# dict

Words: motivator
Meaning:
n [C]   something or someone that makes you want to do or achieve something//    incentive//  --Money is a good motivator.//


Words: motive
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: motif, from  motif  ’moving’;   MOTIVE2]//\n  1 the reason that makes someone do something, especially when this reason is kept hidden:  --What do you suppose the killer’s motive was?//  motive for (doing) sth//  --The police believe the motive for this murder was jealousy.//  motive behind//  --The motives behind the decision remain obscure.//  --The violence was clearly prompted by political motives.//  --It’s not the kind of thing he’d do unless he had an ulterior motive  (=a reason he kept hidden) .//\n  2 a motif:  -- motiveless adj //  --an apparently motiveless killing//\nmotive 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: motif, from  Medieval Latin motivus, from  Latin motus;   MOTOR1]//   technical the motive power or force for a machine, vehicle etc makes it move//  --Water provided the motive power for the mill.//


Words: motley
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  mote]//  a motley collection/crew/assortment etc//  a group of people or things that are very different from each other and do not seem to belong together//  --I looked at the motley bunch we were sailing with and began to feel uneasy about the trip.//  --His pockets contained a motley collection of coins, movie ticket stubs, and old candies.//


Words: motocross
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: motor +  cross-country]//  the sport of racing motorcycles over rough land, up hills, through streams etc//


Words: motor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: motus, past participle of  movere;   MOVE1]//\n  1 the part of a machine that makes it work or move, by changing power, especially electrical power, into movement:  --an electric motor//\n  2  BrE  old-fashioned or informal a car:  --That’s a nice motor you’ve got, Dave.//    outboard motor//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Motor is not generally used to refer to the part of a vehicle which produces the power for it to move. Use engine: My car needs a completely new engine. //  ----------//\nmotor 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1  especially  BrE relating to cars or other vehicles with engines:  --the motor industry//  --a motor accident//  --motor insurance//\n  2 having an engine:  --a motor scooter//\n  3  technical relating to nerves that make muscles move:  --impaired motor function//\nmotor 3 v [I always + adverb/preposition]    BrE  old-fashioned to travel by car//  --Bertie is motoring down from London.//


Words: motor neurone disease
Meaning:
n [U]   a serious disease that causes a gradual loss of control over the muscles and nerves of the body, resulting in death//


Words: motor pool
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a group of cars, trucks, and other vehicles that are available for people in a particular part of the government or army to use//


Words: motor vehicle
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   any vehicle which has an engine, such as a car, bus, or truck//  --This road is closed to motor vehicles.//


Words: motorbike
Meaning:
n [C]   saddle, stand//   especially BrE a small fast two-wheeled vehicle with an engine//   motorcycle//


Words: motorcade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: motor +  -cade (as in cavalcade)]//  a line of official cars, including a car carrying an important person, that is travelling somewhere//  --the President’s motorcade//


Words: motorcycle
Meaning:
n [C]   saddle, stand//  a fast two-wheeled vehicle with an engine//   motorbike//  -- motorcycling n  [U] //  -- motorcyclist n  [C] //


Words: motoring
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   the activity of driving a car//  --These magazines cover all kinds of popular subjects such as motoring, gardening, photography and sports.//  --He was found guilty of 14 motoring offences .//  --Police and motoring organizations urged drivers to keep their speed down.//  --the sharp rise in motoring costs//


Words: motorist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who drives a car//   driver//    pedestrian//  --12,000 motorists were stopped for speeding in the police crackdown.//


Words: motorized
Meaning:
also motorised  BrE   adj [only before noun] \n  1 having an engine - used especially when something does not usually have an engine:  --a motorized wheelchair//\n  2  BrE a motorized group of soldiers is one that uses motor vehicles:  motorized division/unit/battalion //


Words: motorway
Meaning:
S2   n [C]    BrE a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances, especially between cities//    expressway, freeway, highway, interstate//


Words: Motown
Meaning:
1  trademark a US music record company, based in Detroit :\n  2 a style of popular music called  soul music, performed by black musicians:


Words: mottled
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: mottle  ’to mark with spots’ (17-21 centuries), probably from  motley]//  covered with spots or coloured areas//  mottled with//  --The book’s pages were mottled with brown stains.//  --His red, mottled face showed the effect of too much whisky.//


Words: motto
Meaning:
n   plural  mottos  or  mottoes  [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: ’word’]//  a short sentence or phrase giving a rule on how to behave, which expresses the aims or beliefs of a person, school, or institution//  --’Be prepared’ is the motto of the boy scouts.//


Words: mould
Meaning:
BrE  mold AmE   n   ----------//\n   1 shaped container:\n   2 type of person:\n   3 break the mould:\n   4 growing substance:  ----------//\n  1 SHAPED CONTAINER:   [C] a hollow container that you pour a liquid or soft substance into, so that when it becomes solid, it takes the shape of the container//  --Another method, used especially for figures, was to pour the clay into a mould.//  --lime jell-o in a mould//\n  2 TYPE OF PERSON:   [singular] if someone is in a particular mould, or fits into a particular mould, they have all the attitudes and qualities typical of a type of person//  fit (into) a mould //  --She didn’t quite fit into the standard ’high-flying businesswoman’ mould.//  in the same mould (as sb/sth)/in the mould of sb/sth //  --a socialist intellectual in the mould of Anthony Crossland//\n  3  break the mould:  to change a situation completely, by doing something that has not been done before//  --an attempt to break the mould of British politics//\n  4 GROWING SUBSTANCE:   [U] a soft green, grey, or black substance that grows on food which has been kept too long, and on objects that are in warm, wet air//  --The chemical was used to kill a mold that grows on peanuts.//  --The walls were black with mould.//    leaf mould//\nmould 2 v  BrE  mold AmE \n  1 [T] to shape a soft substance by pressing or rolling it or by putting it into a mould:  mould sth into sth//  --Mould the sausage meat into little balls.//  --moulded plastic chairs//\n  2 [T] to influence the way someone’s character or attitudes develop:  mould sth/sb into sth//  --I try to take young athletes and mold them into team players.//  --an attempt to mold public opinion//\n  3 [I and T] to fit closely to the shape of something, or to make something fit closely:  mould (sth) to sth//  --The lining of the boot molds itself to the shape of your foot.//  --Her wet dress was moulded to her body.//


Words: moulder
Meaning:
BrE  molder AmE   v  also moulder away  [I]   to decay gradually//  --old papers mouldering away in the attic//


Words: moulding
Meaning:
BrE  molding AmE   n \n  1 [U and C] a thin decorative line of plaster, wood etc around the edge of a wall, a piece of furniture, a picture frame etc:\n  2 [C] an object produced from a mould:


Words: mouldy
Meaning:
BrE  moldy AmE   adj   covered with mould//  --mouldy cheese//  go mouldy  BrE  (=become mouldy) //  --The bread’s gone mouldy.//


Words: Moulin Rouge
Meaning:
the   a  cabaret in the Montmartre area of Paris, famous especially in the 19th century for its  cancan dancers//


Words: moult
Meaning:
BrE  molt AmE   v [I]   when a bird or animal moults, it loses feathers or hair so that new ones can grow//  -- moult n  [U and C] //


Words: mound
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill:  --an ancient burial mound//  mound of//  --a small mound of dirt//\n  2 a large pile of something:  mound of//  --There’s a mound of papers on my desk.//  --The waiter appeared with a huge mound of spaghetti.//\n  3  also pitcher’s mound :  the small hill that the pitcher stands on in the game of baseball//


Words: mount
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 organize:\n   2 increase:\n   3 horse/bicycle:\n   4 go up:\n   5 picture:\n   6 sex:  Phrasal verbs//   mount up//  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: monter  ’to go up’, from  Latin mons;   MOUNT2]//\n  1 ORGANIZE:   [T] to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action//  --The National Gallery mounted an exhibition of Danish painting.//  mount a campaign/challenge/search etc //  --Friends of the Earth are mounting a campaign to monitor the illegal logging of trees.//  mount an assault/attack //  --Guerrillas have mounted an attack on the capital.//\n  2 INCREASE:   [I usually in progressive] to increase gradually in amount or degree//  -- Tension here is mounting , as we await the final result.//  --Casualties on both sides of the battle have continued to mount.//\n  3 HORSE/BICYCLE:   [I and T]  formal to get on a horse or bicycle//  → dismount//  --He mounted his horse and rode on.//\n  4 GO UP:   [T]  formal to go up a step or stairs//  --He mounted the stairs and looked around him slowly.//  --A car suddenly mounted the pavement to avoid a vehicle coming in the opposite direction.//\n  5 PICTURE:   [T] to fix a picture to a larger piece of stiff paper so that it looks more attractive//  mount sth on/onto sth//  --Entries to the photography competition should be mounted on white paper.//\n  6 SEX:   [T]  technical if a male animal mounts a female animal, he gets up onto her back to have sex//    mounted//  mount up phr v//  to gradually increase in amount//  --At [hA124]6 a ticket, the cost quickly mounts up.//\nmount 2 n [C]   [Sense: 1,4; Date: 800-900; Language: Old French; Origin: mont, from  Latin mons  ’mountain’]//  [Sense: 2-3; Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  MOUNT1]//\n  1  Mount:  Mt used as part of the name of a mountain//  --Mount Everest//\n  2  formal a horse that you ride on:\n  3 stiff paper that is put behind or around a picture so that it looks more attractive:\n  4  literary a mountain:


Words: Mount of Olives
Meaning:
the Mount of Olives//  a mountain east of Jerusalem, mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible, especially as the place of Jesus Christ’s  ascension to Heaven//


Words: Mount Vernon
Meaning:
the home of George  Washington between 1747 and 1799 and the place where he is buried. It is in northeast Virginia, US and is now a  museum.//


Words: mountain
Meaning:
W3S3   n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: montaigne, from  Latin montanus, from  mons;   MOUNT2]//\n  1 a very high hill:  --the highest mountain in Austria//  --the Rocky Mountains//  --a steep mountain road//  --magnificent mountain ranges  (=lines of mountains) //  --snow-capped mountain peaks  (=tops of mountains) //  --a mountain rescue team (=a group of experienced climbers who help people to safety from a mountain) //  --She was the first British woman to climb the mountain .//\n  2  a mountain of sth/mountains of sth:  a very large pile or amount of something//  --I’ve got mountains of paperwork to deal with.//  --Her husband went off with another woman and left her facing a mountain of debt .//\n  3  food/butter etc mountain:  a very large amount of food, butter etc that has been produced but is not needed or used//    lake//\n  4  make a mountain out of a molehill:  to treat a problem as if it was very serious when in fact it is not//\n  5  (have) a mountain to climb:   BrE used to say that someone has a lot of work to do to achieve their aim, especially when you believe it will be difficult//


Words: mountain bike
Meaning:
n [C]   tire, lock, spoke, reflector, tyre, pedal, handlebars//  a strong bicycle with a lot of gears and wide tyres, specially designed for riding up hills and on rough ground//


Words: mountain board
Meaning:
also all-terrain board  n [C]   a long wide board made of plastic or wood, with four rubber wheels, which people use to travel down the sides of mountains for sport//  -- mountain boarding n  [U] //  -- mountain boarder n  [C] //


Words: mountain goat
Meaning:
n [C]   an animal with thick white fur which looks like a goat and lives in the western mountains of North America//


Words: mountainous
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a mountainous area has a lot of mountains:  --the mountainous coast of Wales//  --a mountainous region//\n  2 very large in amount or size:  --They were struggling with mountainous debts.//


Words: Mountbatten
Meaning:
Louis   (1900-79) a British politician and military leader, also known as Earl Mountbatten of Burma. In 1947 he became the last  viceroy (=British governor)  of India before its independence. He was killed by Irish  terrorists.//


Words: mountebank
Meaning:
n [C]  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: montimbanco, from  monta in banco  ’get on the bench’; because people selling things to the public stood on a raised surface]//  a dishonest person who tricks and deceives people//


Words: mounted
Meaning:
adj \n  1 riding on a horse:  --the mounted police//  --Jean was mounted on a grey mare.//\n  2 fixed firmly to a larger thing:  --The statue was mounted on a marble base.//  --music blasting from wall-mounted speakers//


Words: mounting
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   gradually increasing - often used about things that cause problems or trouble //  --There was  mounting pressure  on him to resign.//  --The government has come under  mounting criticism  in the press.//  --They faced  mounting debts .//  --There’s  mounting evidence  of a link between obesity and some forms of cancer.//\nmounting 2 n [C]   an object to which other things, especially parts of a machine, are fastened to keep them in place//  --The engine is supported by four rubberized mountings.//


Words: mourn
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Language: Old English; Origin: murnan]//\n  1 to feel very sad and to miss someone after they have died:   grieve for//  --Hundreds of people gathered to mourn the slain president.//  mourn for//  --They mourned for their children, killed in the war.//  mourn sb’s death/loss/passing //  --She still mourns the death of her husband.//\n  2 to feel very sad because something no longer exists or is no longer as good as it used to be:  --The old steam trains were much-loved, and we all mourn their passing .//


Words: mournful
Meaning:
adj   very sad//  --Durant was thin, mournful and silent.//  --the slow, mournful music of the bagpipes//  -- mournfully adv //


Words: mourning
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 great sadness because someone has died:  --The Armenian authorities declared May 29 a national day of mourning.//  in mourning//   (=feeling great sadness) //  --It was the custom to visit those in mourning and sit quietly with them.//\n  2 black clothes worn to show that you are very sad that someone has died:  --She was recently widowed and wearing mourning.//


Words: mouse
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: mus]//\n  1 :  plural  mice /ma[hA366]s/a small furry animal with a pointed nose and a long tail that lives in people’s houses or in fields//  --The cat laid a dead mouse at my feet.//  --a field mouse//  mousemat, mouse//\n  2 :  plural  mouses a small object connected to a computer by a wire, which you move with your hand to give instructions to the computer//  --Select the printer icon and then click the left mouse button.//\n  3 :  plural  mice  informal a quiet, nervous person//    play cat and mouse at cat(4),  quiet as a mouse at quiet1 (1)//


Words: mouse mat
Meaning:
also mouse pad  AmE n [C]   mousemat, mouse//  a small piece of flat material with a special surface which you move a computer mouse on//


Words: Mousetrap
Meaning:
The   a play by Agatha  Christie, which was first performed in the  West End of London in 1952, and has been performed there continuously for longer than any other play in the world. It is a  whodunit (=a play about a murder in which you do not find out who did the murder until the end) .//


Words: mousse
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’moss, froth’]//\n  1 :  a) a sweet food made from a mixture of cream, eggs, and fruit or chocolate which is eaten when it is cold//  --chocolate mousse//  --raspberry mousse//  b) a food that is mixed and cooked with cream or eggs so that it is very light//  --salmon mousse//\n  2 a substance full of small bubbles that you put in your hair to make it look thicker or to hold its style in place:


Words: Moussorgsky
Meaning:
Modest  also  Mussorgsky, Modest  (1839-81) a Russian composer known for his opera Boris Gudonov and for his other works, including Pictures at an Exhibition and Songs and Dances of Death.//


Words: moustache
Meaning:
also  mustache AmE   n [C]   hair that grows on a man’s upper lip//    beard//  --He’s shaved off his moustache.//


Words: moustached
Meaning:
also  mustached AmE   adj [usually before noun]   having a moustache//  --a young, moustached British officer//


Words: mousy
Meaning:
mousey/ma[hA35E]si/ adj \n  1 mousy hair is a dull brown colour:\n  2 a mousy woman is quiet and unattractive:


Words: mouth
Meaning:
W1S2   n   plural  mouths /ma[hA35E][hA171]z/ [C] //  ----------//\n   1 face:\n   2 keep your mouth shut:\n   3 open your mouth:\n   4 (you) watch your mouth:\n   5 entrance:\n   6 river:\n   7 bottle/container:\n   8 big mouth:\n   9 me and my big mouth/you and your big mouth etc:\n  10 mouth to feed/hungry mouth:\n  11 make your mouth water:\n  12 down in the mouth:\n  13 out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings):\n  14 be all mouth:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: muth]//\n  1 FACE:  the part of your face which you put food into, or which you use for speaking//  --He lifted his glass to his mouth.//  --The old man had a cigarette dangling from the corner of his mouth .//  --Liam was fast asleep with his mouth wide open .//  --She put her hand to her lips , trying not to laugh with her mouth full  (=with food in her mouth) .//  --She kissed him full on the mouth (=directly on the mouth) .//  --I burnt the roof of my mouth  (=the top inside part) on some hot soup.//  --She stared at him open-mouthed  (=looking very surprised or shocked) .//  --Karen felt dry-mouthed and sick.//\n  2  keep your mouth shut:   informal //  a) to not tell other people about a secret//  --He demanded [hA124]2000 to keep his mouth shut.//  b) to not say something even if you think it//  --I wished that I’d kept my mouth shut.//\n  3  open your mouth:  to prepare to speak//  --’I’ll go,’ Travis said quickly before she could open her mouth.//  open your mouth to say/speak/protest etc //  --Julia opened her mouth to reply, but they were interrupted.//\n  4  (you) watch your mouth:   spoken  informal used to tell someone not to speak in such a rude way//\n  5 ENTRANCE:  the entrance to a large hole or cave//  --As the train entered the mouth of the tunnel, the lights came on.//\n  6 RIVER:  the part of a river where it joins the sea//  --the mouth of the River Tees//\n  7 BOTTLE/CONTAINER:  the open part at the top of a bottle or container//\n  8  big mouth:   informal if someone has a big mouth, they say too much or tell another person’s secrets//\n  9  me and my big mouth/you and your big mouth etc:   spoken used to criticize yourself or another person for saying something that should not have been said//  --Oops, I shouldn’t have said that. Me and my big mouth.//\n  10  mouth to feed/hungry mouth:  someone who you must provide food for, especially one of your children//  --To these parents, a new baby is just another hungry mouth.//\n  11  make your mouth water:  if food makes your mouth water, it smells or looks so good you want to eat it immediately//  --The smell of the cooked fish made her mouth water.//    mouth-watering//\n  12  down in the mouth:   informal unhappy//  --Tim’s looking very down in the mouth.//\n  13  out of the mouths of babes (and sucklings):  used humorously when a small child has just said something clever or interesting//\n  14  be all mouth:   BrE  spoken if someone is all mouth, they talk a lot about what they will do but are not brave enough to actually do it//    be born with a silver spoon in your mouth at born2 (8)//    by word of mouth at word1 (13)//    be foaming at the mouth at foam2 (2)//    put your foot in your mouth at foot1 (15)//    put your money where your mouth is at money(18)//    put words into sb’s mouth at word1 (21)//    shut your mouth at shut1 (2)//    shoot your mouth off at shoot1 (12)//    foul-mouthed,  mealy-mouthed//\nmouth 2   v [T] \n  1 to move your lips in the same way you do when you are saying words, but without making any sound:  --She silently mouthed the words ’Good luck’.//  --Philip mouthed something through the glass which she did not hear.//\n  2 to say things that you do not really believe or that you do not understand:  --The players mouthed cliches about what they hoped to do at the World Cup.//  --They mouthed the usual platitudes.//  mouth off phr v//  to complain angrily and noisily about something, or talk as if you know more than anyone else//  mouth off at/to//  --You should have heard Pete mouthing off at Joe.//  mouth off about//  --Morris was mouthing off about his former team.//


Words: mouth organ
Meaning:
n [C]   a small musical instrument that you play by blowing or sucking and moving it from side to side near your mouth//   harmonica//


Words: mouth ulcer
Meaning:
BrE canker sore  AmE n [C]   a sore area in the mouth of people or animals, caused by illness or a disease//


Words: mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Meaning:
also mouth-to-mouth  n [U]   a method used to make someone start breathing again by blowing air into their mouth//    CPR//


Words: mouth-watering
Meaning:
adj   food that is mouth-watering looks or smells extremely good//  --a mouth-watering aroma coming from the kitchen//


Words: mouthful
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an amount of food or drink that you put into your mouth at one time:  --Michael told his story between mouthfuls.//  mouthful of//  --Betty drank a mouthful of beer.//  --He took a mouthful of his pudding.//\n  2  (a bit of) a mouthful:   informal a long word or phrase that is difficult to say//  --Her real name is a bit of a mouthful, so we just call her Dee.//\n  3  give sb a mouthful:   informal  especially BrE to speak angrily to someone, often swearing at them//\n  4  say a mouthful:   AmE  informal to say a lot of true and important things about something in a few words//


Words: mouthpiece
Meaning:
n [C]   mouthpiece, valve//\n  1 the part of a musical instrument, telephone etc that you put in your mouth or next to your mouth:  --Ben put his hand over the mouthpiece and shouted to me.//\n  2 [usually singular] a person, newspaper etc that expresses the opinions of a government or a political organization:  mouthpiece of//  --The newspaper was the mouthpiece of the National Democratic Party.//


Words: mouthwash
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a liquid used to make your mouth smell fresh or to get rid of infection in your mouth//


Words: mouthy
Meaning:
adj  informal   someone who is mouthy talks a lot and says what they think even if it is rude//\nmovable 1  moveable/mu[hA359]v[hA353]b[hA368]l/ adj   able to be moved and not fixed in one place or position//  --a teddy bear with movable arms and legs//\nmovable 2  moveable n [C usually plural]  law   a personal possession such as a piece of furniture//


Words: movable feast
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1  informal something that happens at different times, so that you are not sure exactly when it will happen:\n  2 a special religious day, such as Easter, the date of which changes:


Words: move
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 change place:\n   2 new house/office:\n   3 change opinion etc:\n   4 progress:\n   5 take action:\n   6 change job/class etc:\n   7 emotion:\n   8 cause somebody to do something:\n   9 time/order:\n  10 change subject:\n  11 get moving:\n  12 it’s time I was moving/we ought to get moving etc:\n  13 games:\n  14 at a meeting:\n  15 go fast:\n  16 be bought:\n  17 move with the times:\n  18 move in ... circles/society/world:  Phrasal verbs//   move along//   move around//   move away//   move down (something)//   move in//   move off//   move on//   move out//   move over//   move up//  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: mouvoir, from  Latin movere]//\n  1 CHANGE PLACE:   [I and T] to change from one place or position to another, or to make something do this//  --Please keep the doors closed while the train is moving.//  --’Come on,’ Sue said. No one moved.//  --Could you move your car, please? It’s blocking the road.//  move quickly/slowly/steadily etc //  --The plane moved slowly along the runway, then stopped.//  move away/out/to/towards etc//  --He moved closer to her.//  --Becca moved down the steps and into the yard.//  move about/around//  --I could hear someone moving around upstairs.//  --The bar was so crowded you could hardly move .//  --At Christmas, you couldn’t move for toys in this house (=there were a lot of toys) .//  --Paul couldn’t move a muscle  (=could not move at all) he was so scared.//\n  2 NEW HOUSE/OFFICE:   [I and T] if a person or company moves, or if you move them, they go to live or work in a different place//  --We’ve moved seven or eight times in the last five years.//  move to/into/from//  --When are you moving to Memphis?//  --They’ve moved into bigger offices in London.//  move sb to/into/from etc sth//  --He had to move his mother into a nursing home.//  --The company is moving its sales center downtown.//  move house/home  BrE  (=go to live in a different house) //  --My parents kept moving house because of my dad’s job.//\n  3 CHANGE OPINION ETC:  a)  [I] to change from one opinion or way of thinking to another//   shift//  --Neither side is willing to move on the issue of territory.//  move towards/away from//  --The two political parties have moved closer towards each other in recent months.//  --At this stage, children move further away from the influence of their parents, and depend more on their friends.//  b)  [T] to persuade someone to change their opinion//  --She won’t be moved - it doesn’t matter what you say to her.//\n  4 PROGRESS:   [I] to make progress in a particular way or at a particular rate//  --Things moved quickly once the contract was signed.//  --The negotiations seem to be moving in the right direction.//  get/keep things moving //  --The plan should boost employment and get things moving in the economy.//\n  5 TAKE ACTION:   [I] to start taking action, especially in order to achieve something or deal with a problem//  move on/against//  --The governor has yet to move on any of the recommendations in the report.//  move fast/quickly/swiftly //  --You’ll have to move fast if you want to get a place on the course.//\n  6 CHANGE JOB/CLASS ETC:   [I and T] to change to a different job, class etc, or to make someone change to a different job, class etc//   transfer//  move sb to/into/from sth//  --Several students were moved from the beginners’ class into the intermediate one.//  --He spent five years at KLP, before moving to IMed as a manager.//\n  7 EMOTION:   [T] to make someone feel strong emotions, especially of sadness or sympathy//  be deeply/genuinely/profoundly moved //  --Russell was deeply moved by what he heard.//  --His speech moved the audience to tears .//    moving(1)//\n  8 CAUSE SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING:   [T] to cause someone to do something//  move sb to do sth//  --Seeing her there had moved him to think about the time they had together.//  be/feel moved to do sth//  --I have never before felt moved to write, but I feel I must protest.//\n  9 TIME/ORDER:   [T] to change the time or order of something//  move sth to/from sth//  --Could we move the meeting to Thursday?//\n  10 CHANGE SUBJECT:   [I] to start talking or writing about a different subject//  move away from/off/to etc//  --We seem to be moving away from the main point of the discussion.//    move on(4)//\n  11  get moving:   also move it //   spoken used to tell someone to hurry//  --Come on, get moving or you’ll be late for school.//\n  12  it’s time I was moving/we ought to get moving etc:   spoken used to say that you need to leave or go somewhere//  --I think it’s time we were moving.//  --I ought to get moving - I have to be up early tomorrow.//\n  13 GAMES:   [I and T] to change the position of one of the objects used to play a game such as chess//\n  14 AT A MEETING:   [I and T]  formal to officially make a proposal at a meeting//  move that//  --The chairman moves that the meeting be adjourned.//  move to do sth//  --I move to approve the minutes as read.//  move an amendment  BrE  (=suggest a change) //  --They want to move an amendment to the bill.//\n  15 GO FAST:   [I]  informal to travel very fast//  --This car can really move!//\n  16 BE BOUGHT:   [I] if things of a particular kind are moving, they are being bought, especially at a particular rate//  --The highest-priced homes are still moving slowly.//\n  17  move with the times:  to change the way you think and behave, as society changes//  --If the resorts want to keep attracting tourists, they need to move with the times.//\n  18  move in ... circles/society/world:  to spend a lot of time with a particular type of people and know them well//  --She spent time in England, where she moved in high society.//    move the goalposts at goalpost(2),  move in for the kill at kill2 (2),  move heaven and earth at heaven(9),  when the spirit moves you at spirit1 (15)//  move along phr v//\n  1 if a process or situation is moving along, or if you move it along, it continues and makes progress:  --Construction of the bridge is moving along.//  move sth along//  --I hope we can move things along and get the negotiations going again.//\n  2  move sb →along:  to officially order someone to leave a public place//  --A queue formed by the gates, and a policeman tried to move people along.//  move around phr v//  to change where you live very frequently, especially so that you live in many different parts of a country//  --My dad was in the army, so we moved around a lot.//  move away phr v//  to go to live in a different area//  --My best friend moved away when I was ten.//  move down () [move down (sth)] phr v//  to change to a lower group, rank, or level//  --Interest rates have moved down.//  --A drop in wages has meant that these families have moved down the social and economic scale.//  move in phr v//\n  1  also move into sth :  to start living in a new home//  → move out//  --When are you moving in?//  --Mom and Dad had always planned to move into a smaller house when we grew up.//\n  2 to start living with someone in the same home:  move in with//  --Steve’s going to move in with her.//\n  3 to start being involved in and controlling a situation that someone else controlled previously:  --The big multinationals moved in and started pushing up prices.//  move in on//  --Investors moved in on a group of car enthusiasts and took over the market.//\n  4 to go towards a place or group of people, in order to attack them or take control of them:  move in on//  --Police moved in on the demonstrators in the square.//  move off phr v//  if a vehicle or group of people moves off, it starts to leave//  --Always check behind the car before you move off.//  move on phr v//\n  1 CHANGE JOB/CLASS:  to leave your present job, class, or activity and start doing another one//  --I enjoyed my job, but it was time to move on.//  move on to//  --When you finish, move on to the next exercise.//  move on to higher/better things (=get a better job or social position - used humorously) //  --Jeremy’s leaving the company to move on to higher things.//\n  2 CHANGE/DEVELOP:  a) to develop in your life, and change your relationships, interests, activities etc//  --I’ve moved on since high school, and now I don’t have much in common with some of my old friends.//  move on from//  --She has long since moved on from the roles of her youth.//  b) to change, progress, improve, or become more modern as time passes//  --By the time the software was ready, the market had moved on.//\n  3  move sb on:   BrE to order someone to leave a particular place - used especially about police//  --The police arrived on the scene and began moving the protesters on.//\n  4 CHANGE SUBJECT:  to start talking about a new subject in a discussion, book etc//  --Before we move on, does anyone have any questions?//\n  5 CONTINUE JOURNEY:  to leave the place where you have been staying and continue to another place//  --After three days we decided it was time to move on.//  move on to//  --The exhibition has now moved on to Edinburgh.//\n  6 TIME:  if time, the year etc moves on, the time passes//  --As time moves on, I’d like the children to play more challenging music.//\n  7  time is moving on:   BrE  spoken used to say that you must leave soon or do something soon, because it is getting late//  --Time’s moving on - we’d better get back to the car.//  move out phr v//\n  1 to leave the house where you are living now in order to go and live somewhere else:  → move in//  --He moved out, and a year later they were divorced.//  move out of//  --They moved out of London when he was little.//\n  2 if a group of soldiers moves out, they leave a place:\n  3  AmE  spoken to leave:  --Are you ready to move out?//  move over phr v//\n  1 to change position so that there is more space for someone else:  --Move over a little, so I can get in.//\n  2 to start using a different system, doing a different type of work etc:  move over to//  --Most companies have moved over to computer-aided design systems.//\n  3 to change jobs, especially within the same organization or industry:  move over from//  --The company’s new publisher just moved over from Villard Books.//\n  4  move over Madonna/Walt Disney/CD-ROMs etc:  used when saying that something new is becoming more popular than something older - used humorously//  --Move over, Armani, there’s a new designer taking the fashion scene by storm.//  move up phr v//\n  1 to get a better job in a company, or change to a more advanced group, higher rank, or higher level:  --To move up, you’ll need the right training.//  --Share prices moved up this month.//  move up to//  --The kids learn fast, and can’t wait to move up to the junior team.//  --He was moving up the ladder  (=getting higher and higher positions) , getting experience of command.//  --He’s moved up in the world  (=got a better job or social position) in the last few years, and his new flat shows it.//\n  2  especially BrE to change position in order to make more space for other people or things or be near someone else:  --There’s room for one more if everyone moves up a bit.//\nmove 2 W1S2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 decision/action:\n   2 movement:\n   3 progress/change:\n   4 be on the move:\n   5 get a move on:\n   6 make the first move:\n   7 games:\n   8 make a move:\n   9 going to a new place:  ----------//\n  1 DECISION/ACTION:  something that you decide to do in order to achieve something//  --She’s still thinking about her next move .//  move to do sth//  --the Board’s recent moves to cut interest rates//  --Most of the council members are reluctant to make such a drastic move .//  --The authorities have made no move to resolve the conflict.//  a good/wise/smart etc move //  --She decided to learn as much about it as she could, which seemed like a wise move.//  --Taking the position was a good career move  (=a decision that will improve the type of jobs you can do) .//  there are moves afoot (to do sth)  BrE  (=there are plans, especially secret ones) //  --It seems there could be moves afoot to close the centre.//\n  2 MOVEMENT:   [usually singular] when someone moves for a short time in a particular direction//  --Good gymnasts rehearse their moves mentally before a competition.//  --He made no move to come any nearer.//  --Martin made a move towards the door.//  watch/follow sb’s every move //  --His green eyes followed Cissy’s every move.//  --One false move  (=move in the wrong direction) and I’ll shoot.//\n  3 PROGRESS/CHANGE:  a change, especially one which improves a situation//  move towards/from/against/to//  --the country’s move towards democracy//  --a move away from traditional industries such as coal mining//  --Much more research is being done, which is a move in the right direction .//\n  4  be on the move:  a) to be travelling from one place to another//  --The rebel army is on the move.//  b) to be busy and active//  --Roy is constantly on the move.//  c) to be changing and developing a lot, especially in a way that improves things//  --Museums are on the move, adding exhibits that entertain and educate.//\n  5  get a move on:   spoken used to tell someone to hurry//\n  6  make the first move:  to do something first, especially in order to end a quarrel or start a relationship//  --Men say they like it when women make the first move.//\n  7 GAMES:  when you change the position of one of the objects in a game such as chess//  --Several moves later, Ron took his king.//  --It’s your move, Janet (=it is your turn to move an object) .//\n  8  make a move:   BrE  informal to leave a place//  --It’s getting late - we ought to make a move.//\n  9 GOING TO A NEW PLACE:   [usually singular] when you leave one house, office etc, and go to live or work in a different one//  --The move to a larger office building is long overdue.//


