions which take place every four years in which the countries of South, Central, and North America take part//


Words: pan- Pan-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Greek; Origin: pan  ’all, every’]//  including all people//  --pan-African unity//


Words: Pan-American Highway
Meaning:
the Pan-American Highway//  a road that goes all the way from Canada to Argentina, connecting North, Central, and South America. It is about 25,000 kilometres/16,000 miles long.//


Words: panacea
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek panakeia, from  pan- (  PAN-) +  akeisthai  ’to cure’]//  something that people think will make everything better and solve all their problems//   cure-all//  panacea for//  --There is no panacea for the country’s economic problems.//


Words: panache
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: pennache, from  Late Latin pinnaculum  ’small wing’]//  a way of doing things that makes them seem easy and exciting, and makes other people admire you//    style//  with panache//  --They played and sang with great panache.//


Words: Panama
Meaning:
a country on the Isthmus of Panama, a narrow piece of land connecting Central and South America, between Costa Rica and Colombia. Population: 2,846,000 (2001). Capital: Panama City. The Panama Canal, a long, narrow stretch of water, was built across the country in 1914 in order to allow ships to sail between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.//  -- Panamanian n  adj //


Words: Panama Canal
Meaning:
a  canal (=artificial river)  that connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans across the Isthums of Panama, allowing ships to avoid having to sail around the southern part of South America. It opened in 1914, after ten years of building, and is 64 km/40 miles long.//


Words: panama hat
Meaning:
[C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Panama, from where such hats (made in Ecuador) were exported]//  a light hat for men, made from straw//


Words: pancake
Meaning:
n   1 [C] a thin flat round cake made from flour, milk, and eggs, that has been cooked in a flat pan and is eaten hot//    crepe//\n  2 [U] very thick make-up for your face, that is worn especially by actors:


Words: pancreas
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek pankreas, from  pan- (  PAN-) +  kreas  ’flesh’]//  a gland inside your body, near your stomach, that produces insulin and a liquid that helps your body to use the food that you eat//  -- pancreatic/p[zB024][hA26E]kri[zB024]t[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: panda
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Nepali]//\n  1 a large black and white animal that looks like a bear and lives in the mountains of China:\n  2 a small animal with red-brown fur and a long tail that lives in the south-eastern Himalayas:


Words: Panda car
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Because it was originally painted black and white, like a panda]//  a small black and white police car//


Words: pandemic
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: pandemos, from  pan- (  PAN-) +  demos  ’people’]//   technical a disease that affects people over a very large area or the whole world//    endemic, epidemic//  --the AIDS pandemic//  -- pandemic adj //


Words: pandemonium
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Pandaemonium city of evil spirits in the poem Paradise Lost (1667) by John Milton, from  Greek pan- (  PAN-) +  daimon  ’evil spirit’]//  a situation in which there is a lot of noise because people are angry, confused or frightened//   chaos//  -- There was complete pandemonium in the kitchen.//  --When the verdict was read pandemonium broke out in the courtroom.//


Words: pander
Meaning:
v   pander to / [pander to sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: pander  ’someone who finds lovers for others’ (14-20 centuries), from  Pandarus man in an ancient Greek story who acted as a messenger between lovers]//  to give someone anything they want in order to please them, even if it seems unreasonable or unnecessary - used to show disapproval//  --Some newspapers feel they have to pander to the prejudices of their readers.//  --Highly trained staff will pander to your every whim .//


Words: Pandora’s box
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Pandora woman in an ancient Greek story who opened a box and let all evils out into the world]//  open a Pandora’s box//  to do or start something that will cause a lot of other problems//  --The report could open up a Pandora’s box of claims from similar cases.//


Words: pane
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: pan, from  Latin pannus  ’cloth’]//  a piece of glass used in a window or door//  --a window pane//  --a pane of glass//    windowpane//


Words: panegyric
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: panegyricus, from  Greek, from  panegyris  ’public meeting for celebration’]//   old-fashioned  formal a speech or piece of writing that praises someone or something a lot//


Words: panel
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 group of people:\n   2 piece of something:\n   3 instrument/control panel:\n   4 picture:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: ’piece of cloth, piece’, from  Latin pannus;   PANE]//\n  1 GROUP OF PEOPLE:   [also + plural verb British English] //  a) a group of people with skills or  specialist knowledge who have been chosen to give advice or opinions on a particular subject//  panel of//  --A panel of experts has looked at the proposal.//  on a panel//  --There will be at least three senior doctors on the panel.//  b) a group of well-known people who answer questions on a radio or television programme//    panellist//  on a panel//  --We have two senior politicians on our panel tonight.//  c)  AmE a group of people who are chosen to listen to a case in a court of law and to decide the result//   jury//  --The panel spent 14 hours going over the evidence.//\n  2 PIECE OF SOMETHING:  a) a flat piece of wood, glass etc with straight sides, which forms part of a door, wall, fence etc//  --a stained glass panel//  --There were a few panels missing from the fence.//  b) a piece of metal that forms part of the outer structure of a vehicle//  --One of the door panels was badly damaged and had to be replaced.//  c) a piece of material that forms part of a piece of clothing//  --a skirt made in six panels//\n  3  instrument/control panel:  a board in a car, plane, boat etc that has the controls on it//\n  4 PICTURE:  a thin board with a picture painted on it//    solar panel//


Words: panelled
Meaning:
BrE  paneled AmE   adj   covered or decorated with flat pieces of wood//  panelled with/in//  --The walls were panelled with oak.//


Words: panelling
Meaning:
BrE  paneling AmE   n [U]   long or square pieces of wood that are used to cover and decorate walls//


Words: panellist
Meaning:
BrE panelist  AmE   n [C]   one of a group of well-known people who answer questions on a radio or television programme//


Words: pang
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  prong]//  a sudden feeling of pain, sadness etc//  pang of jealousy/guilt/remorse/regret //  --She felt a sudden pang of guilt.//  -- hunger pangs //


Words: Pangaea
Meaning:
the very large area of land that existed as the only land on Earth about 300-225 million years ago, before it broke apart to form two large land masses, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland. These later broke apart to form the modern  continents.//


Words: panhandle
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a long, thin area of land that sticks out from a larger area//  --the Texas panhandle//\npanhandle 2 v [I]  especially AmE  informal   to ask for money in the streets//   beg//  --homeless people panhandling in the subway//  -- panhandler n  [C] //


Words: panic
Meaning:
S3   n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: panique  ’caused by panic’, from  Greek panikos, from  Pan ancient Greek god of nature, who caused great fear]//\n  1 [C usually singular, U] a sudden strong feeling of fear or nervousness that makes you unable to think clearly or behave sensibly:  in (a) panic//  --The children fled in panic.//  --a feeling of sheer panic  (=complete panic) //  --She got into a panic when she couldn’t find the tickets.//  --The whole nation is in a state of panic following the attacks.//  --She suffers from terrible panic attacks .//\n  2 [C usually singular, U] a situation in which people are suddenly made very anxious, and make quick decisions without thinking carefully:  panic over/about//  --the recent panic over the safety of baby milk//  panic buying/selling //  --a wave of panic selling in Hong Kong//\n  3 [singular]  especially BrE a situation in which you have a lot to do and not much time to do it in:    rush//  --the usual last minute panic just before the deadline//\n  4  panic stations:   BrE a situation in which everyone is busy and anxious because something needs to be done urgently//  --It was panic stations here on Friday.//\npanic 2   past tense and past participle  panicked present participle  panicking  v [I and T] //  to suddenly feel so frightened that you cannot think clearly or behave sensibly, or to make someone do this//  --He started to panic when he saw the gun.//  -- Don’t panic! We’ll soon get you out of there.//  panic sb into doing sth//  --The protests became more violent and many people were panicked into leaving the country.//


Words: panic button
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a button that you can press to call for help if you are being attacked:\n  2  press/push the panic button:   BrE to do something quickly without thinking enough about it, because something unexpected or dangerous has suddenly happened//


Words: panic-stricken
Meaning:
adj   so frightened that you cannot think clearly or behave sensibly//  --Lucy suddenly looked panic-stricken.//


Words: panicky
Meaning:
adj  informal   very nervous and anxious//  --By 10 o’clock she was starting to get a bit panicky.//


Words: Pankhurst
Meaning:
Mrs Emmeline   (1858-1928) a famous member of the British  suffragettes, who fought for women’s rights, especially the vote, in Britian. She was put in prison many times for her actions. Her daughters, Christobel and Sylvia, were also suffragettes and worked for the rights of poor women.//


Words: pannier
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: panier, from  Latin panarium, from  panis  ’bread’]//\n  1 one of a pair of baskets or bags that you carry one on each side of an animal or a bicycle:    saddlebag//\n  2 a basket in which someone carries a load on their back:


Words: panoply
Meaning:
n [singular]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: panoplia  ’full suit of armor’, from  pan- (  PAN-) +  hopla  ’weapons, armor’]//\n  1 an impressive show of special clothes, decorations etc, especially at an important ceremony:  panoply of//  --a glorious panoply of colours//\n  2 a large number of people or things:  panoply of//  --a panoply of men in grey suits//  full/entire/whole panoply of sth (=the whole range of something) //


Words: panorama
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: pan- +  Greek horama  ’sight’]//\n  1 an impressive view of a wide area of land:  panorama of//  --The tower offers a panorama of the city.//  --a breathtaking panorama of mountains//\n  2 a description or series of pictures that shows all the features of a subject, historical period etc:  panorama of//  --a panorama of life in England 400 years ago//  -- panoramic/p[zB024]n[hA353]r[zB024]m[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //  --a panoramic view of the valley//


Words: panpipes
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Pan (  PANIC1), who is said to have invented it +  pipes]//  a simple musical instrument made of short wooden pipes of different lengths, that you play by blowing across their open ends//


Words: pansy
Meaning:
n   plural  pansies  [C] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: pensee, from  pensee  ’thought’]//\n  1 a small garden plant with brightly coloured flowers:\n  2  informal  not polite an offensive word for a man who seems weak and too much like a woman:


Words: pant
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: pantaisier, from  Vulgar Latin phantasiare  ’to see things which are not there’, from  Latin phantasia;   FANTASY]//\n  1 [I] to breathe quickly with short noisy breaths, for example because you have been running or because it is very hot:  --He came in panting after running up the steps.//  --He was panting for breath .//  --The dog lay panting on the doorstep.//\n  2 [T] to say something while you are panting:  --’I can’t run any farther,’ she panted.//  -- pant n  [C] //  pant for [pant for sth] phr v//  to want something very much//  --He came in panting for a cup of tea.//


Words: pantaloons
Meaning:
n [plural]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Pantalon  ’Pantaloon’, character in a humorous play who wore such pants, from  Old Italian  Pantaleone]//  long trousers with wide legs, that become tight at the bottom of your legs//


Words: pantheism
Meaning:
n [U]   the religious idea that God and the universe are one thing and that God is present in all natural things//  -- pantheist n  [C] //  -- pantheistic/p[zB024]n[hA35F]i[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: Pantheon
Meaning:
the Pantheon//  a well-preserved building of ancient Rome which was a temple to the gods. It has a dome which is 43 metres across, and it was built by the  Roman emperor Hadrian between AD 118 and 128.//


Words: pantheon
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek,  ’temple of all the gods’, from  pan- (  PAN-) +  theos  ’god’]//\n  1 all the gods of a particular people or nation:  --the Roman pantheon//\n  2  literary a group of famous and important people:  pantheon of//  --a leading figure in the pantheon of 20th century artists//\n  3 a religious building that is built in honour of all gods:


Words: panther
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: pantere, from  Greek panther]//\n  1 a large wild animal that is black and a member of the cat family:\n  2  AmE a cougar:


Words: panties
Meaning:
n [plural]    especially AmE a piece of women’s underwear that covers the area between their waist and the top of their legs//  British Equivalent:  knickers//  --a pair of lacy panties//


Words: pantile
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  BrE   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Because it is curved, like a pan with its handle seen from the side]//  a curved tile used for covering a roof//


Words: pantograph
Meaning:
n [C]  technical \n  1 an instrument used to make a smaller or larger exact copy of a drawing, plan etc:\n  2 a thing on top of an electric train which takes electric power from an electric power line above it:


Words: pantomime
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: pantomimus, from  panto-  ’all’ (from  Greek, from  pan;   PAN-) +  mimus (  MIME1)]//\n  1 [U and C] a type of play for children that is performed in Britain around Christmas, in which traditional stories are performed with jokes, music, and songs:\n  2 [U and C] a method of performing using only actions and not words, or a play performed using this method:   mime//\n  3 [C]  BrE a situation or behaviour that is silly:


Words: pantry
Meaning:
n   plural  pantries  [C] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: paneterie, from  pan  ’bread’]//  a very small room in a house where food is kept//   larder//


Words: pants
Meaning:
S3   n [plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: pantaloons]//\n  1  especially AmE a piece of clothing that covers you from your waist to your feet and has a separate part for each leg:  British Equivalent:  trousers//  --She was wearing dark blue pants and a white sweater.//\n  2  BrE a piece of underwear that covers the area between your waist and the top of your legs:  American Equivalent:  underpants//    knickers, briefs, boxer shorts//\n  3  bore/scare etc the pants off sb:   informal spoken to make someone feel very bored, very frightened etc//  --She always bores the pants off me.//\n  4  beat the pants off sb:   AmE  spoken to defeat someone very easily in a game or competition//   thrash//\n  5  sb puts his pants on one leg at a time:   AmE  spoken used to say that someone is just like everyone else//  --Go on, ask him for his autograph - he puts his pants on one leg at a time just like you do.//\n  6  (since sb was) in short pants:   BrE  informal since someone was a very young boy//  --I’ve known Eric since he was in short pants.//    do sth by the seat of your pants at seat1 (10)//    catch sb with their pants down at catch1 (6)//    wear the pants/trousers at wear1 (7)//\npants 2 adj [not before noun]  BrE  spoken  informal   very bad//  --The concert was pants.//


Words: pantyhose
Meaning:
pantihose/p[zB024]ntih[hA353][hA35E]z $ -ho[hA35E]z/ n [plural]  AmE   a very thin piece of women’s clothing that covers their legs from the toes to the waist and is usually worn with dresses or skirts//  British Equivalent:  tights//


Words: pap
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: papa, from  Latin pappa]//\n  1 films, programmes, books etc that are badly made or badly written, are intended for entertainment only, and have no serious value:  --Hollywood produces a lot of pap.//\n  2  especially BrE very soft food that does not have a strong taste, like the food that babies eat:    Pap smear//


Words: Pap smear
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  George N.  Papanicolaou (1883-1962), U.S. (Greek-born) medical scientist]//   AmE a medical test that takes cells from a woman’s cervix and examines them for signs of cancer//  British Equivalent:  smear test//


Words: papa
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Greek papas;   POPE]//   old-fashioned a way of talking to or about your father//  --Good morning, Papa!//


Words: papacy
Meaning:
n \n  1  the papacy:  the position and authority of the Pope//\n  2 [U] the time during which a Pope is in power:


Words: papal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin papalis, from  Late Latin papa;   POPE]//  relating to the Pope//  --a challenge to papal authority//


Words: paparazzi
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Italian]//  photographers who follow famous people in order to take photographs they can sell to newspapers//


Words: papaya
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: Carib]//  the large yellow-green fruit of a tropical tree//


Words: paper
Meaning:
n   flower, paper, string//  ----------//\n   1 for writing/wrapping:\n   2 newspaper:\n   3 documents/letters:\n   4 on paper:\n   5 examination:\n   6 speech/piece of writing:\n   7 piece of schoolwork:\n   8 official publication:\n   9 for walls:\n  10 financial:\n  11 toilet:\n  12 not worth the paper it is written on/printed on:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: papier, from  Latin papyrus;   PAPYRUS]//\n  1 FOR WRITING/WRAPPING:   [U] material in the form of thin sheets that is used for writing on, wrapping things etc//  piece/sheet of paper //  --Write it down on a piece of paper.//  scrap/slip of paper (=a small piece of paper) //  --recycled paper//  --a box wrapped in plain brown paper//  --flowers made from tissue paper  (=very light thin paper) //  writing/wrapping paper //  --sheets of writing paper//\n  2 NEWSPAPER:   [C] a newspaper//  --Have you seen today’s paper?//  --You’ll read about it in tomorrow’s papers.//  Sunday/evening/daily paper //  --The story was all over the Sunday papers.//  local/national/trade paper //  --Why don’t you put an ad in the local paper?//\n  3 DOCUMENTS/LETTERS:   papers [plural] //  a) pieces of paper with writing on them that you use in your work, at meetings etc//  --I left some important papers in my briefcase.//  b) documents and letters concerning someone’s private or public life//  --While I was organizing Simon’s papers I came across his diaries.//  c)  divorce papers//  documents concerning a divorce//  d) official documents such as your passport, identity card etc//  --My papers are all in order (=they are legal and correct) .//    White Paper,  green paper,  order paper//\n  4  on paper:  a) if you put ideas or information on paper, you write them down//  put/get sth down on paper //  --You need to get some of these thoughts down on paper.//  b) if something seems true on paper, it seems to be true as an idea, but may not be true in a real situation//   in theory//  --It’s a nice idea on paper, but you’ll never get it to work.//\n  5 EXAMINATION:   [C]  BrE a set of printed questions used as an examination in a particular subject, and the answers people write//  --an exam paper//  --I have a stack of papers to mark.//  history/French etc paper //  --The geography paper was really easy.//\n  6 SPEECH/PIECE OF WRITING:   [C] a piece of writing or a talk on a particular subject by someone who has made a study of it//  --a scientific paper//  paper on//  --a paper on psychology//  --Professor Usborne gave a paper on recent developments in his field.//\n  7 PIECE OF SCHOOLWORK:   [C]  especially AmE a piece of writing that is done as part of a course at school or university//   essay//  paper on//  --a paper on the Civil War//\n  8 OFFICIAL PUBLICATION:   [C] a report prepared by a government or committee on a question they have been considering or a proposal for changes in the law//  --We will publish a discussion paper on the future of the BBC.//  paper on//  --the 1998 White Paper on political reform//  --a working paper  (=a report that is not final) on funding the Health Service//\n  9 FOR WALLS:   [U and C] paper for covering and decorating the walls of a room//   wallpaper//  --a floral paper//\n  10 FINANCIAL:   [U and C]  stocks and  shares that can be bought and sold on a financial market//\n  11 TOILET:   [U] soft thin paper used for cleaning yourself after you have used the toilet//   toilet paper, toilet roll//\n  12  not worth the paper it is written on/printed on:  if something such as a contract is not worth the paper it is written on, it has no value because whatever is promised in it will not happen//    put/set pen to paper at pen1 (3),  waste paper//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  When paper refers to the material that you write on, it is an uncountable noun. Do not say that something is written on ’a paper’. Say that it is written on a piece of paper. //  ----------//\npaper 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 made of paper:  --a paper bag//\n  2 written or printed on paper:  --The brochure is available in electronic and paper versions.//\n  3  paper qualifications:  an expression meaning documents showing that you have passed particular examinations, used specially when you think that experience and knowledge are more important//  --Paper qualifications are no guide to ability.//\n  4 existing only as an idea but not having any real value:  --paper profits (=a record of the value of something, that is not real until the thing is sold) //  --paper promises//\npaper 3 v [T] \n  1 to decorate the walls of a room by covering them with special paper:   wallpaper//\n  2  paper over the cracks:  to try to hide disagreements or difficulties//  --We need to discuss disagreements honestly without papering over the cracks.//


Words: paper chase
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   an official process that prevents you from doing something quickly because it involves writing or reading a lot of documents//    bureaucracy, red tape//


Words: paper shop
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a shop that sells newspapers and magazines, and also things such as tobacco, sweets, and cards//  British Equivalent:  newsagent//


Words: paper towel
Meaning:
n [C]   a sheet of soft thick paper that you use to dry your hands or to clean up small amounts of liquid, food etc//


Words: paper-pusher
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose job is doing unimportant office work//  British Equivalent:  pen pusherAmerican Equivalent:  pencil pusher//


Words: paperback
Meaning:
n [C]   a book with a stiff paper cover//    hardback//  --a shelf full of paperbacks//  in paperback//  --Her first novel sold over 20,000 copies in paperback.//


Words: paperwork
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 work such as writing letters or reports, which must be done but is not very interesting:  --Police work involves so much paperwork these days.//\n  2 the documents that you need for a business deal, a journey etc:  --I’m leaving the solicitors to sort out the paperwork.//


Words: papier-m[hA163]che
Meaning:
AmE [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: ’chewed paper’]//  a soft substance made from a mixture of paper, water, and glue, which becomes hard when it dries and is used for making pots and other objects//


Words: papist
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: papiste, from  pape  ’pope’]//  an insulting word for a member of the Roman Catholic Church, used especially by Protestants//


Words: papoose
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Narragansett; Origin: papoos]//\n  1  BrE a type of bag attached to a frame, which you use to carry a baby on your back:\n  2  old use a Native American baby or young child:


Words: paprika
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Hungarian; Origin: Serbian, from  papar  ’pepper’]//  a red powder made from a type of sweet pepper, used for giving a slightly hot taste to meat and other food//