Words: movement
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 people working together:\n   2 position/place:\n   3 change/development:\n   4 somebody’s movements:\n   5 music:\n   6 clock/watch:\n   7 body waste:  ----------//\n  1 PEOPLE WORKING TOGETHER:   [C] a group of people who share the same ideas or beliefs and who work together to achieve a particular aim//  civil rights/feminist/peace etc movement //  --the civil rights movement of the 1960s//  movement to do sth//  --Mendes led a movement to stop destruction of the rain forest.//  movement for//  --the movement for independence//\n  2 POSITION/PLACE:   [U and C] //  a) when someone or something changes position or moves from one place to another//  --the dancer’s graceful movements//  movement of//  --A slight movement of the curtains showed where she was hiding.//  --the movement of goods across the border//  --He motioned to the door with a movement of his head.//  b) a planned change in the position of a group of soldiers//  --reports of troop movements in the area//\n  3 CHANGE/DEVELOPMENT:   [U] a gradual change or development in a situation or in people’s attitudes or opinions//  --There’s been no movement in the peace talks since Thursday.//  movement towards/away from//  --a movement towards equality with men in the workplace//\n  4  sb’s movements:  the places where someone goes and the things they do during a certain period//  --Police are trying to trace Carter’s movements since Tuesday.//\n  5 MUSIC:   [C] one of the main parts into which a piece of music is divided, especially a symphony//\n  6 CLOCK/WATCH:   [C usually singular] the moving parts of a piece of machinery, especially a clock or watch//\n  7 BODY WASTE:   [C]  formal when you get rid of waste matter from your bowels//


Words: mover
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  mover and shaker:   informal an important person who has power and influence over what happens in a situation//  --He’s one of the movers and shakers in Florida politics.//\n  2 someone or something that moves in a particular way:  --Hummingbirds are quick movers.//\n  3  especially AmE someone whose job is to move furniture, boxes etc from one house to another when someone changes where they live:\n  4 something that moves things from one place to another:  --an earth mover//\n  5 a stock or share that people are buying and selling a lot of:\n  6 someone who makes a formal proposal at a meeting:  --the mover of the motion//    prime mover//


Words: movie
Meaning:
n [C]  especially AmE \n  1 a film made to be shown at the cinema or on television:  --Do you want to  see a movie  tonight?//  --Maybe we’ll  go to a movie .//  --It was like one of those old John Wayne movies.//  --She  starred  with Humphrey Bogart  in the movie  ’Casablanca’.//  --They don’t  make movies  like that any more.//  --The  movie was  shot  entirely on location in India.//  --Many people were shocked when the  movie was first  shown .//  --She once played the innocent victim in a  horror movie .//  --Spielberg’s latest  hit movie //  movie about//  --a movie about two gay teenagers who fall in love//  --a big Hollywood  movie star //\n  2  the movies:  a) the cinema//  --We took the kids to the movies .//  --In those days, we went to the movies every week.//  at the movies//  --Why were you at the movies all by yourself?//  b) films in general, and the events in them//  in (the) movies//  --He couldn’t believe his luck. It was the sort of thing that only happened in the movies.//  c) the business of producing films//  --a career in the movies//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  watch/see a movie //  go to a movie  also take in a movie  informal //  appear in/be in/star in a movie //  make/shoot a movie //  show/screen a movie //  horror/action/sci-fi etc movie //  silent movie //  big-budget/low-budget movie //  hit movie (=very successful movie) //  movie star  (=a famous movie actor) //  movie director/producer //  ----------//


Words: moviegoer
Meaning:
n [C]  especially AmE   someone who goes to see films at the cinema, especially regularly//  British Equivalent:  cinemagoer//


Words: moving
Meaning:
adj \n  1 making you feel strong emotions, especially sadness or sympathy:  deeply/very/profoundly moving //  --Bayman’s book about his illness is deeply moving.//  moving account/story etc //  --a moving account of his childhood in Ireland//  --Attending the memorial service was a moving experience .//\n  2 [only before noun] changing from one position to another:  --a moving stage//  fast/slow moving etc //  --Be careful when changing lanes in fast-moving traffic.//  --an archer learning to hit a moving target //\n  3  a moving target:  something that is changing continuously, so that it is very difficult to criticize it or compete against it//  --The company is constantly improving the system, making it a moving target.//\n  4  the moving spirit:   formal someone who makes something start to happen//  --Mr Arkwright was the moving spirit behind the founding of the union.//  -- movingly adv //  --She spoke movingly about her father’s last days.//


Words: moving van
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a large vehicle used for moving furniture from one house to another//  British Equivalent:  removal van//


Words: mow
Meaning:
v   past tense  mowed past participle  mown /m[hA353][hA35E]n $ mo[hA35E]n/ [I and T] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: mawan]//\n  1 to cut grass using a machine:  --It’s time to mow the lawn again.//\n  2  new-mown hay/grass etc:  recently cut grass etc//  mow down [mow sb → down] phr v//\n  1 to kill large numbers of people at the same time, especially by shooting them:  --The soldiers were mown down by machine gun fire.//\n  2 to kill someone by driving into them fast:  --He was sentenced to two years in prison for mowing down a nine-year old girl.//


Words: Mowgli
Meaning:
a character in  The Jungle Book (1894-95), by Rudyard  Kipling, who is lost in the  jungle (=a tropical forest)  as a small boy and is cared for and taught by the animals in the jungle//


Words: moxie
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Moxie, a trademark for a type of drink]//  courage and determination//  --He’s a small kid, but he has plenty of moxie.//


Words: Mozambique
Meaning:
a country in southeast Africa, between Tanzania and South Africa. Population: 19,371,000 (2001). Capital: Maputo.//  -- Mozambiquean n  adj //


Words: Mozart
Meaning:
Wolfgang Amadeus   (1756-91) an Austrian  composer, one of the most famous and admired  classical musicians who ever lived. His many works include 41  symphonies, 27 piano  concertos, and some of the most famous  operas ever written, including  Don Giovanni and  The Magic Flute.//


Words: mozzarella
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Italian; Origin: mozzare  ’to cut off’]//  a white Italian cheese that is often used on pizza//


Words: MP
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 Member of Parliament someone who has been elected to a parliament to represent people from a particular area of the country:  --Ken Newton, MP//  --a Labour MP//  MP for//  --She’s the MP for Liverpool North.//\n  2  informal a member of the military police:


Words: MP3 player
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine or computer program that plays music which has been downloaded from the Internet//


Words: MPAA
Meaning:
the   the Motion Picture Association of America a US organization whose job is to watch new films and decide whether children or young people will be allowed to see them. Each film is given a  rating, which shows for example that a film can be shown to anyone (G), or can be seen by children if an adult goes with them (PG). A film that has an ’X’ rating probably has a lot of sex and violence in it, so can only be seen by people who are at least 18 years old. There is a similar organization in the UK called the  British Board of Film Classification.//


Words: MPEG
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   Moving Picture Experts Group a type of computer file used on the Internet that contains sound and video material//    JPEG//


Words: mpg
Meaning:
miles per gallon used to describe the amount of petrol used by a car//  do 30/40 etc mpg  BrE; //  get 30/40 etc mpg  AmE //  --a car that does 35 mpg//


Words: mph
Meaning:
miles per hour used to describe the speed of something, especially a vehicle or the wind//  --high winds of up to 140 mph//


Words: MPhil
Meaning:
M.Phil./em f[hA366]l/ n [C]  BrE   Master of Philosophy a university degree in a subject such as history, languages, or English literature, that you can get after your first degree//    PhD//


Words: MPV
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   multi-purpose vehicle a large car for up to eight people//  American Equivalent:  minivan//


Words: Mr
Meaning:
BrE  Mr. AmE  \n  1 used before a man’s family name to be polite when you are speaking to him, writing to him, or talking about him:  --Mr Smith is the headteacher.//  --Mr. John Smith//  --Mr and Mrs Smith//\n  2 used when speaking to a man in an official position:  --Mr Chairman//  --Mr. President//    madam(3)//\n  3  Mr Right:  a man who would be the perfect husband for a particular woman//  --She’s finally found Mr. Right.//\n  4  Mr Big:   informal the leader or most important person in a group, especially a criminal group//\n  5  Mr Clean:   informal someone who is honest and always obeys the law//\n  6  Mr Sarcasm/Mr Messy/Mr Forgetful etc:   spoken used humorously to say that someone has a particular quality or behaves in a particular way//  --I don’t think we need any comments from Mr Sarcasm here.//    no more Mr Nice Guy! at guy(5)//


Words: Mr Universe
Meaning:
a US competition in which men from many different countries who are  bodybuilders (=people who exercise to develop big muscles)  compete to be judged the most physically attractive and to win the title ’Mr Universe’//


Words: MRI
Meaning:
n  medical \n  1 [U]  magnetic resonance imaging the process of using strong magnetic fields to make a picture of the inside of someone’s body for medical reasons:    CTscan, X-ray//\n  2 [C] a picture of the inside of someone’s body produced with MRI equipment:  --Brian had an MRI taken Sunday.//


Words: Mrs
Meaning:
BrE  Mrs. AmE  \n  1 used before a married woman’s family name to be polite when you are speaking to her, writing to her, or talking about her:    miss, Mrs//  --Mrs. Smith//  --Mrs Meddeman heads the fund-raising committee.//  --Mr and Mrs David Smith//\n  2  Mrs Tidy/Mrs Efficient/Mrs Nosy etc:   spoken used humorously to say that a woman has a particular quality or behaves in a particular way//  --Mrs Superefficient has already taken care of it.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Some married women prefer to be addressed as  Ms because it does not draw attention to whether or not they are married. See also:  Mr//  ----------//


Words: MS
Meaning:
n [U]   multiple sclerosis a serious illness that gradually destroys the nerves, causing weakness and inability to move//


Words: Ms
Meaning:
BrE  Ms. AmE    used before a woman’s family name when she does not want to be called ’Mrs’ or ’Miss’, or when you do not know whether she is married or not//    miss, Mrs//  --Dear Ms Johnson, ...//


Words: Ms.
Meaning:
trademark   a US magazine for women, started by the  feminist writer Gloria  Steinem//\nMS 2   the written abbreviation for Mississippi//


Words: MSG
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U]  monosodium glutamate a chemical that is added to food to make it taste better:\n  2  also  msg:   [C]  message used especially in text messages sent or received on a mobile phone//


Words: MTV
Meaning:
trademark   Music Television a US television company whose programmes are shown around the world. It broadcasts popular music and  videos of the singers or groups performing it.//


Words: much
Meaning:
adv \n  1 by a great amount:  much better/greater/easier etc //  --Henry’s room is much bigger than mine.//  --These shoes are much more comfortable.//  --I’m feeling very much better, thank you.//  much too big/old etc //  --He was driving much too fast.//  much the best/most interesting etc  BrE //  --It’s much the best way to do it.//\n  2 :  a) used to ask or talk about the degree of a difference//  how much older/smaller etc //  --She kept weighing herself to see how much heavier she was getting.//  b) used to ask or talk about how big an additional amount of something is//  how much more/longer/further //  --How much longer do we have to wait?//  --How much further is it?//  c) used to emphasize the difference you are mentioning//  how much better/nicer/easier etc //  --I was surprised to see how much better she was looking.//  --How much better life would be if we returned to the values of the past!//\n  3 used to talk about a strong feeling or something that is done often:  how/however much //  --You know how much I care about you.//  --I think you have to accept the pain, however much it hurts.//  --He talks too much .//  --We’re looking forward to your visit so much .//  --Thank you very much !//  much loved/admired/discussed etc //  --The money will buy much needed books for the school.//\n  4  not ... much:  a) only a little or hardly at all//  --’Did you enjoy it?’ ’No, not much.’//  --She isn’t much younger than me.//  --Tony hasn’t changed much in the last ten years.//  b) used to say that something does not often happen//  --We don’t go to the theatre much any more.//  --Kids don’t play outside as much as they used to.//    little3 (2)//\n  5  much like sth/much as:   also much the same (as sth) //  used to say that something is very similar to something else//  --The house was very much as I’d remembered it.//  --The taste is much like butter.//  --Plants are classified in much the same way as animals.//\n  6  much to sb’s surprise/embarrassment etc:   formal used to say that someone feels very surprised, embarrassed etc when something happens//  --Much to my relief, the conversation turned to another topic.//\n  7  much less:  used to say that a greater thing is even less true, likely, or possible than the thing you have just mentioned//  --The shelves were lined with books which neither Hugo nor Sally would ever open, much less read.//\n  8  much as:  although//  --Much as I like Bob, I wouldn’t want to live with him.//\n  9  not so much...as...:  used to say that one description of someone or something is less suitable or correct than another//  --She was not so much nervous as impatient for the journey to be over.//    so much the better at better3 (2)//\nmuch 2 determiner, pron \n  1 [in informal English ’much’ is used mainly in questions and negatives] a large amount of something:  --I don’t have much money with me.//  --Was there much traffic?//  --He didn’t say much about his trip.//  --Do you get much chance to travel in your job?//  --After much consideration we have finally arrived at a decision.//  much of//  --Much of the city was destroyed in the attack.//  (far/much/rather/a little) too much //  --There was too much work for one person.//  --It would cost far too much to have the thing repaired.//  --It was such a small thing to have caused so much trouble.//\n  2  how much:  used to ask or talk about the amount or cost of something//  --How much is that dress?//  --How much flour should I use in the sauce?//  --I know how much hard work goes into looking after a baby.//\n  3  as much:  an amount that is equal and not less//  as much (...) as//  --I hope you have as much fun as I did.//  --Just do as much as you can.//\n  4  as much as 10/100 etc:  used to emphasize how surprisingly large an amount is//  --Some machines cost as much as [hA124]20,000.//\n  5 used in negative expressions to say that something is not important, interesting, good etc:  not/nothing much //  --’What are you doing?’ ’Oh, not much, really.’//  --There’s nothing much we can do to help.//  --I don’t think much of that idea (=I do not think it is good) .//  --The car may not be much to look at  (=it does not look good) but it’s very reliable.//  --It’s the best book he’s written, but that’s not saying much  (=none of his books are very good) .//\n  6  not be much of a sth:  to not be a good example of something or not be very good at something//  --I’m not much of a dancer, I’m afraid.//  --It wasn’t really much of a storm.//\n  7  be too much for sb:  to be too difficult for someone to do or bear//  --The effort of climbing the stairs had been too much for the old man.//  --The shock had been too much for her - she never recovered.//\n  8  not be up to much:   BrE  spoken to be fairly bad//  --The restaurant’s very grand but the food isn’t up to much.//\n  9  there is not much in it:   informal used to say that there is little difference between two things or amounts//  --’Isn’t the woollen carpet more expensive?’ ’A little, perhaps, but there’s not much in it.’//\n  10  think/say etc as much:  to think or say the thing that has just been mentioned//  --Carson strongly disapproved of the plan and said as much at the meeting.//  --’Max was lying all the time.’ ’ I thought as much.’//\n  11  it was as much as sb could do to do sth:  used to say that someone only succeeded in doing something with great difficulty//  --He looked so stupid, it was as much as I could do to stop myself from laughing.//\n  12  not/without so much as sth:  used when you are surprised or annoyed that someone did not do something//  --They left without so much as saying goodbye.//  --He’d received not so much as a thank you from Tiffany.//\n  13  so much for sth:  used to say that a particular action, idea, statement etc was not useful or did not produce the result that was hoped for//  --He’s late again. So much for good intentions.//\n  14  I’ll say this/that much for sb/sth:  used when saying one good thing about someone or something when they are being criticized a lot//  --Well, he does admit it when he’s wrong, I’ll say that much for him.//\n  15  as much again:  an additional amount that is equal//  --The car only cost me [hA124]1500 but it cost as much again to get it insured.//\n  16  be a bit much/be too much:   BrE  spoken used to say that someone’s behaviour is unacceptable or impolite//  --It’s a bit much expecting you to pay for it all.//\n  17  make much of sb/sth:   formal to treat a person or thing as though you think they are very important or special//  --The press made much of the discovery.//  --They’ve always made much of their nephews and nieces.//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  When  much  is a quantifier, it is used mainly in questions and negative sentences : Was there much mess?| I don’t have much time. In sentences which are not questions or negative sentences, phrases like ’a lot of’ and ’plenty of’ are used instead| Kurama has a lot of snow (NOT Kurama has much snow). //  Much  can also be used after  too ,  so , and  as : We’ve wasted too much time. |  She cried so much her head ached. |  Drink as much wine as you want. //  !!  Do not use  much  before countable nouns. Use  many  or  a lot of : There are too many advertisements on television (NOT There are too much advertisements on television). //  When  much is an adverb, it is mainly used before comparative adjectives : He looks much older than 35. |  Some people are much more fortunate than others. //  Much  can also be used before some adjectives in questions and negative questions  : She doesn’t look much different with her new hairstyle. //  !!  Do not use  much  before adjectives in sentences that are not questions or negative sentences. Use  very : Tea and coffee taste very different (NOT Tea and coffee taste much different). //  Much  can also be used before some past participles acting as adjectives : Education is a much discussed government service. |  a much admired writer   This use is mainly found in formal and literary English. //  ----------//


Words: Much Ado About Nothing
Meaning:
a humorous play by William  Shakespeare. People sometimes use the title as a phrase to describe a situation in which there has been a lot of excitement about something that is not really important.//


Words: much-heralded
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a much-heralded event, product etc has been talked about a lot before it happens or becomes available//  --Ford’s much-heralded new sports car//


Words: much-vaunted
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a much-vaunted plan, achievement etc is one that people say is very good or important, especially when this may not be true//  --the president’s much-vaunted health care plan//


Words: muchness
Meaning:
n   be much of a muchness//   BrE  informal to be very similar in standard, quality etc//  --It was hard to choose between the candidates - they were all much of a muchness.//


Words: muck
Meaning:
n [U]  informal   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 dirt, mud, or another sticky substance that makes something dirty:  --Come on, let’s wipe that muck off your face.//\n  2  BrE waste matter from animals, sometimes put on land to make plants grow better:   manure//  --special machinery for spreading muck onto the fields//  --dog muck//\n  3  BrE something that is unpleasant or of very bad quality:  --How can you eat that muck? It looks disgusting.//  --I’m not surprised she left. He treated her like muck  (=very badly) .//\n  4  make a muck of sth:   BrE  informal to do something very badly and make a lot of mistakes//   muck up//  --I really made a muck of the exam.//\n  5  as common as muck:   BrE  informal very common or of a low social class//\nmuck 2 v   muck about/around phr v//\n  1 to behave in a silly way, especially when you should be working or paying attention to something:   mess around//  --Stop mucking about and listen!//  --Some of the boys were mucking around on bikes in the middle of the road.//\n  2  muck sb about/around:  to cause trouble for someone, especially by changing your mind a lot or not doing what you promised to do//   mess somebody around//  --The company kept mucking us around and changing the price.//  muck in phr v//\n  1 to do your share of the work that is necessary in order to get a job done:  --If we all muck in, we could get the whole house painted by the end of the week.//\n  2 to share space with other people:  muck in with//  --There are only three bedrooms. Do you mind mucking in with the other boys?//  muck out [muck sth → out] phr v//  to clean the place where a farm animal lives//  --You have to muck out the stables every day in the winter.//  muck up [muck sth → up] phr v//\n  1  BrE to do something badly, so that you fail to achieve something:   mess up//  --I really mucked up my driving test first time.//\n  2 to spoil something, especially an arrangement or plan:   mess up//  --The bad weather mucked up our plans for a picnic.//\n  3  BrE to make something dirty:   mess up//  --Who’s mucked up the carpet in here?//


Words: muckraking
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice of telling or writing unpleasant and perhaps untrue stories about people’s private lives, especially famous people//  --Two of the candidates complained of unfair muckraking during the election campaign.//  -- muckraking adj //  -- muckraker n  [C] //


Words: mucky
Meaning:
adj  informal \n  1 dirty:  --Your hands are all mucky.//  --Don’t come in here with those mucky boots on.//\n  2  BrE a mucky joke or story etc is slightly rude and about sex:   dirty//


Words: mucous membrane
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: mucosus, from  mucus;   MUCUS]//  the thin layer of skin that covers some inner parts of the body, such as the inside of the nose, and produces mucus//


Words: mucus
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin]//  a thick liquid produced in parts of your body such as your nose//  -- mucous adj  [only before noun] //


Words: mud
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Middle Low German mudde]//\n  1 wet earth that has become soft and sticky:  --By the end of the game, all the kids were covered in mud.//  --The path beside the river was slippery with mud.//  --Many villages in Mali consist of mud huts.//  --boots caked with mud  (=covered in mud) //  --It was impossible to move the car - its wheels had got stuck in the mud.//\n  2  here’s mud in your eye:   spoken  old-fashioned used for expressing good wishes when having an alcoholic drink with someone//  British Equivalent:  cheers//    as clear as mud at clear1 (18),  drag sb’s name through the mud at drag1 (10),  sb’s name is mud at name1 (15)//


Words: mud pie
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a little ball of wet mud made by children as a game:\n  2  AmE a dessert made of ice cream and chocolate:


Words: mudbath
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular] a large area of mud:  --Thousands of young people arriving for the festival soon turned the fields into a mudbath.//\n  2 [C] a health treatment in which heated mud is put onto your body, especially to reduce pain:


Words: muddle
Meaning:
n \n  1  be in a muddle/get into a muddle:   BrE //  a) to be confused//  --I’m in such a muddle, I’d completely forgotten you were coming today.//  be in a muddle/get into a muddle over/about//  --My grandmother tends to get into a muddle over names.//  b) to be untidy or in a disorganized state//  --Sorry about the mess - we’re in a bit of a muddle at the moment.//  --All my files have got into a muddle somehow.//\n  2 [C usually singular, U] when there is confusion about something, and things are done wrong as a result:  --Our accountant finally managed to sort out the muddle.//  muddle over/about//  --There was a bit of a muddle over our hotel reservations.//\nmuddle 2  also muddle up  v [T]  especially BrE   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from early  Dutch moddelen  ’to make muddy’, from  Middle Dutch modde  ’mud’]//\n  1 to put things in the wrong order:  --Someone’s muddled up all the papers on my desk.//  --Recently the government seems to have lost its way and muddled its priorities.//\n  2 to confuse one person or thing with another, and make a mistake:   mix up//  --The twins are so alike that it’s easy to muddle them up.//  --Spanish and Italian are very similar and I sometimes get them muddled up .//  muddle sth with sth//  --Be careful not to muddle the files you’ve already worked on with the others.//\n  3 to confuse someone, especially so that they make a mistake:  --Don’t muddle her with all the extra details at the moment.//  --Could you just repeat those figures - I’ve got a bit muddled up .//  muddle along/on phr v//  to continue doing something without having any clear plan or purpose, or without having enough help or support//  --There’s no point in muddling on in the same old job for ever.//  --Many of the students complained that they were left to muddle along on their own.//  muddle through () [muddle through (sth)] phr v//  to succeed in doing something with difficulty, or not in a very satisfactory way//  --There were some difficult questions but I managed to muddle through.//  --The team managed to muddle through another season.//


Words: muddy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 covered with mud or containing mud:  --Take your boots off outside if they’re muddy.//  --the muddy waters of the lake//\n  2 confused and not clear:  --On the issue of education, the difference between the two parties is muddy.//\n  3 colours that are muddy are dull:  --The carpet was an unpleasant muddy brown.//\n  4 sounds that are muddy are not clear:\nmuddy 2   past tense and past participle  muddied present participle  muddying third person singular  muddies  v [T] //\n  1 to make something dirty with mud:  --Lizzy walked around the edge of the field, taking care not to muddy her new shoes.//\n  2  muddy the waters/the issue:  to make a situation more complicated or confusing than it was before - used to show disapproval//


Words: mudflap
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of rubber that hangs behind the wheel of a vehicle to prevent mud from getting on the vehicle//


Words: mudflat
Meaning:
n [C usually plural] \n  1 an area of muddy land that is covered by the sea when it comes up at high tide and uncovered when it goes down at low tide:\n  2  AmE the muddy bottom of a dry lake:


Words: mudguard
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a curved piece of metal or plastic that covers the wheel of a bicycle and prevents mud from getting on the bicycle and rider//  American Equivalent:  fender//


Words: mudpack
Meaning:
n [C]   a soft mixture containing clay that you spread over your face and leave there for a short time to improve your skin//


Words: mudslide
Meaning:
n [C]   when a lot of wet earth suddenly falls down the side of a hill//  --Torrential rains caused a massive mudslide.//


Words: mudslinging
Meaning:
n [U]   when someone says bad and often untrue things about someone in order to make other people have a low opinion of them//  --There has been a lot of political mudslinging in the battle for votes.//  -- mudslinger n  [C] //


Words: muesli
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Swiss German; Origin: German mus  ’soft food’]//  a mixture of grains, nuts, and dried fruit that is eaten with milk for breakfast//  American Equivalent:  granola//


Words: muezzin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Arabic; Origin: mu’adhdhin]//  a man who calls Muslims to prayer from a mosque//


Words: muff
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Dutch; Origin: mof, from  Medieval Latin moffula  ’glove’]//  a short tube of thick cloth or fur that you can put your hands into to keep them warm in cold weather//    earmuffs//\nmuff 2 v [T]  informal \n  1  also muff sth → up :  to spoil a chance to do something well or achieve something//  --You’ll probably only get one chance to take a photo, so don’t muff it!//\n  2 to fail to catch a ball or kick it properly in a game or sport:  --With only the goalkeeper to beat, he completely muffed his shot.//\n  3  muff your lines:   BrE if you muff your lines in a play you are acting in, you forget them or say them wrongly//


Words: muffin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Probably from  Low German muffen  ’cakes’]//\n  1 a small, usually sweet cake that sometimes has small pieces of fruit in it:  --blueberry muffins//\n  2  BrE a small thick round kind of bread, usually eaten hot with butter:  American Equivalent:  English muffin//


Words: muffle
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French moufle  ’glove’, from  Medieval Latin moffula;   MUFF1]//\n  1 to make a sound less loud and clear, especially by covering something:  --The falling snow muffled the sound of our footsteps.//  --Her voice was muffled by the pillow in which she had hidden her face.//\n  2  also muffle sb up :   [usually passive] to cover yourself or another person with something thick and warm//  be muffled (up) in sth//  --Penelope arrived, muffled up in a thick coat.//


Words: muffled
Meaning:
adj   muffled sounds cannot be heard clearly, for example because they come from behind a door or wall//  --I could hear muffled voices in the next room.//  --There was the muffled sound of organ practice coming from the chapel.//


Words: muffler
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a long piece of thick cloth that you wear to keep your neck warm:   scarf//\n  2  AmE a piece of equipment on a vehicle that makes the noise from the engine quieter:  British Equivalent:  silencer//


Words: mufti
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Arabic]//\n  1 [C] a Muslim who officially explains Islamic law:\n  2  in mufti:   BrE  old-fashioned wearing ordinary clothes instead of a uniform//  --soldiers in mufti//


Words: mug
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 a tall cup used for drinking tea, coffee etc:  --a coffee mug//\n  2 a large glass with a handle, used especially for drinking beer:  --a beer mug//\n  3  mug/mugful of sth:  a mug and the liquid inside it//  --Two mugs of tea, please.//\n  4  BrE  spoken  informal someone who is stupid and easy to deceive:  --Only a mug would pay that much for a meal.//\n  5  be a mug’s game:   BrE  spoken to be something that only stupid people do because it is not likely to be successful or to bring you money//  --Gambling is a mug’s game.//\n  6  spoken  informal a face:  --Something scared him. Probably your ugly mug !//\nmug 2 v   past tense and past participle  mugged present participle  mugging //\n  1 [T] to attack someone and rob them in a public place:  --A lot of people won’t go out alone at night because they’re afraid of being mugged.//\n  2 [I]  AmE  informal to make silly expressions with your face or behave in a silly way, especially for a photograph or in a play:  mug for//  --All the kids were mugging for the camera.//  mug up phr v//   informal to try to learn something in a short time, especially for an examination//   swot up//  mug up on//  --Jeannie can’t come. She’s busy mugging up on science for her exam.//  mug sth → up//  --Mug up as much as you can about the country before your trip.//


Words: mugging
Meaning:
n [U and C]   an attack on someone in which they are robbed in a public place//  --Crime is on the increase, especially mugging and burglary.//  --Dudley was the victim of a violent mugging.//


Words: muggins
Meaning:
n  BrE  spoken  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from the name  Muggins, linked with   MUG1 4]//  used humorously to mean yourself, when you feel stupid because you have let other people treat you unfairly//  --Everyone disappeared after supper, leaving muggins here to do the washing-up.//


Words: muggy
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: mug  ’light rain’ (1700-1800), probably from a  Scandinavian language]//   informal muggy weather is unpleasantly warm and the air seems wet//   humid//


Words: mugshot
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   a photograph of someone’s face, especially a criminal’s, or one taken for official purposes//  --I was shocked to see his mugshot on the front page of the paper.//


Words: Muhammad
Meaning:
also  Mohammed  (?570-632) an Arab holy man, born in  Mecca, who started the religion of Islam and is its most important  prophet (=someone who has been sent by God to lead people and teach them) . The things that God told him were later written down to form the holy book called the  Koran. When Muslim people mention Muhammad’s name, they usually add the words "peace be upon him" in order to show their respect.//\n Elijah   (1897-1975) a US black man who was the leader of the  Black Muslims from the late 1930s until his death//


Words: mujaheddin
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Arabic; Origin: mujahadah  ’fighting, making a great effort’]//  Muslim soldiers with strong religious beliefs//


Words: mukluks
Meaning:
n [plural]  AmE   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Yupik  maklak type of large seal]//  boots with a thick bottom, made of animal skin and used for walking in snow//


Words: mulatto
Meaning:
n   plural  mulattos  [C]  old-fashioned //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: mulato, from  mulo, from  Latin mulus;   MULE]//  a word for someone with one black parent and one white parent, which is now usually considered offensive//    mixed race//    mixed(7)//


Words: mulberry
Meaning:
n   plural  mulberries //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: moure  ’mulberry’ +  English berry]//\n  1 [C] a dark purple fruit that can be eaten, or the tree on which this fruit grows:\n  2 [U] a dark purple colour:


Words: mulch
Meaning:
n [C usually singular, U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  melch  ’soft’ (14-19 centuries)]//  a substance such as decaying leaves that you put on the soil to improve its quality, to protect the roots of plants, or to stop weeds growing//\nmulch 2 v [I and T]   to cover the ground with mulch//


Words: mule
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: mul, from  Latin mulus]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin mulleus type of red shoe worn by certain officials]//\n  1 an animal that has a donkey and a horse as parents:    stubborn as a mule at stubborn(1)//\n  2  informal someone who brings illegal drugs into a country by hiding them on or in their body:\n  3 [usually plural] a woman’s shoe or slipper that covers the front part of the foot but has no material around the heel:


Words: mulish
Meaning:
adj  written   refusing to do something or agree to something, in an unreasonable way//   stubborn//  --a mulish look//


Words: Mull
Meaning:
also the Isle of Mull   a large island off the west coast of Scotland, the largest island in the Inner Hebrides. It is often visited by tourists, especially in summer.//


Words: mull
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: mull  ’to crush into powder’ (15-20 centuries), from  mull  ’dust’ (14-19 centuries), probably from  Middle Dutch mol]//   usually mull sth →over //  to think about a problem, plan etc for a long time before making a decision//  --He’s mulling over the proposals before making any changes.//  --The company is mulling over a share offer.//\nmull 2 n [C]   an area of land that sticks out into the sea - used in Scotland//  --the Mull of Kintyre//


Words: mullah
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Turkish; Origin: molla and  Persian and  Hindi mulla, from  Arabic mawla]//  a Muslim teacher of law and religion//


Words: mullet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: mulet, from  Latin mullus  ’red mullet’]//\n  1 a fairly small sea fish that can be eaten:\n  2 a hairstyle for men in which the hair on the sides and top of the head is short and the hair on the back of the head is long:


Words: mulligatawny
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Tamil; Origin: milakutanni  ’pepper-water’]//  a type of spicy soup//


Words: mullion
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a vertical piece of stone, metal, or wood between two pieces of glass in a window//  -- mullioned adj //


Words: multi-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: French; Origin: Latin, from  multus  ’much, many’]//  more than one//   many//  --multicoloured//  --a multistorey office block//


Words: multi-ethnic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 involving or including people of several different ethnic groups:    multicultural//  --multi-ethnic Britain//\n  2  AmE a multi-ethnic person has parents who come from different ethnic groups:


Words: multi-faith
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   including or involving people from several different religious groups//  --a multi-faith gathering//


Words: multi-player gaming
Meaning:
n [U]   the playing of computer games on the Internet by more than one person at the same time, using different computers//


Words: multicultural
Meaning:
adj   involving or including people or ideas from many different countries, races, or religions//    multiethnic//  --a multicultural society//


Words: multiculturalism
Meaning:
n [U]   the belief that it is important and good to include people or ideas from many different countries, races, or religions//  -- multiculturalist n  [C] //


Words: multidisciplinary
Meaning:
adj   involving people with different jobs or from different areas of study//  --a multidisciplinary team of nurses, social workers, and GPs//


Words: multifarious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: multifarius]//  of many different kinds//  --multifarious business activities//


Words: multifunction
Meaning:
[only before noun]   a multifunction machine, piece of equipment, building etc is designed to have several different uses//


Words: multilateral
Meaning:
adj   involving several different countries or groups//    bilateral, unilateral//  --a multilateral arms treaty//


Words: multilingual
Meaning:
adj   using, speaking, or written in several different languages//    bilingual, monolingual//  --the problems of a multilingual classroom//  --a multilingual phrasebook//  -- multilingualism n  [U] //


Words: multimedia
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 involving computers and computer programs that use a mixture of sound, pictures, video, and writing to give information:  --multimedia game programs//  --multimedia equipment//\n  2 using several different methods of giving information, for example using television, newspapers, books, and computers:  --a multimedia exhibition on nuclear power//  -- multimedia n  [U] //


Words: multimedia messaging
Meaning:
n [U]   a form of sending and receiving written messages to and from mobile phones that makes it possible to combine the written message with pictures, video, and sound//


Words: multimillion
Meaning:
adj   multimillion-pound/multimillion-dollar etc//  worth or costing many millions of pounds, dollars etc//  --a multimillion-dollar lawsuit//


Words: multinational
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a multinational company has factories, offices, and business activities in many different countries:  --a multinational media corporation//\n  2 involving people from several countries:  --the UN’s multinational peace-keeping force//\nmultinational 2 n [C]   a large company that has offices, factories etc in many different countries//  --Multinationals have made large investments in Thailand.//


Words: multiparty
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   involving or including more than one political party//  --a multiparty democracy//


Words: multiple
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Latin multiplex;   MULTIPLEX]//  many, or involving many things, people, events etc//  --Baxter was rushed to the hospital with multiple stab wounds.//  --Having multiple partners increases your risk of sexual diseases.//  --His new album includes multiple versions of the same songs.//\nmultiple 2 n [C] \n  1 a number that contains a smaller number an exact number of times:  multiple of//  --20 is a multiple of 5.//\n  2  BrE  technical a multiple store:


Words: multiple birth
Meaning:
n [C]   when more than one baby is born to the same mother at the same time//  --The number of multiple births has risen sharply.//


Words: multiple choice
Meaning:
adj   a multiple choice examination or question shows several possible answers, and you have to choose the correct one//


Words: multiple personality
Meaning:
n [C]   if someone has a multiple personality, they are mentally ill because they have two or more completely separate  personalities that each behave differently//  --multiple personality disorder//


Words: multiple sclerosis
Meaning:
n [U]  medical   MS a serious illness that gradually destroys your nerves, making you weak and unable to walk//


Words: multiplex
Meaning:
n  also multiplex cinema  BrE [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , adjective,  ’multiple’, from  multi- (  MULTI-) +  -plex  ’-fold’]//  a cinema that has several different rooms in which it can show films//\nmultiplex 2 adj  technical   having many different parts//


Words: multiplexer
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a piece of computer equipment that is used to send several electrical signals using only one connection, especially with a modem//  -- multiplexing n  [U] //


Words: multiplication
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a method of calculating in which you add a number to itself a particular number of times:    division//\n  2  formal a large increase in the size, amount, or number of something:  --a multiplication of the number of forms to fill out//


Words: multiplication table
Meaning:
n [C]   a list, used especially by children in school, that shows the results when each number between one and twelve is multiplied by each number between one and twelve//


Words: multiplicity
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: multiplicitas, from  Latin multiplex;   MULTIPLEX]//  a large number or great variety of things//  multiplicity of//  --the multiplicity of courses available to language students//


Words: multiply
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  multiplied present participle  multiplying third person singular  multiplies //  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: multiplier, from  Latin multiplicare, from  multiplex;   MULTIPLEX]//\n  1 [I and T] to do a calculation in which you add a number to itself a particular number of times:    divide//  --Children will learn to multiply in the second grade.//  multiply sth by sth//  --Multiply the total by 12.//\n  2 [I and T] to increase by a large amount or number, or to make something do this:  --The amount of information available has multiplied.//  --Smoking multiplies the risk of heart attacks and other health problems.//\n  3 [I] to breed:  --Bacteria multiply quickly in warm food.//


Words: multipurpose
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   able to be used for many different purposes//  --a multipurpose building//  --a multipurpose tool//


Words: multiracial
Meaning:
adj   including or involving several different races of people//    multicultural//  --a multiracial society//


Words: multitask
Meaning:
v [I]   to do several things at the same time//  --The successful applicant for this job must be able to multitask.//  -- multitasker n  [C] //


Words: multitasking
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a computer’s ability to do more than one job at a time:\n  2 when a person does more than one thing at a time:  --Women are traditionally supposed to be good at multitasking.//


Words: multitude
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin multitudo, from  multus;   MULTI-]//\n  1  a multitude of sb/sth:   formal  or  literary a very large number of people or things//  --I had never seen such a multitude of stars before.//  --a multitude of possible interpretations//\n  2  the multitude(s):  ordinary people, especially when they are thought of as not being very well educated//  --Political power has been placed in the hands of the multitude.//\n  3  literary  or  biblical a large crowd of people:  --Clamoring multitudes demanded a view of the Pope.//\n  4  cover/hide a multitude of sins:  to make faults or problems seem less clear or noticeable - used humorously//  --Patterned carpet can hide a multitude of sins (=the carpet is dirty, but the pattern hides it) .//


Words: mum
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  MUMMY 1.]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  MUM2]//\n  1  BrE mother:  American Equivalent:  mom//\n  2  mum’s the word:   spoken used to tell someone that they must not tell other people about a secret//\nmum 2 adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  From the sound made with closed lips]//  keep mum//   informal to not tell anyone about a secret//


Words: mumble
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From the sound]//  to say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that other people cannot understand you//    mutter//  --He bumped into someone and mumbled an apology.//  --Stop mumbling!//  mumble to yourself//  --A woman on the corner was mumbling to herself.//  -- mumble n  [C] //


Words: mumbo-jumbo
Meaning:
n [U]  informal   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Mumbo Jumbo name of a supposed African god]//  technical language that is difficult to understand and seems to have no sense//  --a bunch of legal mumbo-jumbo//


Words: mummify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  mummified present participle  mummifying third person singular  mummifies  [T] //  to preserve a dead body by putting special oils on it and wrapping it with cloth//  -- mummification/m[hA356]m[hA366]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: mummy
Meaning:
S2   n   plural  mummies  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Old French; Origin: momie, from  Medieval Latin mumia, from  Arabic mumiyah, from  Persian mum  ’wax’]//\n  1  BrE mother - used especially by young children or when you are talking to young children:  American Equivalent:  mommy//  --Mummy, can I play outside?//\n  2 a dead body that has been preserved by wrapping it in cloth, especially in ancient Egypt:


Words: mumps
Meaning:
n [U]  also the mumps   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: mump  ’expression made by twisting the mouth’ (16-17 centuries)]//  an infectious illness which makes your neck swell and become painful//


Words: munch
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from the sound of food being crushed]//  to eat something noisily//  munch on/at//  --Barry sat munching on an apple.//  --They’d munched their way through  (=eaten all of) three packets of biscuits.//


Words: munchies
Meaning:
n [plural]  informal \n  1  the munchies:  a feeling of wanting to eat something, especially food that is not healthy for you//  have/get the munchies //  --Get me a packet of crisps - I have the munchies.//\n  2  AmE foods that are easy to pick up and eat, especially foods served at a party:


Words: Munchkins
Meaning:
1 a group of very small people in the book and film The Wizard of Oz.:\n  2 unimportant people who work for a big organization:


Words: mundane
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: mondain, from  Latin mundus  ’world’]//\n  1 ordinary and not interesting or exciting:   boring//  --Initially, the work was pretty mundane.//  --The mundane task of setting the table can be fun on holidays.//\n  2  literary concerned with ordinary daily life rather than religious matters:   worldly//


Words: mung bean
Meaning:
n [>C, usually plural]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Hindi; Origin: mug]//  a small green bean, usually eaten as a beansprout//


Words: Munich
Meaning:
an industrial city in southern Germany, and the capital of the  province of Bavaria, whose German name is Munchen. It has many attractive old buildings, and a famous beer festival takes place there every October.//


Words: Munich Agreement
Meaning:
the   the agreement signed in 1938 between Adolf Hitler from Germany, Mussolini from Italy, Daladier from France, and Neville Chamberlain from Britain. The agreement gave Germany part of Czechoslovakia, and the other countries hoped that this would prevent Hitler from trying to take control of any other areas of land. Chamberlain returned to Britain saying that the agreement would give "peace in our time". In fact, Hitler’s army attacked Poland soon afterwards, and World War II began.//


Words: municipal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: municipalis, from  municeps  ’someone who lives in a municipality’, from  munus  ’duty, service, gift’ +  capere  ’to take’]//  relating to or belonging to the government of a town or city//  --the municipal waste dump//  --municipal elections//  -- municipally adv //


Words: municipality
Meaning:
n   plural  municipalities  [C] //  a town, city, or other small area, which has its own government to make decisions about local affairs, or the officials in that government//  --the municipality of Berkeley//  --an elected municipality//


Words: munificent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: munificence  (1500-1600), from  Latin munificentia, from  munificus  ’generous’, from  munus;   MUNICIPAL]//  very generous//  --a munificent gift//  -- munificence n  [U] //  --the munificence of the museum’s benefactors//


Words: munitions
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: munition, from  Latin, from  munire  ’to make (a building) strong against attack’, from  moenia  ’walls’]//  military supplies such as bombs and guns//  --a munitions factory//  -- munition adj  [only before noun] //


Words: Munro
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   one of the 277 mountains in Scotland that are 3000 feet high or higher. The word is used by people who climb mountains as a sport.//


Words: Munster
Meaning:
a  province in the southwest of the Republic of Ireland, containing the  counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford//


Words: Muppets
Meaning:
The  also The Muppet Show   a US television programme in which the main characters were puppets such as  Kermit the Frog and  Miss Piggy. The characters, who were made by Jim  Henson, are called Muppets, and they perform in amusing  sketches (=short scenes)  with well-known human entertainers. Some of the muppets also appear in the children’s programme  Sesame Street.//


Words: mural
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: muralis  ’of a wall’, from  murus  ’wall’]//  a painting that is painted on a wall, either inside or outside a building//    fresco//  -- mural adj  [only before noun] //


Words: murder
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Origin: Partly from  Old English morthor, partly from  Old French murdre]//\n  1 [U and C] the crime of deliberately killing someone:    manslaughter//  --On the night the  murder was committed , he was out of the country. //  -- The man  accused of  her  murder  will appear in court today. //  murder of//  --the  brutal murder  of a young child//  -- He was found guilty of  attempted murder . //  --She was charged with two counts of  first degree murder .//  -- The mother of the  murder victim  wept in court. //  -- Police are still searching for the  murder weapon . //  --Detectives have launched a  murder investigation .//\n  2  get away with murder:   informal to do anything you want, even things that are wrong, without being punished//  --She lets those kids get away with murder.//\n  3  be murder:   spoken to be very difficult or unpleasant//  --It’s murder doing the shopping on Saturdays.//  --The traffic was murder this morning.//\n  4  be murder on sth:   spoken to harm or damage something else//  --These new shoes are murder on my feet.//    scream blue murder at scream1 (1)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  commit (a) murder //  investigate a murder //  accuse somebody of murder/charge somebody with murder //  a brutal murder //  attempted murder (=the crime of trying to kill someone) //  first-degree murder American English (=the most serious type of murder under US law) //  mass murder (=of a large number of people) //  murder victim //  murder weapon //  murder investigation/inquiry //  murder case/trial //  murder charge //  ----------//\nmurder 2 v [T] \n  1 to kill someone deliberately and illegally:  --He was convicted of murdering a policeman.//  --Thousands of civilians were brutally murdered during the civil war.//  --the murdered man see usage note  kill1 //\n  2  informal to spoil a song, play etc by performing it very badly:  --It’s a good song, but they murdered it.//\n  3  sb will murder you:   spoken used to tell someone that another person will be very angry with them//  --Your dad’ll murder you when he hears about it.//\n  4  I could murder a beer/pizza etc:   BrE  spoken used to say that you are very hungry or thirsty and want a particular food or drink//\n  5  informal to defeat someone completely:  --They murdered us in the final.//


Words: Murder of Roger Ackroyd
Meaning:
The   a famous detective story by Agatha Christie. When the book was published in 1926, it caused a lot of  controversy (=serious disagreement)  among readers because the  narrator is shown to be the murderer at the end of the story. Some people thought that Christie was cheating by using this type of  plot.        //


Words: murderous
Meaning:
adj \n  1 very dangerous and likely to kill people:  --a murderous attack//  --murderous drug dealers//\n  2  murderous look/expression/glare etc:  an expression or look which shows that someone is very angry//  -- murderously adv //


Words: Murdoch
Meaning:
Dame Iris   (1919-99) a British writer born in Ireland. She wrote intelligent, humorous, and often complicated novels which include  The Sea, The Sea and  The Book and the Brotherhood. She also wrote books about  philosophy.//\n Rupert   (1931- ) a powerful businessman, born in Australia but now a US citizen, who controls one of the world’s largest  media businesses,  News Corporation, which owns newspapers, television companies, film companies, and book  publishers. These include many British, US, and Australian newspapers, such as the  New York Post and  The Times,  Sky TV, and the Fox film company.//


Words: murk
Meaning:
n [U]  literary   [Language: Old English; Origin: mirce]//  darkness caused by smoke, dirt, or clouds//   gloom//


Words: murky
Meaning:
adj \n  1 dark and difficult to see through:  --murky water//\n  2 complicated and difficult to understand:   obscure//  --The laws on intellectual property are murky.//  --the murky waters  (=complicated subject) of sexuality and jealousy//\n  3 involving dishonest or illegal activities that are kept secret:   shady//  --a murky world of fraud and secret deals//  --a politician with a murky past//  -- murkiness n  [U] //


Words: murmur
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to say something in a soft quiet voice that is difficult to hear clearly:  --’Well done,’ murmured George.//  --The girl murmured something polite, and smiled.//  --Julie turned over and murmured in her sleep.//\n  2 [I] to make a soft, low sound:  --The wind murmured through the trees.//\n  3 [I + against]  literary  especially BrE to complain to friends and people you work with, but not officially:  -- murmuring n  [U and C] //  --murmurings of discontent//\nmurmur 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: murmure, from  Latin murmur]//\n  1 a soft low sound made by people speaking quietly or a long way away:  murmur of//  --the murmur of voices in the other room//  --She replied in a low murmur.//  murmur of agreement/surprise/regret etc (=one that expresses a particular feeling) //  --There was a murmur of agreement from the crowd.//\n  2 a complaint, but not a strong or official complaint:  murmur of//  --There have been murmurs of discontent over the new rules.//\n  3  do sth without a murmur:  to do something without complaining, especially when this is surprising//  --They signed the form without a murmur.//\n  4 the soft low sound made by water, the wind etc:  --the murmur of the little brook//\n  5 heart murmur :  an unusual sound made by the heart, which shows that there may be something wrong with it//


Words: Murphy
Meaning:
Eddie   (1961- ) a US film actor and  comedian. His films include  Beverly Hills Cop (1984) and  The Nutty Professor (1997).//


Words: Murphy’s law
Meaning:
n [U]  informal  especially AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Edward  Murphy (born 1917), U.S. engineer who first thought of it]//  a tendency for bad things to happen whenever it is possible for them to do so - used humorously//  British Equivalent:  sod’s law//


Words: muscle
Meaning:
W3S2   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin musculus  ’little mouse, muscle, mussel’, from  mus  ’mouse’; because a muscle moving looks like a mouse under the skin]//\n  1 [U and C] one of the pieces of flesh inside your body that you use in order to move, and that connect your bones together:  --Relax your  stomach muscles , then stretch again.//  --Regular exercise will help to  strengthen your muscles .//  --Beckham has  pulled a muscle in his thigh and won’t play tomorrow.//\n  2  not move a muscle:  to stay completely still//  --The soldier stood without moving a muscle.//\n  3 [U] power or influence:  military/economic/political etc muscle //  --The unions have a lot of political muscle.//  --The agreement will give the UN some muscle to enforce human rights.//\n  4 [U] physical strength and power:  --It took muscle to work in an old-fashioned kitchen.//  put some muscle into it (=used to tell someone to work harder) //    flex your muscles at flex1 (2)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  arm/leg/neck/stomach etc muscles //  the muscles in your leg/arm/stomach etc  //  strengthen/build up your muscles //  pull/strain a muscle  (=injure a muscle) //  flex your muscles (=bend your arm muscles so that people can see how strong you are) //  muscle tissue/fibres  (=the material that muscles are made of) //  muscle tone (=the firmness of your muscles ) //  ----------//\nmuscle 2 v   muscle your way into/through etc sth//  to use your strength to go somewhere//  --Joe and Tony muscled their way through the crowd.//  muscle in phr v//  to use your power to get involved in or take control of something that someone else was doing, especially in business - used to show disapproval//  muscle in on//  --Banks are muscling in on the insurance business.//


Words: musclebound
Meaning:
adj   having large stiff muscles because of too much physical exercise//  --musclebound weight-lifters//


Words: muscleman
Meaning:
n   plural  musclemen /-men/ [C] //\n  1 a man who has developed big strong muscles by doing exercises:\n  2 a strong man who is employed to protect someone, usually a criminal:


Words: Muscovite
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Muscovia  ’Moscow’]//  someone from the city of Moscow in Russia//  -- Muscovite adj //


Words: muscular
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having large, strong muscles:  --She was fast and strong, with a slender, muscular body.//  --He’s very muscular.//\n  2 concerning or affecting the muscles:  --muscular injuries//  -- muscularity/m[hA356]skj[hA36A]l[zB024]r[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: muse
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: muser, from  muse  ’mouth of an animal’;   MUZZLE1]//\n  1 [T] to say something in a way that shows you are thinking about it carefully:  --’Somewhere,’ he mused, ’I’ve heard your name before.’//\n  2 [I] to think about something for a long time:  muse on/over/about/upon//  --He mused on how different his life would have been, had he not met Louisa.//  -- musing n  [U and C] //  --her gloomy musings//  -- musingly adv //\nmuse 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin Musa, from  Greek Mousa]//\n  1 someone’s muse is the force or person that makes them want to write, paint, or make music, and helps them to have good ideas:   inspiration//  --Rossetti’s wife and creative muse//\n  2  also  Muse:  one of the nine ancient Greek goddesses who each represented a particular art or science//  --the Muse of History//


Words: Musee d’Orsay
Meaning:
the Musee d’Orsay//  a  museum in Paris, France, in a former railway station. It contains  Impressionist and  Post-Impressionist paintings,  sculptures, and examples of  Art Nouveau//


Words: museum
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek Mouseion, from  Mousa;   MUSE2]//  a building where important cultural, historical, or scientific objects are kept and shown to the public//  --the Museum of Modern Art//  --The museum has an extensive collection of early photographs.//


Words: Museum of London
Meaning:
the Museum of London//  a  museum in central London which tells the history of London from Roman times to the present//


Words: Museum of Mankind
Meaning:
the Museum of Mankind//  a  museum in west central London which contains objects and information about the lives and  cultures of people from many countries around the world//


Words: Museum of Modern Art
Meaning:
the Museum of Modern Art//  MOMA a  museum in New York City which contains one of the world’s finest collections of modern art and photography//


Words: Museum of the Moving Image
Meaning:
the   MOMI a  museum on the  South Bank in London, containing information about the history of the cinema and of television, and collections of equipment used in the making of films and television programmes//


Words: museum piece
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 something or someone that is very old-fashioned - often used humorously:  --Some of the weapons used by the rebels are museum pieces.//\n  2 an object that is so valuable or interesting that it should be in a museum:


Words: mush
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular, U] an unpleasant soft substance, especially food, which is partly liquid and partly solid:  --The boiled vegetables had turned to mush .//  --She trudged through the mush of fallen leaves.//\n  2  turn/go to mush:  if your brains, heart etc turn to mush, you cannot think clearly or sensibly//  --If you watch too much TV, your brains will turn to mush.//\n  3 [U]  AmE a thick porridge made from cornmeal:\n  4 [U] a book, film etc that is about love and is sentimental:  --poetry and mush like that//\nmush 2   n  BrE  spoken   used to speak to someone in an angry way//  --Oi, mush! Get your hands off my car!//\nmush 3   interjection   used to tell a team of dogs that pull a sledge over snow to start moving//


Words: mushroom
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: mousseron, from  Latin mussirio]//  one of several kinds of fungus with stems and round tops, some of which can be eaten//    toadstool//  --mushroom soup//\nmushroom 2 v [I]   to grow and develop very quickly//  --New housing developments mushroomed on the edge of town.//


Words: mushroom cloud
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a large cloud shaped like a mushroom, which is caused by a nuclear explosion//


Words: mushy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 soft, wet, and unpleasant:  --Cook for two minutes until soft but not mushy.//\n  2 expressing or describing love in a silly way:  --mushy romance novels//


Words: music
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: musique, from  Latin, from  Greek mousike  ’art of the Muses’, from  Mousa;   MUSE2]//\n  1 a series of sounds made by instruments or voices in a way that is pleasant or exciting:  --I often  listen to music  when I’m in the car.//  --What’s your favourite kind of music?//  --a record featuring the music of George Harrison//  --The band was playing music from the show ’South Pacific’.//  --Nyman  writes the  music  for most of Peter Greenaway’s films.//  --a  country music  radio station//  --A lot of the bars round here have  live music at weekends.//  --A new piece of music was specially written for the occasion.//  --He was a keen music lover .//\n  2 the art of writing or playing music:  --Peter’s studying music at college.//  --music lessons//  music business/industry etc //  --a career in the music business//\n  3 a set of written marks representing music, or paper with the written marks on it:  --I left my music at home.//  --McCartney never learned to read music .//    sheet music//\n  4  be music to your ears:  if someone’s words are music to your ears, they make you very happy or pleased//\n  5  set/put sth to music:  to write music so that the words of a poem, play etc can be sung//    face the music at face2 (7)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  listen to music //  play music //  write/compose music //  pop/rock/jazz/classical/country music //  live music (=music that is played by musicians on stage) //  recorded music //  background music //  piece of music //  music lover //  GRAMMAR //  !!  Do not say ’musics’ or ’a music’.  Music  is an uncountable noun : I love listening to music. //  !!  Do not say ’music band’ or ’music group’. Say  band  or  group : Why don’t we form a band? |  My favourite group is S Club 7.   You can also use a word that describes a type of music before  band  or  group : a jazz band |  a rock group //  !!  Do not say ’music concert’. Say  concert : It was the first time I’d been to a concert.  You can also use a word that describes a type of music before  concert :  pop concerts| a classical music concert  //  ----------//


Words: music hall
Meaning:
n  BrE \n  1 [U] a type of entertainment in the theatre in the 19th and early 20th century consisting of performances by singers, dancers, and people telling jokes:   vaudeville//\n  2 [C] a theatre used for music hall shows:


Words: music stand
Meaning:
n [C]   a metal frame for holding written music, so that you can read it while playing an instrument or singing//


Words: musical
Meaning:
W3S3   adj \n  1 [only before noun] relating to music or consisting of music:  --a musical version of the fairy tale ’Cinderella’//  --When he began his musical career, King played only for black audiences.//\n  2 good at or interested in playing or singing music:  --She’s very musical and loves to sing.//\n  3 having a pleasant sound like music:  --a sweet musical voice//    musically//\nmusical 2 n [C]   a play or film that includes singing and dancing//  --Webber had three musicals playing in London at one time.//  Broadway/West End musical (=one that is performed in New York’s or London’s important theatres) //  --Carroll appeared in a number of Broadway musicals.//


Words: musical chairs
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a children’s game in which all the players must sit down on a chair when the music stops, but there is always one chair less than the number of people playing:\n  2 a situation in which people change jobs for no good reason or with no useful result:  --Scott is now the finance director, after a long game of musical chairs among top management.//


Words: musically
Meaning:
adv \n  1 in a way that is related to music:  --It’s not as good a show, musically, as ’The Most Happy Fella’.//\n  2 in a way that sounds like music:  --A small fountain splashed musically in the courtyard.//


Words: musician
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who plays a musical instrument, especially very well or as a job//  --a talented young musician//


Words: musicology
Meaning:
n [U]   the study of music, especially the history of different types of music//  -- musicologist n  [C] //


Words: musk
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: musc, from  Late Latin muscus, from  Greek moschos, from  Persian mushk, from  Sanskrit muska  ’testicle’; because the substance comes from a part of a deer near its testicles]//\n  1 a substance with a strong smell that is used to make perfume:\n  2  written a strong smell, especially the way a person smells:  --the musk of sweat and muscle//  -- musky adj //


Words: musk ox plural
Meaning:
musk oxen  n [C]   a large animal with long brown or black hair and curved horns, which lives in northern Canada and Greenland//


Words: musket
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: mousquet, from  Old Italian moschetto  ’arrow, musket’, from  mosca  ’fly’]//  a type of gun used in the past//


Words: muskrat
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Algonquian; Origin: muscasus; influenced by musk and rat]//  an animal which lives in water in North America//


Words: Muslim
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Arabic; Origin: ’someone who surrenders (to God)’]//  someone whose religion is Islam//  -- Muslim adj //


Words: muslin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: mousseline, from  Arabic mawsiliy  ’of Mosul, city in Iraq’]//  a very thin cotton cloth used for making dresses and curtains, especially in the past//


Words: muso
Meaning:
n   plural  musos  [C]  BrE  informal //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: musician]//  someone who plays popular music or knows a lot about it//