Words: Papua New Guinea
Meaning:
a country in the southwest Pacific Ocean, north of Australia, which includes the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and various small islands. Population: 5,049,000 (2001). Capital: Port Moresby.//  -- Papuan n  adj //


Words: papyrus
Meaning:
n   plural  papyruses  or  papyri /-ra[hA366]///  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek papyros]//\n  1 [U] a plant like grass that grows in water:\n  2 [U and C] a type of paper made from papyrus and used in ancient Egypt, or a piece of this paper:


Words: par
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’equal’]//\n  1  be on a par (with sth):  to be at the same level or standard//  --The wages of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers.//  --We will have Christmas decorations on a par with anything on show at the MetroCentre.//\n  2  be below/under par:  a) to feel a little ill or lacking in energy//  --I’ve been feeling a little under par the last couple of weeks.//  b)  also not be up to par //  to be less good than usual or below the proper standard//  --None of the people who’d auditioned were really up to par.//  --The champion was playing well below par.//\n  3  be par for the course:  to be what you would normally expect to happen - used to show disapproval//  --Long hours and tough working conditions are often par for the course in catering.//\n  4 the number of strokes a good player should take to hit the ball into a hole in the game of golf:  --The last hole is a par five.//\n  5  also par value  technical :  the value of a stock or bond that is printed on it when it is first sold//  --bonds sold at 97% of their par value//  at/above/below/under par//  --The notes are currently trading at 10% above par.//    par excellence//


Words: par excellence
Meaning:
adj [only after noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: ’by excellence’]//  the very best of a particular thing//  --Auguste Escoffier, masterchef par excellence//


Words: para
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: paratrooper]//  a paratrooper//\npara 2  also par   the written abbreviation of paragraph //


Words: para-
Meaning:
prefix   [Sense: 1-3; Origin: LatinGreek, from  para  ’beside’]//  [Sense: 4; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: parachute]//\n  1 beyond:  --the paranormal (=strange unnatural events, beyond normal experience) //\n  2 very similar to something:  --terrorists wearing paramilitary uniforms//\n  3 relating to a profession and helping more highly trained people:  --a paramedic (=someone who helps a doctor) //  --a paralegal (=someone who helps a lawyer) //\n  4 relating to parachutes:  --a paratrooper//  --paragliding//


Words: parable
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: parabole, from  Late Latin parabola  ’comparison’, from  Greek parabole, from  paraballein  ’to compare’]//  a short simple story that teaches a moral or religious lesson, especially one of the stories told by Jesus in the Bible//


Words: parabola
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek parabole;   PARABLE]//   technical a curve in the shape of the imaginary line an object makes when it is thrown high in the air and comes down a little distance away//  -- parabolic/p[zB024]r[hA353]b[hA361]l[hA366]k[hA36B] $ -b[hA35A][hA359]-/ adj //


Words: paracetamol
Meaning:
n   plural  paracetamol  or  paracetamols  [U and C] //   BrE a common drug used to reduce pain, which does not contain aspirin//


Words: parachute
Meaning:
n [C]   parachute, parachutist//  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: para- (as in parasol) +  chute  ’fall’]//  a piece of equipment fastened to the back of people who jump out of planes, which makes them fall slowly and safely to the ground//  --a parachute jump//\nparachute 2 v \n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition] to jump from a plane using a parachute:  parachute into//  --They parachuted into Vietnam in 1968.//\n  2 [T always + adverb/preposition] to drop something from a plane with a parachute:  parachute sth to/into sth//  --Supplies have been parachuted into the area.//


Words: parade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old French parer  ’to prepare’]//\n  1 a public celebration when musical bands, brightly decorated vehicles etc move down the street:  --a victory parade//  --the St Patrick’s Day parade//\n  2 a military ceremony in which soldiers stand or march together so that important people can examine them:  --a military parade//  on parade//   (=be standing or marching in a parade) //  --troops on parade//\n  3 a line of people moving along so that other people can watch them:  --a fashion parade//\n  4 a series of people, events etc that seems to never end:  parade of//  --She had a constant parade of young men coming to visit her.//\n  5  BrE a street with a row of small shops:    identification parade,  hit parade//\nparade 2 v   ----------//\n   1 protest/celebrate:\n   2 show something:\n   3 walk around:\n   4 show somebody:\n   5 proudly show:\n   6 soldiers:\n   7 parade as something/be paraded as something:  ----------//\n  1 PROTEST/CELEBRATE:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to walk or march together to celebrate or protest about something//  parade around/past etc//  --The marchers paraded peacefully through the capital.//\n  2 SHOW SOMETHING:   [T] if you parade your skills, knowledge, possessions etc, you show them publicly in order to make people admire you//   show off//  --Young athletes will get a chance to parade their skills.//\n  3 WALK AROUND:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to walk around, especially in a way that shows that you want people to notice and admire you//  parade around/past etc//  --A trio of girls in extremely tight shorts paraded up and down.//\n  4 SHOW SOMEBODY:   [T always + adverb/preposition] if prisoners are paraded on television or through the streets, they are shown to the public, in order to prove that the people holding them are important or powerful//  --The prisoners were paraded in front of the TV cameras.//\n  5 PROUDLY SHOW:   [T] to proudly show something or someone to other people, because you want to look impressive to them//   show off//  --She paraded her new team.//  --war medals paraded for public admiration//\n  6 SOLDIERS:   [I and T] if soldiers parade, or if an officer parades them, they march together so that an important person can watch them//\n  7  parade as sth/be paraded as sth:  if something parades as something else that is better, someone is pretending that it is the other better thing - used to show disapproval//  --It’s just self-interest parading as concern for your welfare.//


Words: paradigm
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: paradigma, from  Greek paradeigma, from  paradeiknynai  ’to show side by side’]//\n  1  technical a model or example that shows how something works or is produced:  paradigm of//  --the basic paradigm of the family tree//\n  2  formal a very clear or typical example of something:  paradigm of//  --Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be.//  -- paradigmatic/p[zB024]r[hA353]d[hA366]gm[zB024]t[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //  -- paradigmatically/-kli/ adv //


Words: paradigm shift
Meaning:
n [C]   an important change in which the usual way of thinking or doing something is replaced by another way of thinking or doing something//


Words: paradise
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin, from  Greek paradeisos  ’enclosed park’]//\n  1 [U] a place or situation that is extremely pleasant, beautiful, or enjoyable:  --a beautiful tropical paradise//  --The hotel felt like paradise after two weeks of camping.//  --A home near the sea is my idea of paradise.//\n  2 [singular] a place that has everything you need for doing a particular activity:  --The market is a shopper’s paradise.//  paradise for//  --Hawaii is a paradise for surfers.//\n  3  Paradise [singular] :  a) in some religions, a perfect place where people are believed to go after they die, if they have led good lives//    heaven//  b) according to the Bible, the garden where the first humans, Adam and Eve, lived//    bird of paradise//    be living in a fool’s paradise at fool1 (9)//


Words: Paradise Lost
Meaning:
(1667) a long  epic poem by John  Milton which tells the story of Adam and Eve, and why God punished them. The story is continued in a later poem called  Paradise Regained.//


Words: paradox
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: paradoxum, from  Greek, from  paradoxis  ’opposite to what is expected’]//\n  1 [C] a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualities that are very different:  --It’s a paradox that in such a rich country there can be so much poverty.//\n  2 [C] a statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposing ideas that are both true:  --The paradox is that fishermen would catch more fish if they fished less.//\n  3 [U] the use of statements that are a paradox in writing or speech:  -- paradoxical/p[zB024]r[hA353]d[hA361]ks[hA366]k[hA368]l[hA36B] $ -d[hA35A][hA359]k-/ adj //


Words: paradoxically
Meaning:
adv   in a way that is surprising because it is the opposite of what you would expect//  --Paradoxically, the prohibition of liquor caused an increase in alcoholism.//


Words: paraffin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: Latin parum  ’too little’ +  affinis  ’related’; because it does not easily make compounds with other substances]//\n  1  BrE a kind of oil used for heating and in lamps, made from petroleum or coal:  American Equivalent:  kerosene//\n  2  also paraffin wax  BrE a soft white substance used for making candles, made from petroleum or coal:


Words: paragliding
Meaning:
n [U]   a sport in which you jump off a hill or out of a plane and use a parachute to fly for long distances before floating back down to the ground//


Words: paragon
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  French, from  Old Italian paragone  ’stone for testing gold’, from  paragonare  ’to test on such a stone’, from  Greek parakonan  ’to sharpen’]//  someone who is perfect or is extremely brave, good etc - often used humorously//  paragon of//  --a paragon of virtue //


Words: paragraph
Meaning:
W3S3   n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin, from  Greek, from  paragraphein  ’to write beside’]//  part of a piece of writing which starts on a new line and contains at least one sentence//  --the opening paragraphs of the novel//  -- paragraph v  [T] //


Words: Paraguay
Meaning:
a country in South America between Brazil and Argentina.. Population: 5,734,000 (2001). Capital: Asuncion. It has no sea coast and its main industry is farming.//  -- Paraguayan n  adj //


Words: parakeet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: periquito, from  Old French perroquet;   PARROT1]//  a small brightly coloured bird with a long tail//


Words: parallel
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a relationship or similarity between two things, especially things that exist or happen in different places or at different times:  parallel with//  --Entering the world of fine art, she found many parallels with the world of fashion.//  parallel between//  --There are many parallels between Yeats and the Romantic poets.//  --books that attempt to draw parallels between brains and computers//\n  2  in parallel with sb/sth:  together with and at the same time as something else//  --She wanted to pursue her own career in parallel with her husband’s.//\n  3  have no parallel/be without parallel:  be greater, better, worse etc than anything else//  --The poverty of hill farmers had no parallel.//\n  4 an imaginary line drawn on a map of the Earth, that is parallel to the equator:  --the 38th parallel//\nparallel 2 adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: parallelus, from  Greek parallelos, from  para  ’beside’ +  allelon  ’of one another’]//\n  1 two lines, paths etc that are parallel to each other are the same distance apart along their whole length:  --Lines AB and CD are parallel.//  --two parallel roads//  parallel to//  --She was travelling parallel to her previous route.//  parallel with//  --The railway is parallel with the canal.//  --Take the road running parallel to the main road just after the village.//\n  2  formal similar and happening at the same time:  --Social changes in Britain are matched by parallel trends in some other countries.//\nparallel 3   past tense and past participle  paralleled present participle  paralleling  also  parallelled  parallelling  BrE  v [T]  written //  if one thing parallels another, they happen at the same time or are similar, and seem to be related//  --The rise in greenhouse gases parallels the reduction in the ozone layer.//  --His career parallels that of his father.//


Words: parallel bars
Meaning:
n [plural]   two wooden bars that are held parallel to each other on four posts, used in gymnastics//


Words: parallel processing
Meaning:
n [U]    technical when several computers work on a single problem at one time, or the process by which a single computer can perform several operations at the same time//


Words: parallelism
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  written   the state of being parallel with something//  --There is a parallelism between fatigue and the ability to sleep.//


Words: parallelogram
Meaning:
n [C]   a flat shape with four sides in which each side is the same length as the side opposite it and parallel to it//    rectangle//


Words: paralyse
Meaning:
BrE  paralyze AmE   v [T] \n  1 if something paralyses you, it makes you lose the ability to move part or all of your body, or to feel it:  --Her legs were partly paralysed in the crash.//\n  2 to make something unable to operate normally:  --Fear of unemployment is paralysing the economy.//  --Motor traffic was paralysed in much of the city.//


Words: paralysed
Meaning:
BrE  paralyzed AmE   adj \n  1 unable to move part or all of your body or feel it:  --The accident left him permanently paralysed.//  paralysed from the neck/chest/waist down //\n  2 unable to think clearly or deal with a situation:  paralysed by/with//  --paralysed by fear//  --paralyzed with shock//  --He stood paralysed for a moment, and then ran away.//


Words: paralysis
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek, from  paralyein  ’to loosen’]//\n  1 the loss of the ability to move all or part of your body or feel things in it:  --paralysis of the lower body//  --The snake’s poison causes paralysis.//\n  2 a state of being unable to take action, make decisions, or operate normally:  --a period of political paralysis//    infantile paralysis//


Words: paralytic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [not before noun]  BrE  informal very drunk:\n  2 [only before noun] suffering from paralysis:  -- paralytically/-kli/ adv //\nparalytic 2 n [C]  old-fashioned   someone who is paralysed//


Words: paramedic
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who has been trained to help people who are hurt or to do medical work, but who is not a doctor or nurse//  -- paramedical adj  [usually before noun] //


Words: parameter
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: para- (  PARA-) +  Greek metron  ’measure’]//  a set of fixed limits that control the way that something should be done//  --The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress.//


Words: paramilitary
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 a paramilitary organization is an illegal group that is organized like an army:  --extremist paramilitary groups//\n  2 relating to, or helping a military organization:  --the paramilitary police//  -- paramilitary n  [C] //


Words: Paramount
Meaning:
trademark   a large US film and television company based in Hollywood, which has made many famous films//


Words: paramount
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: paramont, from  Old French par  ’by’ +  amont  ’above’]//  more important than anything else//  --During a war the interests of the state are paramount, and those of the individual come last.//  --Women’s role as mothers is of paramount importance to society.//  -- paramountcy n  [U] //


Words: paramour
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: par amour  ’by way of love’]//   literary someone who you have a romantic or sexual relationship with, but who you are not married to//


Words: paranoia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: ’mental illness’, from  para- (  PARA-) +  nous  ’mind’]//\n  1 an unreasonable belief that you cannot trust other people, or that they are trying to harm you or have a bad opinion of you:\n  2  medical a mental illness that makes someone believe that they are very important and that people hate them and are trying to harm them:


Words: paranoid
Meaning:
adj \n  1 believing unreasonably that you cannot trust other people, or that they are trying to harm you or have a bad opinion of you:  be/become/get paranoid //  --Malcolm got really paranoid, deciding that there was a conspiracy out to get him.//  paranoid about//  --He has always been paranoid about his personal security.//\n  2  medical suffering from a mental illness that makes you believe that other people are trying to harm you:  --a patient suffering from paranoid schizophrenia//


Words: paranormal
Meaning:
adj \n  1 paranormal events cannot be explained by science and seem strange and mysterious:    supernatural//  --ghosts and other paranormal phenomena//\n  2  the paranormal:  strange and mysterious events in general//  --researchers investigating the paranormal//


Words: parapet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: parapetto, from  parare  ’to protect’ +  petto  ’chest’]//\n  1 a low wall at the edge of a high roof, bridge etc:\n  2 a protective wall of earth or stone built in front of a trench in a war:\n  3  put/stick your head above the parapet:   BrE to take a risk//


Words: paraphernalia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Greek parapherna  ’things brought to a marriage by a woman apart from the agreed amount of money’, from  pherne  ’dowry’]//\n  1 a lot of small things that belong to someone, or are needed for a particular activity:  --an electric kettle and all the paraphernalia for making tea and coffee//  --travelling paraphernalia//\n  2 the things and events that are connected with a particular activity, especially those which you think are unnecessary:  --all the usual paraphernalia of bureaucracy//


Words: paraphrase
Meaning:
v [T]   to express in a shorter, clearer, or different way what someone has said or written//  --To paraphrase Finkelstein, mathematics is a language, like English.//\nparaphrase 2 n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin, from  Greek, from  paraphrazein  ’to paraphrase’]//  a statement that expresses in a shorter, clearer, or different way what someone has said or written//


Words: paraplegia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek paraplegie, from  para- (  PARA-) +  -plegie (from  plessein  ’to hit’)]//  inability to move your legs and the lower part of your body//    paralysis//


Words: paraplegic
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is unable to move the lower part of their body, including their legs//    paralysed//  -- paraplegic adj //


Words: parapsychology
Meaning:
n [U]   the scientific study of mysterious abilities that some people claim to have, such as knowing what will happen in the future//


Words: parasailing
Meaning:
n [U]   a sport in which you wear a parachute and are pulled behind a motor boat so that you fly through the air//


Words: parascending
Meaning:
n [U]   a sport in which you wear a parachute, and are pulled along by a car so that you go up into the sky and float back down to the ground//


Words: parasite
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek parasitos, from  para- (  PARA-) +  sitos  ’grain, food’]//\n  1 a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it:\n  2  informal a lazy person who does not work but depends on other people - used to show disapproval:


Words: parasitic
Meaning:
1 living in or on another plant or animal and getting food from them:  --parasitic fungi//\n  2 a parasitic person is lazy, does no work, and depends on other people:\n  3 a parasitic disease is caused by parasites:  -- parasitically/-kli/ adv //


Words: parasol
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old Italian parasole, from  parare  ’to protect’ +  sole  ’sun’]//  a type of umbrella used to provide shade from the sun//


Words: parboil
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: parboillir  ’to boil thoroughly’, from  Late Latin, from  Latin per-  ’thoroughly’ +  bullire  ’to boil’; influenced by  part]//  to boil something until it is partly cooked//


Words: parcel
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   sticker, string//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin particula;   PARTICLE]//\n  1  especially BrE an object that has been wrapped in paper or put in a special envelope, especially so that it can be sent by post:   package//  --The parcel was delivered last week.//  --He sends regular food parcels to his family in Libya.//  parcel of//  --a parcel of clothes and blankets//\n  2 an area of land that is part of a larger area which has been divided up:  parcel of//  --a parcel of farmland//\n  3  BrE a small quantity of food that has been wrapped up, usually in pastry:    be part and parcel of sth at part1 (28)//\nparcel 2 v   past tense and past participle  parcelled present participle  parcelling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  parceled present participle  parceling  AmE //  parcel off [parcel sth → off] phr v//  to divide something into small parts so that it can be sold//  --The new owner has parceled off many of the company’s assets.//  parcel out [parcel sth → out] phr v//  to divide or share something among several people//  --They didn’t want the federal government parceling out food supplies.//  parcel up [parcel sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to make something into a parcel by wrapping it up:  --She parcelled up the photos.//\n  2 to divide something into small parts, especially so that it is easier to deal with:  --University education is often parcelled up into specialist teaching units.//


Words: parcel bomb
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a bomb which is wrapped like a parcel and sent by post, and is intended to explode when it is opened//


Words: parched
Meaning:
adj \n  1 very dry, especially because of hot weather:  --the parched African landscape//  --He raised the water bottle to his parched lips.//\n  2  be parched:   informal to be very thirsty//


Words: Parcheesi
Meaning:
n [U]    AmE  trademark a children’s game in which you move a small piece of plastic around a board after throwing dice//


Words: parchment
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parchemin, from  Latin pergamena, from  Greek, from  Pergamenos  ’of Pergamum’, ancient city in Turkey]//\n  1 [U] a material used in the past for writing on, made from the skin of a sheep or a goat:\n  2 [U] thick yellow-white writing paper, sometimes used for official documents:\n  3 [C] a document written on parchment:


Words: pardner
Meaning:
n  AmE  spoken   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: partner]//  used humorously when speaking to someone you know well//  --Howdy, pardner!//


Words: pardon
Meaning:
S2   interjection  also pardon me \n  1 used when you want someone to repeat something because you did not hear it:  --’Hurry up Jonathan!’ ’Pardon?’ ’I said hurry up!’ see usage note  excuse1 //\n  2  BrE used to say ’sorry’ after you have made an impolite sound such as a burp:   excuse me//\npardon 2 v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: pardoner, from  Late Latin perdonare  ’to give freely’]//\n  1 to officially allow someone who has been found guilty of a crime to go free without being punished:  --The two spies were pardoned yesterday by the President.//\n  2 [not in progressive]  formal to forgive someone for behaving badly:   forgive//  pardon sb for sth//  --He could never pardon her for the things she had said.//\n  3  sb may be pardoned for doing sth:  used to say that it is easy to understand why someone has done something or why they think something//  --Anyone reading the advertisement might be pardoned for thinking that the offer was genuine.//\n  4  pardon me:   spoken //  a) used to say ’sorry’ politely when you have accidentally pushed someone or interrupted them//  --Oh, pardon me, I didn’t mean to disturb you.//  b) used to say ’sorry’ politely after you have made an impolite sound such as a burp//  c) used before you politely correct someone or disagree with them//  --James, if you’ll pardon me, you’ve got it all wrong.//  d) used to politely get someone’s attention in order to ask them a question//   excuse me//  --Pardon me, can you direct me to City Hall?//\n  5  pardon me for interrupting/asking/saying:   spoken used to politely ask if you can interrupt someone, ask them a question, or tell them something//  --Pardon me for saying so, but you don’t look well.//\n  6  pardon my ignorance/rudeness etc:   spoken used when you want to say something which you think may make you seem not to know enough or not to be polite enough//  --Pardon my ignorance, but what does OPEC stand for?//\n  7  if you’ll pardon the expression:   spoken used when you are saying that you are sorry for using an impolite phrase//  --It was a bit of a cock-up, if you’ll pardon the expression.//\n  8  pardon my French:   spoken used humorously to say that you are sorry for using a swear word//\n  9  pardon me for breathing/living:   spoken used when you are annoyed because you think someone has answered you angrily for no good reason//  --’Shut up, Callum!’ ’Well, pardon me for breathing.’//\npardon 3 n [C] \n  1 an official order allowing someone who has been found guilty of a crime to go free without being punished:  grant/give sb a pardon //  --Tyler was convicted but was granted a royal pardon  (=one given by a king or queen) .//\n  2  ask/beg sb’s pardon (for sth):   old-fashioned to ask someone to forgive you//  --Walter begged her pardon for all the pain he had caused her.//    I beg your pardon at beg(4)//