Words: muss
Meaning:
v  also muss up  [T]  informal  especially AmE   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  mess]//  to make something untidy, especially someone’s hair//  --Briscoe reached down and mussed the boy’s hair.//\nmuss 2 n   no muss, no fuss//  used to say that something can be done easily and without problems - used humorously//  --It works every time, no muss, no fuss.//


Words: mussel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: muscelle, from  Latin musculus  ’little mouse, muscle, mussel’ (  MUSCLE1); because it looks like a mouse]//  a small sea animal, with a soft body that can be eaten and a black shell that is divided into two parts//


Words: Mussolini
Meaning:
Benito   (1883-1945) an Italian leader known as "Il Duce", who established the system of  fascism and ruled Italy as a  dictator from 1925-43. He fought with Germany in  World War II against the Allies, but because of his armies’ failures, he was forced to give up power in 1943. After the war he was shot and killed by Italian  partisans.//


Words: must
Meaning:
modal v    negative short form  mustn’t //  [Language: Old English; Origin: moste, from  motan  ’to be allowed to, have to’]//\n  1 :  past tense  had to to have to do something because it is necessary or important, or because of a law or order//    have, oblige//  --All passengers must wear seat belts.//  --It’s getting late. I really must go.//  --You must work hard.//  --We must all be patient.//  --Must I pay now?//  --For the engine to work, the green lever must be in the ’up’ position.//  --Accidents must be reported to the safety officer.//\n  2 used in negative sentences to say that something should not happen, because of a rule or law or because of the situation:  --You mustn’t talk to your mother like that.//  --This book must not be removed from the library.//  --We must never forget how much we owe to these brave men.//  --No one must disturb him while he’s sleeping.//\n  3 used to say you think something is very likely to be true or very likely to have happened:  --Sam must be nearly 90 years old now.//  --His new car must have cost around [hA124]20,000.//  --You must have been really upset.//  --There must be something wrong with the engine.//  --Karl must’ve seen ’Star Wars’ six or seven times.//\n  4  especially BrE  spoken used to suggest that someone should do something, especially because you think they will enjoy it or you think it is a good idea:  --You must come and stay with us in London sometime.//  --’We must do this again,’ he said. ’I’ve enjoyed it thoroughly.’//\n  5  especially BrE  spoken used to say that you intend or want to do something:  --I must call her tonight.//\n  6  I must admit/say/confess:   spoken used to emphasize what you are saying//  --I must say, it gave me quite a shock.//\n  7  (why) must you...?:   spoken used to tell someone that their behaviour upsets or annoys you//  --Must you spoil everything?//  --Why must you always be so suspicious?//\n  8  a must-have/must-see/must-read etc:   informal something that is so good, exciting, or interesting that you think people should have it, see it etc//  --The exhibit is a must-see for anyone interested in Japanese art.//  --a must-read novel//\n  9  if you must (do sth):   spoken used to tell someone that they are allowed to do something, but that you do not approve of it or agree with it//  --All right, come along, if you must.//  --If you must smoke, please go outside.//\n  10  if you must know:   spoken used when you answer a question that you think someone should not have asked, because it is slightly impolite//  --Well, if you must know, I’m thirty-six.//    you must be joking at joke2 (2)//\nmust 2   n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  MUST1]//  something that you must do or must have//  --Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.//


Words: mustache
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: moustache, from  Italian mustaccio, from  Medieval Greek moustaki, from  Greek mystax  ’upper lip, mustache’]//  the usual American spelling of moustache//


Words: mustachioed
Meaning:
moustachioed/m[hA353]st[zB024][hA35D]i[hA353][hA35E]d, -st[hA35A][hA359]- $ -[hA35D]io[hA35E]d/ adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: mustachio  ’(large) mustache’ (16-21 centuries), from  Italian mustaccio;   MUSTACHE]//  having a moustache, especially a large one//


Words: Mustang
Meaning:
trademark   a type of fast car built by the Ford company in the US, popular especially in the 1960s and 1970s//


Words: mustang
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Mexican Spanish; Origin: mestengo, from  Spanish meste[hA172]o  ’having no owner’, from  Latin mixtus  ’mixed’]//  a small wild horse in North America//


Words: mustard
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: moustarde, from  moust  ’grape juice’, from  Latin mustum;   MUST2]//\n  1 a yellow sauce with a strong taste, eaten especially with meat:\n  2 a plant with yellow flowers and seeds that are used to make mustard sauce:\n  3 a yellow-brown colour:\n  4  cut the mustard:   informal to be good enough to do something//  --Other magazines have tried to copy ZAPP, but have never quite cut the mustard.//    keen as mustard at keen1 (4)//


Words: muster
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: monstrer, from  Latin monstrare  ’to show’]//\n  1 [T]  also muster up sth :  to get enough courage, confidence, support etc to do something, especially with difficulty//   summon (up)//  muster (up) the courage/confidence/energy etc to do sth //  --Finally I mustered up the courage to ask her out.//  --Senator Newbolt has been trying to muster support for his proposals.//  --’It’s going to be fine,’ replied David, with as much confidence as he could muster .//\n  2 [I and T] if soldiers muster, or if someone musters them, they come together in a group:   gather//  --In April 1185, he began to muster an army .//\nmuster 2 n \n  1  pass muster (as sth):  to be accepted as good enough for something//  --I wasn’t sure that our clothing would pass muster at the club door.//\n  2 [C]  literary a gathering together of soldiers so that they can be counted, checked etc:


Words: Mustique
Meaning:
a small island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a popular place for rich and famous people to take holidays.//


Words: musty
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  moisty  ’wet’ (15-19 centuries), from  moist; influenced by   MUST22]//  a musty room, house, or object has an unpleasant smell, because it is old and has not had any fresh air for a long time//  --the musty smell of old books//


Words: mutable
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: mutabilis, from  mutare;   MUTATE]//  able or likely to change//  → immutable//  -- mutability/mju[hA359]t[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: mutant
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  mutare;   MUTATE]//\n  1 an animal or plant that is different in some way from others of the same kind, because of a change in its genetic structure:\n  2 something that is very different from others of the same type, in a way that is strange or bad - often used humorously:  -- mutant adj  [only before noun] //


Words: mutate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  mutare  ’to change’]//\n  1 if an animal or plant mutates, it becomes different from others of the same kind, because of a change in its genetic structure:  --Simple organisms like bacteria mutate rapidly.//\n  2 to change and develop a new form:  --Technology continues to mutate at an alarming rate.//


Words: mutation
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a change in the genetic structure of an animal or plant that makes it different from others of the same kind:\n  2  technical a change in a speech sound, especially a vowel, because of the sound of the one next to it:


Words: mute
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: muet, from  Latin mutus]//\n  1  written someone who is mute does not speak, or refuses to speak:   silent//  --Billy continued to stand there, mute and defiant.//\n  2  old-fashioned someone who is mute is unable to speak:  -- mutely adv //\nmute 2 v [T] \n  1  formal to make the sound of something quieter, or make it disappear completely:  --Excess noise can be reduced by muting alarms and telephones.//\n  2 to make a musical instrument sound softer:\n  3  formal to reduce the level of criticism, protest, discussion etc that is happening:  --The incident so shocked all the students that it muted further protest.//\nmute 3 n [C] \n  1 a small piece of metal, rubber etc that you place over or into a musical instrument to make it sound softer:\n  2  old-fashioned someone who cannot speak:    deaf mute//


Words: muted
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 muted sounds, voices etc are quieter than usual:   subdued//  --Everyone was sitting round discussing the accident in muted voices.//\n  2 a muted reaction to something is not expressed strongly:  --There was muted agreement from most of the people in the room.//  --The speech received only a muted response from the unions.//\n  3 a muted colour or light is soft and gentle, not bright:  --muted pinks and blues//\n  4 a muted musical instrument has been made to sound softer:


Words: mutilate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  mutilare, from  mutilus  ’mutilated’]//\n  1 to severely and violently damage someone’s body, especially by cutting or removing part of it:  --The prisoners had been tortured and mutilated.//  --extra protection for mental patients who might mutilate themselves//\n  2 to damage or change something so much that it is completely spoiled:  --The sculpture was badly mutilated in the late eighteenth century.//  -- mutilation/mju[hA359]t[hA369]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: mutinous
Meaning:
adj \n  1  written showing by your behaviour or appearance that you do not want to obey someone:   rebellious//  --There was a mutinous look in Rosie’s eyes.//\n  2 involved in a mutiny:  -- mutinously adv //


Words: mutiny
Meaning:
n   plural  mutinies  [U and C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: mutine  ’to refuse to obey’ (16-17 centuries), from  French mutiner, from  meute  ’refusal to obey’, from  Latin movere  ’to move’]//  when soldiers, sailors, etc refuse to obey the person who is in charge of them, and try to take control for themselves//  mutiny against//  --He led a mutiny against the captain.//  -- mutiny v  [I] //  --The soldiers had mutinied over the non-payment of wages.//


Words: mutt
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: muttonhead  ’stupid person’ (19-21 centuries)]//  a dog that does not belong to any particular breed//   mongrel//


Words: mutter
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from the sound]//\n  1 [I and T] to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about something, or you do not want people to hear you:  mutter to yourself//  --’I never want to come here again,’ he muttered to himself.//  --Elsie muttered something I couldn’t catch and walked off.//  --’He’s such an unpleasant man,’ Alyssia muttered under her breath .//  mutter about//  --What are you two muttering about?//\n  2 [I] to complain about something or express doubts about it, but without saying clearly and openly what you think:  mutter about//  --Some senators muttered darkly about the threat to national security.//  -- mutter n  [singular] //  --His voice subsided to a mutter.//  -- muttering n  [U and C] //  --The mutterings about his leadership continued to grow.//


Words: mutton
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: moton  ’(male) sheep’]//\n  1 the meat from a sheep:    lamb//\n  2  mutton dressed as lamb:   BrE used to describe, in a disapproving way, someone who is wearing clothes that are usually worn by younger people//


Words: mutual
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: mutuel, from  Latin mutuus  ’lent, borrowed, mutual’]//\n  1 mutual feelings such as respect, trust, or hatred are feelings that two or more people have for each other:    reciprocal//  mutual respect/trust/understanding etc //  --Mutual respect is necessary for any partnership to work.//  --European nations can live together in a spirit of mutual trust.//  --I didn’t like Dev, and the feeling seemed to be mutual.//  --The two men were a mutual admiration society , gushing about how much they were learning from each other.//\n  2 [only before noun] mutual support, help etc is support that two or more people give each other:  --MAMA puts new mothers in touch with each other, for mutual support and friendship.//\n  3  mutual agreement/consent:  when two or more people both agree to something//  --In the end the relationship was ended by mutual agreement.//\n  4  mutual friend/interest:  a friend or interest that two people both have//  --We discovered a mutual interest in drama.//


Words: mutual fund
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   an arrangement managed by a company, in which you can buy shares in many different businesses//  British Equivalent:  unit trust//


Words: mutually
Meaning:
adv \n  1  mutually acceptable/beneficial/convenient etc:  something that is mutually acceptable etc is acceptable etc to both or all the people involved//  --We eventually arrived at a figure that was mutually acceptable.//\n  2  mutually exclusive:  two ideas or beliefs that are mutually exclusive cannot both exist or be true at the same time//


Words: muu-muu
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Hawaiian; Origin: mu’umu’u, from  mu’umu’u  ’cut off’]//  a long loose dress//


Words: Muybridge
Meaning:
Eadweard   (1830-1904) an English photographer who recorded movement, especially of animals, by taking sets of photographs with several cameras arranged in a row//


Words: muzzle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: musel, from  muse  ’mouth of an animal’, from  Medieval Latin musus]//\n  1 the nose and mouth of an animal, especially a dog or horse:\n  2 a cover that you put over a dog’s mouth to stop it from biting people:\n  3 the open end of a gun, where the bullets come out:\nmuzzle 2 v [T] \n  1 to prevent someone from saying what they think in public:   gag//  --an attempt by the government to muzzle the country’s media//\n  2 to put a muzzle over a dog’s mouth so that it cannot bite people:


Words: muzzy
Meaning:
adj  BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  muddled +  fuzzy]//  unable to think clearly, especially because you are ill, sleepy, or drunk//  --Juliet’s head felt muzzy , and she hoped she hadn’t a cold coming on.//


Words: my
Meaning:
determiner [possessive form of ’I’] \n  1 used by the person who is speaking to show that something belongs to or is connected with himself or herself:  --Have you seen my car keys?//  --My mother phoned last night.//  --I’m sure you don’t want to listen to all my problems.//  --Even my own family wouldn’t believe me.//  --an apartment of my own //\n  2  my goodness/my God etc:  used when you are surprised or shocked about something//  --Oh my God! I’ve missed the train.//\n  3  my dear/darling/love etc:  used when talking or writing to someone that you love or like a lot//  --Happy Birthday, my love.//\nmy 2 interjection   used when you are surprised, impressed, or upset//  --My! Look at the size of that tree!//  --’It’s 3:30.’ ’ Oh my , I’m going to be late!’//


Words: My Country ’Tis of Thee
Meaning:
a  patriotic song that praises the US. It has the same tune as the British song  God Save the Queen, and it begins: My country ’tis of thee,/Sweet land of liberty,/Of thee I sing.//


Words: My Fair Lady
Meaning:
(1964) a US  musical (=a film that uses singing and dancing to tell a story)  in which Audrey  Hepburn plays a poor young woman from London who is taught to speak and behave like an  upper-class lady by a bad-tempered  professor, played by Rex Harrison. It is based on the play  Pygmalion by George Bernard  Shaw.//


Words: My Lai massacre
Meaning:
the   a village in Vietnam where, in 1968, a group of US soldiers killed several hundred people, mostly old people, women, and children, during the Vietnam War. This event influenced many Americans to oppose the war.//


Words: Myanmar
Meaning:
a country in southeast Asia, to the east of India and Bangladesh, and to the west of China and Thailand, which was called Burma until 1998. Population 41,995,000 (2001). Capital: Yangon (formerly called Rangoon in English).//  -- Myanmarese n  adj //


Words: Mycenae
Meaning:
an ancient Greek city in southern Greece, where King  Agamemnon is supposed to have lived. It was a wealthy and important city in the period before about 1100  BC. In the late 19th century many beautiful and ancient objects were found there by  archaeologists.//  -- Mycenaean adj //  --a gold Mycenaean bracelet//


Words: mynah bird
Meaning:
n  also mynah  [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Hindi; Origin: maina]//  a large dark Asian bird that can copy human speech//


Words: myopia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek, from  myops  ’person with myopia’, from  myein  ’to be closed’ +  ops  ’eye’]//\n  1 when someone does not think about the future, especially about the possible results of a particular action - used in order to show disapproval:   short-sightedness//\n  2  medical the inability to see clearly things that are far away:  British Equivalent:  short-sightednessAmerican Equivalent:  nearsightedness//


Words: myopic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 unwilling or unable to think about the future, especially about the possible results of a particular action - used in order to show disapproval:   short-sighted//  --the government’s myopic attitude to environmental issues//\n  2  medical unable to see things clearly that are far away:  British Equivalent:  short-sightedAmerican Equivalent:  near-sighted//  -- myopically/-kli/ adv //


Words: myriad
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  written   very many//  --the myriad causes of homelessness//  a myriad//  --We were plagued by a myriad tiny flies.//\nmyriad 2 n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Greek; Origin: myrioi  ’too many to count’]//  a myriad of sth/myriads of sth//  a very large number of things//  --We’re still studying a myriad of options.//


Words: myrrh
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 800-900; Language: Latin; Origin: myrrha, from  Greek]//  a substance that comes from trees and is used for making perfume and incense//


Words: myrtle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: mirtille, from  Latin myrtus, from  Greek myrtos]//  a small tree with shiny green leaves and white flowers that smell nice//


Words: myself
Meaning:
pron [reflexive form of ’I’] \n  1 used by the person speaking or writing to show that they are affected by their own action:  --I blame myself for what has happened.//  --I can look after myself.//  --I’m making myself a sandwich.//\n  2 :  a) used to emphasize ’I’ or ’me’//  --Why do I always have to do everything myself?//  --They say it’s a beautiful place, but I myself have never been there.//  b) used after ’like’, ’as’, or ’except’ instead of ’me’//  --No one is to blame except myself.//\n  3  (all) by myself:  a) alone//  --I’d like to be by myself for a while.//  b) without help from anyone else//  --I painted the house all by myself.//\n  4  not feel/be myself:   informal used when the person speaking does not feel well, or is not able to behave normally, for example because he or she is upset or ill//  --I haven’t been feeling myself lately.//  --Sorry, I’m not myself today. I’ve had some bad news.//\n  5  have sth (all) to myself:  to not have to share something with anyone else//  --Everyone else had gone out and I had the apartment all to myself.//


Words: mysterious
Meaning:
adj \n  1 mysterious events or situations are difficult to explain or understand:  --The police are investigating the mysterious deaths of children at the hospital.//  --Benson later disappeared in mysterious circumstances .//  --There’s something mysterious going on.//\n  2 a mysterious person is someone who you know very little about and who seems strange or interesting:   enigmatic//  --I decided to find out more about my mysterious new neighbour.//  --a mysterious stranger//\n  3 someone who behaves in a mysterious way says very little about what they are doing, in a way that makes you want to know more:   secretive//  mysterious about//  --Helen’s being very mysterious about her plans.//  --She hid her thoughts behind a mysterious smile.//  -- mysteriously adv //  --Jackson had mysteriously disappeared.//


Words: mystery
Meaning:
W3   n   plural  mysteries //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: mysterium, from  Greek, from  mystos  ’keeping silent’, from  myein (of the eyes or lips)  ’to be closed’]//\n  1 [C usually singular] an event, situation etc that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it:  --Twenty years after the event, his death remains a mystery .//  --The way her mind worked  was  always a mystery to  him.//  --’Why did he do it?’ ’I don’t know.  It’s a complete mystery .’//  --The police never  solved the  mystery  of Gray’s disappearance.//  --But why would anyone want to kill Jack? The mystery deepened .//  --What happened to the paintings after that is an unsolved mystery .//  --I don’t know how he got the job - it’s  one of life’s little mysteries .//  --How life began on Earth is one of the great mysteries of science.//\n  2 [U] the quality that something or someone has when they seem strange, secret, or difficult to understand or explain:  --Her dark glasses gave her an air of mystery .//  --Annie knew that there was some mystery surrounding her birth.//  be shrouded/veiled in mystery //  --The circumstances of his death were veiled in mystery.//\n  3 [C usually plural] a subject, activity etc that is very complicated, secret, or difficult to understand, and that people want to learn about:  the mysteries of sth//  --his introduction to the mysteries of the perfume business//\n  4 [C]  also murder mystery :  a story, film, or play about a murder, in which you are not told who the murderer is until the end//  --an Agatha Christie mystery//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  remain a mystery //  be a mystery (to somebody) //  it’s a mystery //  solve/unravel a mystery  (=find an explanation for it) //  the mystery deepens  (=it becomes more difficult to understand) //  a complete mystery //  an unsolved mystery //  be one of life’s (little) mysteries (=be something that you will never understand - used humorously) //  ----------//\nmystery 2 adj [only before noun]   used to describe someone or something that people do not recognize or know anything about, especially when this causes great interest//  mystery man/woman //  --Who was the mystery woman spotted on board the yacht with the prince?//  --a  mystery virus //


Words: mystery play
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: myst[hA169]re, from  Latin mysterium;   MYSTERY]//  a religious play from the Middle Ages, based on a story from the Bible//


Words: mystic
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who practises mysticism//\nmystic 2 adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: mysticus, from  Greek, from  mystos;   MYSTERY]//  another word for mystical//


Words: mystical
Meaning:
adj  also mystic  [usually before noun] \n  1 involving religious, spiritual, or magical powers that people cannot understand:  --music’s spiritual and mystical powers//\n  2 relating to mysticism:  --a mystic ritual//  -- mystically/-kli/ adv //


Words: mysticism
Meaning:
n [U]   a religious practice in which people try to get knowledge of truth and to become united with God through prayer and meditation//


Words: mystify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  mystified present participle  mystifying third person singular  mystifies  [T] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: mystifier, from  myst[hA169]re;   MYSTERY PLAY]//  if something mystifies you, it is so strange or confusing that you cannot understand or explain it//   baffle//  --Her disappearance has mystified her friends and neighbors.//  -- mystifying adj //  --Snake charming is always fascinating and at times mystifying.//


Words: mystique
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: mystique  ’mystical’, from  Latin mysticus;   MYSTIC2]//  a quality that makes someone or something seem mysterious, exciting, or special//  --Some of the mystique surrounding the presidency has gone forever.//


Words: myth
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: mythos  ’story, speech, myth’]//\n  1 an idea or story that many people believe, but which is not true:   fallacy//  myth of//  --the myth of male superiority//  myth that//  --the myth that wisdom accompanies old age//  --Contrary to popular myth , the majority of accidents are not caused by speeding or drunkenness.//  explode/dispel a myth (=show that it is not true) //  --It was important to dispel the myth that Aids was a gay disease.//\n  2 an ancient story, especially one invented in order to explain natural or historical events:  myth of//  --the myth of Orpheus//  --the giants of myth and fairytale//    urban myth//


Words: mythic
Meaning:
adj  also mythical  [usually before noun] \n  1 very great or famous:  --He became a mythic figure in publishing.//\n  2  mythic proportions:  very great size or importance//  --a feat of mythic proportions//


Words: mythical
Meaning:
adj  also mythic  [usually before noun] \n  1 existing only in an ancient story:  --a mythical creature like the Minotaur//\n  2 imagined or invented:  --all these mythical job prospects he keeps talking about//


Words: mythology
Meaning:
n   plural  mythologies  [U and C] //\n  1 set of ancient myths:  --characters from classical mythology//  mythology of//  --the mythology of the Persians//\n  2 ideas or opinions that many people have, but that are wrong or not true:  --According to popular mythology , school days are the best days of your life.//  -- mythological/m[hA366][hA35F][hA353]l[hA361]d[hA360][hA366]k[hA368]l[hA36B] $ -l[hA35A][hA359]-/ adj //  --The walls are painted with mythological scenes.//


Words: N
Meaning:
n/en/ n   plural  N’s  n’s  [U and C] //\n  1 the 14th letter of the English alphabet:\n  2 used in mathematics to represent a number whose value is not known:  --The value of n is less than 10.//\nN  the written abbreviation of north or northern //


Words: N-word
Meaning:
also  N word/en w[hA362][hA359]d $ -w[hA362][hA359]rd/ n   the N-word//  used when you are talking about the word ’nigger’ but do not want to say it because it is offensive//    f-word//


Words: N.B.
Meaning:
also  NB BrE  written   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: nota bene  ’note well’]//  nota bene used to make a reader pay attention to an important piece of information//


Words: NAACP
Meaning:
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People an American organization that works for the rights of African-American people//


Words: nab
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  nabbed present participle  nabbing  [T]  informal //  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Perhaps from  nap  ’to seize’ (17-19 centuries), from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 to catch or arrest someone who is doing something wrong:  --The police nabbed him for speeding.//\n  2 to get something or someone quickly, especially before anyone else can get them:  --See if you can nab a seat.//


Words: Nabokov
Meaning:
Vladimir   (1899-1977) a US writer who was born in Russia, and lived most of his life in Europe. He is best known for his novel Lolita.//


Words: Nader
Meaning:
Ralph   (1934- ) a US lawyer who is famous for criticizing the government and big companies, and for fighting for the rights and protection of  consumers (=people who buy goods and services) . He has also tried to run for president of the United States.//


Words: nadir
Meaning:
n [singular]  written   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Arabic nazir  ’opposite’]//  the time when a situation is at its worst//  --By 1932, the depression had reached its nadir .//


Words: naff
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  Scottish English nyaff  ’unpleasant person’]//  something that is naff seems silly, especially because it is unfashionable or shows a lack of good taste//    tacky//  --a really naff film//  --Babur says the uniform makes him look naff.//\nnaff 2 v   naff off phr v//  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  eff  ’f’, a way of avoiding saying  fuck]//  used to tell someone rudely to go away//


Words: nag
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  nagged present participle  nagging  [I and T] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 to keep asking someone to do something, or to keep complaining to someone about their behaviour, in an annoying way:    pester//  --I wish you’d stop nagging!//  nag sb to do sth//  --Nadia’s been nagging me to fix the lamp.//  nag sb about sth//  --She keeps nagging me about my weight.//  nag at//  --He’s always nagging at Paula for wearing too much makeup.//\n  2 to make someone feel continuously worried or uncomfortable:  nag at//  --a problem that had been nagging at him for days//  --One question still nagged me.//\nnag 2 n [C]  informal   [Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  NAG1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Origin unknown]//\n  1 a person who keeps complaining or asking someone to do something, in an annoying way:  --Don’t be such a nag!//\n  2  old-fashioned a horse, especially one that is old or in bad condition:


Words: Nagasaki
Meaning:
a city and port in the west of the island of Kyushu, Japan, which was badly damaged in 1945 when a US  nuclear bomb was dropped on it, killing very many people//    Hiroshima//


Words: nagging
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 making you worry or feel pain slightly all the time:  nagging feeling/doubt/suspicion etc //  --There was still a nagging doubt in the back of her mind.//  --Lee had a nagging pain in her back.//\n  2 always complaining:  --a nagging wife//


Words: Nagorno-Karabakh
Meaning:
an  autonomous (=partly independent)  area in Azerbaijan. Capital: Stepanakert. Most of its people are Armenians who want to separate from Azerbaijan and join Armenia, and in the late 1980s and early 1990s there was fighting there between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. Nagorno-Karabakh is not officially an independent country, but it has its own government and its own president.//


Words: nail
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: n[zB024]gl]//\n  1 a thin pointed piece of metal with a flat top, which you hit into a surface with a hammer, for example to join things together or to hang something on:  --The key was hanging on a nail by the door.//  hammer/bang/hit a nail into sth //  --She hammered a nail into the wall.//\n  2 your nails are the hard smooth layers on the ends of your fingers and toes:  --I’ve broken my nail .//  --Stop biting your nails !//  --She sat painting her nails  (=putting a coloured substance on them) .//  --He still had dirt under his nails.//    fingernail,  toenail//\n  3  nail in sb’s/sth’s coffin:  one of several bad things which help to destroy someone’s success or hopes//  --Observers fear that this strike will be another nail in the coffin of the industry.//  --the final nail in his coffin //\n  4  as hard/tough as nails:  very tough and not easily frightened, or not caring about the effects of your actions on other people//\n  5  on the nail:  a)  BrE if you pay money on the nail, you pay it immediately//  b)  especially AmE completely correct//  --They got it absolutely on the nail .//    hit the nail on the head at hit1 (26)//\nnail 2 v [T] \n  1 [always + adverb/preposition] to fasten something to something else with nails:  nail sth to sth//  --A sign saying ’No Fishing’ had been nailed to the tree.//  nail sth down//  --The lid was firmly nailed down.//  nail sth up//   (=permanently close a window or door by fixing something across it using nails) //  --The windows had been nailed up.//\n  2  informal to catch someone and prove that they are guilty of a crime or something bad:  --It took us 10 years to nail the guy who killed our daughter.//  nail sb for sth//  --The state police finally nailed him for fraud.//\n  3  informal if you nail something, you succeed in getting it, after a lot of time or effort:  --She finally nailed her dream job.//\n  4  nail a lie/myth:   BrE  informal to prove that what someone has said is completely untrue//\n  5  nail your colours to the mast:   BrE to say clearly and publicly which ideas or which people you support//\n  6  nail sb to the wall/cross:   especially AmE to punish someone severely//  nail down [nail sb/sth → down] phr v//\n  1 to reach a final and definite agreement or decision about something:  --Two days isn’t enough time to nail down the details of an agreement.//\n  2 to force someone to say clearly what they want or what they intend to do:  nail somebody/something → down to//  --Before they repair the car, nail them down to a price.//


Words: nail polish
Meaning:
also nail varnish  BrE n [U]   coloured or transparent liquid which you paint on your nails to make them look attractive//  --pink nail polish//


Words: nail-biting
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   extremely exciting because you do not know what is going to happen next//  --The match went all the way to a nail-biting finish.//  --some nail-biting moments near the end of the movie//


Words: naive
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: na[hA170]ve, feminine of  na[hA170]f, from  Latin nativus;   NATIVE1]//  not having much experience of how complicated life is, so that you trust people too much and believe that good things will always happen//    innocent//  --a naive young girl//  --Jim can be so naive sometimes.//  it is naive to think/suppose/assume etc //  --It would be naive to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.//  -- naively adv //  --I had naively imagined that he was in love with me.//  -- naivety/na[hA366]i[hA359]v[hA353]ti/ also  naivete/na[hA366]i[hA359]v[hA353]te[hA366]///   n  [U] //  --dangerous political naivety//


Words: naked
Meaning:
S3   adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: nacod]//\n  1 not wearing any clothes or not covered by clothes:   nude//    bare//  --The children ran naked through the yard.//  --a picture of a naked man//  --They found the body lying half naked in the grass.//  --The governor ordered the prisoner to be stripped naked and whipped.//  stark naked  also //  buck naked/naked as a jaybird  AmE  (=completely naked) //\n  2  the naked eye:  if you can see something with the naked eye, you can see it without using anything to help you, such as a telescope//  visible to/with the naked eye //  --The mite is just visible to the naked eye.//  --Through his telescope he could see millions of stars that were invisible to the naked eye .//\n  3 weak and unable to protect yourself:  --Standing in front on his first day of teaching, Brad felt completely naked .//\n  4  naked truth/self-interest/aggression etc:  truth,  self-interest,  aggression etc that is not hidden and is shocking//  --The President condemned the invasion as an act of naked aggression.//\n  5  naked light/flame/sword etc:  a light, flame etc that is not enclosed by a cover//  --A naked light bulb dangled from the ceiling.//  -- nakedly adv //  -- nakedness n  [U] //


Words: Naked Ape
Meaning:
The   (1967) a book by Desmond  Morris which examines similarities in the behaviour of humans and  apes. The title is based on the fact that humans are the only type of ape which is not covered in hair.//


Words: namby-pamby
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Name given to the English poet Ambrose Philips (1674-1749) to make fun of him]//  too weak and gentle and not strict or tough enough//  --For some people soccer has a reputation as a rather namby-pamby sport.//  -- namby-pamby n  [C] //


Words: Name
Meaning:
n [C]   a member of  Lloyd’s, the international group of insurance  underwriters based in London. The Names are wealthy people who accept a financial risk in an insurance contract, and in return for this they usually make large profits. Sometimes, however, they lose a lot of money when events happen which affect insurance companies, such as serious accidents involving ships or planes, or severe weather conditions that cause a lot of damage.//


Words: name
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 of a person:\n   2 of a thing or place:\n   3 reputation:\n   4 famous person/company/product:\n   5 call somebody names:\n   6 in somebody’s name/in the name of somebody:\n   7 something has somebody’s name on it:\n   8 in the name of religion/freedom/science etc:\n   9 have something to your name:\n  10 the name of the game:\n  11 cannot put a name to something:\n  12 take somebody’s name in vain:\n  13 in name only/alone:\n  14 in all/everything but name:\n  15 somebody’s name is mud:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: nama]//\n  1 OF A PERSON:   [C] what someone is called//  --Her name is Mandy Wilson.//  --What’s your name?//  --Can I have your  last name ?//  --She  called   him by his first name  (=she used his first name when talking to him) .//  --Please leave your full name  (=complete name) and address with reception.//  --She didn’t give  (=say) her name .//  --I heard someone call  (=say or shout) my name .//  -- Sign  your  name  (=write it) on the dotted line.//  --Can you  put my  name  on the list?//  --It’s a big school but the principal  knows everyone by name  (=can recognize everyone and address them by their name) .//  --I  knew him by name only  (=I knew his name, but didn’t know what he looked like) .//  under the name (of) sth//   (=using a different name from your real name) //  --HH Munro wrote under the name Saki.//  (go) by the name of sth (=used to say that someone has or uses a particular name) //  --a young politician who went by the name of Tony Blair//\n  2 OF A THING OR PLACE:   [C] what a thing, organization, or place is called//  name of//  --What’s the name of the street?//  --The name of the company has changed.//  name for//  --Edo was the ancient name for Tokyo.//  --The flower’s common name  (=name that is used by ordinary people, not its scientific name) is forget-me-not.//\n  3 REPUTATION:   [singular] the opinion that people have about a person or organization//   reputation//  --He didn’t want to do anything to damage the good name of the company.//  --The restaurant got a bad name for slow service.//  --They give the rest of the fans a bad name .//  --The company has a name for reliability.//  make your name/make a name for yourself (=become famous for something) //  --He quickly made a name for himself in the Parisian art world.//  clear your name (=prove that you did not do something bad or illegal) //\n  4 FAMOUS PERSON/COMPANY/PRODUCT:   [C]  informal a person, company, or product that is very famous or is known by many people//  big/famous/household name //  --some of the biggest names in show business//  --It made the company into a household name (=a very well known person or thing) .//\n  5  call sb names:  to use unpleasant words to describe someone in order to insult or upset them//  --The other kids used to call me names.//  call sb all the names under the sun (=use many unpleasant words to describe someone) //\n  6  in sb’s name/in the name of sb:  a) if something is in someone’s name, it officially belongs to them or is for them to use//  --The house is in my husband’s name.//  --I’ve booked a table in the name of Steinmann.//  b)  formal as someone else’s official representative//  --I claim this land in the name of the King!//\n  7  sth has sb’s name on it:  something that seems to be appropriate for or deserved by a particular person//  --The match had England’s name on it (=they will win it) .//\n  8  in the name of religion/freedom/science etc:  using religion, freedom etc as the reason why something is done - used especially when you disapprove of what someone is doing//  --cruel experiments on animals carried out in the name of science//  --the things people do in the name of love//\n  9  have sth to your name:   informal to have or own something - used to emphasize that someone has very little or a lot of something//  --He died without a penny to his name  (=very poor) .//  --He didn’t have a qualification to his name.//\n  10  the name of the game:   informal the most important thing in a particular activity or situation//  --Quality, that’s the name of the game.//\n  11  cannot put a name to sth:   spoken used to say that someone is not able to say what something is called//  --I know the tune but I can’t put a name to it.//\n  12  take sb’s name in vain:  to talk about someone without showing respect for them//  --How dare you take the Lord’s name in vain  (=swear using a word such as ’God’ or ’Jesus’) ?//\n  13  in name only/alone:  if a situation exists in name only, it does not really exist even though officially people say it does//  --a democracy in name only//  --He was president in name only.//\n  14  in all/everything but name:  if something is true in all but name, it is really true, even though people do not officially say that it is true//  --She was his wife in all but name.//\n  15  sb’s name is mud:   informal used to say that people are angry with someone because of something he or she has done - used especially humorously//  --If anything goes wrong, your name will be mud.//    drag sb’s name through the mud at drag1 (10),  pen name//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: name //  someone’s first name: first name,  given name (especially AmE),  Christian name //  someone’s family name: family name,  last name,  surname,  maiden name (=a woman’s family name before she gets married) //  the name between your first and last name: middle name //  all of the words of someone’s name: full name //  when someone writes their name: signature,  autograph (=of a famous person) //  a name used instead of someone’s real name: nickname a short name used by someone’s friends or family  //  pen name/pseudonym a name used by a writer //  stage name the name used by an actor //  false name,  alias a name used especially by a criminal //  under an assumed name using a false name in order to hide your identity //  the name of a thing: title the name of a book, film, picture etc //  common name the name for a plant, animal, substance etc used by ordinary people //  scientific name the name used by scientists //  term a word or phrase used in technical contexts  //  ----------//\nname 2 v [T]   ----------//\n   1 give somebody a name:\n   2 say somebody’s or something’s name:\n   3 choose somebody:\n   4 to name but a few/a handful/three etc:\n   5 you name it (they’ve got it)!:\n   6 name the day/date:\n   7 name your price:  ----------//\n  1 GIVE SOMEBODY A NAME:  to give someone or something a particular name//    call//  name sb John/Ann etc //  --We named our daughter Sarah.//  name sb/sth after sb/sth//   (=give someone or something the same name as another person or thing) //  --He was named after his father.//  --The street is named after the famous South African leader, Nelson Mandela.//  name sth for sb/sth//   AmE  (=give something the same name as a person or thing) //  --The college is named for George Washington.//  a man/woman etc named sth (=someone with a particular name) //  --some guy named Bob Dylan//\n  2 SAY SOMEBODY’S OR SOMETHING’S NAME:  to say what the name of someone or something is, especially officially//  --The two murder victims have yet to be named.//  name sb as sth//  --The woman who was shot has been named as Mary Radcliff.//  --She has secret information and is threatening to name names  (=name the people who were involved in something, especially something bad or illegal) .//  --They’re a lot better than some airlines I could name .//  name and shame  BrE  (=say publicly who is responsible for something illegal that has happened, or who has not achieved a particular standard) //\n  3 CHOOSE SOMEBODY:  to officially choose someone or something, especially for an important job or prize//  name sb/sth (as) sth//  --The film was named best foreign film.//  --Quinn has been named as the new team manager.//  name sb to sth//   AmE //  --Fitzgerald was named to the committee by the chairman.//\n  4  to name but a few/a handful/three etc:  used after a short list of things or people to say that there are many more you could mention//\n  5  you name it (they’ve got it)!:   spoken used after a list of things to mean that there are many more you could mention//  --Clothes, books - you name it, they sell it!//\n  6  name the day/date:  to decide on a date for your wedding//\n  7  name your price:   spoken to say how much you are willing to pay for something or sell something for//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  To talk about the name of a person or thing, it is more usual to say called rather than ’named’: He had a friend called Mick. //  ----------//


Words: name brand
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a popular and well-known product name//  -- name-brand adj  [only before noun] //  --name-brand climbing gear//    brand name//


Words: name day
Meaning:
n [C]   the day each year when people of some Christian religions celebrate the particular saint (=holy person)  whose name they have been given//


Words: name-calling
Meaning:
n [U]   when people use unpleasant words to describe someone in order to insult or upset them//  --playground teasing including name-calling//


Words: name-check
Meaning:
v [T]   to mention a particular product, person, business etc in something such as an advertisement or speech, or to mention them in order to thank them//  -- namechecking n  [U] //


Words: name-dropping
Meaning:
n [U]   when someone mentions the name of a famous person they have met or have some connection with, in order to seem impressive to other people - used humorously or to show disapproval//  --I didn’t want to be accused of name-dropping.//  -- name-drop v  [I] //  -- name-dropper n  [C] //


Words: name-tape
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a small piece of cloth with your name on it that is sewn onto clothes, especially school children’s clothes//  American Equivalent:  label//


Words: nameless
Meaning:
adj \n  1  who shall remain nameless:   spoken used when you want to say that someone has done something wrong but without mentioning their name, especially to criticize them in a friendly way//  --A certain person, who shall remain nameless, forgot to lock the front door.//\n  2 [only before noun] a nameless person is someone whose name is not known:  --the work of some nameless 13th century writer//\n  3 [only before noun] a nameless thing does not have a name:  --He lay still in his nameless grave.//\n  4 [only before noun]  literary nameless emotions are very strong and difficult to describe in words:  --He managed to calm her nameless fears.//\n  5 [only before noun]  literary too terrible to name or describe:  --nameless horrors//


Words: namely
Meaning:
adv  formal  or  written   used when saying the names of the people or things you are referring to//  --Three students were mentioned, namely John, Sarah and Sylvia.//


Words: nameplate
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of metal or plastic fastened to something, showing the name of the owner or maker, or the person who lives or works in a place//


Words: namesake
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  name’s sake]//  sb’s namesake//  another person, especially a more famous person, who has the same name as someone//  --Like his famous namesake, young Washington had a brave, adventurous spirit.//


Words: Namibia
Meaning:
a country in southwest Africa, west of Botswana and north of South Africa. Population: 1,798,000 (2001). Capital: Windhoek. Namibia was formerly called South West Africa, and until 1990 it was controlled by South Africa..//  -- Namibian n  adj //


Words: nan
Meaning:
[C]  BrE  informal   grandmother - used by children//   nanny//\nnan 2  naan/n[hA35A][hA359]n/ n  also nan bread  [U]   a type of bread made without yeast and eaten with Indian food//


Words: Nanak
Meaning:
Guru   (1469-?1539) an Indian religious leader who started the  Sikh religion. He lived and taught in the  Punjab region of northern India.//


Words: nanny
Meaning:
n   plural  nannies  [C] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  From the female name  Ann]//\n  1 a woman whose job is to take care of the children in a family, usually in the family’s own home:  --She found a job as a nanny with a wealthy Italian family.//\n  2  BrE  informal grandmother - used by children:   nan//\n  3  the nanny state:   especially BrE a government which tries to control the lives of its citizens too much//


Words: nano-
Meaning:
prefix [in nouns]   [Language: Greek; Origin: nanos  ’dwarf’]//  one  billionth part of a unit//  --nanometre (=a billionth of a metre) //


Words: nanotechnology
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   a science which involves developing and making extremely small but very powerful machines//


Words: Nantucket
Meaning:
an island off the coast of Massachusetts in the US. It used to be a port for ships hunting  whales, but it is now a popular place for holidays, and many wealthy people have summer homes there.//


Words: nap
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  NAP2]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1400-1500; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: noppe]//\n  1 [C] a short sleep, especially during the day:  have/take a nap //  --I usually take a nap after lunch.//  --an afternoon nap //\n  2 [singular] the soft surface on some cloth and leather, made by brushing the short fine threads or hairs in one direction:    pile1 (7)//\nnap 2   past tense and past participle  napped present participle  napping  v [I] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: hnappian]//\n  1  be caught napping:   informal to not be ready to deal with something when it happens, although you should be ready for it//  --The German team were caught napping and Beckham scored the winning goal.//\n  2 to sleep for a short time during the day:


Words: napalm
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: naphthene a chemical compound  (19-21 centuries) (from  naphtha) +  palmitate a chemical substance  (19-21 centuries) (from  French palme  ’palm tree’)]//  a substance made from petrol that was used in bombs by US forces to burn fields and villages during the Vietnam war//


Words: nape
Meaning:
n [singular]  literary   the bottom part of the back of your neck, where the hair ends//  -- the soft warm nape of her neck //


Words: napkin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: nape  ’cloth’ (1400-1500), from  Old French, from  Latin mappa;   MAP1]//\n  1 a square piece of cloth or paper used for protecting your clothes and for cleaning your hands and lips during a meal:   serviette//\n  2 a sanitary pad:


Words: Naples
Meaning:
1 an industrial city and port in southeast Italy. Naples is the main city of southern Italy, and its beautiful position, which is on the Bay of Naples and near to Mount  Vesuvius, makes it a popular place for tourists to visit. People from Naples are called ’Neapolitans’.:\n  2  see Naples and die:  a saying which means that once you have seen Naples, you can die, because you will never see anything more beautiful//\nNapoleon 1 Napoleon Bonaparte   (1769-1821) the  emperor of France from 1804 to 1815. He was a great and very skilful military leader and his armies took control of many European countries, which then became part of his  empire. In 1815 he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and was forced to spend the rest of his life on the island of St Helena. Napoleon also changed the way that France was organized, and established a new system of laws, called the ’Napoleonic Code’, on which modern French law is based.//\nNapoleon 2   a main character in Animal Farm, a satire on the Soviet Union by George Orwell. Napoleon is a pig who chases his rivals off the farm to win power. Napoleon represents the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin.//


Words: Napoleonic Wars
Meaning:
the   a series of wars from 1799-1815, fought between France when it was ruled by Napoleon, and several other European countries, including Britain. They ended when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of  Waterloo.//


Words: nappy
Meaning:
S3   n   plural  nappies  [C]  BrE //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: napkin]//  a piece of soft cloth or paper worn by a baby between its legs and fastened around its waist to hold its liquid and solid waste//  American Equivalent:  diaper//  --Excuse me while I change the baby’s nappy .//  --a dirty nappy //  disposable nappies (=nappies which are made to be used once and thrown away) //  nappy rash (=sore skin caused by wet nappies) //


Words: narc
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: narcotic agent]//  a police officer who deals with the problem of illegal drugs//\nnarc 2 v [I + on]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Romany; Origin: nak  ’nose’]//  to secretly tell the police about someone else’s criminal activities, especially activities involving illegal drugs//


Words: narcissism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Narcissus, beautiful young man in an ancient Greek story who loved to look at his face reflected in water and was turned into a flower, from  Greek Narkissos]//  when someone is too concerned about their appearance or abilities or spends too much time admiring them - used to show disapproval//  --He went to the gym every day, driven purely by narcissism.//  -- narcissist n  [C] //  -- narcissistic/n[hA35A][hA359]s[hA369]s[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B] $ n[hA35A][hA359]r-/ adj //


Words: Narcissus
Meaning:
in Greek  mythology, a beautiful young man who fell in love with his own  reflection when he saw his face in a pool of water. Because he became very unhappy as a result, he gradually became so weak that he died. A flower grew up in the place where he died, which was called  narcissus after him.//    Narcissism//


Words: narcissus
Meaning:
n   plural  narcissi /-sa[hA366]/ [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek narkissos, from  narke (  NARCOTIC1); because it contains a substance that puts you to sleep]//  a yellow or white spring flower, such as the daffodil//


Words: narcotic
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: narcotique, from  Greek narkotikos, from  narkoun  ’to make numb’, from  narke  ’being without feeling’]//\n  1  narcotics [plural]  especially AmE strong illegal drugs such as heroin or cocaine:  --the narcotics trade//  narcotics agent (=a police officer who deals with the problems of narcotics) //\n  2 a type of drug which makes you sleep and reduces pain:\nnarcotic 2 adj \n  1 [only before noun]  especially AmE relating to illegal drugs:  --narcotic addiction//\n  2 a narcotic drug takes away pain or makes you sleep:


Words: nark
Meaning:
n [C]  informal  especially BrE   someone who is friendly with criminals and who secretly tells the police about their activities//   informer//


Words: narked
Meaning:
[not before noun]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: nark  ’to act as an informer’ (1800-1900), from  nark  ’a (police) informer’ (19-20 centuries), from  Romany nak  ’nose’]//  angry about something someone has done//  --There’s no need to get narked about it!//


Words: Narnia
Meaning:
an imaginary land of magic people and animals visited by four children in  The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and other children’s stories written by C. S.  Lewis//


Words: narrate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  narrare, from  gnarus  ’knowing’]//\n  1 to explain what is happening in a film or television programme as part of the film or programme:  --a wildlife film narrated by David Attenborough//\n  2 to tell a story by describing all the events in order, for example in a book:  --The main character narrates the story.//


Words: narration
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a spoken description or explanation which is given during a film, play etc:\n  2  formal the act of telling a story:


Words: narrative
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1 [C] a description of events in a story, especially in a novel:  --At several points in the narrative the two stories cross.//\n  2 [U] the process or skill of telling a story:  -- narrative adj //  --a narrative poem//  --narrative structure//


Words: narrator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the person who tells the story in a book or a play:\n  2 the person who describes or explains what is happening in a film or television programme but who is not seen:


Words: narrow
Meaning:
W2S3   adj   ----------//\n   1 not wide:\n   2 narrow escape:\n   3 narrow victory/defeat/majority/margin etc:\n   4 ideas/attitudes:\n   5 narrow sense/definition:\n   6 limited:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: nearu]//\n  1 NOT WIDE:  measuring only a small distance from one side to the other, especially in relation to the length//  → wide//    broad//  narrow street/road/path etc //  --a long narrow road//  --the narrow passage between the cottage and the house//  --his narrow bed//  --The stairs were very narrow.//  --a long, narrow band of cloud//\n  2  narrow escape:  a situation in which you only just avoid danger, difficulties, or trouble//  --A woman had a narrow escape yesterday when her car left the road.//  --He was shaken by his narrow escape from death.//\n  3  narrow victory/defeat/majority/margin etc:  a win etc that is only just achieved or happens by only a small amount//    slim//  --The president won a narrow victory in the election.//  --He persuaded a narrow majority of the party to support the government.//  --Scotland eventually won the match by the narrow margin of 5-4.//\n  4 IDEAS/ATTITUDES:  a narrow attitude or way of looking at a situation is too limited and does not consider enough possibilities//  --You’ve got a very narrow view of life.//  --Some teachers have a narrow vision of what art is.//    narrow-minded//\n  5  narrow sense/definition:  a meaning of a word that is exact or limited//  --I use the word ’neighbour’ in its more precise or narrower sense.//\n  6 LIMITED:  limited in range or number of things//  --The company offered only a narrow range of financial services.//  -- narrowness n  [U] //    narrowly,  narrows,  the straight and narrow at straight3 (2)//\nnarrow 2 v [I and T] \n  1 to make something narrower or to become narrower:  --He narrowed his eyes and gazed at the horizon.//  --The track divided into two and narrowed.//\n  2 if a range, difference etc narrows, or if something narrows it, it becomes less:  --The choice of goods available is narrowing.//  --The economic gap between the two halves of the country was beginning to narrow.//  narrow down [narrow sth → down] phr v//  to reduce the number of things included in a range//  --The police have narrowed down their list of suspects.//  narrow something → down to//  --I’ve narrowed it down to one of two people (=there are now only two people to choose between) .//


Words: narrow-minded
Meaning:
adj   unwilling to accept or understand new or different ideas, opinions, or customs//   prejudiced//  → broadminded//  --His attitude is narrow-minded and insensitive.//  --narrow-minded nationalism//  -- narrow-mindedness n  [U] //


Words: narrowly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 by only a small amount:  --He was narrowly defeated in the election.//  --One bullet struck his car, narrowly missing him.//  --A man narrowly escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning.//\n  2 in a limited way:  --The law is being interpreted too narrowly.//  --These big general issues should be broken down into more narrowly focused questions.//


Words: narrows
Meaning:
n [plural] \n  1 a narrow area of water between two pieces of land which connects two larger areas of water:  --There are really three lakes, joined by narrows.//\n  2  AmE a narrow part of a river, lake etc:


Words: nary
Meaning:
adv  old-fashioned   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: ne’er a  ’not a’]//  nary a sth//  not one//  --They said nary a word.//


Words: NASA
Meaning:
n   National Aeronautics and Space Administration a US government organization that controls space travel and the scientific study of space//


Words: nasal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: nasalis, from  Latin nasus  ’nose’]//\n  1 [only before noun] related to the nose:  --the nasal passage//\n  2 a sound or voice that is nasal comes mainly through your nose:  --He spoke in a high nasal voice.//\n  3 [only before noun]  technical a nasal consonant or vowel such as /n/ or /m/ is one that is produced completely or partly through your nose:  -- nasally adv //\nnasal 2 n [C]  technical   a particular speech sound such as /m/, /n/, or /[hA26E]/ that is made through your nose//


Words: nascent
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  nasci  ’to be born’]//  coming into existence or starting to develop//  --the country’s nascent democracy//  --their nascent manufacturing industries//


Words: NASDAQ
Meaning:
a US organization that provides information through the Internet about the price of  shares of certain businesses, especially companies in the computer industry and other areas of science and  technology//


Words: Nashville
Meaning:
the capital city of the state of Tennessee, US, famous as the centre of the  country and western music industry//


Words: Nasser
Meaning:
Gamal Abdal   (1918-70) an Egyptian army officer and politician, who was the first President of the Republic of Egypt (1956-70). He successfully took control of the  Suez Canal from France and Britain in 1956, and this made him extremely popular in Egypt.//


Words: nasturtium
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Latin; Origin: , perhaps from  nasus  ’nose’ +  -turtium (from  torquere  ’to twist’); because of its strong smell]//  a garden plant with orange, yellow, or red flowers and circular leaves//


Words: nasty
Meaning:
S2   adj   comparative  nastier superlative  nastiest //  ----------//\n   1 behaviour:\n   2 person:\n   3 experience/situation:\n   4 sight/smell etc:\n   5 injury/illness:\n   6 substance:\n   7 a nasty piece of work:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 BEHAVIOUR:  nasty behaviour or remarks are extremely unkind and unpleasant//  --a nasty temper//  --the nasty things that were being written about her//  --There’s a nasty streak in her character.//  --Drivers often have a nasty habit of driving too close to cyclists.//  nasty to//  --Don’t be so nasty to your mum (=do not treat her unkindly) .//  get/turn nasty  especially BrE  (=suddenly start behaving in a threatening way) //  --When Harry refused, Don turned nasty and went for him with both fists.//\n  2 PERSON:  someone who is nasty behaves in an unkind and unpleasant way//  --I went to school with him - he was nasty then and he’s nasty now.//  --You’re a nasty little brute!//\n  3 EXPERIENCE/SITUATION:  a nasty experience, feeling, or situation is unpleasant//  nasty shock/surprise //  --It gave me a nasty shock.//  nasty feeling/suspicion //  --I had a nasty feeling that a tragedy was going to happen.//  --Life has a nasty habit of repeating itself.//  --He had a nasty accident while riding in the forest.//  --When you feel you’ve been cheated, it always leaves a nasty taste in the mouth  (=makes you feel upset or angry afterwards) .//  --The weather turned nasty towards the evening.//\n  4 SIGHT/SMELL ETC:  having a bad appearance, smell, taste etc//  --What’s that nasty smell?//  --They were cheap and nasty watches, the kind you see on special offer in petrol stations.//\n  5 INJURY/ILLNESS:  severe or very painful//  --a nasty cut//  --He was carried off the field with a nasty injury.//\n  6 SUBSTANCE:  a nasty substance is dangerous//  --nasty chemicals//\n  7  a nasty piece of work:   BrE someone who is dishonest, violent, or likely to cause trouble//  -- nastily adv //  -- nastiness n  [U] //    video nasty//


Words: Nat-West Trophy
Meaning:
the   a  one-day cricket competition in the UK, in which any team that loses a game leaves the competition, so that in the end there is a final game between the two remaining teams//


Words: natal
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: natalis, from  natus;   NATION]//  relating to birth//  --Green turtles return to their natal island to breed.//


Words: natch
Meaning:
adv [sentence adverb]  spoken  informal   used to say that something is exactly as you would expect//   naturally//  --’What does he drive?’ ’A BMW, natch.’//


Words: nation
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: Latin natio, from  natus, past participle of  nasci  ’to be born’]//\n  1 a country, considered especially in relation to its people and its social or economic structure:  --the President’s radio broadcast to the nation//  --an independent nation//  --the world’s leading industrial nations//\n  2 a large group of people of the same race and language:  --the Cherokee nation//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  In most situations, it is more usual to say country: I’ve been to countries all over the world.| Do you like this country? //  ----------//


Words: Nation of Islam
Meaning:
the   a US black rights organization, which was founded in 1930 by Farad Mohammad. For many years its leader was Elijah Muhammad until his death in 1975. Its members have included Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali.//


Words: nation state
Meaning:
n [C]   a nation that is a politically independent country//  --European union is seen as a threat to the sovereignty of the nation state.//


Words: national
Meaning:
adj \n  1 related to a whole nation as opposed to any of its parts:    local//  --Religion matters very much at a national level.//  --Between 1929 and 1933 America’s national income fell by more than half.//  --There are strong indications that the Prime Minister will call national elections in May.//\n  2 relating to one particular nation as opposed to other nations:    international//  --We refuse to sign any treaty that is against our national interests.//\n  3 [only before noun] owned or controlled by the central government of a country:  --the National Institute for Space Research//  --the country’s national airline//    nationally//\nnational 2 n [C]   someone who is a citizen of a particular country but is living in another country//    alien, citizen, subject//  -- Foreign nationals were advised to leave the country.//  French/EU/Japanese etc national //  --Turkish nationals who are living in the UK//


Words: National Cancer Institute
Meaning:
the   a US organization that works to discover the causes of  cancer and to find treatments and cures for it //


Words: National Centre for Popular Music
Meaning:
the   a  museum of  pop and  rock music in Sheffield, UK, in a specially built building which is shaped like four very large, shiny drums, and which contains information about pop and rock music and shows films of musicians playing//


Words: National Childbirth Trust
Meaning:
the   NCT a British organization that provides advice and information to women who are going to have babies. It supports women who want to give birth naturally, without the use of drugs, and it encourages new mothers to  breastfeed their babies instead of giving them milk made from powder.//


Words: National Conference
Meaning:
the   a group of  American football teams in the US that play against one another. There is another group of teams called the  American Conference, and the best team from that group plays the best team from the National Conference in the  Super Bowl, the most important football game of the year//


Words: national costume
Meaning:
n [U and C]   special clothing traditionally worn by the people of a particular country//  --folk dancers in national costume//


Words: National Curriculum
Meaning:
n   the National Curriculum//  the course of study that most students follow in England and Wales between the ages of five and 16//


Words: national debt
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   the total amount of money owed by the government of a country//  --The government taxed fuel highly in order to finance the national debt.//


Words: National Easter Seal Society
Meaning:
the   a US  charity organization that helps  disabled children and adults. It makes sure that they are treated fairly, become independent, and have equal rights.//


Words: National Endowment for the Arts
Meaning:
NEA a US government organization that provides money for artists,  museums, theatre companies etc, to help them in their work. There is a similar organization in the UK called the  Arts Council.//


Words: National Endowment for the Humanities
Meaning:
the   the NEH a US government organization which provides money for writers and other people working in the  humanities (=subjects like history, language, and literature)  to help them with their work//


Words: National Enquirer
Meaning:
The  trademark   a US weekly  tabloid newspaper that has strange, unbelievable articles about famous people and  supernatural events//


Words: National Farmers Union
Meaning:
the   NFU a British organization that provides advice and support for farmers. Although it is called a "union", it is not a  trade union, but it tries to influence politicians to support policies that help its members.//


Words: National Film Theatre
Meaning:
the   NFT a building containing two cinemas on the  South Bank in London, which is part of the  British Film Institute. It is known for showing films that are not shown at ordinary cinemas, including old films, foreign films, and films made by small companies//


Words: National Foundation of the Arts and the Humanities
Meaning:
an American government organization which develops and supports arts and  humanities. It works with the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.//


Words: National Front
Meaning:
the   a small extreme  right-wing political party in Britain which believes that white people should have more rights than black and Asian people who live in the UK//


Words: National Gallery
Meaning:
the National Gallery//  a large public art  gallery in Trafalgar Square, London, which contains the largest collection of important paintings in the UK. The National Gallery contains mostly European art, from all periods between about 1200 and the end of the 19th century. A large new part, called the Sainsbury Wing, was added in 1991.//


Words: National Gallery of Art
Meaning:
the National Gallery of Art//  a large public  museum of paintings,  sculptures etc in Washington, D.C.//


Words: National Geographic
Meaning:
The   a US monthly magazine, which is produced by the National Geographic Societyand has photographs, maps, and interesting articles about nature, wild animals, and people from different  cultures all over the world//


Words: National Guard
Meaning:
n   the National Guard//  a military force in each state of the US which can be used when it is needed by the state or the US government//


Words: National Health Service
Meaning:
n   the National Health Service//  the NHS the state system for providing health care in Britain, paid for by taxes//


Words: National Heritage
Meaning:
a British organization that is in charge of giving out money from the National Heritage Memorial Fund to  museums and other institutions to help them buy works of art, buildings of historic interest etc, or to keep these things in good condition. The money that is used in this way is provided by the UK’s National Lottery.//


Words: National Insurance
Meaning:
n [U]   a system of insurance organized by the British government into which workers and employers make regular payments, and which provides money for people who are unemployed, old, or ill//


Words: National Insurance Number
Meaning:
a special number given to each person in the UK as soon as they are old enough to work, so that they become part of the  National Insurance system. There is a similar system in the US, by which people are given a  Social Security Number.//


Words: National Labor Relations Board
Meaning:
the   the NLRB a US government organization that tries to settle disagreements between workers and managers, especially in large companies. There is a similar organization in the UK called ACAS.//


Words: National Lampoon
Meaning:
a humorous US magazine which is read especially by young people, and which makes fun of famous people, recent events, traditions etc. There are also  National Lampoon films and radio and television programmes.//


Words: National League
Meaning:
a group of professional baseball teams in the US which play against each other. Every year, the team that wins in this league plays against the winning team of the  American League in the  World series.//


Words: National Lottery
Meaning:
the  trademark   the UK  lottery. Money collected by the lottery is partly given away in prizes, and partly given to support  charity organizations, sports clubs, theatres etc. Although the chances of winning the lottery are extremely small, the prizes are very large, and this makes the lottery very popular.//


Words: National Maritime Museum
Meaning:
the National Maritime Museum//  a  museum in Greenwich, South London, with models and pictures of British ships, and things relating to the sea, sailing, and famous seamen//


Words: national monument
Meaning:
n [C]   a building, special feature of the land etc that is kept and protected by a government for people to visit//


Words: national park
Meaning:
n [C]   land which is protected by a government because of its natural beauty or historical or scientific interest, and which people can visit//  --Yosemite National Park//


Words: National Portrait Gallery
Meaning:
the National Portrait Gallery//  an art  gallery in Trafalgar Square in London which contains many pictures of famous men and women in British history and  culture//


Words: National Public Radio
Meaning:
NPR a network of independent US radio stations. National Public Radio is paid for by the people who listen to it, and has interesting high-quality programmes on news and  current affairs (=important things that are happening in the world) .//