Words: pardonable
Meaning:
adj  formal   pardonable mistakes are not very bad and can be forgiven//   forgivable//  --He had made the pardonable mistake of trusting the wrong person.//  -- pardonably adv //


Words: pare
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parer  ’to prepare, make neat’, from  Latin parare  ’to prepare’]//\n  1 to cut off the outer layer of something, using a sharp knife:  --Pare the rind from the fruit.//\n  2 to reduce the amount, number, or size of something as much as you can:  --The firm has not been able to pare costs fast enough to match competitors.//  --The country’s defences have been pared to the bone  (=reduced as far as possible) .//  pare down [pare sth → down] phr v//  to reduce something, especially by making a lot of small reductions//  --The list was pared down for the final interviews.//  -- pared-down adj //  --Even in its pared-down form, the contract was unacceptable.//


Words: parent
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  parere  ’to give birth to’]//\n  1 the father or mother of a person or animal:  --Children under fourteen should be accompanied by a parent.//  --The eggs are guarded by both parents.//  --Melissa’s spending the weekend at her parents’ house.//    birth parent,  foster parents at foster2 (3),  lone parent at lone(2),  one-parent family,  single parent//\n  2 something that produces other things of the same type:  --New shoots appear near the parent plant.//\n  3 a company which owns a smaller company or organization:  --Land Rover’s new parent//


Words: parentage
Meaning:
n [U]   someone’s parents and the country and social class they are from//  --an English-born man with Irish parentage//  --He was born in France in 1670 of unknown parentage  (=nobody knows who his parents were) .//


Words: parental
Meaning:
adj   relating to being a parent and especially to being responsible for a child’s safety and development//  --parental responsibility//  --Opening a new school will increase parental choice.//  --Parental consent is required before the operation can take place.//


Words: parenthesis
Meaning:
n   plural  parentheses /-si[hA359]z/ [C usually plural] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: Greek, from  parentithenai  ’to put in’]//\n  1 a round bracket:  in parentheses//  --The figures in parentheses refer to page numbers.//\n  2  in parenthesis:   BrE in parentheses  AmE if you say something in parenthesis, you say it while you are talking about something else in order to add information or explain something//  --In parenthesis, I should add that the results have not yet been proven.//    punctuation mark//


Words: parenthetical
Meaning:
formal   said or written while you are talking or writing about something else in order to explain something or add information//  --parenthetical references to his childhood//  -- parenthetically/-kli/ adv //


Words: parenthood
Meaning:
n [U]   the state of being a parent//  --Story-reading should be one of the great joys of parenthood.//


Words: parenting
Meaning:
n [U]   the skill or activity of looking after your own children//  --The program aims to teach young men parenting skills.//


Words: parfait
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: parfait  ’perfect’]//   AmE a sweet food made of layers of ice cream and fruit//


Words: pariah
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Tamil; Origin: paraiyan  ’drummer’]//  someone who everyone hates and avoids//   outcast//


Words: parimutuel
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’mutual bet’]//\n  1 [U] a system in which the money that people have risked on a horse race is shared between the people who have won:  --parimutuel betting//\n  2 [C]  AmE a machine used to calculate the amount of money that people can win when they risk it on horse races:


Words: parings
Meaning:
n [plural]  especially BrE   thin narrow pieces of something that have been cut off//    pare//  --nail parings//  --cheese parings//\nParis 1   the capital city of France, on the River Seine, which is also the country’s business and financial centre. Many people think of Paris as a very romantic city where many famous artists lived, especially in the 19th and early 20th centuries. People from Paris are called Parisians. //\nParis 2   in ancient Greek stories, a prince of  Troy who caused the  Trojan War by taking  Helen away from Greece, and who killed  Achilles in this war//    Iliad, the//


Words: Paris-Dakar Rally
Meaning:
the   a race over public roads from Paris, France to Dakar, Senegal, including the crossing of the Sahara Desert. All kinds of motor vehicles can take part in the Paris-Dakar Rally.//


Words: Parish
Meaning:
Maxfield   (1870-1966) a US artist famous for his  illustrations (=pictures in books) , which are romantic and colourful, and show light in a slightly  surreal way//


Words: parish
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parroche, from  Late Latin parochia, from  Late Greek paroikos  ’Christian’, from  Greek,  ’stranger’]//\n  1 the area that a priest in some Christian churches is responsible for:  --Father Doyle moved to a new parish.//\n  2  BrE a small area, especially a village, that has its own local government:  --elections to the parish council //


Words: parish pump
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    BrE  old-fashioned concerned only with what happens in a small local area//  --parish pump politics//


Words: parishioner
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who lives in a parish, especially someone who regularly goes to a Christian church there//


Words: parity
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: paritas, from  par;   PAR]//\n  1 the state of being equal, especially having equal pay, rights, or power:   equality//  parity with//  --Women workers are demanding parity with their male colleagues.//\n  2  technical equality between the units of money from two different countries:


Words: park
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parc, from  Medieval Latin parricus]//\n  1 a large open area with grass and trees, especially in a town, where people can walk, play games etc:  --Let’s go for a walk in the park.//  --a park bench//  --a flat overlooking Hyde Park//\n  2 a large area of land in the country which has been kept in its natural state to protect the plants and animals there:  national/state/county park //  --the Lake District National Park//\n  3  BrE a large enclosed area of land, with grass and trees, around a big house in the countryside:\n  4  the park:   BrE  informal the field where a game of football or rugby is played//   the pitch//  --He was easily the best player on the park.//\n  5  AmE  informal the field where a game of baseball is played:    amusement park,  ball park(1),  car park,  national park,  safari park,  science park,  theme park,  trailer park//\npark 2 S2 v \n  1 [I and T] to put a car or other vehicle in a particular place for a period of time:  --You can’t park here - it’s private property.//  --I couldn’t find anywhere to park.//  --She parked the car on the drive.//  --a line of parked cars//\n  2 [T]  spoken to put something in a particular place for a period of time, especially in a way that annoys someone:  park sth on/in etc sth//  --He parked a load of papers on my desk.//\n  3  park yourself:   informal to sit down in a particular place, especially with the intention of staying a long time//  park yourself on/in etc//  --Connie parked herself on the sofa.//


Words: park and ride
Meaning:
n [U]   a system in which you leave your car outside a busy town and then take a special bus to the centre of the town//


Words: Park Lane
Meaning:
a wide street in central London between  Marble Arch and  Hyde Park Corner. It has buildings on one side and Hyde Park on the other, and it is famous for its expensive hotels and houses.//


Words: parka
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Aleut; Origin: ’skin, outer clothing’, from  Russian,  ’animal skin and fur’, from  Yurak]//  a thick warm jacket with a hood//


Words: Parker
Meaning:
Bonnie     Bonnie anD Clyde//\n Charlie   (1920-55) a US  jazz musician and  saxophone player, who was also called ’Bird’, and who invented the  bebop style of jazz with Dizzy  Gillespie//\n Dorothy   (1893-1967) a US writer of poetry and short stories, who also wrote  reviews of books, plays etc for magazines such as  The New Yorker. She was one of the main members of the  Algonquin Round Table, a group of writers who met regularly at a hotel in New York City. She is famous especially for her many clever and funny sayings in which she criticized US society and well-known people.//


Words: Parkhurst prison
Meaning:
also Parkhurst   a British prison on the  Isle of Wight for men who have received long prison sentences for serious crimes//


Words: parking
Meaning:
S3   n [U] \n  1 the act of parking a car or other vehicle:  --No Parking//  --a [hA124]45 parking fine//  parking space/place/spot //  --I couldn’t find a parking space near the shops.//\n  2 spaces in which you can leave a car or other vehicle:  --Free parking is available at the hotel.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE:parking, parking space/place, car park, parking lot //  !! Parking  is an uncountable noun : Ample parking will be available. |  a hotel with free parking  Do not say ’a parking’ or ’parkings’. //  Use  parking space  or  parking place when you mean ’a place in a street, car park etc where a vehicle can be left’ : There’s a parking space (NOT a parking) in front of that house. //  Use  car park  in British English or  parking lot  in American English when you mean ’an area or building where vehicles can be left’ : large car parks (NOT parkings) near train stations //  ----------//


Words: parking brake
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a piece of equipment in a car which prevents it from moving when it is parked//  British Equivalent:  handbrake//


Words: parking meter
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine at the side of a road which you have to put money into if you park your car next to it//


Words: parking ticket
Meaning:
n [C]   an official notice fixed to a vehicle, saying that you have to pay money because you have parked your car in the wrong place or for too long//


Words: Parkinson’s disease
Meaning:
n  also Parkinson’s  [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  James  Parkinson (1755-1824), British doctor]//  a serious illness in which your muscles become very weak and your arms and legs shake//


Words: Parkinson’s law
Meaning:
n [U]   the idea that the amount of work you have to do increases to fill the amount of time you have to do it in - used humorously//


Words: parkland
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  BrE an area of land with grass and trees, surrounding a big house in the countryside:  --The hotel is set in ten acres of parkland.//\n  2 land with grass and trees which is used as a park:  --a narrow strip of parkland//


Words: Parks
Meaning:
Rosa   (1913- ) a black woman in the US who became famous in 1955 because she refused to give her seat on a bus to a white man. This action was illegal in the US state of  Alabama and she was  arrested by the police. As a result, Martin Luther  King persuaded people not to use these buses, and in 1956 the US  Supreme Court said that  segregation (=keeping black people separate from white people)  on buses was not legal.//


Words: parkway
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  AmE a wide road with an area of grass and trees in the middle or along the sides:\n  2  BrE used to talk about railway stations that have large areas for cars to park:


Words: parlance
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: parler;   PARLEY]//\n  1  in medical/advertising etc parlance:  expressed in the words that a particular group of people would use//  --In military parlance this is known as a fast retreat.//\n  2  in common parlance:  expressed in the words that most people use//  --These schemes are known in common parlance as ’private pensions’.//


Words: parlay
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: paroli (noun), from  Italian, from  paro  ’equal’, from  Latin par;   PAR]//   AmE to use advantages that you already have, such as your skills, experience, or money, and increase their value by using all your opportunities well//  parlay sth into sth//  --He owned five movie theaters, which he eventually parlayed into hotels.//


Words: parley
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: parlee, from  parler  ’to speak’, from  Late Latin parabola;   PARABLE]//  a discussion in which enemies try to achieve peace//  -- parley v  [I] //


Words: parliament
Meaning:
W2   n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parlement, from  parler;   PARLEY]//\n  1 [C]  [also + plural verb British English] the group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important national affairs:    government, MP//  --They demanded a free parliament and press.//\n  2  Parliament [singular also + plural verb British English] the main law-making institution in the UK, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords:  --The bill was passed by Parliament in April.//  enter/get into Parliament (=be elected as a member of Parliament) //  in Parliament//  --He failed to win a seat in Parliament.//  before Parliament//  --The new laws will be placed before Parliament.//    hung parliament//\n  3 [C] the period during which the British Parliament meets:  --We expect to get these laws passed during the present parliament.//


Words: parliamentary
Meaning:
W3   adj   relating to, or governed by a parliament//  --the world’s oldest parliamentary democracy//


Words: parlor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: parlour, from  parler;   PARLEY]//  the American spelling of parlour//


Words: parlour
Meaning:
BrE  parlor AmE   n [C] \n  1  ice cream/funeral/tattoo parlour:  a shop or type of business that provides a particular service//\n  2  old-fashioned a room in a house which has comfortable chairs and is used for meeting guests:    milking parlour//


Words: parlour game
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned   a game that can be played indoors, such as a guessing game or a word game//


Words: parlour maid
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a female servant who was employed in large houses in the past to clean the rooms and serve guests//


Words: parlous
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: perilous]//  in a very bad or dangerous condition//  --The country’s police force was in a parlous state in 1990.//


Words: Parmesan
Meaning:
n  also Parmesan cheese  [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ’of Parma’, city in Italy where the cheese was first made]//  a hard Italian cheese//


Words: Parnassus
Meaning:
a high mountain in central Greece. In ancient times people thought it was a holy place of the gods  Apollo and  Dionysus, and of the  Muses (=goddesses of art and science) //


Words: Parnell
Meaning:
Charles Stewart   (1846-91) an Irish politician who was a member of the British Parliament. He was a leading supporter of the idea of Home Rule (=self-government)  for Ireland.//


Words: parochial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin parochialis, from  parochia;   PARISH]//\n  1 only interested in things that affect your local area - used in order to show disapproval:  --Local newspapers tend to be very parochial.//\n  2 [only before noun] relating to a particular church and the area around it:  --the parochial church council//  -- parochialism n  [U] //


Words: parody
Meaning:
n   plural  parodies //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: parodia, from  Greek, from  para- (  PARA-) +  aidein  ’to sing’]//\n  1 [U and C] a piece of writing, music etc or an action that copies someone or something in an amusing way:  parody of//  --a brilliant parody of classical dance//  in a parody of sth//  --He swung the door wide open in a parody of welcome.//  --Her performance contains a strong element of self-parody  (=when someone makes fun of their own style) .//\n  2 [C] something that is not a correct or acceptable example of something:  parody of//  --Although his comment was a parody of the truth, Diana was upset by it.//  --The trial was a parody of justice  (=very unfair) .//\nparody 2   past tense and past participle  parodied present participle  parodying third person singular  parodies  v [T] //  to copy someone or something in a way that makes people laugh//  --His style has often been parodied.//  -- parodist n  [C] //


Words: parole
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: ’speech, word, word of honor’, from  Late Latin parabola;   PARABLE]//  permission for someone to leave prison, on the condition that they promise to behave well//  on parole//  --He was released on parole after serving two years.//  --She will become eligible for parole in 19 months.//\nparole 2 v [T]   to allow someone to leave prison on the condition that they promise to behave well//


Words: paroxysm
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: paroxysme, from  Greek paroxysmos, from  paroxynein  ’to encourage into action’, from  oxys  ’sharp’]//\n  1 a sudden expression of strong feeling that you cannot control:  paroxysm of//  --Had she cut her wrists in a paroxysm of guilt?//\n  2 a sudden, short attack of pain, coughing, shaking etc:


Words: parquet
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: parc;   PARK1]//  small flat blocks of wood fitted together in a pattern that cover the floor of a room//  --a parquet floor//


Words: parricide
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: parricidium, from  parri-  ’relative’ +  -cidium (  -CIDE)]//  [U]  formal the crime of killing your father, mother, or any other close relative//    matricide, patricide//


Words: parrot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  Old French perroquet]//\n  1 a tropical bird with a curved beak and brightly coloured feathers that can be taught to copy human speech:\n  2  parrot fashion:   BrE if you learn something parrot fashion, you repeat what someone has just said without understanding it//    by heart//  --We recited poems parrot fashion.//    sick as a parrot at sick1 (10)//\nparrot 2 v [T]   to repeat someone else’s words or ideas without really understanding what you are saying - used to show disapproval//  --He just parroted his father’s opinions.//


Words: parry
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  parried present participle  parrying third person singular  parries //  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  French parez!  ’prepare!’, from  parer;   PARE]//\n  1 [I and T] to defend yourself against someone who is attacking you by pushing their weapon or hand to one side:   deflect//  --It is far easier to parry a direct blow than to stop it forcibly.//\n  2 [T] to avoid answering a question that is difficult to answer or that someone does not want to answer:  --He parried all her questions about his work.//  -- parry n  [C] //


Words: parse
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: pars orationis  ’part of speech’]//   technical to describe the grammar of a word when it is in a particular sentence, or the grammar of the whole sentence//  -- parser n  [C] //


Words: Parsee
Meaning:
Parsi/p[hA35A][hA359]si[hA359] $ p[hA35A][hA359]rsi[hA359]/ n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Persian; Origin: parsi, from  Pars  ’Persia’]//  a member of an ancient Persian religious group in India//  -- Parsee adj //


Words: parsimonious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: parsimony  (15-21 centuries), from  Latin parsimonia, from  parcere  ’to be careful in spending’]//  extremely unwilling to spend money//  -- parsimoniously adv //  -- parsimony/p[hA35A][hA359]s[hA369]m[hA353]ni $ p[hA35A][hA359]rs[hA369]mo[hA35E]ni/ n  [U] //


Words: parsley
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1000-1100; Language: Vulgar Latin; Origin: petrosilium, from  Latin petroselinum, from  Greek, from  petros  ’stone’ +  selinon  ’celery’]//  a herb with curly leaves, used in cooking or as decoration on food//


Words: parsnip
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: pasnaie, from  Latin pastinaca; influenced by  neep  ’turnip’, from  Old English n[zB024]p]//  a vegetable with a thick white or yellowish root//


Words: parson
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: persone;   PERSON]//  a Christian priest or minister//


Words: parson’s nose
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  informal the piece of flesh at the tail end of a bird, usually a chicken, that has been cooked//  American Equivalent:  pope’s nose//


Words: part
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 piece:\n   2 machine/object:\n   3 not all:\n   4 involvement:\n   5 have a part to play (in something):\n   6 take part:\n   7 take/have/play no part in something:\n   8 want no part of something:\n   9 the best/better part of something:\n  10 a good/large part of something:\n  11 the greater/major part of something:\n  12 in part:\n  13 in large part/for the most part:\n  14 be (a) part of something:\n  15 form (a) part of something:\n  16 hair:\n  17 acting:\n  18 music:\n  19 quantity:\n  20 look the part:\n  21 dress the part:\n  22 somebody’s part in something:\n  23 in/round these parts:\n  24 take somebody’s part:\n  25 for my/his part etc:\n  26 on somebody’s part/on the part of somebody:\n  27 take something in good part:\n  28 be part and parcel of something:\n  29 man/woman of many parts:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin pars]//\n  1 PIECE:   [C] a piece or feature of something such as an object, area, event, or period of time//  part of//  --The front part of the car was damaged.//  --In parts of Canada, French is the first language.//  --For part of the day, you will be outside doing practical work.//  --The cost of living is becoming unbearable for retired people in our part of the world  (=where we live) .//  --More heat is lost through the head than any other part of the body. //  the early/later/latter/last part //  --in the early part of the nineteenth century//  the best/worst part //  --The best part of the holiday was the food.//  the first/final/last part etc //  --You can see the final part of that series on Tuesday.//  part two/three etc //  --I shall be explaining this further in Part Two.//  the hard/easy part //  --Getting Dad to agree will be the hard part.//  different parts/all parts of sth //  --The jobs attracted people from all parts of the world.//  integral/vital/important part //  --the traditions that are an integral part of Jewish life//  in parts//  --The film is very violent in parts.//\n  2 MACHINE/OBJECT:   [C] one of the separate pieces that something such as a machine or piece of equipment is made of//  --Lay all the parts out before you start assembling the model.//  --engine parts//  spare parts (=kept for when a part breaks, needs replacing etc) //\n  3 NOT ALL:   part of sth//  some, but not all, of a particular thing//  --Part of the money will be spent on a new playground.//  --Part of the castle was destroyed by fire.//  part of me/him etc //  --Part of me hates him (=I partly hate him) .//  (only) part of the story/problem/explanation etc //  --Poor working conditions are only part of the problem.//\n  4 INVOLVEMENT:   play a part//  if something or someone plays a part in something else, they are involved in it//  play a part in//  --Health education will play a part in preparing us for old age.//  --Britain should play its full part in the negotiations.//  play a big/important part in sth //  --Pictures play an important part in publishing.//\n  5  have a part to play (in sth):  to have a particular job or be responsible for something//  --The church used to have a more important part to play in the community.//\n  6  take part:  to be involved in an activity, sport, event etc with other people//  take part in//  --About 400 students took part in the protest.//  --She wanted to take part but she was too ill.//  take an active/leading part //  --At college I took an active part in student politics.//\n  7  take/have/play no part in sth:  to not be involved in something//  --She took no part in the fighting.//\n  8  want no part of sth:  to not want to be involved in something//  --There was a plan to change the production style, and he wanted no part of it.//\n  9  the best/better part of sth:  nearly all of something//  --We waited for the best part of an hour.//\n  10  a good/large part of sth:  a lot or more than half of something//  --A large part of the budget will be spent on advertising.//\n  11  the greater/major part of sth:  most of something//  --They controlled the greater part of North Africa.//\n  12  in part:  to some degree, but not completely//   partly//  --His reluctance to help could, in part, be explained by his poor eyesight.//\n  13  in large part/for the most part:  mostly, or in most places//  --Success was due in large part to good teamwork.//  --For the most part he worked patiently.//\n  14  be (a) part of sth:  to be included or involved in something//  --Falling over is part of learning how to ski.//  --If you decide to work for our organisation, you will be part of a great team.//\n  15  form (a) part of sth:  to be one of the things that make up something larger or more important//  --Practical work forms an integral part of the course.//\n  16 HAIR:   [C usually singular]  AmE a parting//\n  17 ACTING:   [C] the words and actions of a particular character in a play or film//   role//  --Could someone take the part of Romeo, please?//  --Katharine’s playing the part of Mary in the school play.//\n  18 MUSIC:   [C] the music that one type of instrument or voice within a group plays or sings//  --The violin part is difficult.//  --The choir sings in four-part harmony.//\n  19 QUANTITY:   [C] used to say how much of each substance there is or should be in a mixture//  --Prepare the glue with one part powder to three parts water.//  --The sulphur dioxide level in the air was 32 parts per billion.//\n  20  look the part:  a) to look like a typical person of a particular type//  --In his smart suit, he certainly looked the part.//  b) to perform well and seem likely to be successful - used in sports reports//  --He’s beginning to look the part on the soccer field.//\n  21  dress the part:  to wear suitable clothes for something//  --She’s got a new high-powered job, and she’s certainly dressing the part.//\n  22  sb’s part in sth:  what a particular person did in an activity that was shared by several people, especially something bad//  --He was imprisoned for six years for his part in the murder.//\n  23  in/round these parts:  in the particular area that you are in//  --We don’t get many tourists in these parts.//\n  24  take sb’s part:   BrE  formal to support someone in a quarrel or argument//   take somebody’s side//  --Dad always takes my brother’s part when we argue.//\n  25  for my/his part etc:   formal used when saying what a particular person thinks or does, as opposed to other people//  --For my part, I prefer living in the country.//\n  26  on sb’s part/on the part of sb:  used when describing a particular person’s feelings or actions//  --It was probably just a mistake on her part.//  --There has never been any jealousy on my part.//\n  27  take sth in good part:   old-fashioned to accept jokes or criticism about you without being upset//\n  28  be part and parcel of sth:  to be a necessary feature of something//  --Working irregular hours is all part and parcel of being a journalist.//\n  29  man/woman of many parts:  someone who is able to do many different things//  --He was a man of many parts: writer, literary critic and historian.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’most part of’. Say most of: We spent most of (NOT most part of) the morning shopping. //  HINT sense 6 //  Do not say ’take a part in’ something. Say take part in something. //  ----------//\npart 2 v   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: partir, from  Latin partire  ’to divide’, from  pars;   PART1]//\n  1 [I and T]  written to move the two sides of something apart, or to move apart, making a space in the middle:  --When he parted the curtains, the sunlight flooded into the room.//  --The crowd parted to let him through.//  --Ralph’s lips parted in a delighted smile.//\n  2 [I]  written to separate from someone, or end a relationship with them:  --They parted on amicable terms.//  part from//  --He has parted from his wife.//\n  3  be parted (from sb):  to be prevented from being with someone//  --They were hardly ever parted in thirty years of marriage.//  --He hates being parted from the children.//\n  4  part company (with sb):  a) to go in different directions after having gone in the same direction//  --The two women parted company outside their rooms.//  b) to end a relationship with someone//  --George parted company with the band in 1996.//  c) to disagree with someone about something//  --He parted company with Lloyd George over post-war diplomacy.//\n  5 [T] if you part your hair, you comb some of your hair in one direction and the rest in the other direction:  part with [part with sth] phr v//  to give something to someone else, although you do not want to//  --I’m reluctant to part with any of the kittens, but we need the money.//\npart 3 adv \n  1  part sth, part sth:  if something is part one thing, part another, it consists of both of those things//  --The exams are part written, part practical.//  --The room is part sitting room, part bedroom.//\n  2 not completely:   partly//  --The project is part funded by the council.//  --The object was part hidden by the grass.//\npart 4 adj \n  1  part payment:  payment of only a part of something, not all of it//  --I gave them [hA124]10 in part payment.//\n  2  part owner:  someone who is one of the people who own something//