Words: National Rifle Association
Meaning:
the   the NRA a US organization that supports people’s rights to buy and keep guns, and opposes attempts to change the laws and introduce more strict controls on guns.//


Words: National Savings Bank
Meaning:
the   a British bank that operates through local post offices. It is known for selling National Savings Certificates and  Premium Bonds. People consider it a very safe place for their savings, because the money is in the care of the British government.//


Words: national security
Meaning:
n [U]   the idea that a country must keep its secrets safe and its army strong in order to protect its citizens//  --The number of people who join the army is so low that it is beginning to threaten national security.//


Words: National Security Council
Meaning:
the   a powerful government committee in the US, which controls the relationship between military and foreign policy. Its members include the President, the Secretary of State, and the Defense Secretary, and its leader is the President’s ’National Security Adviser’.//


Words: National Theatre
Meaning:
the National Theatre//   also the Royal National Theatre //  the NT a modern building on the  South Bank in London containing three theatres, the Olivier, the Lyttelton, and the Cottesloe. It is the home of the Royal National Theatre Company, which is famous for the high quality of its actors and which performs a wide variety of serious plays, both old and modern.//


Words: National Trust
Meaning:
n   the National Trust//  a British organization which owns and takes care of many beautiful old buildings and areas of countryside in England and Wales//


Words: National Weather Service
Meaning:
the   the national organization that collects information about the weather in the US, and provides weather reports and warnings of dangerous weather conditions for newspapers, radio, and TV, and also for farmers, scientists, airports etc. There is a similar organization in the UK called the  Met office.//


Words: nationalism
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the desire by a group of people of the same race, origin, language etc to form an independent country:  --Scottish nationalism//\n  2 love for your own country and the belief that it is better than any other country:    patriotism//  --Under his leadership, a strong sense of nationalism emerged.//


Words: nationalist
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 a nationalist organization, party etc wants to gain or keep political independence for their country and people:  --the Scottish Nationalist Party//  --the rise of the nationalist movement//\n  2 a nationalist organization or party believes that their country is the most important or the best:\nnationalist 2 n [C] \n  1 someone who is involved in trying to gain or keep political independence for their country and people:  --Welsh nationalists//\n  2 someone who believes their country is best:


Words: nationalistic
Meaning:
adj   someone who is nationalistic believes that their country is better than other countries//    patriotic//  --They were encouraging nationalistic sentiment among the students.//


Words: nationality
Meaning:
n   plural  nationalities //\n  1 [U and C] the state of being legally a citizen of a particular country:    citizenship//  --people of the same nationality//  French/Brazilian etc nationality //  --He has British nationality.//  dual nationality (=the state of being a citizen of two countries) //\n  2 [C] a large group of people with the same race, origin, language etc:  --the different nationalities within the former USSR//


Words: nationalize
Meaning:
also nationalise  BrE   v [T]   if a government nationalizes a very large industry such as water, gas, or the railways, it buys it or takes control of it//    privatize//  --The British government nationalized the railways in 1948.//  --a nationalised industry //  -- nationalization/n[zB024][hA35D][hA368]n[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -n[hA353]l[hA353]-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: nationally
Meaning:
adv   by or to everyone in the nation//  --a nationally recognised qualification//  --The programme will be broadcast nationally.//


Words: nationwide
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   happening or existing in every part of the country//  --a nationwide search for a missing British tourist//  --nationwide television//  -- nationwide adv //  --We have 350 sales outlets nationwide.//


Words: native
Meaning:
W3   adj   ----------//\n   1 country:\n   2 native New Yorker/population/inhabitants etc:\n   3 native language/tongue:\n   4 plant/animal:\n   5 art/custom:\n   6 natural:\n   7 go native:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: natif, from  Latin nativus, from  natus;   NATION]//\n  1 COUNTRY:   [only before noun] your native country, town etc is the place where you were born//    home//  --They never saw their native land again.//  --He spent most of his professional life outside his native Poland.//\n  2  native New Yorker/population/inhabitants etc:  a person or people who come from or have always lived in a particular place//\n  3  native language/tongue:  the language you spoke when you first learned to speak//   first language//  --English is not the native language for almost half of our overseas visitors.//\n  4 PLANT/ANIMAL:  growing, living, produced etc in one particular place//   indigenous//  --Singapore has many native species of palm.//  native to//  --These fish are native to North America.//\n  5 ART/CUSTOM:   [only before noun] native customs, traditions etc are related to people who lived in a particular country before European people arrived there//  --the native traditions of Peru//  --stalls selling native jewelry//  --native folklore//\n  6 NATURAL:   [only before noun] a native ability is one that you have naturally from birth//  --her native wit//\n  7  go native:  to behave, dress, or speak like the people who live in the country where you have come to stay or work - used humorously//  --Austen has been living in New Guinea so long he’s gone native.//\nnative 2 n [C] \n  1 a person who was born in a particular place:  native of//  --a native of Switzerland//\n  2 someone who lives in a place all the time or has lived there a long time:  native of//  --He has become a native of Glasgow.//\n  3 [usually plural]  not polite a word used by white people in the past to refer to the people who lived in America, Africa, southern Asia etc before European people arrived, now considered offensive:  --He was not certain whether the natives were friendly.//\n  4 a plant or animal that grows or lives naturally in a place:  native of//  --The bear was once a native of Britain.//


Words: Native American
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who belongs to one of the races that lived in North America before Europeans arrived//


Words: native speaker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who has learned a particular language as their first language, rather than as a foreign language//    non-native speaker//  --For the spoken language, students are taught by native speakers.//  native speaker of//  --a native speaker of English//


Words: Nativity
Meaning:
n   plural  Nativities //\n  1  the Nativity:  the birth of Jesus Christ//\n  2 [C] a picture or model of the baby Jesus Christ and his parents in the place where he was born:  --a Nativity scene with all the animals//


Words: Nativity play
Meaning:
n [C]   a play telling the story of the birth of Jesus Christ, performed by children at Christmas//  --the school’s Nativity play//


Words: NATO
Meaning:
n   North Atlantic Treaty Organization a group of countries including the US and several European countries, which give military help to each other//  --our allies in NATO//  --a NATO country//


Words: natter
Meaning:
v [I]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  From the sound made when talking quickly]//  to talk for a long time about unimportant things//   chat//  natter to/with//  --Sometimes she would pick up the telephone and natter to Charles.//  natter about//  --Lynne’s been nattering on about the wedding for weeks.//\nnatter 2 n [singular]  BrE  informal   the act of talking about unimportant things//   chat//  --We sat down and had a natter and a cup of tea.//


Words: natty
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Probably from  netty  ’neat’ (1500-1600), from  net  ’neat, clean’ (14-19 centuries), from  French;   NEAT]//  neat and fashionable in appearance//  --a natty suit//  --He was a natty dresser.//  -- nattily adv //


Words: natural
Meaning:
W1S2   adj   ----------//\n   1 nature:\n   2 normal:\n   3 behaviour:\n   4 ability:\n   5 relaxed:\n   6 parent/child:\n   7 real:\n   8 natural justice/law:\n   9 food:\n  10 music:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin naturalis, from  natura;   NATURE]//\n  1 NATURE:  existing in nature and not caused, made, or controlled by people//    artificial, man-made//  --the study of the natural world  (=trees, rivers, animals, plants etc) //  --an area of spectacular natural beauty//  -- natural disasters  (=things such as floods orearthquakes) //  --death from natural causes //  --the need for natural light in offices//\n  2 NORMAL:  normal and as you would expect//  → unnatural, abnormal//  --At the time, accepting his offer had seemed the most natural thing in the world .//  it is natural (for sb) to do sth//  --It’s not natural for a child of his age to be so quiet.//  -- It’s only natural that he should be interested in what happens.//  --It was a perfectly natural  (=not surprising) mistake to make.//\n  3 BEHAVIOUR:  a natural tendency or type of behaviour is part of your character when you are born, rather than one that you learn later//  --Babies have a natural fear of falling.//\n  4 ABILITY:  having a particular quality or skill without needing to be taught and without needing to try hard//  --a natural musician//  --Cheryl has a natural elegance about her.//  --his natural ability with figures//\n  5 RELAXED:  behaving in a way that is normal and shows you are relaxed and not trying to pretend//  --Be cool, be natural.//\n  6 PARENT/CHILD:   [only before noun] //  a) someone’s natural parent or child is their real parent or child, who is  biologically related to them//  --An adopted young person has the right to trace his natural parents.//  b)  old-fashioned if someone is the natural child of someone, their parents were not married to each other//  --He was rumoured to be the natural son of a duke.//\n  7 REAL:  not connected with gods, magic, or spirits//  → supernatural//  --I’m sure there’s a perfectly natural explanation.//\n  8  natural justice/law:  justice that is based on human reason alone//\n  9 FOOD:  with nothing added to change the taste//  --natural yoghurt//\n  10 MUSIC:   technical a musical note that is natural has been raised from a flat by one semitone or lowered from a sharp by one semitone//    sharp, flat//  -- naturalness n  [U] //  --Manufacturers now choose to emphasize the naturalness of the ingredients used in their products.//\nnatural 2 n [C] \n  1  be a natural:  to be good at doing something without having to try hard or practise//  --People think I am a natural, but I’ve had to work at it.//\n  2  technical :  a) a musical note that has been changed from a flat to be a semitone higher, or from a sharp to be a semitone lower//  b) the sign in written music that shows this kind of musical note//


Words: natural childbirth
Meaning:
n [U]   a method of giving birth to a baby in which a woman chooses not to be given drugs to reduce the pain//


Words: Natural History Museum
Meaning:
the Natural History Museum//  a) a  museum in West London which contains objects and information about the history of plants, animals, and minerals, and is famous for its collection of  dinosaur bones//  b) a similar museum in New York City//


Words: natural resource
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   things that exist in nature and can be used by people, for example oil, trees etc//  --a country with abundant natural resources//


Words: natural science
Meaning:
n [U and C]   chemistry, biology, and physics, considered together as subjects for study, or one of these subjects//


Words: natural selection
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live and breed, while all others will die out//    evolution//    survival of the fittest at survival(2)//


Words: natural wastage
Meaning:
n [U]   a reduction in the number of people employed by an organization, which happens when people leave their jobs and the jobs are not given to anyone else//


Words: natural-born
Meaning:
adj   natural-born singer/story-teller etc//  someone who has always had a particular quality or skill without having to learn it//


Words: naturalistic
Meaning:
adj  also naturalist   painted, written etc according to the ideas of naturalism//  -- naturalistically/-kli/ adv //


Words: naturalize
Meaning:
also naturalise  BrE   v   be naturalized//  if someone who was born outside a particular country is naturalized, they become a citizen of that country//  -- naturalization/n[zB024]t[hA35D][hA368]r[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: naturally
Meaning:
W3S2   adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] use this to say that something is normal and not surprising:  --Naturally, you’ll want to discuss this with your wife.//  -- Naturally enough , she wanted her child to grow up fit and strong.//\n  2  spoken use this to say ’yes’ when you agree with someone or when you think the person who asked the question should know that your reply will be ’yes’:  --’Am I allowed in?’ ’Naturally.’//\n  3 in a way that is the result of nature, not of someone’s actions:  --My hair is naturally curly.//  come naturally (to sb) (=be easy for you to do because you have a natural ability) //  --Speaking in public seems to come quite naturally to her.//\n  4 in a relaxed manner without trying to look or sound different from usual:  --Just speak naturally and pretend the microphone isn’t there.//   see usage note  surely//


Words: Nature
Meaning:
a British weekly  journal (=serious magazine)  which deals with all areas of science. It is a very respected journal, and many important new discoveries are first reported in articles in  Nature.//


Words: nature
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 plants/animals etc:\n   2 somebody’s character:\n   3 qualities of something:\n   4 type:\n   5 in the nature of things:\n   6 be in the nature of something:\n   7 let nature take its course:\n   8 back to nature:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: Latin natura, from  natus;   NATION]//\n  1 PLANTS/ANIMALS ETC:   also  Nature//   [U] everything in the physical world that is not controlled by humans, such as wild plants and animals, earth and rocks, and the weather//  --We grew up in the countryside, surrounded by the beauties of nature.//  --nature conservation//  the laws/forces of nature //  --The inhabitants of the island fight a constant battle against the forces of nature.//  in nature//  --All these materials are found in nature.//  --Disease is nature’s way of keeping the population down.//\n  2 SOMEBODY’S CHARACTER:   [U and C] someone’s character//  --a child with a happy, easy-going nature//  sb’s nature//  -- It’s just not in Jane’s nature to lie.//  by nature//  --She was by nature a very affectionate person.//  --I tried appealing to his better nature  (=his feelings of kindness) but he wouldn’t agree to help us.//  --Of course she’s jealous - it’s only human nature  (=the feelings and ways of behaving that all people have) .//\n  3 QUALITIES OF SOMETHING:   [singular, U] the qualities or features that something has//  nature of//  --They asked a lot of questions about the nature of our democracy.//  --He examined the nature of the relationship between the two communities.//  exact/precise/true nature //  --The exact nature of the problem is not well understood.//  different/political/temporary etc in nature //  --Any government funding would be temporary in nature.//  --Capitalist society is by its very nature unstable.//\n  4 TYPE:   [singular] a particular kind of thing//  of a personal/political/difficult etc nature //  --The support being given is of a practical nature.//  of this/that nature //  --I never trouble myself with questions of that nature.//\n  5  in the nature of things:  according to the natural way things happen//  --In the nature of things, there is bound to be the occasional accident.//\n  6  be in the nature of sth:   formal to be similar to a type of thing//  --The enquiry will be more in the nature of a public meeting than a formal hearing.//\n  7  let nature take its course:  to allow events to happen without doing anything to change the results//  --Sometimes the best cure for an illness is just to let nature take its course.//\n  8  back to nature:  a style of living in which people try to live simply and not use modern machines//  --city workers who want to get back to nature in their holidays//    be/become second nature (to sb) at second1 (10)//    the call of nature at call2 (12)//


Words: nature trail
Meaning:
n [C]   a path through the countryside that is designed so that you can see interesting plants, animals etc along the way//


Words: naturist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who enjoys not wearing any clothes because they believe it is natural and healthy to do this//   nudist//  -- naturism n  [U] //


Words: naturopath
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: naturopathy  (20-21 centuries), from  nature +  -pathy  ’system of medicine’ (from  Greek -patheia)]//  someone who tries to cure illness using natural things such as plants, rather than drugs//  -- naturopathy/ne[hA366]t[hA35D][hA353]r[hA361]p[hA353][hA35F]i $ -r[hA35A][hA359]-/ n  [U] //  -- naturopathic/ne[hA366]t[hA35D][hA353]r[hA353]p[zB024][hA35F][hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: naught
Meaning:
pron  old use   [Language: Old English; Origin: nawiht]//  nothing//  --All their plans came to naught  (=failed) .//


Words: naughty
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 disobedient:\n   2 slightly bad:\n   3 involving sex:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: naught]//\n  1 DISOBEDIENT:  a naughty child does not obey adults and behaves badly//  → good//  --You’re a very naughty boy! Look what you’ve done!//\n  2 SLIGHTLY BAD:   BrE if an adult does something naughty, they do something that is not right or good, but is not very serious//  --I felt a bit naughty going off on my own, leaving the children behind.//\n  3 INVOLVING SEX:   naughty jokes/magazines/films etc//   BrE  old-fashioned naughty jokes, magazines, films etc deal with sex, especially in a humorous way//    rude, blue//  -- naughtily adv //  -- naughtiness n  [U] //


Words: Nauru
Meaning:
an independent  republic, one of the smallest nations in the world, on an island in the southwest Pacific Ocean near the Equator. Population: 12,088 (2001). Capital: Yaren. It has large amounts of  phosphate salts, which are used for making plants grow better, and an important phosphate mining industry. //  -- Nauruan n  adj //


Words: nausea
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek nausia  ’seasickness’, from  nautes;   NAUTICAL]//  the feeling that you have when you think you are going to vomit (=bring food up from your stomach through your mouth) //   sick//  feeling/wave of nausea //  --A feeling of nausea suddenly came over me.//    ad nauseam//


Words: nauseate
Meaning:
v [T]   to make someone feel that they are going to vomit//  --The thought of food nauseated me.//  --She felt dizzy and nauseated.//


Words: nauseating
Meaning:
adj \n  1 making you feel that you are going to vomit:   sickening//  --the nauseating smell of rotting fish//\n  2 making you feel annoyed or offended:   disgusting//  --his nauseating remarks//  -- nauseatingly adv //


Words: nauseous
Meaning:
adj \n  1  especially AmE feeling that you are going to vomit:   sick//  --I felt slightly nauseous .//  --The taste made me nauseous .//\n  2  formal making you feel that you are going to vomit:  --a nauseous smell//


Words: nautical
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: nauticus, from  Greek, from  nautes  ’sailor’, from  naus  ’ship’]//  relating to ships, boats, or sailing//  --All the waiters were dressed in nautical attire.//


Words: naval
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   relating to the navy or used by the navy//  --a naval officer//  --naval battles//


Words: nave
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: navis, from  Latin,  ’ship’; because of its shape]//  the long central part of a church//


Words: navel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: nafela]//\n  1 the small hollow or raised place in the middle of your stomach:   belly button, tummy button//\n  2  gaze at/contemplate your navel:  to spend too much time thinking about your own problems - used humorously//


Words: navigable
Meaning:
adj   a river, lake etc that is navigable is deep and wide enough for ships to travel on//  -- navigability/n[zB024]v[hA369]g[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: navigate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  navigare, from  navis  ’ship’]//\n  1 [I and T] to find which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another:  --I’ll drive, you take the map and navigate.//  --Early explorers used to navigate by the stars .//  navigate your way through/to/around sth//  --We managed to navigate our way through the forest.//\n  2 [I and T] to understand or deal with something complicated:  --A solicitor will help you navigate the complex legal system.//  navigate through//  --I am currently trying to navigate through a whole stack of information on the subject.//\n  3 [T] to sail along a river or other area of water:  --The river is too dangerous to navigate.//\n  4 [I and T] to find your way around on a particular website, or to move from one website to another:  --The magazine’s website is easy to navigate.//


Words: navigation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the science or job of planning which way you need to go when you are travelling from one place to another:  --compasses and other instruments of navigation//\n  2 when someone sails a ship along a river or other area of water:  --Navigation becomes more difficult further up the river.//\n  3 when you click on words, pictures etc in order to move between documents that are connected on the Internet:  -- navigational adj  [only before noun] //


Words: navigator
Meaning:
n [C]   an officer on a ship or aircraft who plans which way it should go when it is travelling from one place to another//


Words: navvy
Meaning:
n   plural  navvies  [C]  BrE //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: navigator  ’someone who  digs canals’]//  an unskilled worker who does physical work, such as building roads//


Words: navy
Meaning:
S3   n   plural  navies //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: navie  ’group of ships’, from  Latin navigia  ’ships’, from  navigare;   NAVIGATE]//\n  1 [C] the part of a country’s military forces that fights at sea:  --the British Navy//  in the navy//  --Is your brother still in the navy?//  --He joined the navy during the war.//\n  2 [U] a very dark blue colour:  --The jacket is available in navy, green, or brown.//  -- navy adj //


Words: nay
Meaning:
adv   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: nei]//\n  1 [sentence adverb]  literary used when you are adding something to emphasize what you have just said:  --a bright - nay, a blinding light//\n  2  old use used to say no:  --Nay, lad. It’s not that bad.//\nnay 2 n [C]   a ’no’ - used when voting//


Words: Nazareth
Meaning:
a town in Galilee, northern Israel. According to the New Testament of the Bible, Jesus lived there when he was a boy.//


Words: Nazi
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: German; Origin: nationalsozialist  ’national socialist’]//\n  1 a member of the National Socialist Party of Adolf Hitler which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945:\n  2 someone who uses their authority over others in a very strict or cruel way:  --Some of the supervisors are real Nazis.//  -- Nazi adj //  -- Nazism n  [U] //


Words: NBA
Meaning:
n   the NBA//   the National Basketball Association the American organization which arranges professional basketball games//


Words: NCAA
Meaning:
National Collegiate Athletic Association an organization which sets rules for sports competitions between US colleges and universities//


Words: NEA
Meaning:
the \n  1 the National Education Association a US organization that represents the interests of teachers and schools:\n  2 the abbreviation of the National Endowment of the Arts:


Words: neanderthal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Neanderthal, valley of the Neander river in Germany, where bones of Neanderthal man were found in 1856]//\n  1  also  Neanderthal:  an early type of human being//\n  2 a man who is big, ugly, and stupid:\n  3 someone who has old-fashioned ideas and opposes change:  -- neanderthal adj //  --his neanderthal attitude towards women//


Words: neap tide
Meaning:
n [C]   a very small rise and fall of the level of the sea at the times of the first and third quarters of the moon//    spring tide//


Words: neapolitan
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: neapolitanus, from  Greek Neapolis  ’Naples’]//  neapolitan ice cream has layers of different colours and tastes//


Words: near
Meaning:
adv, prep   ----------//\n   1 short distance away:\n   2 short time before:\n   3 almost doing something:\n   4 amount or level:\n   5 similar:\n   6 near perfect/impossible etc:\n   7 draw near:\n   8 (as) near as damn it:\n   9 near enough:\n  10 nowhere near/not anywhere near:\n  11 not come near somebody/something:\n  12 somebody will not go near somebody/something:  ----------//\n  1 SHORT DISTANCE AWAY:  only a short distance from a person or thing//    close, nearby//  --They live near London.//  --I’m sure they live somewhere near  here. //  --They moved house to be nearer the school.//  near to//   especially BrE //  --a hotel near to the beach//  --She told the children not to go near the canal.//  --I’m warning you - don’t come any nearer !//  --We heard voices as we drew near the village.//\n  2 SHORT TIME BEFORE:  soon before a particular time or event//  --I didn’t remember to phone until near the end of the week.//  near to//   especially BrE //  --I’ll give you a ring a bit nearer to Christmas.//  --They should send us more details nearer the time of the concert.//\n  3 ALMOST DOING SOMETHING:  almost doing something or almost in a particular state//  --The work is now near completion.//  --A lot of the women were near tears .//  --We are no nearer an agreement than we were six months ago.//  near to//  --He was near to panic as he scrambled out of the building.//  --She was near to crying.//  --He seemed to know that he was near to death.//\n  4 AMOUNT OR LEVEL:  almost at a particular amount or level//  --Inflation is now near 10%.//  --He looked nearer fifty than forty.//  near to//  --Unemployment is now near to its all-time low.//  --Strawberries must come near the top of the list.//\n  5 SIMILAR:  if something is near something else, it is similar to it//  --His story was near enough the truth for people to believe it.//  near to//  --They say that love is very near to hate.//  --It may not be an exact replica but it’s pretty damn near.//\n  6  near perfect/impossible etc:  almost perfect, impossible etc//  --a near impossible task//\n  7  draw near:  if an event is drawing near, it is nearly time for it to happen//  --The day of his interview was drawing near.//\n  8  (as) near as damn it:   BrE  spoken used to say that something is very nearly true or correct//  --The repairs will cost us [hA124]1000, as near as damn it.//\n  9  near enough:   BrE used to say that something is nearly true or correct//  --It’s eleven o’clock, near enough.//  --All three car parks were full, near enough.//\n  10  nowhere near/not anywhere near:  used before an adjective or adverb to say that something is definitely not true//  --That’s nowhere near enough money!//  --The job wasn’t anywhere near finished.//\n  11  not come near sb/sth:  if one person or thing does not come near another one, it is not at all as good as the other one//  --None of the other wordprocessing programs comes near this one.//\n  12  sb will not go near sb/sth:  if someone will not go near a person or thing, they dislike or are frightened of them and will not speak to the person or use the thing//  --He refused to go near a doctor.//  --He made up his mind never to go near a motorcycle again.//\nnear 2 W3S2 adj \n  1 only a short distance away from someone or something:    close, nearby//  --It’s a beautiful house but it’s 20 miles away from the nearest town.//  --We can meet at the pub or in the restaurant, whichever’s nearer for you.//\n  2  a near disaster/collapse etc:  almost a disaster, collapse etc//  --The election was a near disaster for the Conservative party.//\n  3  the nearest thing/equivalent to sth:  the thing you have that is most like a particular type of thing//  --He’s the nearest thing to a father I’ve got.//\n  4  in the near future:  soon//  --They promised to contact us again in the near future.//\n  5  be a near thing:   BrE //  a) if something you succeed in doing is a near thing, you manage to succeed but you nearly failed//  --They won the championship, but it was a near thing.//  b) used to say that you just managed to avoid a dangerous or unpleasant situation//  --That was a near thing - that truck was heading straight for us.//\n  6  near miss:  a) when a bomb, plane, car etc nearly hits something but does not//  --a near miss between two passenger aircraft over the airport//  b) a situation in which something almost happens, or someone almost achieves something//\n  7  to the nearest [hA124]10/hundred etc:  an amount to the nearest [hA124]10, hundred etc is the number nearest to it that can be divided by [hA124]10, a hundred etc//  --Give me the car mileage to the nearest thousand.//\n  8 :  a)  near relative/relation//  a relative who is very closely related to you such as a parent//  --The death of a near relative is a terrible trauma for a child.//  b)  sb’s nearest and dearest//  someone’s family - used humorously//\n  9 [only before noun, no comparative] :  a) used to describe the side of something that is closest to where you are//  --the near bank of the river//  b)  BrE used when talking about the parts of a vehicle to mean the one that is closest to the side of the road when you drive//  → off//  --The headlight on the near side isn’t working.//    nearly,  nowhere near at nowhere(4)//  -- nearness n  [U] //\nnear 3 v  written \n  1 [T] to come closer to a place:   approach//  --She began to feel nervous as she neared the house.//  --The ship was nearing the harbour.//\n  2 [T] to come closer to being in a particular state:  --The work is nearing completion.//  --He’s 55 now, and nearing retirement.//\n  3 [T] to come closer to a particular time:  --He was nearing the end of his stay in India.//\n  4 [I] if a time nears, it gets closer and will come soon:  --He got more and more nervous as the day of his departure neared.//


Words: nearby
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   not far away//  --Lucy was staying in the nearby town of Hamilton.//  -- nearby/n[hA366][hA353]ba[hA366] $ n[hA366]r-/ adv //  --Dan found work on one of the farms nearby.//  --Do you live nearby?//


Words: nearly
Meaning:
adv \n  1  especially BrE almost, but not quite or not completely:   almost//  --It took nearly two hours to get here.//  --Michelle’s nearly twenty.//  --Is the job nearly finished?//  --Louise is nearly as tall as her mother.//  --I nearly always go home for lunch.//  --He very nearly died.//\n  2  not nearly:  not at all//  --He’s not nearly as good-looking as his brother.//  --We’ve saved some money, but it’s not nearly enough .//


Words: nearside
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE   on the side of a vehicle that is closest to the side of the road when you drive//  → offside//  --a scratch on the nearside front wing of the car//  -- nearside n  [singular] //


Words: nearsighted
Meaning:
adj  especially AmE   unable to see things clearly unless they are close to you//    far-sighted//  British Equivalent:  shortsighted//  -- nearsightedness n  [U] //


Words: neat
Meaning:
S2   adj   comparative  neater superlative  neatest //  ----------//\n   1 tidy:\n   2 liking things tidy:\n   3 good:\n   4 small:\n   5 clever:\n   6 drinks:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: net, from  Latin nitidus  ’bright, neat’, from  nitere  ’to shine’]//\n  1 TIDY:  tidy and carefully arranged//  --neat handwriting//  --His clothes were always neat and clean .//  --Everything in the house was neat and tidy .//  --She arranged the books in a nice neat pile.//\n  2 LIKING THINGS TIDY:  someone who is neat likes to keep things tidy//  --I’ve always been quite neat.//\n  3 GOOD:   AmE  spoken very good, pleasant, or enjoyable//  --That’s a really neat idea.//  --I liked working for him - he was a neat guy.//\n  4 SMALL:  something that is neat is small and attractive//  --her small, neat features//\n  5 CLEVER:   formal a neat way of doing or saying something is simple but clever and effective//  --In the end we found a very neat solution to the problem.//  --a neat summary of the main issues//\n  6 DRINKS:   especially BrE a neat alcoholic drink has no ice or water or any other liquid added//   straight//  --I can’t drink brandy neat.//  --drinking neat whisky//  -- neatly adv //  --He wrote his name neatly at the bottom of the page.//  --The problem was neatly summed up by one of the teachers.//  -- neatness n  [U] //


Words: Nebraska
Meaning:
NE a state in the central US which consists mainly of farmland, and which produces corn, wheat, cattle, and pigs. Its largest city is Omaha.//  -- Nebraskan n  adj //


Words: Nebuchadnezzar
Meaning:
King   (630-562 BC) in the Old Testament of the Bible, a king of  Babylon who destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC//


Words: nebula
Meaning:
n   plural  nebulae /-li[hA359]/ [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: ’mist, cloud’]//\n  1 a mass of gas and dust among the stars, which often appears as a bright cloud in the sky at night:\n  2 a galaxy (=mass of stars)  which appears as a bright cloud in the sky at night:  -- nebular adj //


Words: nebulous
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 an idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact:   vague//  --’Normality’ is a rather nebulous concept.//\n  2 a shape that is nebulous is unclear and has no definite edges:  --a nebulous ghostly figure//


Words: NEC
Meaning:
the NEC//   the National Exhibition Centre a large modern building near Birmingham in central England, which is used for  conferences and  exhibitions//


Words: necessarily
Meaning:
adv \n  1  not necessarily:  possibly, but not certainly//  --That is not necessarily true.//  --Expensive restaurants aren’t necessarily the best.//  --Having this disease does not necessarily mean that you will die young.//  --’So the school will have to close down, then.’ ’Not necessarily.’//\n  2  formal in a way that cannot be different or be avoided:   inevitably//  --The care of old people necessarily involves quite a lot of heavy lifting.//


Words: necessary
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: necessarius, from  necesse  ’necessary’, from  ne-  ’not’ +  cedere  ’to give up’]//\n  1 something that is necessary is what you need to have or need to do:    essential//  --The booklet provides all the necessary information about the college.//  --No further changes were considered necessary.//  absolutely/really necessary //  --The police are advising motorists to travel only if their journey is absolutely necessary.//  it is necessary (for sb) to do sth//  --It’s not necessary to wear a tie.//  --The doctor says it may be necessary for me to have an operation.//  make it necessary (for sb) to do sth //  --Falling profits made it necessary to restructure the business.//  necessary for (doing) sth//  --A good diet is necessary for maintaining a healthy body.//  if/when/where necessary//  --I’ll stay up all night, if necessary, to get it finished.//\n  2  necessary connection/consequence etc:  a connection, result etc that must exist and cannot be avoided//  --The closure of the factory was a necessary consequence of increased competition from abroad.//\n  3  a necessary evil:  something bad or unpleasant that you have to accept in order to achieve what you want//  --Mr Hurst regarded work as a necessary evil.//\nnecessary 2 n \n  1  necessaries [plural] things such as food or basic clothes that you need in order to live:\n  2  do the necessary:   BrE  spoken to do what is necessary//  --Leave it to me - I’ll do the necessary.//


Words: necessitate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   to make it necessary for you to do something//  --Lack of money necessitated a change of plan.//  necessitate doing sth//  --This would necessitate interviewing all members of staff.//


Words: necessity
Meaning:
n   plural  necessities //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: necessite, from  Latin necessitas, from  necesse;   NECESSARY]//\n  1 [C] something that you need to have in order to live:  → luxury//  --She saw books as a necessity, not a luxury.//  --A car is an absolute necessity if you live in the country.//  the basic/bare necessities //  --A lot of families cannot even afford to buy the basic necessities of life.//\n  2 [U] when something is necessary:  necessity for//  --He emphasized the necessity for good planning and management.//  the necessity of (doing) sth//  --This illustrates the necessity of keeping accurate records of your work.//  --Many teachers are now questioning the necessity of formal exams.//  through/out of necessity//  --He only remained with the group out of necessity.//  economic/practical/political etc necessity //  --I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity .//\n  3 [C] something that must happen, even if it is unpleasant:  --Taxes are a regrettable necessity.//\n  4  of necessity:   formal used when something happens in a particular way because that is the only possible way it can happen//  --Many of the jobs are, of necessity, temporary.//\n  5  necessity is the mother of invention:  used to say that if someone really needs to do something, they will find a way of doing it//


Words: neck
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 part of the body:\n   2 clothing:\n   3 narrow part:\n   4 be up to your neck in something:\n   5 neck and neck (with somebody):\n   6 in this/somebody’s neck of the woods:\n   7 get it in the neck:\n   8 by a neck:\n   9 land:\n  10 (hang) around your neck:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: hnecca]//\n  1 PART OF THE BODY:  the part of your body that joins your head to your shoulders, or the same part of an animal or bird//  around sb’s neck//  --Jean wore a string of pearls around her neck.//  --Mike rubbed the back of his neck.//  --You have a lot of tension in your neck muscles.//  --He patted his horse’s neck.//  --She had a mass of golden hair , which she wore in a coil at the nape  (=back)  of her neck .//  --The dog picked up the puppy and carried it by the scruff  (=back)  of the neck into the house.//\n  2 CLOTHING:  the part of a piece of clothing that goes around your neck//  neck of//  --The neck of his shirt was open.//  --The sweater has a round neck and long sleeves.//  V-necked/open-necked etc //  --a navy V-necked sweater//    crew neck, polo neck, scoop neck, turtleneck, V-neck//\n  3 NARROW PART:  the narrow part of something, usually at the top//  neck of//  --Lara put the cork back in the neck of the bottle.//  --a crack in the neck of the violin//\n  4  be up to your neck in sth:  a) to be very busy with something//  --She’s up to her neck in work.//  b) to be in a difficult situation that is hard to escape from//  --Jim’s up to his neck in debt.//\n  5  neck and neck (with sb):   informal if two competitors or groups are neck and neck in a competition or race, they are level with each other//  --Opinion polls show the two main parties are running neck and neck.//\n  6  in this/sb’s neck of the woods:   informal in a particular area or part of the country//  --I haven’t been in this neck of the woods for years.//\n  7  get it in the neck:   BrE  spoken to be punished or criticized//  --If we don’t make some changes we’ll all get it in the neck.//\n  8  by a neck:   informal if a race, especially a horse race, is won by a neck, the winner is only a very short distance in front//  --Our horse won by a neck.//\n  9 LAND:  a narrow piece of land that comes out of a wider part//  --a neck of land between a lake and the sea//\n  10  (hang) around your neck:  if something hangs around your neck, it keeps causing you problems//    be breathing down sb’s neck at breathe(5),  I’ll wring sb’s neck at wring(6),  pain in the neck at pain1 (3),  risk your neck at risk2 (1),  save sb’s neck at save1 (11),  stick your neck out at stick out(3)//\nneck 2 v [I usually in progressive]  informal   if two people are necking, they kiss for a long time in a sexual way//  -- necking n  [U] //


Words: neckerchief
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: neck +  kerchief]//  a square piece of cloth that is folded and worn tied around the neck//


Words: necklace
Meaning:
n [C]   a string of jewels, beads etc or a thin gold or silver chain to wear around the neck//  pearl/gold/diamond etc necklace //  --She was wearing a coral necklace.//


Words: neckline
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   the shape made by the upper edge of a piece of woman’s clothing around or below the neck//  --a square neckline//  low/plunging neckline (=leaving part of the chest uncovered) //  --Her evening gown had a plunging neckline.//


Words: necromancy
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Late Latin; Origin: necromantia, from  Greek, from  nekros  ’dead body’ +  manteia  ’telling the future’]//\n  1 magic, especially evil magic:\n  2  literary the practice of claiming to talk with the dead:  -- necromancer n  [C] //


Words: necrophilia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: nekros (  NECROMANCY) +  English -philia]//  sexual interest in dead bodies//


Words: necropolis
Meaning:
n [C]   an area of land where dead people are buried, especially a large ancient one//   cemetery//  --the extensive necropolis which served the Etruscan city of Caere//


Words: nectar
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek nektar]//\n  1 the sweet liquid that bees collect from flowers:\n  2 thick juice made from particular fruit:  --mango nectar//\n  3 the drink of the gods, in the stories of ancient Greece:


Words: nectarine
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: nectarine  ’like nectar’ (16-19 centuries)]//  a type of fruit like a peach that has a smooth skin, or the tree that produces this fruit//


Words: nee
Meaning:
[Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: , feminine form of  ne  ’born’]//  used to say what a married woman’s family name was when she was born. ’Nee’ is put after her married name and before her old name//    maiden name//  --Mrs Elizabeth Davis, nee Williams//


Words: need
Meaning:
v \n  1 [T not in progressive] to have to have something or someone, because you cannot do something without them, or because you cannot continue or cannot exist without them:   require//  --You don’t really need a car.//  --Plants need light in order to survive.//  --The camcorder needs a new battery.//  --Are you sure that you have everything you need ?//  need sth for sth//  --I need glasses for reading.//  need sb to do sth//  --I need you to help me with the cooking.//  need sth desperately/badly/urgently  //  --More blood donors are urgently needed.//  much needed/badly needed //  --a much needed boost to the local economy//\n  2 [T not in progressive] to feel that you want something very much:  --I need a drink.//  --If you need anything, just say.//  need to do sth//  --She said she needed to go out for a walk.//\n  3  need to do sth:  used when saying that someone should do something or has to do something//  --He needs to see a doctor straightaway.//  --I need to catch up on my office work.//  --You need to let me know by Monday if you want to take part.//\n  4 [modal]  BrE used in negative sentences when saying that something is not necessary or not always true:    have to//  need not/needn’t//  --You needn’t stay long.//  --Going to the dentist need not necessarily be a painful experience.//  need not have done sth/need not do sth//  --You needn’t have spent all that money.//  --I needn’t have worried.//  need I/we etc do sth//   BrE  old-fashioned //  --Need we leave so soon?//  sb need never do sth//  --Jim need never find out what I said.//\n  5 [T] used when saying that something should have something done to it, or has to have something done to it :  sth needs doing//  --The house needed painting.//  --Does this shirt need ironing?//  sth needs to be checked/cleaned/done etc//  --The engine will need to be completely checked.//  --The pie doesn’t need to be refrigerated.//  need a (good) wash/clean/cut etc (=ought to be washed, cleaned etc) //  --His hair needs a wash.//\n  6 [T] if a job needs a quality or skill, you must have that quality or skill in order to do it well :  --The job needs a lot of patience.//  --Being a teacher needs a high level of motivation.//\n  7  I need hardly say/tell/remind etc :   BrE used when you think people should already know what you are going to say//  --I need hardly remind you that this information is confidential.//\n  8  you need only do sth/all you need do is ...:   BrE used when saying that you only have to do something in order to do something else //  --We need only look at the building to see how much money it will take to repair.//  --All we need do is threaten them.//\n  9  need I ask/need I say more/ need I go on etc?:   BrE used to say that it is not necessary to say more or ask about something, because the rest is clear//  --She’s lazy, slow, and stubborn. Need I say more?//\n  10  that’s all I need/that’s just what I didn’t need:   spoken used when saying that you did not want something to happen, especially when it seems annoying//  --’There’s a customer for you on the phone.’ ’That’s all I need!’//\n  11  need sth like a hole in the head:   informal used when saying that you definitely do not need something //\n  12  who needs it/them?:   spoken //  a) used to say you are not interested in something//  --Make-up, who needs it?//  b) used to say that someone or something is actually very important to you//  --Kids? Who needs them!//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  Verb patterns //  You can say that you  need to do  something : I need to clean (NOT I need clean) the house. //  If someone else is going to do something for you, you can say that you  need  something  done  or  need  something  doing : I need my car fixed urgently. |  You need your head examining! //  When you are talking about the object that is going to have something done to it, you can say that it  needs  something  doing  or  needs  something  to be done : My hair needs cutting. |  That box needs to be moved (NOT needs moved). //  Negatives //  You can say that you  don’t need to do  something or  needn’t do  something : I don’t need to leave (NOT don’t need leave) until 10.| You needn’t apologize (NOT needn’t to apologize). //  !! need not  means that it is not necessary to do something. Do not use it to mean  must not (=are not allowed to) : You needn’t take any money. |  You mustn’t take any sharp objects on the plane. //  !! needn’t have  means that it was not necessary for someone to do something that they in fact did. Do not use it to mean  didn’t need to  or  didn’t have to  (= something was not necessary) : We needn’t have ordered so much food. |  I didn’t need OR didn’t have to tell him who I was - he already knew. //  Noun patterns //  The most common noun patterns are  a need for  something and  a need to do  something : her need for friendship |  a need to preserve the environment //  !!  Say  there is a need , not ’it is a need’. Say  a need for , not ’a need of’ : There is a desperate need for cash. //  You can also use the expression  be in need of something : We are in need of funds (NOT We have a need of funds). //  ----------//\nneed 2 n   [Language: Old English; Origin: nied,  ned]//\n  1 [singular] a situation in which something is necessary, especially something that is not happening yet or is not yet available:  need for//  --Managers should explain the need for change.//  --There’s an  urgent need  for more nurses.//  --There’s a growing need for new housing in many rural areas.//  a need to do sth//  --We fully recognize the need to improve communications.//  stress/emphasize/underline etc the need (for sth) //  --She stressed the need for regular meetings.//  --Training courses are held in London and in other centres as the need arises  (=whenever it is necessary) .//  --I’ll work all night if need be  (=if it is necessary) .//\n  2 [singular, U] a strong feeling that you want something, want to do something, or that you must have something :  need for//  --the need for job satisfaction//  feel the need (to do sth) //  --Jack did not feel the need to boast about his success.//  --You’re welcome to come back and talk any time, if ever you feel the need. //\n  3 [C usually plural] what someone needs to have in order to live a normal healthy comfortable life:  --She works to provide for her family’s basic needs .//  sb’s needs//  --Environmentalists argue that the organization fails to address the needs of third world farmers.//  meet/satisfy a need (=provide something that people want or need) //  --The charity exists to meet the needs of elderly people.//  --Schools must satisfy the needs of their pupils.//  --We have loans to meet your every need .//\n  4  there’s no need (for sb) to do sth:  a) used to say that someone does not have to do something//  --There’s no need for you to come if you don’t want to.//  --There’s no need to feel sorry for him.//  b)  spoken used to tell someone to stop doing something//  --There’s no need to shout!//\n  5  be in need of sth:  a) to need help, advice, money etc, because you are in a difficult situation//  --This project is in urgent need of funding.//  --He is homeless and in desperate need of help.//  b) to need to be cleaned, repaired, or given attention in some way//  --The church was in dire  (=very great)  need of repair.//\n  6  have no need of sth:  to not need something//  --She believes him and has no need of further proof.//\n  7 [U] when you do not have enough food or money:  --cases of severe need in the inner cities//  in need//  --We must care for those in need.//\n  8  in your hour of need:  when you are in trouble and need someone to help you//  --How could she abandon her father now, in his hour of need?//    special needs//


Words: need-to-know
Meaning:
adj   on a need-to-know basis//  if information is given to people on a need-to-know basis, they are given only the details that they need at the time when they need them//  --Access to the manufacturing process is on a strictly need-to-know basis.//


Words: needle
Meaning:
n [C]   thread, reel//  ----------//\n   1 sewing:\n   2 drugs:\n   3 pointer:\n   4 medical treatment:\n   5 leaf:\n   6 records:\n   7 like looking for a needle in a haystack:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: n[zB024]dl]//\n  1 SEWING:  a) a small thin piece of steel, with a point at one end and a hole in the other, used for sewing//    pin//  --a needle and thread//  --a tapestry needle//  b) a knitting needle//\n  2 DRUGS:  a very thin, pointed steel tube at the end of a syringe, which is pushed into your skin to put a drug or medicine into your body or to take out blood//  --She carried hypodermic needles and syringes in her bag.//  --Drug users are at risk when they share needles.//\n  3 POINTER:  a long thin piece of metal on a scientific instrument that moves backwards and forwards and points to numbers or directions//  --a compass needle//\n  4 MEDICAL TREATMENT:  a long, very thin piece of metal used in acupuncture (=a kind of medical treatment originally used in China) //\n  5 LEAF:  a small needle-shaped leaf, especially from a pine tree//  --pine needles//\n  6 RECORDS:  the very small, pointed part in a record player that touches the record in order to play it//\n  7  like looking for a needle in a haystack:   informal used to say that something is almost impossible to find//  --Finding out which file you want can be like looking for a needle in a haystack.//    pins and needles//\nneedle 2 v [T]  informal   to deliberately annoy someone by making unkind remarks or jokes about them//   rib, tease//  --I just said that to Charlie to needle him.//


Words: needless
Meaning:
adj \n  1  needless to say:  used when you are telling someone something that they probably know or expect//  --Needless to say, any contributions of money will be gratefully received.//\n  2 needless troubles, suffering, loss etc are unnecessary because they could easily have been avoided:   unnecessary//  --The report caused needless anxiety to women who have attended the clinic.//  --We need to bring to an end these needless deaths.//  --Charles hates needless waste.//  -- needlessly adv //  --Over 2,600 Australians are dying needlessly every year of heart attacks.//


Words: needy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 :  a) having very little food or money//  --a needy family//  b)  the needy//  needy people//  --money to help the needy//\n  2 needing and wanting a lot of love and attention:


Words: nefarious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: nefarius, from  nefas  ’crime’]//  evil or criminal//  --nefarious activities such as drug trafficking and fraud//


Words: negate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  negare  ’to say no’, from  neg-  ’no, not’]//\n  1 to prevent something from having any effect:  --Efforts to expand the tourist industry could be negated by reports that the sea is highly polluted.//\n  2 to state that something does not exist or is untrue:   deny//


Words: negation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular, U] when something is made to have no effect or be the opposite of what it should be:  --Much of what passes for Christianity is a negation of Christ’s teachings.//\n  2 [U] when someone says no or disagrees:  --He shook his head in silent negation.//


Words: negative
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 bad:\n   2 not liking somebody/something:\n   3 no/not:\n   4 scientific test:\n   5 electricity:\n   6 number/quantity:\n   7 blood:  ----------//\n  1 BAD:  harmful, unpleasant, or not wanted//  → positive//  --My drinking was starting to have a negative effect on my work.//  --the negative aspects of ageing//  -- On the negative side , it will cost a lot.//\n  2 NOT LIKING SOMEBODY/SOMETHING:  considering only the bad qualities of a situation, person etc and not the good ones//  → positive//  --students with a negative attitude to school//  --They have a uniformly negative image of the police.//  --Jean rarely sounded so negative about her mother.//\n  3 NO/NOT:  a) saying or meaning ’no’//  negative answer/reply/response //  --He gave a negative answer without any explanation.//  b) containing one of the words ’no’, ’not’, ’nothing’, ’never’ etc//  → affirmative//\n  4 SCIENTIFIC TEST:  not showing any sign of the chemical or medical condition that was being looked for//  → positive//  --The pregnancy test was negative.//  --A person can be recently infected by HIV and have a negative result.//\n  5 ELECTRICITY:   technical a negative charge is carried by electrons//  → positive//\n  6 NUMBER/QUANTITY:  less than zero//   minus//  → positive//  --negative numbers//  --a negative return on our investment (=a loss) //\n  7 BLOOD:   technical used in the names of blood types, meaning not having Rhesus factor//  → positive//  -- negatively adv //\nnegative 2 n [C] \n  1 an image on a photographic film that shows dark areas as light and light areas as dark, from which the final picture is printed:  --black and white photographic negatives//\n  2 a statement or expression that means ’no’:  → affirmative//  answer/reply in the negative//   formal  (=say ’no’) //  --The majority of people, when asked whether or not they are creative, will reply in the negative .//\n  3 something bad or harmful:  --The negatives outweigh the positives on this issue.//\n  4 a negative result from a chemical or scientific test:  --The test will give a proportion of false negatives.//\nnegative 3 v [T]  formal \n  1 to refuse to accept a proposal or request:\n  2 to prove something to be untrue:


Words: negative equity
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   a situation in which someone owes more money on a mortgage (=arrangement to borrow money to pay for a house)  than they would receive if they sold their house//


Words: negativity
Meaning:
n [U]   an attitude in which someone considers only the bad qualities of a situation, person etc, not the good ones//


Words: neglect
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  neglegere,  negligere, from  neg-  ’not’ +  legere  ’to gather’]//\n  1 to fail to look after someone or something properly:  --She smoked and drank, neglected the children, and left the clothes unmended.//  --a neglected garden//  --The building has been badly neglected.//\n  2 to pay too little attention to something:  --Many of these ideas have been neglected by modern historians.//  --The police officer was accused of neglecting his duty (=not doing everything he should) .//\n  3  neglect to do sth:   formal to not do something//  --You neglected to mention that they had a second album released during 1991.//\nneglect 2 n [U] \n  1 failure to look after something or someone, or the condition of not being looked after:  neglect of//  --Tenants are complaining about the landlord’s neglect of the property.//  years/decades/centuries etc of neglect //  --After years of neglect, the roads were full of potholes.//  --The whole district had an air of abandonment and neglect.//\n  2 failure to pay proper attention to something:  neglect of//  --Five officers were court-martialled for cowardice or neglect of duty.//


Words: neglectful
Meaning:
adj  formal   not looking after something properly, or not giving it enough attention//  neglectful of//  --She became more and more neglectful of her responsibilities.//  -- neglectfully adv //


Words: negligee
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: neglige, past participle of  negliger, from  Latin negligere;   NEGLECT1]//  a very thin, pretty coat, worn over a nightdress//


Words: negligence
Meaning:
n [U]   failure to take enough care over something that you are responsible for//  --negligence in carrying out safety procedures//  --The bridge’s architect was sued for criminal negligence.//


Words: negligent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  negligere;   NEGLECT1]//\n  1 not taking enough care over something that you are responsible for, with the result that serious mistakes are made:   irresponsible//  → responsible//  negligent in (doing) sth//  --The report stated that Dr Brady had been negligent in not giving the patient a full examination.//  --Mr Brown was found guilty of negligent driving.//\n  2  literary a negligent manner or way of dressing is careless, but in a pleasantly relaxed way:  --He gave a negligent shrug.//  -- negligently adv //


Words: negligible
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Early  French negligible, from  negliger;   NEGLIGEE]//  too slight or unimportant to have any effect//   insignificant//  --The damage done to his property was negligible.//


Words: negotiable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 an offer, price, contract etc that is negotiable can be discussed and changed before being agreed on:  → non-negotiable//  --Part-time barman required. Hours and salary negotiable.//  --The price is not negotiable.//\n  2 a road, path etc that is negotiable can be travelled along:  --The road is only negotiable in the dry season.//\n  3  technical a cheque that is negotiable can be exchanged for money:


Words: negotiate
Meaning:
W3S3   v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  negotiari  ’to do business’, from  negotium  ’business’, from  neg-  ’not’ +  otium  ’time for relaxing’]//\n  1 [I and T] to discuss something in order to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics:  negotiate with//  --The government refuses to negotiate with terrorists.//  negotiate an agreement/contract etc //  --Union leaders have negotiated an agreement for a shorter working week.//  --His first aim is to get the warring parties back to the negotiating table  (=used to refer to official discussions) .//\n  2 [T] to succeed in getting past or over a difficult place on a path, road etc:  --Guido swung the steering-wheel round to negotiate a corner.//


Words: negotiation
Meaning:
n [C usually plural, U]   official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics//  negotiation with//  --The negotiations with the company had reached a crucial stage.//  negotiation between//  --This follows private negotiations between the landowner, and the leisure centre.//  negotiation on/over//  --He is trying to involve community leaders in negotiations on reform.//  open/enter into negotiations (with sb) (=start official discussions) //  --The government opened negotiations with the IMF for another loan.//  --the next round of arms negotiations //  --The price is generally open to negotiation  (=is not fixed and can be discussed) .//


Words: negotiator
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who takes part in official discussions, especially in business or politics, in order to try and reach an agreement//  --the chief union negotiator//


Words: Negro
Meaning:
n   plural  Negroes  [C]  old-fashioned //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: Portuguese, from  negro  ’black’, from  Latin niger]//  a word for a black person, which is now usually considered offensive//  -- negro adj //


Words: Nehru
Meaning:
Jawaharlal   (1889-1964) an Indian politician who was one of the leaders of India’s fight for independence from the UK. He became India’s first Prime Minister after its independence (1947-64), and he was the father of Indira  Gandhi.//


Words: neigh
Meaning:
v [I]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hn[zB024]gan]//  if a horse neighs, it makes a long loud noise//  -- neigh n  [C] //


Words: neighbour
Meaning:
BrE  neighbor AmE   n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: neahgebur]//\n  1 someone who lives next to you or near you:  --One of the neighbors complained about the noise from the party.//  --FBI agents were interviewing all their friends and neighbors.//  --Our next-door neighbours  (=the people who live in the house next to us) say they’ll look after our cat for us while we’re away.//\n  2 a country that is next to another one:    bordering//  --Israel and its Arab neighbours//\n  3 someone or something that is next to another person or thing of the same type:  --The teacher saw Phil passing a note to his neighbour.//  --The garden was divided from its neighbour by a high wall.//


Words: neighbourhood
Meaning:
BrE  neighborhood AmE   n [C] \n  1 an area of a town or city:  --She grew up in a quiet neighborhood of Boston.//  --The hotel is situated in a peaceful residential neighbourhood (=area where there are houses rather than factories or shops) .//  --a neighbourhood school//\n  2  the neighbourhood:  the area around you or around a particular place, or the people who live there//  --Be quiet! You’ll wake up the whole neighbourhood !//  in the neighbourhood//  --Is there a good Chinese restaurant in the neighborhood?//\n  3  (sth) in the neighbourhood of [hA124]500/30% etc:  a little more or a little less than a particular number or amount//   approximately//  --The painting is worth something in the neighborhood of $3000.//


Words: neighbourhood watch
Meaning:
BrE  neighborhood watch AmE n [U]   a system, organized by a group of neighbours, in which members of the group regularly watch each other’s houses in order to prevent crime//


Words: neighbouring
Meaning:
BrE  neighboring AmE   adj [only before noun]   near the place where you are or the place you are talking about//   nearby//    bordering//  --The fair attracted hundreds of people from the neighbouring towns and villages.//


Words: neighbourly
Meaning:
BrE neighborly  AmE   adj   behaving in a friendly and helpful way towards the people who live next to you or towards the countries that are next to you//  --the importance of good neighbourly relations between the two countries//  -- neighbourliness n  [U] //


Words: neither
Meaning:
W3   determiner, pron   not one or the other of two people or things//    either//  --’Would you like tea or coffee?’ ’Neither, thanks.’//  --It was a game in which neither team deserved to win.//  neither of//  --Neither of them can cook.//  --Thompson had two strategies, neither of which seems to have worked very well.//  --We asked both John and Jerry, but neither one could offer a satisfactory explanation. see usage note  none1 //\nneither 2 W3S2 adv   used to show that a negative statement is also true about another person or thing//    either//  neither does/can/will etc sb //  --’I don’t have any money.’ ’Neither do I.’//  --Tom didn’t believe a word she said, and neither did the police.//  --’I don’t like horror movies.’ ’ Me neither .’//\nneither 3 conj \n  1  neither ... nor ...:  used when mentioning two things that are not true or possible//  --Neither Oleg’s mother nor his father spoke English.//  --The equipment is neither accurate nor safe.//\n  2  be neither here nor there:   spoken used to say that something is not important because it does not affect a fact or situation//   irrelevant//  --The fact that she needed the money for her children is neither here nor there - it’s still stealing.//\n  3  be neither one thing nor the other:   spoken used to say that something or someone cannot be described as either one of two types of thing or person, but is somewhere in the middle of the two//  --The New York Times is neither one thing nor the other. It’s not really a city newspaper and it’s not really a national newspaper either.//\n  4  formal used to add another negative statement about someone or something:   nor//  --The authorities were not sympathetic to the students’ demands, neither would they tolerate any disruption.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’neither ...or ...’. Say not ...or ... or neither ...nor ...: We don’t know or care where he is.| Neither he nor his wife eats meat. //  ----------//


Words: nelly
Meaning:
nellie/neli/ n   not on your nelly//   BrE  spoken  old-fashioned used to tell someone humorously or rudely that you are definitely not going to do something//


Words: Nelson
Meaning:
Horatio   (1758-1805) a British  admiral (=high-ranking officer in the navy)  who is Britain’s most famous naval leader. He lost an arm and the ability to see in one eye during the wars against Napoleon, and he became very popular after winning several important battles at sea. His most famous battle was the Battle of  Trafalgar in 1805, in which he was killed.//


Words: Nelson’s Column
Meaning:
a very tall  column (=upright stone post)  with a  statue of Admiral  Nelson on the top of it in  Trafalgar Square in central London. It was built to honour Nelson, who was killed at the Battle of Trafalgar, where the British navy defeated the navy of Napoleon in 1805. It is one of the best-known sights in London. //


Words: nemesis
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Nemesis goddess of destruction, from  Greek, from  nemein  ’to give out’]//\n  1 an opponent or enemy that is likely to be impossible for you to defeat, or a situation that is likely to be impossible for you to deal with:  meet/face your nemesis //  --In the final he will meet his old nemesis, Pete Sampras.//\n  2  literary a punishment that is deserved and cannot be avoided:


Words: neo-
Meaning:
prefix [in nouns and adjectives]   [Language: Greek; Origin: neos  ’new’]//  based on a style, set of ideas, or political system that existed in the past//   new//  --neo-Georgian architecture//  --neo-fascists//


Words: neo-Nazi
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who believes that white people are better than people of other races, and who often behaves violently//


Words: neoclassical
Meaning:
adj   neoclassical art or architecture copies the style of ancient Greece or Rome//  --a palace built in a neoclassical style//


Words: neocolonialism
Meaning:
n [U]   when a powerful country uses its economic and political influence to control another country//  -- neocolonialist adj //


Words: Neolithic
Meaning:
neolithic/ni[hA359][hA353]l[hA366][hA35F][hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: neo- +  Greek lithos  ’stone’]//  relating to the last period of the Stone Age, about 10,000 years ago, when people began to live together in small groups and make stone tools and weapons//  --a Neolithic burial ground//


Words: neologism
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: neologisme, from  Greek neo- (  NEO-) + - logos  ’word’]//  a new word or expression, or a word used with a new meaning//   coinage//


Words: neon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: neos  ’new’]//  a colourless gas that is found in small quantities in the air and is used in glass tubes to produce a bright light in electric advertising signs. It is a chemical element: symbol Ne//  neon lights/signs (=ones that use neon) //  --the neon lights of Las Vegas//  --A neon sign flashed on and off above the door.//


Words: neonatal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  technical   relating to babies that have just been born//    antenatal, postnatal//  --neonatal care//  --nurses working in neonatal units//


Words: neophyte
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: neophytus, from  Greek neophytos  ’newly planted’]//\n  1 someone who has just started to learn a particular skill, art, job etc:\n  2 a new member of a religious group:


Words: Nepal
Meaning:
a country in southern Asia, in the Himalaya mountains, north of India and south of China. Population: 25,284,000 (2001). Capital: Kathmandu. Nepal is popular with tourists who want to go walking and climbing in the mountains.//  -- Nepalese n  adj //


Words: nephew
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: neveu, from  Latin nepos  ’grandson, nephew’]//  the son of your brother or sister, or the son of your husband’s or wife’s brother or sister//    niece, uncle, aunt//


Words: nepotism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: nepotisme, from  Latin nepos;   NEPHEW]//  the practice of unfairly giving the best jobs to members of your family when you are in a position of power//  --allegations of nepotism and corruption//  -- nepotistic/nep[hA353]t[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //    cronyism//    jobs for the boys at job(15)//


Words: nerd
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  nerd, name of a strange creature in If I Ran the Zoo (1950) by Dr. Seuss, U.S. children’s writer]//\n  1 someone who seems only interested in computers and other technical things - used to show disapproval:   geek//  --a computer nerd //\n  2 someone who seems very boring and unfashionable, and is not good at communicating with other people in social situations:  -- nerdy adj //  --nerdy glasses//


Words: Nero
Meaning:
(AD 37-68) a Roman  emperor. Many people believe that he killed his mother, wives, and many others. He blamed the Christians for causing the great fire of Rome in AD 64 and many were killed. He also gave performances as an actor and musician, and is usually shown in pictures  fiddling (=playing the violin)  while Rome is on fire behind him.//


Words: Neruda
Meaning:
Pablo   (1904-1973) a poet, diplomat, and Communist leader from Chile who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971//