Words: part exchange
Meaning:
n [U and C]    BrE a way of buying a new car, television etc in which you give your old car, television etc as part of the payment//  American Equivalent:  trade in//  --The company takes the buyer’s property in part exchange. //


Words: part of speech plural
Meaning:
parts of speech  n [C]    technical one of the types into which words are divided in grammar according to their use, such as noun, verb, or adjective//


Words: part-song
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a song that consists of several voice parts, usually singing without a piano etc//


Words: part-time
Meaning:
S3 adj [only before noun]   someone who has a part-time job works for only part of each day or week//  --a part-time job//  --women wishing to return to work on a part-time basis //  -- part-time adv //  --She wants to work part-time after she’s had the baby.//  -- part-timer n  [C] //    full-time(1)//


Words: partake
Meaning:
v   past tense  partook /-t[hA35E]k///  past participle  partaken /-te[hA366]k[hA353]n/ [I]  formal //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: partaker  ’someone who partakes’ (15-21 centuries), from  part taker]//\n  1 to eat or drink something:  partake of//  --Grandmother likes to partake of a small glass of sherry before lunch.//\n  2 to take part in an activity or event:   participate//  partake in//  --a woman’s fundamental right to partake in club affairs//  partake of [partake of sth] phr v//  to have a certain amount of a particular quality//


Words: parterre
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   a part of a garden with areas of flowers surrounded by low hedges in a formal pattern//


Words: parthenogenesis
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek parthenos  ’virgin’ +  Latin genesis (  GENESIS)]//   technical the production of a new plant or animal from a female without the sexual involvement of the male//


Words: Parthenon
Meaning:
the Parthenon//  an ancient building on the  Acropolis in Athens, built in the 5th century BC and the most famous example of a Greek  temple//


Words: partial
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not complete:  --The exhibition was only a partial success.//  --a partial solution to traffic congestion in Oxford//\n  2  be partial to sth:   formal to like something very much//  --I’m very partial to cream cakes.//\n  3 unfairly supporting one person or one group against another:  → impartial//


Words: partiality
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 unfair support of one person or one group against another:   bias//  --the problem of partiality in news reporting//\n  2  partiality for sth:   formal a special liking for something//  --a partiality for Moorish architecture//


Words: partially
Meaning:
adv  formal   not completely//   partly//  --The operation was only partially successful.//  --Remember that you are partially responsible for their unhappiness.//


Words: partially sighted
Meaning:
adj   unable to see well//    blind//  --Reading aids have been provided for partially sighted pupils.//


Words: participant
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   someone who is taking part in an activity or event//  participant in//  --an active participant in the negotiations//


Words: participate
Meaning:
W3   v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  participare, from  particeps  ’taking part’, from  pars;   PART1]//   formal to take part in an activity or event//  --Some members refused to participate.//  participate in//  --Everyone in the class is expected to participate actively in these discussions.//  --They welcomed the opportunity to participate fully in the life of the village.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Participate is never followed directly by a noun. Say that you participate in something: Everyone can participate in an election (NOT Everyone can participate an election). //  ----------//


Words: participation
Meaning:
W3   n [U]   the act of taking part in an activity or event//  --Thank you for your participation.//  participation in//  --We want more participation in the decision-making.//  --entertainment with plenty of audience participation //


Words: participatory
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  formal   a participatory way of organizing something, making decisions etc is one that involves everyone who will be affected//  --a participatory democracy//


Words: participle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin participium, from  particeps (  PARTICIPATE); because it takes the part of both verb and adjective]//   technical one of the forms of a verb that are used to make tenses. In English, present participles end in -ing and past participles usually end in -ed or -en.//


Words: particle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: particula, from  pars;   PART1]//\n  1 a very small piece of something:  --dust particles//  particle of//  --tiny particles of soil//\n  2  not a particle of truth/evidence etc:  no truth etc at all//  --There’s not a particle of truth in what he says.//\n  3 one of the very small pieces of matter that an atom consists of:\n  4  technical an adverb or preposition that can combine with a verb to form a phrasal verb:


Words: particle accelerator
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine used in scientific studies which makes the very small pieces of matter that atoms are made of move at high speeds//


Words: particular
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin particularis, from  Latin particula;   PARTICLE]//\n  1 [only before noun] a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and not any other:    certain, specific//  --In this particular case, no one else was involved.//  --Most students choose one particular area for research.//  --a particular type of food//\n  2 special or great:  --You should pay particular attention to spelling.//  --For no particular reason , he quit the job.//  of particular interest/concern/importance etc //  --Of particular concern is the rising cost of transportation.//  anything/nothing/sth particular //  --I had nothing particular planned.//\n  3 very careful about choosing exactly what you like and not easily satisfied:   fussy//  particular about//  --Marty’s very particular about his food.//\nparticular 2 n \n  1  in particular:  especially//  --It was a good concert - I enjoyed the last song in particular.//  anything/anyone/anywhere in particular //  --Was there anything in particular that you wanted to talk about?//  nothing/no one/nowhere in particular //  --’What did you want?’ ’Oh, nothing in particular.’//\n  2  particulars [plural] the facts and details about a job, property, legal case etc:  particulars of//  --You may be required to give particulars of the change in your financial position.//  --For further particulars , contact the College secretary.//  --Send your particulars (=details such as your name, address, profession etc) to the address above.//\n  3  in every particular/in all particulars:   formal in every detail//  --The documents were identical in almost every particular.//


Words: particularity
Meaning:
n   plural  particularities  formal //\n  1 [U] a quality that makes something different from all others:  --the particularity of her style of writing//\n  2 [U] the quality of being exact and paying attention to details:\n  3 [C] a detail:


Words: particularly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 more than usual or more than others:   especially//  --Steve was in a particularly bad mood when he got back.//  --The restaurant is particularly popular with young people.//  --We are hoping to expand our business, particularly in Europe.//  --British farmers, particularly those producing lamb, are very worried.//\n  2  not particularly:  a) not very//  --I’m not particularly impressed with their performance.//  b)  spoken not very much//  --’Do you want to come to the party?’ ’Not particularly.’//


Words: parting
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] an occasion when two people leave each other:  --an emotional parting at the airport//  --the moment of parting//  on parting//  --He gave her a light kiss on parting.//\n  2 [C]  BrE the line on your head made by dividing your hair with a comb:  American Equivalent:  part//  --a centre parting//\n  3  parting of the ways:  the point at which two people or organizations decide to separate//\nparting 2 adj \n  1  a parting kiss/gift/glance etc:  a kiss etc that you give someone as you leave//\n  2  parting shot:  an unpleasant remark that you make just as you are leaving, especially at the end of an argument//  --As her parting shot, she told me never to phone her again.//


Words: partisan
Meaning:
adj \n  1 strongly supporting a particular political party, plan or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully:  --British newspapers are highly partisan. //\n  2 relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country:  --the nature of partisan warfare//\npartisan 2 n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Old Italian partigiano, from  parte  ’party, part’, from  Latin pars;   PART1]//\n  1 someone who strongly supports a political party, plan, or leader:  --a media campaign to represent Democrats as angry partisans//\n  2 a member of an armed group that fights against an enemy that has taken control of its country:  -- partisanship n  [U] //


Words: partition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin partitio, from  partire;   PART2]//\n  1 [C] a thin wall that separates one part of a room from another:\n  2 [U] the action of separating a country into two or more independent countries:  partition of//  --the partition of India//\npartition 2 v [T + into]   to divide a country, building, or room into two or more parts//  partition off [partition sth → off] phr v//  to divide part of a room from the rest by using a partition//  --They partitioned off part of the living room to make a study.//


Words: partitive
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a word which comes before a noun and shows that only part of something is being described, for example the word ’some’ in the phrase ’some of the cake’//  -- partitive adj //


Words: partly
Meaning:
adv   to some degree, but not completely//  --The poor weather was partly responsible for the crash.//  --The company’s problems are partly due to bad management.//  --It is partly because of her sick mother that she hasn’t taken the job abroad.//  --The group is funded partly by the government.//


Words: partner
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 marriage etc:\n   2 business:\n   3 dancing/games etc:\n   4 country/organization:\n   5 partners in crime:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: parcener  ’heir sharing half’, from  Old French par[hA168]on  ’share’; influenced by  part]//\n  1 MARRIAGE ETC:  one of two people who are married, or who live together and have a sexual relationship//    husband, wife//  --Discuss your worries with your partner.//  --Only 29% of lone parents receive financial support from their former partners. //  --a sexual partner//\n  2 BUSINESS:  one of the owners of a business//  --She’s a partner in a law firm.//  --The senior partner has retired.//    sleeping partner//\n  3 DANCING/GAMES ETC:  someone you do a particular activity with, for example dancing or playing a game against two other people//  --Clare’s my tennis partner.//  -- Take your partners for the next dance.//\n  4 COUNTRY/ORGANIZATION:  a country or organization that another country or organization has an agreement with//  --Nigeria is our principal trading partner in Africa.//  --The group is a junior partner  (=less important group) in the PLO’s governing coalition.//\n  5  partners in crime:  two people who have planned and done something together, especially something that slightly annoys other people - used humorously//    sparring partner//\npartner 2 v [T]   to be someone’s partner in a dance, game etc//  --I used to partner him in tennis matches.//


Words: partnership
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U] the state of being a partner in business:  be/work in partnership (with sb) //  --I’ve been in partnership with her for five years.//  --She’s gone into partnership with two local doctors.//\n  2 [C] a business owned by two or more people:  --It’s one of the most successful partnerships in the country.//\n  3 [U and C] a relationship between two people, organizations, or countries:  --Several youth charities have formed a partnership to help these homeless teenagers.//  partnership between//  --The close partnership between Britain and the US will continue.//


Words: partridge
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: perdris, from  Latin perdix, from  Greek]//  a fat brown bird with a short tail which is shot for sport and food//


Words: partway
Meaning:
adv  informal   for some of the distance or after some of the time has passed//    halfway//  --I got the bus partway.//  partway through/along/down//  --She left partway through the two year contract.//


Words: party
Meaning:
n   plural  parties  [C] //  ----------//\n   1 for fun:\n   2 in politics:\n   3 group of people:\n   4 in an argument/law:\n   5 be (a) party to something:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: partie  ’part, party’, from  partir  ’to divide’]//\n  1 FOR FUN:  a social event when a lot of people meet together to enjoy themselves by eating, drinking, dancing etc//  --We’re having a party on Saturday. Would you like to come?//  throw/give a party //  --The university threw a party to welcome them.//  --She’s giving a small informal party this evening.//  go/come to a party //  --Are you going to the party tonight?//  --a child’s birthday party //  --the office Christmas party //  at a party//  --I met him at a party a couple of months ago.//  --I have never enjoyed party games .//  tea/costume/Halloween etc party (=a particular type of party) //  --a dinner party at a chic New York restaurant//  --the party spirit  (=the way someone feels when they are really enjoying a party) //    hen party,  house party,  stag party,  party animal//\n  2 IN POLITICS:   [also + plural verb British English] a political organization with particular beliefs and aims, which you can vote for in elections//  --the three main political parties in Britain//  the Labour/Communist/Democratic etc Party //  --She was greeted by a large crowd of Labour Party supporters.//  --The conference is open to all party members.//  --the party leader//  --There were many people in the ruling party  (=the party in power) who were unhappy with his policies.//  --The new regulations have been attacked by opposition parties  (=parties who are not in power and oppose the government) .//  --Her speech went down very well with the party faithful  (=strong supporters of the party) .//    party line//\n  3 GROUP OF PEOPLE:   [also + plural verb British English] a group of people who go somewhere together or do a job together//  party of//  --a party of tourists//  --There were several students in our party.//  --A search party was sent out to look for the missing climbers.//  --a rescue party //  --Admission is free for school parties .//    working party//\n  4 IN AN ARGUMENT/LAW:   law  or  formal one of the people or groups who are involved in a legal argument or agreement//  --helping the two parties to reach an agreement//  guilty/innocent party //  --He sees himself as the innocent party in this dispute.//    third party1 //\n  5  be (a) party to sth:   formal to be involved in an activity or decision//  --I was not a party to this discussion.//\nparty 2   past tense and past participle  partied present participle  partying third person singular  parties  v [I] //   informal to enjoy yourself with a group of other people by drinking alcohol, eating, dancing etc//  --Let’s party!//


Words: party animal
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   someone who enjoys going to parties and drinking a lot of alcohol, and behaving in a loud and often rude way//


Words: party line
Meaning:
n [singular]   the official opinion of a political party or other organization, which its members are expected to agree with and support//  follow/toe the party line (=to support the official opinion) //  --He refused to toe the party line.//


Words: party political
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    BrE relating to activities in which people try to get support for one political party in a country//  --a party political broadcast on television//  --party political propaganda//


Words: party politics
Meaning:
n [U]   activities that are concerned with getting support for one political party in a country//  --The decision was influenced by party politics.//


Words: parvenu
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  parvenir  ’to arrive’]//   formal  old-fashioned an insulting word for someone from a low social position who has suddenly become rich and powerful//


Words: pas de deux
Meaning:
n   plural  pas de deux  same pronunciation  [C] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: ’step for two’]//  a dance in ballet performed by a man and a woman//


Words: Pascal
Meaning:
Blaise   (1623-62) a French  philosopher,  mathematician, and  physicist, who wrote about religion, and made many important scientific discoveries. His inventions include an early type of calculating machine and the  barometer.//


Words: Pasolini
Meaning:
Pier Paolo   (1922-75) an Italian film director, poet, and writer, who was murdered on a beach near Rome. He used his films, which include  Oedipus Rex (1967) and  Medea (1970), to criticize society.//


Words: pass
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 go past:\n   2 move/go:\n   3 put:\n   4 road/river etc:\n   5 give:\n   6 give information:\n   7 time:\n   8 exam/test:\n   9 law/proposal:\n  10 happen:\n  11 say:\n  12 let something pass:\n  13 end:\n  14 sport:\n  15 more than:\n  16 pass unnoticed:\n  17 pass the time of day (with somebody):\n  18 change control:\n  19 change:\n  20 pass (a) sentence (on somebody):\n  21 pass judgment (on somebody):\n  22 give no answer:\n  23 not accept:\n  24 not pass somebody’s lips:\n  25 waste matter:\n  26 come to pass:  Phrasal verbs//   pass as somebody/something//   pass something → around//   pass away//   pass by//   pass something → down//   pass for somebody/something//   pass off//   pass on//   pass out//   pass over//   pass something → up//  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: passer, from  Vulgar Latin passare, from  Latin passus  ’step’]//\n  1 GO PAST:   [I and T] to come up to a particular place, person, or object and go past them//  --The crowd parted to let the truck pass.//  --He gave me a smile as he passed.//  --We passed a group of students outside the theatre.//  --I pass the sports centre on the way to work.//\n  2 MOVE/GO:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to go or travel along or through a place//  --He passed along the corridor to a small room at the back of the building.//  --We passed through the gates into a courtyard behind.//  --We were just passing through  (=travelling through a place) and thought we’d drop in to see you.//\n  3 PUT:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to put something around, through, or across something else//  --He passed the rope carefully around the post.//\n  4 ROAD/RIVER ETC:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T] a road, river, or railway line that passes a place goes through or near the place//  --The road passes right through the town centre.//  --The main railway line passes just north of Manchester.//\n  5 GIVE:   [T] to hold something in your hand and give it to someone else//  --Pass the salt, please.//  pass sb sth//  --Can you pass me that bag by your feet?//  pass sth to sb//  --She passed a cup of tea to the headmaster.//  --I passed the note back to her.//    pass around//\n  6 GIVE INFORMATION:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to give information or a job to another person so that they can deal with it//  pass sth (on/over/back) to sb//  --I’ll pass the information on to our sales department.//  --They’ve passed the enquiry over to the police.//\n  7 TIME:  a)  [I] if time passes, it goes by//  --The days passed slowly.//  --She became more ambitious as the years passed.//  --They sat in silence while the minutes passed.//  -- Hardly a day passes without more bad news about the economy (=there is bad news almost every day) .//  b)  [T] if you pass time or pass your life in a particular way, you spend it in that way//  --We passed the winter pleasantly enough.//  --We played cards to pass the time  (=to help us stop feeling bored) .//\n  8 EXAM/TEST:  a)  [I and T] to succeed in an examination or test//  → fail//  --Did you pass all your exams?//  --He hasn’t passed his driving test yet.//  --She passed with flying colours  (=got very high marks) .//  b)  [T] to officially decide that someone has succeeded in an examination or test//  → fail//  --The examiners will only pass you if they feel that you have done the work properly.//\n  9 LAW/PROPOSAL:  a)  [T] to officially accept a law or proposal, especially by voting//  --Plans to extend the hotel have now been passed.//  --The motion was passed by 16 votes to 11.//  pass a law/bill/act //  --The first Transport Act was passed in 1907.//  --The government has passed new legislation to protect consumers.//  --The United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution asking the two countries to resume peace negotiations.//  b)  [I and T]  especially AmE if a law or proposal passes an official group, it is officially accepted by that group//  --The bill failed to pass the House of Representatives.//\n  10 HAPPEN:   [I always + adverb/preposition]  written if something passes between people, they speak to each other or do something together//  pass between//  --A glance of recognition passed between them.//  --Please say nothing of what has passed here today.//\n  11 SAY:   pass a remark/comment//  to say something that gives your opinion//  --I’m afraid I can’t pass any comment on this matter.//  --He passed some remark about doctors being paid too much.//\n  12  let sth pass:  to deliberately not say anything when someone says or does something that you do not like//  --Carla made some comment about my work but I decided to let it pass .//\n  13 END:   [I] to end or stop//  --After a couple of hours the storm passed.//  --The feeling of sickness soon passed.//\n  14 SPORT:   [I and T] to kick, throw, or hit a ball to a member of your own team during a game//  pass to//  --He passed to Beckham on the edge of the penalty area.//  pass sth to sb//  --Are you allowed to pass the ball back to the goalkeeper?//\n  15 MORE THAN:   [T] to become more than a particular number or amount//  --The number of unemployed has passed the two million mark for the first time.//\n  16  pass unnoticed:  to happen without anyone noticing or saying anything//  --His resignation passed largely unnoticed.//\n  17  pass the time of day (with sb):  to talk to someone for a short time in order to be friendly//\n  18 CHANGE CONTROL:   [I always + preposition]  formal to change from being controlled or owned by one person to being controlled or owned by someone else//  pass to//  --The land will pass to my son when I die.//  --Control of these services has now passed into the hands of the local authorities.//\n  19 CHANGE:   [I always + preposition]  formal to change from one state or condition into another//  pass from/to//  --The chemical passes from a liquid to a solid state during the cooling process.//\n  20  pass (a) sentence (on sb):  to officially decide how a criminal will be punished, and to announce what the punishment will be//  --Judges no longer have the power to pass the death sentence.//\n  21  pass judgment (on sb):  to give your opinion about someone’s behaviour//  --I don’t want to pass judgment on my colleagues.//\n  22 GIVE NO ANSWER:   [I] to give no answer to a question because you do not know the answer//  --’Who won the World Cup in 1998?’ ’Pass.’//\n  23 NOT ACCEPT:   [I] to not accept an invitation or offer//  pass on//  --I’m afraid I’ll have to pass on that offer of coffee.//\n  24  not pass sb’s lips:   humorous //  a) used to say that someone does not talk about something that is secret//  --Don’t worry. Not a word of this will pass my lips.//  b) used to say that someone does not eat or drink a particular thing//  --Not a drop of liquor has passed my lips.//\n  25 WASTE MATTER:   [T]  medical to let out a waste substance from your bladder or bowels//  --See your doctor immediately if you pass any blood.//  --He was having difficulty passing water  (=letting outurine) .//\n  26  come to pass:   literary or biblical to happen//    pass muster at muster2 (1)//    pass the buck at buck1 (3)//  pass as / [pass as sb/sth] phr v//  if someone or something can pass as someone or something, they are similar enough to be accepted as that type of person or thing//  --His French is so good that he can pass as a Frenchman.//  pass around [pass sth → around] phr v//  to offer or show something to each person in a group//  --Pass the cookies around, would you?//    pass the hat round/around at hat(6)//  pass away phr v//  to die - use this when you want to avoid saying the word ’die’//  pass by phr v//\n  1  pass by (sb/sth):  to go past a person, place, vehicle etc//  --They all waved as they passed by.//  --Will you be passing by the supermarket on your way home?//    passerby//\n  2  pass sb by:  if something passes you by, it happens but you are not involved in it//  --She felt that life was passing her by.//  pass down [pass sth → down] phr v//  to give or teach something to people who are younger than you or live after you//  pass sth down (from sb) to sb//  --The tradition has been passed down from father to son for generations.//  pass for / [pass for sb/sth] phr v//  if something passes for another thing, it is so similar to that thing that people think that is what it is//  --With my hair cut short, I could have passed for a boy.//  pass off phr v//\n  1  pass off well/badly etc:  if an event passes off well, badly etc, it happens in that way//  --The visit passed off without any serious incidents.//\n  2  pass sb/sth off as sth:  to make people think that someone or something is another thing//  --They bought up pieces of old furniture and passed them off as valuable antiques.//  --He passed himself off as a doctor.//  pass on phr v//\n  1  pass sth → on:  to give someone a piece of information that someone else has given to you//  pass something → on to//  --She said she’d pass the message on to the other students.//\n  2  pass sth → on:  a) to give something, especially a disease, to your children through your genes//  b) to give a slight illness to someone else//  pass something → on to//  --One catches the virus and they pass it on to the rest.//\n  3  pass sth → on:  to make someone else pay the cost of something//  pass something → on to//  --Any increase in our costs will have to be passed on to the consumer.//\n  4 to die - use this when you want to avoid saying the word ’die’:  pass out phr v//\n  1 to become unconscious:  --I nearly passed out when I saw all the blood.//\n  2  especially BrE to finish a course of study at a military school or police college:\n  3  pass sth → out:  to give something, such as books or papers, to everyone in a group//   hand out, distribute//  pass over phr v//\n  1  pass sb → over [usually in passive] if you pass someone over for a job, you choose someone else who is younger or lower in the organization than them:  --This is the second time I’ve been passed over for promotion  (=someone else has been given a higher job instead of me) .//\n  2  pass over sth:  if you pass over a remark or subject, you do not spend any time discussing it//  --I want to pass over this quite quickly.//  --I think we’d better pass over that last remark.//  pass up [pass sth → up] phr v//  to not make use of a chance to do something//  pass up a chance/opportunity/offer //  --I don’t think you should pass up the opportunity to go to university.//  ----------//  HINT sense 7 //  It is more usual to say that you spend time doing something than you ’pass time’ doing something: I spent (NOT passed) the whole day watching TV. //  ----------//\npass 2 W3S2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 document:\n   2 exam/test:\n   3 sport:\n   4 make a pass at somebody:\n   5 road/path:\n   6 stage:\n   7 aircraft:\n   8 come to a pretty/sorry pass:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-4, 6-8; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  PASS1]//  [Sense: 5; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: pas, from  Latin passus;   PASS1]//\n  1 DOCUMENT:  an official piece of paper which shows that you are allowed to enter a building or travel on something without paying//  --The guard checked our passes.//  --They issued us with free passes to the theatre.//  --You can buy a cheap one-day bus pass .//\n  2 EXAM/TEST:  a successful result in an examination//  → fail//  --You will need at least three passes to get onto the course.//  pass in//  --Did you get a pass in English?//  --The pass mark  (=the mark you need to be successful) is 55%.//\n  3 SPORT:  when you kick, throw, or hit a ball to another member of your team during a game//  --That was a brilliant pass by Holden.//\n  4  make a pass at sb:   informal to try to kiss or touch another person with the intention of starting a sexual relationship with them//\n  5 ROAD/PATH:  a high road or path that goes between mountains to the other side//  --a narrow, winding mountain pass//\n  6 STAGE:  one part of a process that involves dealing with the whole of a group or thing several times//  --On the first pass we eliminated all the candidates who didn’t have the right experience.//\n  7 AIRCRAFT:  a movement in which an aircraft flies once over a place which it is attacking//\n  8  come to a pretty/sorry pass:   old-fashioned informal if things have come to a pretty or sorry pass, a situation has become very bad//


Words: passable
Meaning:
adj \n  1  formal fairly good, but not excellent:  --The food was excellent and the wine was passable.//  --He can do a passable imitation of the maths teacher.//\n  2 a road or river that is passable is not blocked, so you can travel along it or across it:  → impassable//


Words: passably
Meaning:
adv   in a way that is fairly good, but not excellent//  --There were one or two passably funny jokes but it was mostly dull.//


Words: passage
Meaning:
W2S3   n   ----------//\n   1 in a building:\n   2 from a book etc:\n   3 movement:\n   4 of a law:\n   5 journey:\n   6 inside somebody’s body:\n   7 way through:\n   8 the passage of time:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: passer;   PASS1]//\n  1 IN A BUILDING:   [C] a long narrow area with walls on either side which connects one room or place to another//    corridor//  --My office is just along the passage.//  --We walked down a narrow passage to the back of the building.//  --an underground passage//\n  2 FROM A BOOK ETC:   [C] a short part of a book, poem, speech, piece of music etc//  passage from/of//  --He read out a short passage from the Bible.//\n  3 MOVEMENT:   [U]  formal the movement of people or vehicles along a road or across an area of land//  passage of//  --The bridge isn’t strong enough to allow the passage of heavy vehicles.//  --Both sides agreed to allow the free passage of medical supplies into the area.//  --He was guaranteed safe passage out of the country.//\n  4 OF A LAW:   [U] when a new law is discussed and accepted by a parliament or Congress//  passage through//  --The bill was amended several times during its passage through Congress.//  --They are expecting the new legislation to have quite a rough passage  (=be discussed and criticized a lot) through parliament.//\n  5 JOURNEY:   [C]  old-fashioned a journey on a ship//  passage to//  --My parents couldn’t afford the passage to America.//\n  6 INSIDE SOMEBODY’S BODY:   [C] a tube in your body that air or liquid can pass through//  --the nasal passages//\n  7 WAY THROUGH:   [singular] a way through something//  passage through//  --The police forced a passage through the crowd.//\n  8  the passage of time:  the passing of time//  --With the passage of time, things began to look more hopeful.//    rite of passage at rite(2)//


Words: Passage to India
Meaning:
A   (1924) a book by E. M.  Forster about the relationships in India between British people and Indians during the early 1900s, when Britain controlled India’s government//


Words: Passchendaele
Meaning:
an important battle during World War I in 1917, in northwest Belgium, in which over 200,000 British soldiers were killed. The  mud (=soft wet earth)  made the terrible conditions in which the soldiers lived and fought even worse.//


Words: passe
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  passer;   PASS1]//  no longer modern or fashionable//


Words: passel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: parcel]//   AmE  old-fashioned a group of people or things//  passel of//  --a whole passel of kids//


Words: passenger
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: passager, from  passage;   PASSAGE]//\n  1 someone who is travelling in a vehicle, plane, boat etc, but is not driving it or working on it:  --Neither the driver nor the passengers were hurt.//  passenger train/plane/ship //  --a crash involving a passenger train//  bus/rail/airline passengers //  --Rail passengers now face even longer delays.//\n  2  BrE someone in a group who does not do their share of the group’s work:  --The company can’t afford to carry any passengers.//


Words: Passepartout
Meaning:
a character in the book  Around the World In 80 Days (1873) by Jules  Verne. He is the servant and friend of Phileas  Fogg, and goes with him when he makes his journey around the world.//


Words: passerby
Meaning:
n   plural  passersby  [C] //  someone who is walking past a place by chance//  --They sell drinks to passersby.//


Words: passim
Meaning:
adv  formal   used to show that a person or subject is referred to many times in a book or article//


Words: passing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  the passing of time/the years:  the process of time going by//  --Most of the old traditions have died out with the passing of time.//  --The passing of the years had done nothing to improve his temper.//\n  2  mention/note sth in passing:  if you say something in passing, you mention it while you are mainly talking about something else//  --He did mention his brother’s wife, but only in passing.//\n  3 the passing of something is the fact that it has ended:  --The old regime was defeated, and few people mourned its passing.//\n  4 the passing of a person is their death - use this when you want to avoid using the word ’death’:  --Nothing could fill the gap in her life left by his passing.//\npassing 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 going past a place or person:  --Michael watched the passing cars.//  --A passing motorist stopped to help.//\n  2  passing days/weeks/years etc:   literary the days, weeks, years etc that pass//  --Her grief became less intense with the passing years.//  --With each passing day she grew stronger.//\n  3 a passing thought or feeling is short and not very serious:  --He had only ever shown a passing interest in sport.//\n  4 a passing remark is one that you make while you are talking about something else:  --He made only a passing reference to her achievements.//


Words: passion
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin passio  ’suffering’, from  Latin pati  ’to suffer’]//\n  1 [U and C] a very strong feeling of sexual love:    desire//  --His eyes were burning with passion.//  passion for//  --her passion for a married man//\n  2 [U and C] a very strong belief or feeling about something:  with passion//  --He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.//  --The issue arouses strong passions .//\n  3 [C] a very strong liking for something:  passion for//  --his passion for football//  --Gardening was her great passion.//\n  4  fly into a passion:   literary to suddenly become very angry//    crime of passion at crime(5)//


Words: passionate
Meaning:
adj \n  1 showing or involving very strong feelings of sexual love:  --He had a brief but passionate love affair with an older woman.//  --a very passionate young man//  --a passionate lover//  --a passionate kiss//\n  2 someone who has a passionate belief believes something very strongly:  --a passionate supporter of women’s rights//  --He had a passionate belief in justice.//\n  3 if you are passionate about something, you like it a lot:  --She developed a passionate interest in wild flowers.//  passionate about//  --I’ve always been passionate about football.//  -- passionately adv //  --He kissed her passionately.//  --Peter is passionately involved in environmental issues.//


Words: passive
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: passivus, from  pati;   PASSION]//\n  1 someone who is passive tends to accept things that happen to them or things that people say to them, without taking any action:    impassive//  --Kathy seems to take a very passive role in the relationship.//  --their passive acceptance of their fate//\n  2  technical a passive verb or sentence has as its subject the person or thing to which an action is done, as in ’His father was killed in a car accident.’:    active1 (6)//  -- passively adv //  --He listened passively as his sentence was read out.//  -- passivity/p[zB024]s[hA366]v[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //\npassive 2 n   the passive//   technical the passive form of a verb, for example ’was destroyed’ in the sentence ’The building was destroyed during the war.’//    active2 //


Words: passive resistance
Meaning:
n [U]   a way of protesting against something or opposing a government without using violence//  --They tried to achieve their aims by passive resistance.//


Words: passive smoking
Meaning:
n [U]  especially BrE   the act of breathing in smoke that is in the air around you when someone else is smoking cigarettes//


Words: Passover
Meaning:
n [U]  also  the Passover  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Translation of  Hebrew pesah  ’to pass without affecting’; because, according to the Bible, God did not kill Jewish children when he killed children of other races]//  a Jewish religious holiday when people remember the escape of the Jews from Egypt//


Words: passport
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: passeport, from  passer (  PASS1) +  port (  PORT)]//\n  1 a small official document that you get from your government, that proves who you are, and which you need in order to leave your country and enter other countries:  British/French/American etc passport //  --She was born in New York and has an American passport.//  have/hold a passport //  --Do you hold a British passport?//  --All people entering the country will need a valid passport .//  --He got into Europe with a false passport .//  --I need to check that your passport is in order.//\n  2  passport to success/health/romance etc:  something that makes it easy for you to achieve success, good health etc//  --She saw a good diet as a passport to good health.//  --Don’t assume that winning a talent contest is a passport to success.//


Words: passport control
Meaning:
n [U]   the place where your passport is checked when you leave or enter a country//    immigration//  --It took us ages to get through passport control.//


Words: password
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a secret group of letters or numbers that you must type into a computer before you can use a system or program:  --Enter your password, then click on the ’proceed’ icon.//  --Give your user name and password.//\n  2 a secret word or phrase that someone has to say before they are allowed to enter a place such as a military camp:


Words: past
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 previous:\n   2 recent:\n   3 finished:\n   4 former:\n   5 grammar:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Old past participle of  pass]//\n  1 PREVIOUS:   [only before noun] done, used, or experienced before now//  --Judging by her past performance, Jane should do very well.//  --From past experience she knew that it was no use arguing with him.//  --Study some past exam papers to get an idea of the questions.//\n  2 RECENT:   [only before noun] used to refer to a period up until now//  --the events of the past year//  --During the past two weeks twelve people have died of the disease.//  --She has been feeling tired for the past few days.//\n  3 FINISHED:  finished or having come to an end//  --Winter is past and spring has come at last.//  --writers from past centuries//  --a tradition rooted in times long past //\n  4 FORMER:   [only before noun] having held a particular position in the past or achieved a particular honour in the past//  past president/member/winner etc //  --a past president of the golf club//  --a celebration for past and present employees of the newspaper//  --Bruce Jenner, a past Olympic champion//\n  5 GRAMMAR:   [only before noun] relating to the past tense//\npast 2 prep, adv \n  1 later than a particular time:  --It’s ten past nine.//  --I should be finished by half past (=30 minutes after the hour) .//  --It was past midnight when the party ended.//  --Come on Annie, it’s long past your bedtime.//\n  2 further than a particular place:  --The hospital’s just up this road, about a mile past the school.//  --There are parking spaces over there, just past  (=a little further than) the garage.//\n  3 up to and beyond a person or place, without stopping:  --She waved as she drove past.//  --Will you be going past my house on your way home?//  straight/right past (=used to emphasize that someone passes close to you and does not stop) //  --Monica hurried straight past me and down the steps.//\n  4 if a period of time goes past, it passes:  --Weeks went past without any news.//  --The hours seemed to fly past.//\n  5 beyond or no longer at a particular point or stage:  --The roses were already past their best.//  --Reid never really got past the stage of copying other artists.//  --a pot of yoghurt well past its sell-by date//  --an Italian singer who was then past her prime (=no longer strong and active) //  --I’m past caring about my appearance (=I do not care about it any more) .//\n  6  I wouldn’t put it past sb (to do sth):   spoken used to say that you would not be surprised if someone did something bad or unusual because it is typical of them to do that type of thing//  --I wouldn’t put it past Colin to cheat.//\n  7  past it:   BrE  spoken too old to be able to do what you used to do, or too old to be useful//  --People seem to think that just because I’m retired, I’m past it.//\n  8  be past due:   AmE something that is past due has not been paid or done by the time it should have been//\npast 3 n \n  1  the past:  a) the time that existed before the present//  in the past//  --The lake was smaller in the past.//  --Good manners have become a thing of the past  (=something that does not exist any more) .//  --It’s time she stopped living in the past  (=thinking only about the past) and began to think about her future.//  the recent/immediate/distant past //  --She allowed her mind to drift towards the recent past.//  --I did a law degree some time in the dim and distant past  (=a long time ago) .//  b) the past tense//\n  2  all in the past:   spoken used to say that an unpleasant experience has ended and can be forgotten//  --You mustn’t think about it. It’s all in the past now.//\n  3 [singular] the past life or existence of someone or something:  --At some time in its past the church was rebuilt.//  --The woman who ran the bar had a very shady past  (=events in her past which might be considered bad) .//


Words: past master
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is very skilled at doing something and has done it many times before//   expert//  past master at (doing) sth//  --She’s a past master at exploiting other people.//


Words: past participle
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   the form of a verb used with the verb ’to have’ in perfect tenses (for example ’eaten’ in ’I have eaten’), or with the verb ’to be’ in the passive (for example ’changed’ in ’it was changed’), or sometimes as an adjective (for example ’broken’ in ’a broken leg’)//


Words: past perfect
Meaning:
n [singular]  technical   the form of a verb that shows that the action described by the verb was completed before a particular time in the past, formed in English with ’had’ and a past participle//  -- past perfect adj //


Words: past tense
Meaning:
n [C]   a form of a verb that shows that something happened or existed before the present time, typically a form such as ’walked’, as in ’I walked away’//


Words: pasta
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: Late Latin;   PASTE1]//  an Italian food made from flour, eggs, and water and cut into various shapes, usually eaten with a sauce//  --I eat a lot of pasta.//


Words: paste
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin pasta]//\n  1  meat/fish/tomato etc paste:  a soft smooth food, made by crushing meat, fish etc//\n  2 [U and C] a soft thick mixture that can easily be shaped or spread:  --Mix the powder with enough water to make a smooth paste.//\n  3 [U and C] a type of glue that is used for sticking paper onto things:  --wallpaper paste//\n  4 [U] pieces of glass that are used in jewellery to look like valuable stones:\npaste 2 v \n  1 [T always + adverb/preposition] to stick something to something else using glue:  --A notice had been pasted to the door.//\n  2 [I and T] to make words that you have removed or copied appear in a new place on a computer screen:    copy, cut//  --Data can be pasted into word processing documents.//    paste-up,  pasting//


Words: paste-up
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of paper with writing and pictures stuck on it that shows what a page will look like when a book or magazine is produced//


Words: pastel
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Italian pastello, from  Late Latin pasta;   PASTE1]//\n  1 :  a)  [U and C] a small coloured stick for drawing pictures with, made of a substance like chalk//  b)  [C] a picture drawn with pastels//\n  2 [C usually plural] a light colour such as pale blue or pink:  --a room beautifully furnished in soft pastels //\npastel 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 pastel colours are light and pale:  --pastel blue//  --The walls were painted in pastel shades.//\n  2 drawn using pastels:  --a set of four small pastel drawings//


Words: Pasternak
Meaning:
Boris   (1890-1960) a Russian poet and writer. His most famous work is his novel about the Russian revolution  Doctor Zhivago. In 1958 he won the  Nobel Prize for Literature.//


Words: Pasteur
Meaning:
Louis   (1822-95) a French  scientist who established the study of  microbiology (=the study of very small living things such as  bacteria), and proved that disease can be caused by  germs. He also studied  fermentation (=the process by which substances change chemically and become filled with gas by the action of bacteria) , and invented the process of  pasteurization. He also developed some vaccines (=substances that are put into people’s bodies to protect them from diseases) .//


Words: pasteurized
Meaning:
also  pasteurised BrE   adj   a liquid, usually milk, that is pasteurized has been heated using a special process in order to kill any harmful bacteria in it//  -- pasteurize v  [T] //  -- pasteurization/p[hA35A][hA359]st[hA35D][hA353]ra[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n -st[hA353]- $ p[zB024]st[hA35D][hA353]r[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: pastiche
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Italian pasticcio  ’pie, mixture’, from  Late Latin pasta;   PASTE1]//\n  1 [C] a piece of writing, music, film etc that is deliberately made in the style of someone or something else:    parody//  pastiche of//  --The film is a pastiche of the Hollywood Wild West.//\n  2 [C] a work of art that consists of a variety of different styles put together:\n  3 [U] the practice of making a piece of writing, music, film etc using the style of something else or using a variety of different styles:


Words: pastille
Meaning:
n [C]  especially BrE   a small round sweet, sometimes containing medicine for a sore throat//   lozenge//  --fruit pastilles//


Words: pastime
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Translation of  French passe-temps  ’pass time’]//  something that you do because you think it is enjoyable or interesting//    hobby//  --Reading was her favourite pastime.//


Words: pasting
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the activity of moving words from one place to another on a computer screen:  --cutting and pasting//\n  2 [singular]  informal an easy defeat of someone in a game or competition:\n  3 [singular]  BrE  informal a severe beating:


Words: pastor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: pastour, from  Latin pastor  ’someone who takes care of sheep’]//  a Christian priest in some Protestant churches//  --the pastor of Carr’s Lane Congregational church//  --Pastor Martin Niemoller//


Words: pastoral
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to the duties of a priest, minister etc towards the members of their religious group:  --his pastoral work among the congregation//\n  2  literary typical of the simple peaceful life in the country:  --a charming pastoral scene//\n  3 relating to the duties of a teacher in advising students about their personal needs rather than their schoolwork:  --pastoral care at the school//


Words: pastrami
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Yiddish; Origin: Romanian pastrama]//  smoked beef that contains a lot of spices//


Words: pastry
Meaning:
S3   n   plural  pastries //  filling, pastry//  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: paste]//\n  1 [U] a mixture of flour, butter, and milk or water, used to make the outer part of baked foods such as pies:\n  2 [C] a small sweet cake, made using pastry:  --a Danish pastry//


Words: pasture
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin pastura, from  Latin pascere  ’to feed’]//\n  1 land or a field that is covered with grass and is used for cattle, sheep etc to feed on:  --large areas of rough upland pasture//  --the lush pastures of the southern counties//\n  2  put sth/sb out to pasture:  a) to move cattle, horses etc into a field to feed on the grass//  b)  informal to make someone leave their job because you think they are too old to do it well//\n  3  pastures new/greener pastures:  a new and exciting or better job, place, or activity - used humorously//  --I’d like to say goodbye to Paul who leaves us for pastures new.//\npasture 2 v \n  1 [T] to put animals outside in a field to feed on the grass:\n  2 [I + on] if animals pasture on a particular area of land, they eat the grass that is growing there:


Words: pasty
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: paste]//  a pasty face looks very pale and unhealthy//\npasty 2   n   plural  pasties  [C]  BrE //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: pastee, from  Late Latin pasta;   PASTE1]//  a small pastry case filled with meat, vegetables etc and baked//  --a Cornish pasty//


Words: pat
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  patted present participle  patting  [T] //\n  1 to lightly touch someone or something several times with your hand flat, especially to give comfort:    stroke//  --He patted the dog affectionately.//\n  2  pat sb/yourself on the back:  to praise someone or yourself for doing something well//  --You can pat yourselves on the back for a job well done.//\npat 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From the sound made by patting]//\n  1 a friendly act of touching someone with your hand flat:  --Mrs Dodd gave the child a pat on the head.//\n  2  pat of butter:  a small flat amount of butter//\n  3  a pat on the back:   informal praise for something that you have done well//  --Alex deserves a pat on the back for all his hard work.//    cowpat//\npat 3 adj [usually before noun]   a pat answer or explanation seems too quick and too simple and sounds as if it has been used before//  --There are no pat answers to these questions.//\npat 4 adv \n  1  have sth off pat:   BrE have sth down pat  AmE to know something thoroughly so that you can say it, perform it etc immediately without thinking about it//    off by heart//\n  2  stand pat:   AmE to refuse to change your opinion or decision//


Words: Patagonia
Meaning:
a large area in southern Argentina, which has a small population and many sheep farms//  -- Patagonian adj //  --the Patagonian plains//


Words: patch
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 part of an area:\n   2 over a hole:\n   3 for growing something:\n   4 computer:\n   5 eye:\n   6 decoration:\n   7 a bad/difficult/sticky/rough patch:\n   8 somebody’s patch:\n   9 not be a patch on somebody/something:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French pieche  ’piece’]//\n  1 PART OF AN AREA:  a small area of something that is different from the area around it//  patch of//  --We finally found a patch of grass to sit down on.//  --Belinda watched a patch of sunlight move slowly across the wall.//  --Look out for icy patches on the road.//  --a cat with a white patch on its chest//  --He combs his hair over his bald patch .//\n  2 OVER A HOLE:  a small piece of material that is sewn on something to cover a hole in it//  --a jacket with leather patches at the elbows//\n  3 FOR GROWING SOMETHING:  a small area of ground for growing fruit or vegetables//  --a strawberry patch//\n  4 COMPUTER:  a small computer program that is added to software to solve problems//\n  5 EYE:  a piece of material that you wear over your eye to protect it when it has been hurt//  --He had a black patch over one eye.//\n  6 DECORATION:   AmE a small piece of cloth with words or pictures on it that you can sew onto clothes//  British Equivalent:  badge//\n  7  a bad/difficult/sticky/rough patch:   informal a period of time when you are having a lot of difficulty//  --Gemma’s going through a bad patch right now.//\n  8  sb’s patch:   BrE  informal an area that someone knows very well because they work or live there//   turf//  --Policemen know what’s going on in their home patch. //\n  9  not be a patch on sb/sth:   BrE  informal to be much less attractive, good etc than something or someone else//  --The second film isn’t a patch on the first.//\npatch 2  also patch up  v [T + with]   to repair a hole in something by putting a piece of something else over it//  patch together [patch sth → together] phr v//  to make something quickly or carelessly from a number of different pieces or ideas//  --A new plan was quickly patched together.//  patch up [patch sth/sb → up] phr v//\n  1 to end an argument because you want to stay friendly with someone:  --Try to patch up your differences before he leaves.//  patch it/things up (with sb) //  --He went back to patch things up with his wife.//\n  2 to repair a hole in something by putting a piece of something else over it:  --We’ll have to patch up the hole in the roof.//\n  3 to give quick and basic medical treatment to someone who is hurt:  --We patched up the wounded as best we could.//


Words: patchouli
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Tamil; Origin: paccouli]//  a type of perfume made from the leaves of a SE Asian bush//


Words: patchwork
Meaning:
n   1 [U] a type of sewing in which many coloured squares of cloth are stitched together to make one large piece//  --a patchwork quilt //\n  2 [singular] something that is made up of a lot of different things:  patchwork of//  --a patchwork of woods and fields, typical of the English countryside//  --The area was a patchwork of local industries.//


Words: patchy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 happening or existing in some areas but not in others:  --patchy fog//\n  2 not complete enough to be useful:  --His knowledge of French remained pretty patchy.//  --There is only patchy evidence of the animal’s existence.//\n  3  especially BrE good in some parts but bad in others:  --I thought the performance was patchy.//  -- patchiness n  [U] //


Words: patent
Meaning:
n   [U and C] a special document that gives you the right to make or sell a new invention or product that no one else is allowed to copy//  patent on/for//  --He applied for a patent for a new method of removing paint.//  --He wants to take out a patent on his new type of dustbin.//  --The drugs are protected by patent.//\npatent 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  patere  ’to be open’]//\n  1 protected by a patent:  --a patent lock//\n  2  patent lie/nonsense/impossibility etc:   formal used to emphasize that something is clearly a lie etc//   obvious//    patently//\npatent 3 v [T]   to obtain a special document giving you the right to make or sell a new invention or product//


Words: Patent and Trademark Office
Meaning:
The   the US government department that decides which new inventions can be given a  Patent (=the right to make and sell a new invention) . There is a similar department in the UK called the Patent Office.//


Words: patent medicine
Meaning:
n [C]   a medicine which can be bought without a prescription (=a written order from your doctor) //   over-the-counter//


Words: Patent Office
Meaning:
the   the British government department that decides which new inventions can be given a  patent (=the right to make and sell a new invention) . There is a similar department in the US called the Patent and Trademark Office.//


Words: patently
Meaning:
adv  formal   very clearly//  --The treatment is patently not working.//  patently false/untrue //  --To say that the proposal has no disadvantages at all is patently untrue.//  --It’s patently obvious that you’re in love with her.//


Words: paterfamilias
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: ’father of a family’]//  a father or a man who is the head of a family//


Words: paternal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: paternus  ’of a father’, from  pater  ’father’]//\n  1 paternal feelings or behaviour are like those of a kind father towards his children:  --Dan took a paternal interest in my work.//\n  2  paternal grandmother/uncle etc:  your father’s mother, brother etc//  -- paternally adv //    maternal//


Words: paternalism
Meaning:
n [U]   when people in charge of an organization or society protect the members and give them what they need but do not allow them any freedom or responsibility//  -- paternalistic/p[hA353]t[hA362][hA359]n[hA368]l[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B] $ -[hA362][hA359]r-/ also paternalist //   adj //


Words: paternity
Meaning:
n [U]  law   the fact of being the father of a particular child, or the question of who the child’s father is//  --The paternity of the child is in dispute.//


Words: paternity leave
Meaning:
n [U]   a period of time that the father of a new baby is allowed away from work//    maternity leave, parental leave//


Words: paternity suit
Meaning:
n [C]   a legal action in which a mother asks a court of law to find proof that a particular man is the father of her child, usually in order to claim financial support from him//


Words: path
Meaning:
n   plural  paths /p[hA35A][hA359][hA171]z $ p[zB024][hA171]z/ [C] //  ----------//\n   1 track:\n   2 way through something:\n   3 direction:\n   4 plan:\n   5 somebody’s paths cross:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: p[zB024]th]//\n  1 TRACK:  a track that has been made deliberately or made by many people walking over the same ground//  --I walked nervously up the garden path towards the front door.//  --a well-worn path across the grass//  -- Follow the path along the river to the bridge.//  --a path leading to the summer house//\n  2 WAY THROUGH SOMETHING:  the space ahead of you as you move along//  path through//  --Police cleared a path through the protesters.//  --Damian blocked their path.//\n  3 DIRECTION:  the direction or line along which something or someone is moving//  in sth’s/sb’s path//  --The tornado destroyed everything in its path. //  into the path of sth//  --She walked into the path of an oncoming vehicle.//\n  4 PLAN:  a plan or series of actions that will help you achieve something, especially over a long period of time//  --a career path//  path to freedom/success/independence etc //  --She saw a college degree as her path to success.//  the same/a different path //  --I hope you will choose a different path.//\n  5  sb’s paths cross:  if two people’s paths cross, they meet by chance//  --Our paths did not cross again.//    beat a path (to sb’s door) at beat1 (16)//    off the beaten path at beaten(1)//    flight path//    lead sb up the garden path at lead1 (12)//    stand in sb’s path at stand1 (30)//


Words: pathetic
Meaning:
S3   adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: pathetique, from  Latin, from  Greek, from  paschein  ’to suffer’]//\n  1 something or someone that is pathetic is so useless, unsuccessful, or weak that they annoy you:  --You’re pathetic! Here, let me do it.//  --I know it sounds pathetic now, but at the time I was frightened.//  --Vic made a pathetic attempt to apologise.//\n  2 making you feel pity or sympathy:  --The child looked a pathetic sight.//  -- pathetically/-kli/ adv //  --She whimpered pathetically.//


Words: pathetic fallacy
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   the idea of describing the sea, rocks, weather etc in literature as if they were human//


Words: Pathfinder
Meaning:
a US government space programme in which  NASA sent a space vehicle to  Mars in 1997 in order to find out more information about the  planet//


Words: pathfinder
Meaning:
n [C]  especially AmE \n  1 someone who goes ahead of a group and finds the best way through unknown land:\n  2 a person who discovers new ways of doing things:   trailblazer//


Words: pathogen
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: pathos (  PATHOS) +  English -gen  ’producing’]//  something that causes disease in your body//  -- pathogenic/p[zB024][hA35F][hA353]d[hA360]en[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: pathological
Meaning:
adj \n  1 pathological behaviour or feelings happen regularly, and are strong, unreasonable, and impossible to control:  --a pathological hatred of women//  --a pathological liar//\n  2 a mental or physical condition that is pathological is caused by disease:  -- pathological conditions such as cancer//\n  3 relating to pathology:  -- pathologically/-kli/ adv //  --Stephen was almost pathologically jealous of his brother.//


Words: pathology
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: pathologia, from  Greek pathos (  PATHOS)]//  the study of the causes and effects of illnesses//  -- pathologist n  [C] //


Words: pathos
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: ’suffering, feeling, disease’, from  paschein;   PATHETIC]//  the quality that a person, situation, film, or play has that makes you feel pity and sadness//  --the pathos of the woman trying to keep her lover//


Words: patience
Meaning:
S3   n [U] \n  1 the ability to continue waiting or doing something for a long time without becoming angry or anxious:  → impatience//  --I wouldn’t have the patience to sit sewing all day.//  infinite/unlimited/endless patience //  --a good listener who has infinite patience//\n  2 the ability to accept trouble and other people’s annoying behaviour without complaining or becoming angry:  --You’ll need patience and understanding if you’re going to be a teacher.//  have little/no patience with sb //  --She has no patience with time-wasters.//  lose/run out of patience (with sb) (=stop being patient and get angry) //  --I’m beginning to lose patience with you people.//  --It will take time and patience to get these changed accepted.//  --Celia’s patience suddenly snapped and she told them to shut up.//  the patience of Job/the patience of a saint (=very great patience when someone is annoying you) //  --Henry’s negative attitude is beginning to try my patience  (=make me lose my patience) .//\n  3  (have) patience:  used to tell someone to wait calmly//  --Patience, my dear. Some things take time.//\n  4  BrE a card game for one player:  American Equivalent:  solitaire//


Words: patient
Meaning:
W1S2   n [C]   someone who is receiving medical treatment from a doctor or in a hospital//\npatient 2 W3 adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  pati  ’to suffer’]//  able to wait calmly for a long time or to accept difficulties, people’s annoying behaviour etc without becoming angry//  → impatient//  --You’ll just have to be patient and wait till I’m off the phone.//  patient with//  --Louise was very patient with me.//  -- patiently adv //  --He waited patiently for Katherine to speak.//


Words: patina
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: ’plate’]//\n  1 a greenish layer that forms naturally on the surface of  copper or bronze:\n  2 a smooth, shiny surface that gradually develops on wood, leather etc:\n  3  a patina of wealth/success etc:  the appearance of being wealthy, successful etc//


Words: patio
Meaning:
n   plural  patios  [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Spanish]//  a flat hard area near a house, where people sit outside//


Words: patisserie
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: p[hA163]tisserie, from  Late Latin pasta;   PASTE1]//  a shop that sells cakes and pies, especially French cakes, or the cakes it sells//


Words: patois
Meaning:
n   plural  patois /-tw[hA35A][hA359]z/ [U and C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French]//  a spoken form of a language used by the people of a small area and different from the national or standard language//


Words: Paton
Meaning:
Alan   (1903-88) a South African writer and schoolteacher. He wrote about political and social subjects, but is best known for his novel  Cry, the Beloved Country.//


Words: patriarch
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: patriarche, from  Late Latin, from  Greek, from  patria  ’family’ +  -arches  ’ruler’]//\n  1 an old man who is respected as the head of a family or tribe:    matriarch//\n  2 a bishop in the early Christian church:\n  3 a bishop of the Orthodox Christian churches who is very high in rank:


Words: patriarchal
Meaning:
adj \n  1 ruled or controlled only by men:  --a patriarchal society //\n  2 relating to being a patriarch, or typical of a patriarch:    matriarchal//


Words: patriarchy
Meaning:
n   plural  patriarchies  [U and C] //\n  1 a social system in which men have all the power:\n  2 a social system in which the oldest man rules his family and passes power and possessions on to his sons:    matriarchy//


Words: patrician
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: patricien, from  Latin patricius, from  patres  ’senators’, from  pater  ’father’]//\n  1 typical of a member of the highest class in society:  --a patrician manner//\n  2 belonging to the high class of people that governed in ancient Rome:  -- patrician n  [C] //    plebeian//


Words: Patrick
Meaning:
Saint   (?389-461 AD) the  patron saint of Ireland, who helped to spread the Christian religion there and who people think got rid of snakes in Ireland. St Patrick’s Day, 17th March, is celebrated in Ireland and in the US, where people drink Irish beer and often wear green clothes.//


Words: patrimony
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: patrimonie, from  Latin  patrimonium, from  pater  ’father’]//  property given to you after the death of your father, which was given to him by your grandfather etc//   inheritance//


Words: patriot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: patriote, from  Late Latin, from  Greek, from  patrios  ’of your father’, from  pater  ’father’]//  someone who loves their country and is willing to defend it - used to show approval//


Words: patriotic
Meaning:
adj   having or expressing a great love of your country//    nationalistic//  --patriotic songs//  --I’m not very patriotic.//  -- patriotism/p[zB024]tri[hA353]t[hA366]z[hA368]m, pe[hA366]- $ pe[hA366]-/ n  [U] //


Words: patrol
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  patrolled present participle  patrolling  [T] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: patrouiller, from  patte  ’animal’s foot’]//\n  1 to go around the different parts of an area or building at regular times to check that there is no trouble or danger:  --Armed guards patrolled the grounds.//  --an area patrolled by special police units//\n  2 to drive or walk around an area in a threatening way:  --Gangs of youths patrolled the streets at night.//\npatrol 2 n \n  1 [U and C] when someone goes around different parts of an area at regular times to check that there is no trouble or danger:  on patrol//  --police on patrol in the city centre//  --The security forces increased their patrols in the area.//\n  2 [C] a group of police, soldiers, vehicles, planes etc sent out to search a particular area:  --a US border patrol//  patrol boat/car (=used by the army or police) //\n  3 [C] a small group of boy scouts or Guides:    highway patrol//


Words: patrolman
Meaning:
n   plural  patrolmen /-m[hA353]n/ [C] //\n  1  AmE a police officer who regularly walks or drives around a particular area to try to prevent crime:\n  2 someone employed by a car owners’ association in Britain who goes to give help to drivers by the road:


Words: patron
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: patronus, from  Latin pater  ’father’]//\n  1 someone who supports the activities of an organization, for example by giving money:  --a wealthy patron//  patron of//  --a patron of the arts//\n  2 a famous person who is officially involved with an organization, such as a charity, and whose name is used to help advertise it:\n  3  formal someone who uses a particular shop, restaurant, or hotel:  --facilities for disabled patrons//   see usage note  customer//


Words: patron saint
Meaning:
n [C]   a Christian saint who people believe gives special protection to a particular place, activity, or person//  patron saint of//  --St. Christopher, the patron saint of travellers//


Words: patronage
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the support, especially financial support, that is given to an organization or activity by a patron:\n  2  AmE  formal the support that you give a particular shop, restaurant etc by buying their goods or using their services:  British Equivalent:  custom//  --Thank you for your patronage.//\n  3 a system by which someone in a powerful position gives people help or important jobs in return for their support:


Words: patroness
Meaning:
n [C]   a woman who supports the activities of a person or organization, by giving money or using their name in advertising//    patron//


Words: patronize
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to talk to someone in a way which seems friendly but shows that you think they are not as intelligent or do not know as much as you:  --Don’t patronize me!//  --The program focuses on kids’ interests without patronizing them.//\n  2  formal to use or visit a shop, restaurant etc:\n  3 to support or give money to an organization or activity:


Words: patronizing
Meaning:
adj   someone who is patronizing talks to you in a way that shows they think you are less intelligent or important than them//  --a patronizing attitude//  --a patronizing tone//  --I don’t mean to sound patronizing.//  -- patronizingly adv //


Words: patsy
Meaning:
n   plural  patsies  [C]  especially AmE  informal //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  Italian pazzo  ’stupid person’]//  someone who is easily tricked or deceived, especially so that they take the blame for someone else’s crime//


Words: patter
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  PAT2]//  if something, especially water, patters, it makes quiet sounds as it keeps hitting a surface lightly and quickly//  patter on//  --rain pattering on the window panes//\npatter 2 n   [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  PATTER1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: paternoster name of a Christian prayer  (9-21 centuries)]//\n  1 [singular] the sound made by something as it keeps hitting a surface lightly and quickly:  patter of//  --the patter of footsteps//  --the pitter patter of raindrops//\n  2 [singular, U] fast, continuous, and usually amusing talk, used by someone telling jokes or trying to sell something:  --It’s difficult to look at the cars without getting the sales patter .//\n  3  the patter of tiny feet:  used humorously to mean that someone is going to have a baby//  --Are we going to hear the patter of tiny feet?//


Words: pattern
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: patron, from  Medieval Latin patronus;   PATRON]//\n  1 the regular way in which something happens, develops, or is done:  --Weather patterns have changed in recent years.//  pattern of//  --changing patterns of behaviour among students//  --The child showed a normal pattern of development .//  pattern in//  --They noticed patterns in the data.//  --A general pattern began to emerge .//  --Their descriptions seemed to follow a set pattern  (=always develop in the same way) .//  --His behavior fits a pattern of violent acts.//\n  2 :  a) a regularly repeated arrangement of shapes, colours, or lines on a surface, usually as decoration//  --a black and white striped pattern//  pattern of//  --a pattern of dots//  b) a regularly repeated arrangement of sounds or words//  --A sonnet has a fixed rhyming pattern.//\n  3 [usually singular] a thing, idea, or person that is an example to copy:  --The book set the pattern for over 40 similar historical romances.//\n  4 a shape used as a guide for making something, especially a thin piece of paper used when cutting material to make clothes:  --a dress pattern//\n  5 a small piece of cloth, paper etc that shows what a larger piece will look like:   sample//\npattern 2 v [T] \n  1  be patterned on/after sth:  to be designed or made in a way that is copied from something else//  --The exam system is patterned after the one used in Japan.//\n  2  literary to form a pattern on something:  --Tiny white flowers patterned the ground like confetti.//


Words: patterned
Meaning:
adj   decorated with a pattern//  --a patterned carpet//  --a brightly patterned dress//  patterned with//  --wallpaper patterned with roses//


Words: patterning
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  technical the development of particular ways of behaving, thinking, doing things etc that are the result of copying and repeating actions, language etc:  --cultural patterning//  patterning of//  --the patterning of parent-child relationships//\n  2 patterns of a particular kind, especially on an animal’s skin:


Words: Patton
Meaning:
George Smith   (1885-1945) a US army  general who was one of the most important US military leaders in World War II, and was known as "Old Blood and Guts"//


Words: patty
Meaning:
n   plural  patties  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: p[hA163]te;   P[hA143]T[hA14A]]//  small, flat pieces of cooked meat or other food//  --a beef patty//


Words: paucity
Meaning:
n [singular]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: paucite, from  Latin, from  paucus  ’little’]//  less than is needed of something//   lack//  paucity of//  --a paucity of information//


Words: Paul
Meaning:
Saint   (?3AD-?68AD) a Christian  apostle (=someone chosen by Jesus to teach and spread the Christian religion)  whose original name was Saul of Tarsus. As a young man he refused to accept Christian beliefs and treated Christians very cruelly. He was sent to  Damascus to punish the Christians who lived there, but on his way there a very bright light suddenly appeared and he heard Jesus ask "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" He then became a Christian, changed his name to Paul, and spent the rest of his life teaching people about Jesus. He wrote many of the  Epistles in the New Testament of the Bible.//


Words: Pauling
Meaning:
Linus   (1901-94) a US scientist who studied how atoms join together and form larger structures. He strongly opposed the use of  nuclear weapons, one for Chemistry and one for Peace.//


Words: paunch
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: panche, from  Latin pantex]//  a man’s fat stomach//  -- paunchy adj //


Words: pauper
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: ’poor’]//  someone who is very poor//


Words: pause
Meaning:
W3   v \n  1 [I] to stop speaking or doing something for a short time before starting again:  pause for//  --She paused for a moment.//  --He paused for breath , then continued up the hill.//  --’No,’ he replied, without pausing for thought .//  pause to do sth//  --Joe paused to consider his answer.//\n  2 [I and T] to push a button on a tape player, CD player, computer etc in order to make a tape, CD etc stop playing for a short time:\npause 2 n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: pausa, from  Greek pausis, from  pauein  ’to stop’]//\n  1 a short time during which someone stops speaking or doing something before starting again:  --There was a pause while Alice changed the tape.//  --After a long pause , she went on.//  pause in//  --an awkward pause in the conversation//\n  2  also pause button :  a control which allows you to stop a CD player, video recorder etc for a short time and start it again//\n  3 a mark over a musical note, showing that the note is to be played or sung longer than usual:\n  4  give sb pause (for thought):  to make someone stop and consider carefully what they are doing//  --an avoidable accident that should give us all pause for thought//


Words: Pavarotti
Meaning:
Luciano   (1935- ) an Italian  opera singer, one of the greatest  tenors (=men with fairly high singing voices)  of the 20th century. He has helped to make opera more popular by performing concerts of songs from operas in large parks and sports stadiums. Many people know him as one of the  Three Tenors.//


Words: pave
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: paver, from  Latin pavire  ’to hit, press down with the foot’]//\n  1 to cover a path, road, area etc with a hard level surface such as blocks of stone or concrete:  pave with//  --The city centre streets are paved with dark local stone.//  --a paved courtyard//\n  2  pave the way for sth:  to make a later event or development possible by producing the right conditions//  --The Supreme Court decision paved the way for further legislation on civil rights.//\n  3  the streets are paved with gold:  used to say that it is easy to become rich quickly in a particular place//


Words: pavement
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C]  BrE a hard level surface or path at the side of a road for people to walk on:  American Equivalent:  sidewalk//  --A small group of journalists waited on the pavement outside her house.//  --a pavement cafe//\n  2 [U]  AmE the hard surface of a road:  --As she fell off the bike, her head hit the pavement.//\n  3 [U and C] any paved surface or area:   paving//\n  4  pound/hit the pavement:  to work very hard to get something, especially a job, by going to a lot of different places//  --He spent the next six months pounding the pavement in search of a job.//


Words: pavilion
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: paveillon, from  Latin papilio  ’butterfly’; because it was thought to look like a butterfly’s wings]//\n  1 a temporary building or tent which is used for public entertainment or exhibitions and is often large with a lot of space and light:  --the German pavilion at the World Trade Fair//\n  2  BrE a building beside a sports field, especially a cricket field, used by the players and people watching the game:\n  3  AmE a very large building with big open areas used for sports and other public events:  --victory before a home crowd at Maples Pavilion//


Words: paving
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] material used to form a hard level surface on a path, road, area etc:  --brick paving//\n  2 [U] an area covered in a hard level surface such as blocks of stone or concrete:\n  3 [C] a paving stone:


Words: paving stone
Meaning:
also paving slab  BrE n [C]   one of the flat pieces of stone that are used to make a hard surface to walk on//


Words: Pavlov
Meaning:
Ivan Petrovich   (1849-1936) a Russian scientist who won the  Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on the digestive system. He is famous especially for his work with dogs, which proved the existence of the  conditioned reflex (=a physical reaction that you cannot control, caused by repeated training or experiences). Each time he fed his dogs he rang a bell before giving them their food. The dogs learned to connect the ringing of the bell with the arrival of the food, and they got excited and began to  salivate when they heard the bell, even if there was no food.//  -- Pavlovian adj //


Words: Pavlova
Meaning:
Anna   (1885-1931) a Russian  ballet dancer especially famous for her dancing of  The Dying Swan. Many people consider her to have been the world’s greatest ballet dancer.//


Words: pavlova
Meaning:
n [U and C]  BrE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Anna  Pavlova (1882-1931), Russian dancer; the cake was named in honour of her]//  a light cake made of meringue, cream, and fruit//


Words: paw
Meaning:
n [C]   fur, paw, claw//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: poue]//\n  1 an animal’s foot that has nails or claws:  --a lion’s paw//\n  2  informal someone’s hand - used when you are annoyed or angry:  --Keep your filthy paws off me!//\npaw 2 v [I and T] \n  1 if an animal paws a surface, it touches or rubs one place several times with its paw:  paw at//  --The dog’s pawing at the door again - let him out.//  --His horse pawed the ground.//\n  2  informal to feel or touch someone in a rough or sexual way that is offensive:  --He’d had too much to drink and started pawing me.//


Words: pawn
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: poun, from  Medieval Latin pedo  ’soldier’]//\n  1 one of the eight smallest and least valuable pieces which each player has in the game of chess:\n  2 someone who is used by a more powerful person or group and has no control of the situation:  pawn in//  --They became pawns in the political battle.//\npawn 2 v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: pawn  ’condition of having been pawned’ (15-21 centuries), from  Old French pan]//  to leave something valuable with a pawnbroker in order to borrow money from them//  pawn off [pawn sth → off] phr v//\n  1  informal to persuade someone to buy or accept something that you want to get rid of, especially something of low quality:  pawn something → off on//  --Don’t let him pawn off an old bike on you - get a new one.//\n  2  pawn sb/sth → off as sth:  to present something in a dishonest way//  --The tabloids often pawn off gossip and trivia as real news.//


Words: pawnbroker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose business is to lend people money in exchange for valuable objects. If the money is not paid back, the pawnbroker can sell the object.//


Words: Pax Britannica
Meaning:
the peace that is supposed to have been established by British rule in the countries of the  British Empire, especially during the 19th century//


Words: pay
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  paid /pe[hA366]d///  ----------//\n   1 give money:\n   2 bill/tax/rent:\n   3 wage/salary:\n   4 pay attention (to somebody/something):\n   5 legal cost:\n   6 say something good:\n   7 good result:\n   8 profit:\n   9 pay the penalty/price:\n  10 pay a call/visit:\n  11 put paid to something:\n  12 be punished:\n  13 pay your way:\n  14 pay for itself:\n  15 the devil/hell to pay:\n  16 pay through the nose (for something):\n  17 somebody has paid their debt to society:\n  18 ’pay court (to somebody):\n  19 he who pays the piper calls the tune:  Phrasal verbs//   pay somebody/something → back//   pay something → in//   pay off//   pay out//   pay something → over//   pay up//  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: paier, from  Latin pacere  ’to make calm or peaceful’, from  pax;   PEACE]//\n  1 GIVE MONEY:   [I and T] to give someone money for something you buy or for a service//  --How would you like to pay?//  pay for//  --Mum paid for my driving lessons.//  pay (in) cash //  --You’d get a discount for paying cash.//  pay by cheque/credit card //  --Can I pay by credit card?//  pay sb for sth//  --He didn’t even offer to pay me for the ticket.//  pay sb to do sth//  --Ray paid some kids to wash the car.//  pay sb sth//  --I paid him $5 to cut the grass.//  pay (sb) in dollars/euros etc //  --He wanted to be paid in dollars.//\n  2 BILL/TAX/RENT:   [T] to pay money that you owe to a person, company etc//  --I forgot to pay the gas bill !//  --You pay tax at the basic rate.//  --Is it okay if I pay you what I owe you next week?//\n  3 WAGE/SALARY:   [I and T] to give someone money for the job they do//  --How much do they pay you?//  pay sb $100 a day/[hA124]200 a week etc //  --They’re only paid about [hA124]4 an hour.//  --Some lawyers get paid over $400 an hour.//  be paid weekly/monthly  also //  get paid weekly/monthly //  --We get paid weekly on Fridays.//  well/badly/poorly paid //  --Many of the workers are very badly paid.//\n  4  pay attention (to sb/sth):  to watch, listen to, or think about someone or something carefully//  --I’m sorry, I wasn’t paying attention to what you were saying.//  --They paid no attention to  (=ignored) him.//\n  5 LEGAL COST:   [T] to give money to someone because you are ordered to by a court as part of a legal case//  --She had to pay a [hA124]35 fine for speeding.//  pay (sth in) compensation/damages (=give someone money because you have done something against them) //  --The company were forced to pay [hA124]5000 in compensation .//  --Martins was ordered to pay court costs of [hA124]1500.//\n  6 SAY SOMETHING GOOD:   [T] to say something good or polite about or to someone//  --The minister paid tribute to the work of the emergency services.//  --I came by to pay my respects  (=visit or send a polite greeting to someone) to Mrs Owens.//  --I was just trying to pay her a compliment .//\n  7 GOOD RESULT:   [I] if a particular action pays, it brings a good result or advantage for you//  --Crime doesn’t pay.//  -- It pays to get some professional advice before you make a decision.//  -- It would pay you to ask if there are any jobs going at the London office.//  --Getting some qualifications now will pay dividends  (=bring a lot of advantages) in the long term.//\n  8 PROFIT:   [I] if a shop or business pays, it makes a profit//  --If the pub doesn’t start to pay, we’ll have to sell it.//  --The farm just manages to pay its way  (=make as much profit as it costs to run) .//\n  9  pay the penalty/price:  to experience something unpleasant because you have done something wrong, made a mistake etc//  pay the penalty/price for (doing) sth//  --Williams is now paying the price for his early mistakes.//\n  10  pay a call/visit:  pay sb a call/visit //  to visit a person or place//  --I decided to pay my folks a visit.//  pay a call/visit to//  --If you have time, pay a visit to the City Art Gallery.//\n  11  put paid to sth:   BrE to stop something from happening or spoil plans for something//  --Bad exam results put paid to his hopes of a university place.//\n  12 BE PUNISHED:   [I] to suffer or be punished for something you have done wrong//  --I’ll make him pay !//  pay for//  --They paid dearly for their mistakes.//\n  13  pay your way:  to pay for everything that you want without having to depend on anyone else for money//  --Sofia worked to pay her way through college.//\n  14  pay for itself:  if something you buy pays for itself, the money it saves over a period of time is as much as the product cost to buy//  --A new boiler would pay for itself within two years.//\n  15  the devil/hell to pay:  used to say that someone will be in a lot of trouble about something//  --If the boss finds out you were late again, there’s going to be hell to pay.//\n  16  pay through the nose (for sth):   spoken to pay much more for something than it is really worth//\n  17  sb has paid their debt to society:  used to say that someone who has done something illegal has been fully punished for it//\n  18  ’pay court (to sb):   old-fashioned to treat someone, especially a woman, carefully and with respect, so that they will like you or help you//\n  19  he who pays the piper calls the tune:   old-fashioned used to say that the person who gives the money for something can decide how it will be used//    pay lip service to at lip service//    pay your dues at due2 (2)//  pay back [pay sb/sth → back] phr v//\n  1 to give someone the money that you owe them:   repay//  --I’ll pay you back on Friday.//  --We’re paying back the loan over 15 years.//\n  2 to make someone suffer for doing something wrong or unpleasant:  pay sb back for sth//  --I’ll pay Jenny back for what she did to me!//  pay in [pay sth → in] phr v//  to put money in your bank account etc//  --Did you remember to pay that cheque in?//  --I’ve paid $250 into my account.//  pay off phr v//\n  1  pay sth → off:  to give someone all the money you owe them//  --I’ll pay off all my debts first.//  --He finally paid his overdraft off.//\n  2 if something you do pays off, it is successful or has a good result:  --Teamwork paid off.//\n  3  pay sb → off:   BrE to pay someone their wages and tell them they no longer have a job//  --Two hundred workers have been paid off.//\n  4  pay sb → off:  to pay someone not to say anything about something illegal or dishonest//    payoff(2)//  pay out phr v//\n  1  pay out (sth):  to pay a lot of money for something//  --Why is it always me who has to pay out?//  pay out (something) for//  --Altogether he had paid out almost [hA124]5000 for the improvements.//\n  2  pay out (sth):  if a company or organization pays out, it gives someone money as a result of an insurance claim, investment, competition etc//  --Insurance companies were slow paying out on claims for flood damage.//\n  3  pay sth → out:  to let a piece of rope unwind//    payout//  pay over [pay sth → over] phr v//  to make an official payment of money//  pay something → over to//  --Clancy’s share of the inheritance was paid over to him.//  pay up phr v//  to pay money that you owe, especially when you do not want to or you are late//  --She refused to pay up.//    paid-up//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  The verb  pay  is followed directly by a noun when you are talking about paying a person : I’ll pay you tomorrow. |  I haven’t paid my accountant yet. //  Pay is also followed directly by a noun when you are talking about the amount of money you pay : I’ve already paid [hA124]700.  //  !!  Do not use  pay  followed directly by a noun referring to the thing you are buying. Use  pay  (an amount of money)  for  something : When I paid for my tickets (NOT paid my tickets) the man told me there was no discount.| I paid [hA124]100 for this jacket. //  When you are talking about whether you pay for something using a cheque, a credit card etc, use  pay by : If you pay by credit card, you get free insurance. //  When you are talking about the type of money you use to pay something, use  pay in : You can only pay in euros. //  ----------//\npay 2 n [U] \n  1 money that you are given for doing your job:  --Nurses often work long hours for low pay .//  --The idea of equal pay for women is a recent phenomenon.//  --Miners have traditionally enjoyed high rates of pay .//  --a minimum rate of pay //  --Unions are pushing for better pay and conditions .//  --Teachers were awarded a 6% pay rise .//  --They were asked to accept a 4% pay cut .//  --He was suspended on full pay until the hearing.//\n  2  in the pay of sb:   written someone who is in someone else’s pay is working for them, often secretly//  --an informer in the pay of the police//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  low pay //  equal pay //  rate of pay //  pay and conditions //  basic pay British English //  base pay American English (=not includingovertime pay orbonuses ) //  overtime pay (=for extra hours that you work) //  take-home pay (=after tax etc has been taken away) //  holiday pay British English //  vacation pay American English (=when you are on holiday) //  sick pay (=when you are ill) //  maternity pay (=when a woman is having a baby) //  pay increase pay rise BrE //  pay raise AmE //  pay cut //  on full pay (=being paid a whole salary) //  WORD CHOICEpay, salary, wages, wage, income, fee //  Pay  is the money that you earn by working : The pay is much better in the private sector. |  people on low pay |  pay negotiations //  Someone’s  salary  is the money they are paid every month by their employer, especially someone in a profession, such as a teacher or a lawyer : Some managers earn annual salaries of over [hA124]80,000.  //  Use  wages  to refer to the money that someone is paid every week by their employer, especially someone who works in a factory or a shop : Some companies pay higher wages than others.  //  !!  Do not use  wages  before a noun. Use  wage : wage earners //  Someone’s  income  is all the money that they receive regularly, for work or for any other reason : families on low incomes | Rent from the old farm was their only source of income. //  Use  fee  to refer to the money paid to a lawyer, doctor, or similar qualified worker for a piece of work they have done : Your accountant’s fees are too high. |  legal fees //  ----------//


Words: pay rise
Meaning:
BrE pay raise  AmE n [C]   an increase in the amount of money you are paid for doing your job//  --Some company directors have awarded themselves huge pay rises.//  --a 4% pay raise//


Words: pay-as-you-go
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a pay-as-you-go mobile phone or Internet service is one that you must pay for before you can use it//


Words: pay-per-view
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a pay-per-view television channel makes people pay for each programme they watch//    pay TV//  -- pay-per-view n  [U] //


Words: payable
Meaning:
adj [not before noun] \n  1 a bill, debt etc that is payable must be paid:  payable on//  --Tax is payable on the interest.//  payable by//  --a fee of [hA124]49, payable by the tenant//  payable to//  --State pensions become payable to women at age 60.//  --The rent is payable in advance .//\n  2  payable to sb:  a cheque etc that is payable to someone has that person’s name written on it and should be paid to them//  --Cheques should be made payable to the National Trust.//


Words: payback
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] the money or advantage you gain from a business, project, or something you have done:  --The immediate payback for them is publicity.//\n  2 [U]  AmE  informal when you do something to make someone suffer because of something they have done to harm you:    revenge//  --I guess it’s payback time .//\n  3  payback period:  a) the period of time in which you will make a profit on an investment//  b) the period of time over which you must pay back money you have borrowed//


Words: paycheque
Meaning:
BrE  , paycheck AmE   n [C] \n  1 a cheque that someone receives as payment for their wages:  --a weekly paycheque//\n  2  especially  AmE the amount of wages someone earns:  British Equivalent:  pay packet//  --a nice fat paycheck//


Words: paydirt
Meaning:
n [U]   hit/strike paydirt//   AmE  informal to make a valuable or useful discovery, especially one that makes you rich or successful//


Words: PAYE
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   pay as you earn a system for paying tax in which tax is taken from workers’ wages and paid directly to the government//


Words: paying-in slip
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a form that you use when you put money into your bank account//  American Equivalent:  deposit slip//


Words: payload
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the amount of goods or passengers that can be carried by a vehicle, or the goods that a vehicle is carrying:    cargo//  payload of//  --The helicopter is designed to carry a payload of 2640 pounds.//\n  2 [C] the amount of explosive that a missile can carry:


Words: paymaster
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a powerful person or organization that secretly pays and controls another person or organization:  --The assassin’s paymasters were never identified.//\n  2 someone who is responsible for giving people their wages that they are owed, for example an official in a factory or the army:


Words: payment
Meaning:
W1S2   n \n  1 [C] an amount of money that has been or must be paid:  --You can make a payment in any bank.//  --Employees may occasionally receive bonus payments .//  --The country cannot meet the payments on its [hA124]80 billion foreign debt.//  --She agreed to repay the loan in monthly payments of [hA124]125.//  --Discounts are offered for cash payments .//  --the interest payments on your credit card bill//  --They fell behind on their mortgage payments .//\n  2 [U] the act of paying for something:  payment of//  --There are severe penalties for late payment of taxes.//  payment in//  --Most hotels here accept payment in dollars.//  -- Payment can be made by cheque or credit card.//  --We do accept payment in instalments  (=paying in small amounts over a period of time) .//  --She demanded payment in advance .//  in payment for sth//   (=in order to pay for something) //  --cheques received in payment for goods supplied//  on payment of sth//   (=when an amount has been paid) //  --Any item can be reserved on payment of a deposit.//\n  3  payment in kind:  a way of paying for something with goods or services instead of money//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  make a payment //  receive a payment //  meet the payments on something (=afford to pay something) //  monthly payment //  cash payment //  down payment (=a small payment for something you are buying, when you will pay the rest later) //  interest payment //  mortgage payment //  ----------//


Words: payoff
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an advantage or profit that you get as a result of doing something:  --With electric cars there is a big environmental payoff.//\n  2 a payment that is made to someone, often illegally, in order to stop them from causing you trouble:    bribe//  --Union leaders allegedly received huge payoffs from the company’s bosses.//\n  3 a payment made to someone when they are forced to leave their job:    redundancy//  --The average payoff to staff was about [hA124]2000.//


Words: payola
Meaning:
n [U]  informal  especially AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  payoff]//\n  1 the illegal practice of paying someone to use their influence to make people buy what your company is selling:\n  2 the money that is paid to someone to use their influence:


Words: payout
Meaning:
n [C]   a large payment of money to someone, for example from an insurance claim or from winning a competition//  --There should be a big payout on this month’s lottery.//  --Some of the victims have been offered massive cash payouts .//


Words: payroll
Meaning:
n \n  1  on the payroll:  if someone is on the payroll of a company, they are employed by that company//  --The company now has 350 people on the payroll.//\n  2 [U] the activity of managing salary payments for workers in a company:  --the payroll department//  --a computerized payroll system//\n  3 [U and C] the total amount of wages paid to all the people working in a particular company or industry:  --the annual payroll was $88 million//


Words: payroll tax
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a tax that is taken from someone’s wages and given directly to the government//    income tax//


Words: payslip
Meaning:
n  BrE pay stub  AmE  [C]   a piece of paper that an employed person gets every time they are paid, showing the amount they have been paid and the amount that has been taken away for tax//


Words: Paz
Meaning:
Octavio   (1914-1998), a Mexican poet and diplomat who won the  Nobel Prize for Literature in 1990//


Words: PBS
Meaning:
Public Broadcasting System a US television company whose aim is to show good-quality programmes and not to make profits. It broadcasts no advertisements, but its programmes are paid for partly by the people who watch them and partly by money from the government and from large companies. Two programmes for which PBS is famous are  Sesame Street and  Masterpiece Theater.//


Words: PC
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 personal computer a computer that is used by one person at a time, either at home or at work:  --People can use their PC’s to do their banking from home.//\n  2  BrE  police constable a police officer of the lowest rank:\nPC 2 adj   politically correct used to describe language, behaviour, and attitudes that are carefully chosen so that they do not offend or insult anyone//  --It’s not PC to describe people as disabled.//


Words: PC Card
Meaning:
n [C]  trademark   personal computer card a small flat object which stores information that can be added to some computers//


Words: PCP
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: primary care physician]//  primary care physician a doctor you go to when you are ill, who may treat you or advise you to see a specialist (=a doctor who deals with a particular part of the body) //


Words: PDA
Meaning:
n [C]   personal digital assistant a very small light computer that you can carry with you, and that you use to store information such as telephone numbers, addresses, and appointments. Some PDAs can send and receive email, and connect to the Internet//


Words: PDF
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   portable document format a way of storing computer files so that they can be easily read when they are moved from one computer to another//


Words: PE
Meaning:
BrE  P.E. AmE   n [U]   physical education sport and physical activity taught as a school subject//  --a PE teacher//


Words: pea
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: pease  ’pea’ (11-19 centuries) (mistaken as plural), from  Latin pisa, plural of  pisum, from  Greek pison]//\n  1 a round green seed that is cooked and eaten as a vegetable, or the plant on which these seeds grow:  --roast chicken with peas and carrots//\n  2  like two peas in a pod:   informal exactly the same in appearance, behaviour etc//


Words: peace
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 no war:\n   2 no noise/interruptions:\n   3 calm/not worried:\n   4 make (your) peace with somebody:\n   5 keep the peace:\n   6 hold/keep your peace:\n   7 disturb the peace:\n   8 rest in peace:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: pais, from  Latin pax]//\n  1 NO WAR:   [singular, U] a situation in which there is no war or fighting//  --The country is at peace with its neighbours for the first time in years.//  --By the end of the century, France had  made peace with Britain.//  --a city where people of different religions have lived together in peace for centuries//  --efforts to bring peace to the region//  --a dangerous situation which threatens world peace //  peace between//  --a lasting peace between the two sides//  --An uneasy peace continued until 1939.//  --the Northern Ireland peace talks //  --an international peace conference //  --the peace treaty that ended the First World War//  --the Middle East peace process //\n  2 NO NOISE/INTERRUPTIONS:   [U] a very quiet and pleasant situation in which you are not interrupted//  in peace//  --I’ll leave you now and let you get dressed in peace.//  --I wish she would just leave me in peace .//  --All I want is some peace and quiet .//\n  3 CALM/NOT WORRIED:   [U] a feeling of being calm, happy, and not worried//  --the search for inner peace //  --Having household insurance is supposed to give you peace of mind .//  --Lynn seems to be more at peace with herself these days (=calm, satisfied, no longer worried about anything) .//\n  4  make (your) peace with sb:  to end a quarrel with a person or group, especially by telling them you are sorry//  --Ann wanted to make her peace with her father before he died.//\n  5  keep the peace:  to stop people from fighting, arguing, or causing trouble//  --The US is sending troops overseas in order to keep the peace.//\n  6  hold/keep your peace:   formal  old-fashioned to keep quiet even though you would like to say something//\n  7  disturb the peace:   law to behave in a noisy or violent way//  --Macklin was charged with disturbing the peace.//    breach of the peace at breach1 (5)//\n  8  rest in peace:  words that are said during a funeral service for someone who has died, or written on a gravestone//    RIP//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  be at peace (with somebody) (=not be involved in a war) //  make peace (=agree to stop fighting) //  live in peace (=live without fighting) //  bring peace to somewhere //  world peace //  lasting peace //  uneasy peace //  peace talks/negotiations/conference //  peace treaty/agreement/accord //  peace movement/march/campaigner/protester //  the peace process //  ----------//


Words: Peace Corps
Meaning:
the   a US government organization that aims to help poorer countries, by sending them  volunteers (=people who work without payment) , especially young people, who teach skills in education, health, farming etc//


Words: peace dividend
Meaning:
n [singular]   the money that is saved on weapons and is available for other purposes, when a government reduces its military strength because the risk of war has been reduced//


Words: peace offering
Meaning:
n [C]   something you give to someone to show them that you are sorry and want to be friendly, after you have annoyed or upset them//


Words: peace pipe
Meaning:
n [C]   a pipe which Native Americans use to smoke tobacco, which is shared in a ceremony as a sign of peace//   pipe of peace//


Words: peaceable
Meaning:
adj  literary \n  1 someone who is peaceable does not like fighting or arguing:    pacifist//  → violent, aggressive//  --He’s always been a very peaceable man.//\n  2 a peaceable situation or way of doing something is calm, without any violence or fighting:  --We are now hoping for a peaceable end to this dispute.//  -- peaceably adv //  --The two communities live together quite peaceably.//


Words: peaceful
Meaning:
S3   adj   ----------//\n   1 quiet/calm:\n   2 no war:\n   3 not liking violence:  ----------//\n  1 QUIET/CALM:  a peaceful time, place, or situation is quiet and calm without any worry or excitement//  --We had a peaceful afternoon without the children.//  --It’s very peaceful out here in the woods.//\n  2 NO WAR:  not involving war, fighting, or violence//  peaceful protest/demonstration //  --There was a large but peaceful demonstration outside the US Embassy.//  peaceful solution/conclusion/settlement //  --We must try to find a peaceful solution to the conflict.//  peaceful means/way/manner/method //  --a political change achieved by peaceful and democratic means//  --the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes//  --The countries in Europe have established a peaceful co-existence  (=they exist together without fighting) .//\n  3 NOT LIKING VIOLENCE:  peaceful people do not like violence and do not behave in a violent way//    non-violent//  --a noisy but peaceful group of demonstrators//  -- peacefully adv //  --She was sleeping peacefully.//  -- peacefulness n  [U] //


Words: peacekeeping
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   peacekeeping force/troops etc//  a group of soldiers who are sent to a place in order to stop two opposing groups from fighting each other//  --The United Nations has decided to send a peacekeeping force into the area.//  -- peacekeeper n  [C] //  --a group of UN peacekeepers//


Words: peacemaker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who tries to persuade other people or countries to stop fighting//  --The US sees itself as a peacemaker in the region.//


Words: peacetime
Meaning:
n [U]   a period of time when a country is not fighting a war//  → wartime//  in peacetime//  --the highest military award given in peacetime//


Words: peach
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: peche, from  Late Latin persica, from  Latin persicus  ’Persian’]//\n  1 [C] a round juicy fruit that has a soft yellow or red skin and a large, hard seed in the centre, or the tree that this fruit grows on:\n  2 [U] a pale pinkish-orange colour:\n  3 [singular]  old-fashioned something or someone that you think is very good:  --Anderton scored a peach of a goal.//  --Jan’s a real peach .//\n  4  peaches and cream:  used to describe skin that is an attractive pink colour//  --a peaches and cream complexion//\npeach 2 adj   pinkish-orange in colour//  --peach curtains//


Words: peachy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 tasting or looking like a peach:  --a delicious peachy flavour//\n  2  AmE  informal very good or pleasant:


Words: Peacock
Meaning:
Thomas Love   (1785-1866) a British writer and poet who used  satire (=a way of writing in which you make someone seem funny in order to show their faults)  to criticize the politicians and writers of his time. His most famous works are  novels such as Headlong Hall and  Nightmare Abbey.//


Words: peacock
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: pea  ’peacock’ (900-1000) (from  Old English, from  Latin pavo) +  cock]//  a large bird, the male of which has long blue and green tail feathers that it can lift up and spread out//


Words: peak
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 time:\n   2 mountain:\n   3 point:\n   4 hat:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  pike  ’mountain, hill’ (13-21 centuries), probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 TIME:   [usually singular] the time when something or someone is best, greatest, highest, most successful etc//  at sth’s peak//  --The British Empire was at its peak in the mid 19th century.//  --Sales this month have reached a new peak .//  --Most athletes reach their peak in their mid 20s.//  --He’s past his peak as a tennis player.//  --Oil production is down from its peak of two years ago.//  at the peak of sth//  --Hotel rooms are difficult to find at the peak of the holiday season.//  --the peaks and troughs of the US economy (=high and low points) //\n  2 MOUNTAIN:  a) the sharply pointed top of a mountain//  --snow-capped mountain peaks //  --jagged peaks//  b) a mountain//    summit//  --Mount McKinley is Alaska’s highest peak.//\n  3 POINT:  a part that forms a point above a surface or at the top of something//  --Whisk the egg whites until they form stiff peaks.//\n  4 HAT:   especially BrE the flat curved part of a cap that sticks out in front above your eyes//  American Equivalent:  visor//\npeak 2 v [I]   to reach the highest point or level//  --Sales peaked in August, then fell sharply.//  peak at//  --Wind speeds peaked at 105 mph yesterday.//\npeak 3 adj [only before noun] \n  1 used to talk about the best, highest, or greatest level or amount of something:  --Gasoline prices are 14% below the peak level they hit in November.//  --a shampoo designed to keep your hair in peak condition //  --If you phone during the day you pay the peak rate for calls.//  --periods of peak demand for electricity//\n  2  BrE the peak time or period is when the greatest number of people are doing the same thing, using the same service etc:  --Extra buses run at peak times .//  --Hotel prices rise during the peak season .//


Words: Peak District
Meaning:
the Peak District//  a hilly area and  national park, mostly in Derbyshire, northern England, which is popular for climbing, walking, and  potholing.//


Words: Peake
Meaning:
Mervyn   (1911-68) a British writer and  illustrator (=someone who draws pictures for books) , whose novels  Titus Groan,  Gormenghast, and  Titus Alone describe the strange imaginary world of Gormenghast castle//


Words: peaked
Meaning:
adj    AmE looking pale and ill//  British Equivalent:  peaky//  --You’re looking a little peaked this morning.//\npeaked 2   adj  BrE   a peaked cap or hat has a flat curved part at the front above the eyes//


Words: peaky
Meaning:
adj  informal  BrE   looking pale and ill//  American Equivalent:  peaked//  --He’s looking a bit peaky today.//


Words: peal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: appeal]//\n  1 a sudden loud sound of laughter:  peal of//  --We could hear peals of laughter coming from the hall.//\n  2 a loud sound of thunder:   clap//  peal of//  --A loud peal of thunder crashed directly overhead.//\n  3 the loud ringing sound made by a bell:  --A sudden peal of bells broke the silence.//\n  4  technical a musical pattern made by ringing a number of bells one after the other:\npeal 2 v [I] \n  1  also peal out :  if bells peal, they ring loudly//  --The bells pealed out on Christmas Day.//\n  2  literary to make a loud sound:  --Lightning flashed and thunder pealed.//


Words: peanut
Meaning:
n   1 [C] a pale brown nut in a thin shell which grows under the ground//   groundnut//  --a packet of roasted peanuts//\n  2  peanuts:   informal a very small amount of money//  --The hotel workers get paid peanuts .//  --I’m tired of working for peanuts .//


Words: Peanuts
Meaning:
a humorous US  cartoon strip (=a set of drawings that tell a story in a newspaper or magazine) by Charles Schultz, about a boy called Charlie  Brown, who is nice but not very confident and often unlucky. Other characters include his dog Snoopy, his sister Sally, and his friends Lucy,  Linus,  Pigpen, Peppermint Patty, and Schroeder.//


Words: pear
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1000-1100; Language: Latin; Origin: pirum]//  a sweet juicy fruit that has a round base and is thinner near the top, or the tree that produces this fruit//


Words: pear-shaped
Meaning:
adj \n  1  go pear-shaped:   BrE  informal if an activity or situation goes pear-shaped, it goes wrong//  --The whole thing went pear-shaped.//\n  2 someone who is pear-shaped has wide hips and a fairly small chest:


Words: pearl
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 jewel:\n   2 hard substance:\n   3 pearls of wisdom:\n   4 cast/throw pearls before swine:\n   5 liquid:\n   6 excellent thing/person:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: perle, from  Vulgar Latin pernula, from  Latin perna  ’mussel’]//\n  1 JEWEL:   [C] a small round white object that forms inside an oyster, and is a valuable jewel//  --a pearl necklace //  --a string of pearls  (=anecklace made of pearls) //\n  2 HARD SUBSTANCE:   [U] a hard shiny substance of various colours formed inside some shellfish, which is used for making buttons or to make objects look attractive//   mother-of-pearl//\n  3  pearls of wisdom:  wise remarks - used especially when you really think that someone’s remarks are slightly stupid//  --Thank you for those pearls of wisdom, Emma.//\n  4  cast/throw pearls before swine:   formal to give something valuable to someone who does not understand its value//\n  5 LIQUID:   [C]  literary a small round drop of liquid//  --the pearls of the morning dew//\n  6 EXCELLENT THING/PERSON:   [C usually singular]  old-fashioned someone or something that is especially good or valuable//  pearl among//  --She’s a pearl among women.//


Words: Pearl Harbor
Meaning:
an important US naval base in Hawaii, which was suddenly attacked by Japanese planes in December 1941. Many warships were destroyed or damaged, and this caused great shock and anger in the US, and made the US start fighting in World War II.//


Words: Pearl White
Meaning:
(1889-1938) a US actress who worked in  silent films, for example being tied to a railway line by the villain when a train is coming.//


Words: Pears
Meaning:
Sir Peter   (1910-86) a British  tenor (=a male singer with a fairly high voice) . In 1948 he started the  Aldeburgh Festival with his  partner, the musician Benjamin  Britten, who wrote a lot of  vocal music and  operas for him.//


Words: Peary
Meaning:
Robert   (1856-1920) a US navy officer and explorer who is believed to be the first person to reach the North Pole, in 1909.//


Words: peasant
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: paisant, from  pa[hA170]s  ’country’, from  Latin pagus;   PAGAN2]//\n  1 a poor farmer who owns or rents a small amount of land, either in past times or in poor countries:  --Most villagers are peasant farmers.//\n  2  old-fashioned  informal an insulting word for someone who does not behave politely in social situations or is not well-educated:


Words: Peasants’ Revolt
Meaning:
the   a protest in 1381 involving large numbers of English  peasants, who were angry about unfair social and economic conditions and about high taxes. They formed an unoffical army, led by Wat Tyler, and marched to London, where they demanded better conditions and took control of the Tower of London. The English king, Richard II, pretended to agree to some of their demands, but after their leaders were killed he changed his mind, so the revolt failed.//


Words: pease pudding
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE a dish made of dried peas, boiled with  ham to make a thick yellow substance that is eaten hot or cold//


Words: peashooter
Meaning:
n [C]   a small tube used by children to blow small objects, especially dried peas, at someone or something//


Words: peasouper
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  From the yellow colour of soup made from dried peas]//  a very thick fog//


Words: peat
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: peta, probably from a  Celtic language]//  [U] a black substance formed from decaying plants under the surface of the ground in some areas, which can be burned as a fuel, or mixed with soil to help plants grow well//  -- peaty adj //  --a rich, peaty soil//


Words: pebble
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: papolstan, from  papol (perhaps from the sound of small stones hitting against each other) +  stan  ’stone’]//  a small smooth stone found especially on a beach or on the bottom of a river//  --The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles.//  -- pebbly adj //  --a pebbly beach//


Words: pebbledash
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE a surface for the outside walls of houses, made of cement with a lot of very small round stones in it//


Words: pecan
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: pacane, from an  Algonquian language]//  a long thin sweet nut with a dark red shell, or the tree that it grows on//


Words: peccadillo
Meaning:
n   plural  peccadilloes  or  pecadillos  [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: pecadillo, from  pecado  ’evil act’, from  Latin peccare  ’to do evil’]//  something bad which someone does, especially involving sex, which is not regarded as very serious or important//  --The public is willing to forgive him for his peccadillos.//


Words: peccary
Meaning:
n   plural  peccaries  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Carib; Origin: pakira]//  a wild animal like a pig that lives in Central and South America//


Words: peck
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  pick]//\n  1 [I and T] if a bird pecks something or pecks at something, it makes quick repeated movements with its beak to try to eat part of it, make a hole in it etc:  peck at//  --birds pecking at breadcrumbs on the pavement//\n  2  peck sb on the cheek/forehead etc:  to kiss someone quickly and lightly//  --She pecked her father lightly on the cheek.//  peck at [peck at sth] phr v//  to eat only a little bit of a meal because you are not interested in it or not hungry//  --She pecked at her food in silence.//\npeck 2 n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  PECK1]//\n  1 a quick light kiss:  --He gave her a quick peck on the cheek .//\n  2 an action in which a bird pecks someone or something with its beak:


Words: pecker
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  keep your pecker up:   BrE  old-fashioned  informal used to tell someone to stay cheerful even when it is difficult to do so//\n  2  AmE  informal  penis:


Words: pecking order
Meaning:
n [singular]   a social system within a group of people or animals in which each member knows who has a higher or lower rank than themselves//  --Nobody wants to be at the bottom of the pecking order .//


Words: Pecksniff
Meaning:
Mr   a character in the book  Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-44) by Charles  Dickens. He is a  hypocrite (=someone who pretends to be morally good but is not) , and pretends to like people who have power or money in order to get an advantage.//


Words: pectin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: pectine, from  Greek pektikos  ’making liquid thicker’]//  a chemical substance that is found in some fruits and is sometimes added to jam and jelly to make it less liquid//


Words: peculiar
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: peculiaris  ’of private property, special’, from  peculium  ’private property’, from  pecu  ’cattle’]//\n  1 strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising:  --There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.//  --Something peculiar is going on.//  -- It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.//\n  2  be peculiar to sb/sth:  if something is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person or only exists in that place or situation//  --The problem of racism is not peculiar to this country.//\n  3 behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way:  --He’s been a little peculiar lately.//  --She’s a very peculiar child.//\n  4  feel peculiar/come over all peculiar:   BrE  informal to feel slightly ill//


Words: peculiarity
Meaning:
n   plural  peculiarities //\n  1 [C] something that is a feature of only one particular place, person, situation etc:  peculiarity of//  --The lack of a written constitution is a peculiarity of the British political system.//\n  2 [C] a strange or unusual habit, quality etc:  --Margaret regarded her mother’s peculiarities with a fond tolerance.//\n  3 [U] the quality of being strange or unfamiliar:  peculiarity of//  --She was well aware of the peculiarity of her own situation.//


Words: peculiarly
Meaning:
adv \n  1  peculiarly British/female/middle-class etc:  something that is peculiarly British etc is a typical feature only of British people etc//  --a peculiarly American idea//\n  2 in a strange or unusual way:  --Theo had been behaving peculiarly.//\n  3 especially:  --a peculiarly difficult question//