Words: nerve
Meaning:
W3S3   n   ----------//\n   1 worried feelings:\n   2 body part:\n   3 courage:\n   4 get on somebody’s nerves:\n   5 lack of respect:\n   6 touch/hit a (raw) nerve:\n   7 nerves of steel:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: nervus]//\n  1 WORRIED FEELINGS:   nerves [plural] //  a) used to talk about someone being worried or frightened//  sb’s nerves are on edge/in tatters/frayed (=someone feels very worried or frightened) //  calm/steady your nerves (=stop yourself feeling worried or frightened) //  --Sean drank a large glass of brandy to calm his nerves.//  be a bundle/bag of nerves (=be extremely worried or frightened) //  --I remember you were a bundle of nerves on your wedding day.//  b) the feeling of being worried or a little frightened//  --A lot of people suffer from nerves before they go on stage.//  --’What’s wrong with Rachel?’ ’It’s just nerves. She’s got her driving test tomorrow.’//  exam/first-night etc nerves //\n  2 BODY PART:   [C] nerves are parts inside your body which look like threads and carry messages between the brain and other parts of the body//  --a condition which affects the nerves in the back//  trapped nerve  BrE //  /pinched nerve  AmE  (=a nerve that has been crushed between two muscles etc, causing a lot of pain) //\n  3 COURAGE:   [U] courage and confidence in a dangerous, difficult, or frightening situation//  the nerve to do sth//  --Not many people have the nerve to stand up and speak in front of a large audience.//  --She finally found the nerve to tell him she wanted a divorce.//  -- It takes a lot of nerve to report a colleague for sexual harassment.//  lose your nerve (=suddenly become very nervous so that you cannot do what you intended to do) //  --Jensen would’ve won if he hadn’t lost his nerve.//  hold/keep your nerve (=remain calm in a difficult situation) //  --It’s hard to keep your nerve when people keep interrupting you.//\n  4  get on sb’s nerves:   informal if someone gets on your nerves, they annoy you, especially by doing something all the time//  --She’s always moaning. It really gets on my nerves.//\n  5 LACK OF RESPECT:   [singular]  spoken if you say someone has a nerve, you mean that they have done something unsuitable or impolite, without seeming to be embarrassed about behaving in this way//   cheek//  --He’s got a nerve asking for more money.//  --’She didn’t say sorry or anything.’ ’ What a nerve !’//  have the nerve to do sth//  --She lets me do all the work, and then she has the nerve to criticize my cooking.//\n  6  touch/hit a (raw) nerve:  to mention something that makes someone upset, angry, or embarrassed, especially accidentally//  --Without realizing, he had touched a raw nerve.//\n  7  nerves of steel:  the ability to be brave and calm in a dangerous or difficult situation//  --The job requires nerves of steel.//    strain every nerve at strain2 (6)//\nnerve 2 v   nerve yourself to do sth/for sth//  to force yourself to be brave enough to do something difficult or dangerous//  --The parachutist nerved himself for the jump.//


Words: nerve centre
Meaning:
BrE nerve center  AmE n [C]   the place from which a system, activity, organization etc is controlled//  --the ship’s nerve center//


Words: nerve-racking
Meaning:
adj  nerve-wracking  a nerve-racking situation makes you feel very nervous or worried//  --Speaking in public can be a nerve-wracking experience.//  --Fran faced a nerve-racking wait for her test results.//


Words: nerveless
Meaning:
adj  written   used to describe someone’s fingers when they cannot hold something firmly, especially because they have had a shock//  --The key fell from her suddenly nerveless fingers.//


Words: nervous
Meaning:
W3S3   adj \n  1 worried or frightened about something, and unable to relax:    anxious//  nervous about//  --She was so nervous about her exams that she couldn’t sleep.//  --I wish you’d stop looking at me like that. You’re making me nervous .//  feel/get nervous //  --Paul always gets nervous whenever he has to give a presentation.//  nervous smile/laugh/look/glance //  --’Don’t be silly,’ she said with a nervous laugh. ’There’s no such thing as ghosts.’//  --By the time I got into the interview I was a nervous wreck  (=was extremely nervous) .//  nervous of//  --We were all a bit nervous of him at first (=frightened of him) .//\n  2 often becoming worried or frightened, and easily upset:  --She’s a nervous, sensitive child.//  --The film is unsuitable for people of a nervous disposition  (=who are easily frightened) .//\n  3 [only before noun] related to the nerves in your body:  nervous condition/illness/disorder //  --She was suffering from a nervous condition.//  --He had a nervous twitch  (=his body made small, uncontrolled movements) .//\n  4  nervous exhaustion/strain:  a mental condition in which you feel very tired, usually caused by working too hard or by a difficult emotional problem//  -- nervously adv //  --She smiled nervously.//  -- nervousness n  [U] //  --Mike’s nervousness showed in his voice.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: nervous, anxious, annoyed, irritated //  If you are  nervous , you cannot relax because you are worried about something that you have to do : I was nervous about my job interview. |  He sounded really nervous when he first started speaking. //  If you are  anxious , you are very worried about something that may happen or may have happened, over which you feel you have no control : When she didn’t come home from school her parents began to get anxious. //  Do not use  nervous  to talk about angry feelings. Use  annoyed  or  irritated. //  If you are  annoyed , you feel slightly angry with someone because of what they have done : I was annoyed that he kept me waiting. //  If you are  irritated , you are made slightly angry by something that keeps happening : Irritated by their giggling, he told them to be quiet. //  !!  If someone is irritating you, you can say that they  get on your nerves  (NOT ’on your nervous’) : His fidgeting is getting on my nerves. //  ----------//


Words: nervous breakdown
Meaning:
n [C]   a mental illness in which someone becomes extremely anxious and tired and cannot deal with the things they usually do//  --Colin came close to having a nervous breakdown last year.//


Words: nervous system
Meaning:
n [C]   your nerves, brain, and spinal cord, with which your body feels pain, heat etc and your movements are controlled//


Words: nervy
Meaning:
adj  informal \n  1 nervous and easily frightened:  --She was all tired and nervy.//\n  2  AmE brave and confident:


Words: Nessun Dorma
Meaning:
an  aria (=a song sung by one person)  from the  opera Turandot by  Puccini, which became very popular when it was sung by Luciano  Pavarotti as the  theme song for the 1990 football  World Cup//


Words: nest
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 birds:\n   2 insects/animals:\n   3 leave/fly the nest:\n   4 nest of spies/thieves/intrigue etc:\n   5 nest of tables/boxes etc:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 BIRDS:  a place made or chosen by a bird to lay its eggs in and to live in//  --a bird’s nest //  --In May the females build a nest and lay their eggs.//  --Young eagles are ready to leave the nest after only two months.//\n  2 INSECTS/ANIMALS:  a place where insects or small animals live//  --a field mouse’s nest//\n  3  leave/fly the nest:  to leave your parents’ home and start living somewhere else when you are an adult//  --Both daughters were of an age where they wanted to fly the nest.//\n  4  nest of spies/thieves/intrigue etc:  a place where people are secretly doing a lot of illegal or dishonest things//\n  5  nest of tables/boxes etc:  a set of tables etc that fit inside each other//    feather your nest at feather2 (1),  mare’s nest at mare(2),  love nest//\nnest 2 v \n  1 [I] to build or use a nest:  --They say eagles used to nest in those rocks.//\n  2 [T] to organize information, especially in a computer program, so that some of the information is recognized as separate but is included or contained in a larger part of the information:  --Phrases are nested in the dictionary entry for the first major word.//


Words: nest egg
Meaning:
n [C]   an amount of money that you have saved so that you can use it for something special in the future//  --They had to use part of their retirement nest egg to pay for their son’s college fees.//


Words: nestle
Meaning:
v   [Language: Old English; Origin: nestlian, from  nest]//\n  1 [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to move into a comfortable position, pressing your head or body against someone or against something soft:  --Sarah lay there peacefully, the child nestling by her side.//  --He nestled his head against her shoulder.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition]  literary to be surrounded by something, especially hills or countryside:  --a tiny village nestling among the foothills of the French Alps//


Words: net
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 internet:\n   2 for fishing/catching things:\n   3 for sports:\n   4 for keeping things out:\n   5 material:\n   6 slip through the net:\n   7 fall/slip through the net:\n   8 cast/spread your net wide:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: nett]//\n  1 INTERNET:   the Net//   also  the net//  the system that allows millions of computer users around the world to exchange information//   the web//  --Bruce spends most evenings surfing the Net  (=looking at information in different places on the Internet) .//  on the Net//  --You might find something on the Net.//  basket, net, reel, rod//\n  2 FOR FISHING/CATCHING THINGS:   [C] something used for catching fish, insects, or animals which is made of threads or wires woven across each other with regular spaces between them//  --a fishing net //  --a butterfly net//\n  3 FOR SPORTS:   [C] //  a) the thing that players must hit the ball over in games such as tennis//  b) the thing behind the posts that players try to kick or hit the ball into in games such as football or hockey//    goal//  --Henry kicked the ball into the back of the net .//\n  4 FOR KEEPING THINGS OUT:   [C] something used for keeping things out, for example insects or birds, which is made of threads woven across each other with regular spaces between them//  --a mosquito net //\n  5 MATERIAL:   [U] very thin material made from fine threads woven together, with small spaces between//  -- net curtains //\n  6  slip through the net:  if criminals slip through the net, they avoid attempts by the police etc to catch them//\n  7  fall/slip through the net:  if someone or something falls or slips through the net, a system which was designed to help or check them has not succeeded in doing this//  --In a class of 30 children it is easy for some to slip through the net and learn nothing.//\n  8  cast/spread your net wide:  to consider or try as many things as possible in order to find what you want//  --Record companies are casting their nets wide in search of new talent.//    fishnet stockings,  hairnet,  safety net,  netting//\nnet 2  also  nett BrE adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: ’bright, clean’;   NEAT]//\n  1 the net amount is the final amount that remains after all the other amounts have been taken away:    gross//  --The net profit  (=after taxes, costs etc) was up 16.3% last month.//  --The company reported a net loss of $56 million last year.//  --Vernon estimates the company’s net worth at over $8 billion.//  --The United States is a net importer of beef (=it imports more than it exports) .//\n  2  net result/effect:  the final result or effect of something//  --The net result will be higher costs to the consumer.//\n  3  net weight:  the weight of something without its container//  -- net adv //  --He earns $40,000 net.//  --jars of coffee weighing 450 grams net//\nnet 3 W2 v   past tense and past participle  netted present participle  netting //  [Sense: 1; Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  NET2]//  [Sense: 2-4; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  NET1]//\n  1 [T]  informal to earn a particular amount of money as a profit after tax has been paid:  --I was netting around $64,000 a year.//\n  2 [T] to succeed in getting something, especially by using your skill:  --The company has recently netted several large contracts.//  --An undercover sweep netted 22 suspects in one evening.//\n  3 [I and T]  informal to hit or kick the ball into the net in sport:    score//  --Sheringham has netted nine goals for United so far this season.//\n  4 [T] to catch a fish in a net:  --We netted three fish in under an hour.//


Words: nether
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  literary   [Language: Old English; Origin: nithera, from  nither  ’down’]//  lower down - often used humorously//  --exploring the nether regions of East Sussex//


Words: Netherlands
Meaning:
the   a country in northwest Europe which is a member of the  EU. Population: 15,981,000 (2001). The capital is Amsterdam, but the government is based in The Hague. Most of the country is flat and large parts of it are below sea level. British and American people often call the country  Holland, but this is not officially correct because Holland is only one part of the Netherlands.People from the Netherlands are called Dutch.//


Words: Netherlands Antilles
Meaning:
the Netherlands Antilles//  a group of islands, including Bonaire and Cura[hA168]ao, in the Caribbean Sea, which belong to the Netherlands. Population: 200,000 (1995). Capital: Willemstad.//


Words: netiquette
Meaning:
n [U]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Net +  etiquette]//  the commonly accepted rules for polite behaviour when communicating with other people on the Internet//


Words: netizen
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   someone who uses the Internet, especially someone who uses it in a responsible way//  --China and India will soon have far larger numbers of netizens than any Western nation.//


Words: netspeak
Meaning:
n [U]   the expressions, technical words, slang etc commonly used on the Internet//  --a glossary of netspeak terms//


Words: netting
Meaning:
n [U]   material consisting of string, wire etc that has been woven into a net//    mesh//  --a fence of wire netting//


Words: nettle
Meaning:
n  also stinging nettle  [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: netel]//  a wild plant with rough leaves that sting you//    grasp the nettle at grasp1 (4),  stinging nettle//\nnettle 2 v   be nettled (by sth)//   informal to be annoyed by what someone says or does//  --She was nettled by Holman’s remark.//


Words: network
Meaning:
W3   n [C] \n  1 a system of lines, tubes, wires, roads etc that cross each other and are connected to each other:  --Hungary’s telephone network //  --a high-speed European rail network //  network of//  --an elaborate network of canals//  --the network of blood vessels in the body//\n  2 a group of radio or television stations, which broadcast many of the same programmes, but in different parts of the same country:  --the four biggest TV networks //  --You’re listening to the American Armed Forces Network.//\n  3 a set of computers that are connected to each other so that they can share information:\n  4 a group of people, organizations etc that are connected or that work together:  network of//  --It’s important to build up a network of professional contacts.//    the old-boy network at old boy(2)//\nnetwork 2 v \n  1 [I and T] to connect several computers together so that they can share information:\n  2 [I] to meet and talk with people who have similar jobs to yours, especially because they may be useful for your work:\n  3 [I and T] to broadcast a radio or television programme on several different channels at the same time:


Words: networking
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice of meeting other people involved in the same kind of work, to share information, support each other etc//  --I’m hoping to do some networking at the conference.//


Words: neural computer
Meaning:
n [C]   a computer that is designed to operate in a way similar to the human brain//  -- neural computing n  [U] //


Words: neural network
Meaning:
also neural net  n [C]   a set of computers that are connected to each other, which share information and operate in a way that is supposed to be similar to the human brain//  --By 1989, they were using neural networks to assess credit risks.//


Words: neuralgia
Meaning:
n [U]  medical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek neur- (  NEUR-) +  algos  ’pain’]//  a sharp pain along the length of a nerve//  -- neuralgic adj //


Words: neuro-
Meaning:
technical   [Language: Greek; Origin: neuron;   NEURON]//  relating to the nerves//  --a neurosurgeon//


Words: neuroinformatics
Meaning:
n [U]   a scientific study which combines neuroscience (=the study of the brain) and information science (=the collecting, storing, and arranging of information, especially using powerful computers) //


Words: neurology
Meaning:
n [U]  medical   the scientific study of the nervous system and its diseases//  -- neurologist n  [C] //  -- neurological/nj[hA35E][hA353]r[hA353]l[hA361]d[hA360][hA366]k[hA368]l[hA36B] $ n[hA35E]r[hA353]l[hA35A][hA359]-/ adj //  --a neurological disease//


Words: neuron
Meaning:
[C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: ’nerve’]//  a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and sends messages to other parts of the body or the brain//   nerve cell//


Words: neurosis
Meaning:
n   plural  neuroses /-si[hA359]z/ [U and C]  medical //  a mental illness that makes someone unreasonably worried or frightened//


Words: neurotic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 unreasonably anxious or afraid:  --He seemed a neurotic, self-obsessed man.//\n  2  technical relating to or affected by neurosis:  --neurotic disorders//  -- neurotic n  [C] //  --She accused him of being a neurotic.//  -- neurotically/-kli/ adv //


Words: neuter
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: ’neither’, from  ne-  ’not’ +  uter  ’which of two’]//  a neuter noun, pronoun etc belongs to a class of words that have different inflections from masculine or feminine words//    gender//\nneuter 2 v [T] \n  1 to remove part of the sex organs of an animal so that it cannot produce babies:    spay//  --a neutered tomcat//\n  2 to remove power from something or to stop something from being effective - used to show disapproval:  --Plans to reform local government are designed to neuter local democracy.//


Words: neutral
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 in an argument etc:\n   2 in a war:\n   3 on neutral ground/territory:\n   4 language:\n   5 voice/expression:\n   6 colour:\n   7 wire:\n   8 chemical:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Early  French, from  Latin neutralis, from  neuter;   NEUTER1]//\n  1 IN AN ARGUMENT ETC:  not supporting any of the people or groups involved in an argument or disagreement//  --I always tried to remain neutral when they started arguing.//  --Clive decided to adopt a neutral position.//  --The British government acted as a neutral observer during the talks.//\n  2 IN A WAR:  a country that is neutral does not support any of the countries involved in a war//  --During World War II, Sweden was neutral.//  neutral territory/waters (=land or sea that is not controlled by any of the countries involved in a war) //\n  3  on neutral ground/territory:  in a place that is not connected with either of the people, groups, or countries that are involved in a discussion, argument, war, or competition//  --The talks will be held on neutral ground.//\n  4 LANGUAGE:  language, words etc that are neutral are deliberately chosen to avoid expressing any strong opinion or feeling//  --the neutral language of an official news report//\n  5 VOICE/EXPRESSION:  if someone says something in a neutral voice, or if they have a neutral expression on their face, they do not show how they are feeling//  --Bragg said in a neutral voice, ’The investigation has been closed down.’//\n  6 COLOUR:  a neutral colour is a colour such as grey, light brown, or cream//  --Neutral tones give the room a feeling of space.//\n  7 WIRE:  a neutral wire, for example in a plug, has no electrical charge1(7)//\n  8 CHEMICAL:  a neutral substance is neither acid nor alkaline//  --The plant prefers a neutral or slightly acidic soil.//  --a neutral pH of 7.0//  -- neutrally adv //\nneutral 2 n \n  1 [U] the position of the gears of a car or machine when no power is being sent from the engine to the wheels or other moving parts:  in/into neutral//  --When you start the engine, make sure the car’s in neutral.//  --Put the car into neutral.//\n  2 [C] a country, person, or group that is not involved in an argument or disagreement:\n  3 [C usually plural] a neutral colour:


Words: neutrality
Meaning:
n [U]   the state of not supporting either side in an argument or war//  -- neutralist/nju[hA359]tr[hA353]l[hA369]st $ nu[hA359]-/ adj  n  [C] //


Words: neutralize
Meaning:
also  neutralise BrE   v [T] \n  1 to prevent something from having any effect:  --Rising prices neutralize increased wages.//\n  2  technical to make a substance chemically neutral:  --a medicine that neutralizes the acid in the stomach//\n  3 to make an area neutral in a war:\n  4 to destroy something that is dangerous to you during a war:  -- neutralization/nju[hA359]tr[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ nu[hA359]tr[hA353]l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: neutrino
Meaning:
n   plural  neutrinos  [C]  technical //  [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Italian; Origin: neutrone  ’neutron’]//  something that is smaller than an atom and has no electrical charge//


Words: neutron
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  neutral]//  a part of an atom that has no electrical charge//


Words: neutron bomb
Meaning:
n [C]   a type of nuclear bomb that kills people but is not intended to cause much damage to buildings, roads etc//


Words: Nevada
Meaning:
NV a state in the western US, between California and Utah. Nevada is mostly desert, and it is the driest part of the US. Its most important industry is  gambling,, especially in Las Vegas, and the city of  Reno is famous for being an easy place to get a  divorce.//  -- Nevadan n  adj //


Words: never
Meaning:
adv   [Language: Old English; Origin: n[zB024]fre, from  ne-  ’not’ +  [zB024]fre  ’ever’]//\n  1 not at any time, or not once:  --He’s never been to Australia.//  --I’m never going back there again, not as long as I live.//  -- It is never too late to give up smoking.//  Never had/did/was etc //  --Never had she been so confused.//  never ever (=used to emphasize what you are saying) //  --I’ll never ever forgive him for leaving me.//  -- Never again   (=never after a particular time) would he return to Naples.//  never in all my life (=used to emphasize how bad something was) //  --Never in all my life have I felt so humiliated.//  never for one moment (=used to emphasize that you never thought something) //  --She had never for one moment imagined that it could happen to her.//  sb/sth has never been known to do sth (=used to say that something is strange because it has never happened before) //  --Max had never been known to leave home without telling anyone.//\n  2  you never know:   spoken used to say that something which seems unlikely may happen//  --Try it! You never know, you might be lucky.//\n  3  I never knew (that):   spoken used to mean that you did not know something until now//  --I never knew you played the guitar!//\n  4  never so much as:  used to emphasize that someone did not do something, especially when this seems surprising//  --I do everything for him, and he’s never so much as made me a cup of coffee.//\n  5  that would/will never do:   spoken used to say that you would not want something to happen//  --Someone might discover our secret and that would never do.//\n  6  never!:   BrE  spoken used when you are very surprised by something//  --’They’re getting married next month.’ ’Never!’//  --He’s never going to cycle all the way to Manchester!//  -- Well I never! I wouldn’t have thought she was that old!//\n  7  (no) I never!:   BrE  spoken used to say that you did not do something bad that someone has said you did. Many teachers think this is not correct English//  --’You cheated, didn’t you?’ ’No, I never.’//\n  8  never say never:   informal used to say that you should not say that you will never do something, because there is always a small possibility that you might do it//\n  9  never say die:  used to encourage someone not to give up//\n  10  never fear:   spoken  old-fashioned used to tell someone not to worry//  --She’ll be back, never fear.//    never the twain shall meet at twain(2)//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not use another negative word (e.g. ’not’) with never. Use ever with not: I’ve never seen her.| I haven’t ever seen her. //  ----------//


Words: never-ending
Meaning:
adj   seeming to continue for a very long time//   endless//  --Keeping the house neat and clean is a never-ending battle.//


Words: never-never
Meaning:
n   on the never-never//   BrE  old-fashioned  informal if you buy something on the never-never, you buy it by making small regular payments over a long period//   on hire purchase//


Words: nevertheless
Meaning:
S3   adv  formal   in spite of a fact that you have just mentioned//   nonetheless//  --What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.//


Words: Nevis
Meaning:
an island which is one of the Leeward Islands and is also part of  St Kitts-Nevis, an island state in the Caribbean Sea//    ben Nevis//


Words: new
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 recently made:\n   2 recently bought:\n   3 not there before:\n   4 not used before:\n   5 like new/as good as new:\n   6 unfamiliar:\n   7 recently arrived:\n   8 recently changed:\n   9 recently discovered:\n  10 modern:\n  11 vegetables:\n  12 new life/day/era:\n  13 be/feel like a new man/woman:\n  14 new arrival:\n  15 new blood:\n  16 new broom:\n  17 what’s new?:\n  18 the new:\n  19 something ... is the new ...:\n  20 new-made/new-formed/new-laid etc:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: niwe]//\n  1 RECENTLY MADE:  recently made, built, invented, written, designed etc//  → old//  --the city’s new hospital//  --the new issue of ’Time’ magazine//  --new products on the market//  --The hardest part of this job is understanding the new technology.//  --a new range of drugs//\n  2 RECENTLY BOUGHT:  recently bought//  --Do you like my new dress?//  --They’ve just moved into their new home.//\n  3 NOT THERE BEFORE:  having just developed//  --new leaves on the trees//  --a young man with new ideas//  --a new generation of women writers//  new hope/confidence/optimism etc (=hope etc that you have only just started to feel) //  --a medical breakthrough that offers new hope to cancer patients//\n  4 NOT USED BEFORE:  not used or owned by anyone before//  → used, second hand//  --New and second hand books for sale.//  --I got a used video camera for [hA124]300 - it would have cost [hA124]1000 if I’d bought it new. //  --Someone had driven into the back of his brand new  (=completely new) car.//  --a spanking new  (=completely new) conference centre//\n  5  like new/as good as new:  in excellent condition//  --Your watch just needs cleaning and it’ll be as good as new.//\n  6 UNFAMILIAR:  not experienced before//  --Learning a new language is always a challenge.//  --Living in the city was a new experience for Philip.//  new to//  --This idea was new to him.//  that’s a new one on me  spoken  (=used to say that you have never heard something before) //  --’The office is going to be closed for six weeks this summer.’ ’Really? That’s a new one on me.’//\n  7 RECENTLY ARRIVED:  having recently arrived in a place, joined an organization, or started a new job//  --You’re new here, aren’t you?//  new to/at//  --Don’t worry if you make mistakes. You’re still new to the job.//  new member/employee/student etc //  --training for new employees//  new kid on the block  informal  (=the newest person in a job, school etc) //  --It’s not always easy being the new kid on the block.//  the new boy/girl  BrE  (=the newest person in a job, organization etc - used humorously) //\n  8 RECENTLY CHANGED:  recently replaced or different from the previous one//  → old//  --Have you met Keith’s new girlfriend?//  --I’ll let you have my new phone number.//  --the new regime in Beijing//\n  9 RECENTLY DISCOVERED:  recently discovered//  --the discovery of a new planet//  --new oilfields in Alaska//  --important new evidence that may prove her innocence//\n  10 MODERN:  modern//  --the new breed of politicians//\n  11 VEGETABLES:   [only before noun] new potatoes, carrots etc are grown early in the season and eaten when young//\n  12  new life/day/era:  a period that is just beginning, especially one that seems to offer better opportunities//  --They went to Australia to start a new life there.//\n  13  be/feel like a new man/woman:  to feel much healthier and have a lot more energy than before, or to have a different attitude//  --I lost 19 pounds and felt like a new man.//\n  14  new arrival:  a) someone who has recently arrived or started work somewhere//  b) a new baby//  --The children are thrilled with the new arrival.//\n  15  new blood:  new members of a group or organization who will bring new ideas and be full of energy//  --What we need in this company is some new blood.//\n  16  new broom:  someone who has just started work in a high position in an organization and who is expected to make a lot of changes//  --The company seems set to make a fresh start under a new broom.//\n  17  what’s new?:   spoken  especially AmE used as a friendly greeting to mean ’how are you?’//\n  18  the new:  new ideas, styles etc//  --This charming hotel is a delightful blend of the old and the new.//\n  19  sth ... is the new ...:   BrE used to say that something is thought to be the new fashion that will replace an existing thing//  --Don’t you know that vodka is the new water, my dear?//\n  20  new-made/new-formed/new-laid etc:  recently made, formed etc//    a new lease of life at lease1 (2),  turn over a new leaf at leaf1 (3)//  -- newness n  [U] //


Words: New Age
Meaning:
adj   relating to spiritual beliefs, types of medicine, and ways of living that are not traditional Western ones//  --the New Age movement//\nNew Age 2 n   (the) New Age//  New Age beliefs and ways of living//


Words: New Age traveller
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   a member of a group of people in Britain who refuse to live the way other people live in ordinary society, and go from place to place living in vehicles//


Words: New Caledonia
Meaning:
an island in the Pacific Ocean, east of Australia, which is a  territory of France. Population: 204,863 (2001). Capital: Noumea.//


Words: New Deal
Meaning:
the \n  1 a programme of economic and social changes that was introduced in the US by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, in order to help people who had lost their jobs or their property as a result of the Great Depression. It included money for farmers to borrow and an important programme of  public works (=work on new roads, public buildings etc, paid for by the government) :\n  2 a programme introduced in the UK by the Labour government in 1998, in order to help people without jobs, especially people who have been unemployed for a long time. It offers people new jobs or the opportunity to receive training.:


Words: new economy
Meaning:
n [singular]   an economic system that is based on computers and modern technology, and is therefore dependent on educated workers//  --As we move into a new economy, trade unions will have to reinvent themselves to stay relevant.//  -- new economy adj //  --new economy methods//


Words: New England
Meaning:
the states of the northeastern US: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It is called New England because it was the first part of the US where people from England, including the  Pilgrim Fathers, began to settle in the 17th century. //


Words: New England Journal of Medicine
Meaning:
The   a US  journal (=serious magazine)  for doctors,  surgeons, and other people working in medicine, which has technical reports on new methods of medical treatment, medicines, drugs etc//    Lancet, the//    JAMA//


Words: New Forest
Meaning:
the   an area in Hampshire in southern England, which has many  oak and  beech trees, and also has large areas of  heath (=open land with grass) //


Words: New Guinea
Meaning:
an island in the southwest Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. It is divided into two halves, one belonging to Indonesia and the other belonging to Papua New Guinea.//


Words: New Hampshire
Meaning:
NH a state in the northeastern US, that has many lakes and mountains and old buildings. It was one of the 13 original states of the US, and was the first to publicly announce its intention to become independent from Britain on July 4th, 1776. New Hampshire is usually the first state to hold primary elections and each party’s winner is generally considered to have the best chance of becoming their candidate for President in the national elections in November.//


Words: New Haven
Meaning:
a city and port in southern Connecticut, US, where English  Puritans first lived when they came to America in 1638. It is also the home of  Yale University.//


Words: New Internationalist
Meaning:
The   a magazine that has articles about people in many different countries, and deals especially with the relationship between rich and poor countries and the unfair or unequal ways in which some people and countries are treated//


Words: New Jersey
Meaning:
NJ a state in the northeastern US, which has a large population and many businesses and industries. New Jersey was one of the 13 original states of the US, and the northern part of the state is across the Hudson River from New York City. It is often informally called Jersey.//


Words: New Labour
Meaning:
an unofficial name for the British Labour Party used especially by Tony  Blair and his supporters to show that the Labour Party has changed some of its ideas and become more modern. One of the main New Labour ideas is that the government should not use high taxes to pay for public services..//


Words: New Man plural
Meaning:
New Men  n [C]   a man who is considered to be very modern because he shares the work of looking after his children, cooking, cleaning the home etc//


Words: New Mexico
Meaning:
NM a state in the southwestern US, where the land is mostly desert or mountain forests. Most of New Mexico used to belong to Mexico, so there is a strong Mexican and Spanish influence on the  culture, language, buildings etc.//


Words: New Model Army
Meaning:
the   an army started by Oliver  Cromwell during the English  Civil War in 1645, which was well-trained and skilled at fighting. It consisted of  Roundheads, fighting against King  Charles I and his  Cavaliers.//


Words: new money
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 people who have become rich by working, rather than by getting money from their families:\n  2 money that makes someone rich and that is recently earned, rather than from their families:


Words: new moon
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C usually singular] the moon when it first appears in the sky as a thin crescent:\n  2 [U] the time of the month at which the moon is first seen:    full moon, half moon//


Words: New Orleans
Meaning:
a city in Louisiana in the southern US, next to the Mississippi River. It was originally a French city, and its style of cooking, old buildings, and traditions were influenced by French  culture. It is famous for the way it celebrates  Mardi Gras every year and also for the music played there. Many people consider New Orleans as the place where  jazz music was originally developed.//


Words: new potato plural
Meaning:
new potatoes  n [C]   a small potato that is taken from the ground early, and that has a very good taste//


Words: new rich
Meaning:
n   the new rich [plural]  AmE people who have recently or suddenly become very rich, as opposed to people whose families have always been rich//  -- new rich adj //


Words: new school
Meaning:
new-school adj [only before noun]  informal   using new ideas in a type of music or art//  --new school hip hop artists//


Words: New Scientist
Meaning:
The  trademark   a British weekly magazine that provides news about recent developments and discoveries in all areas of science. There is a similar US magazine called  Scientific American.//


Words: New South Wales
Meaning:
NSW a state in southeast Australia, next to the Pacific Ocean, which has the largest population and the most industry of any state in Australia. It produces steel, coal, grain, and wool, and its capital city, Sydney, is Australia’s main business and financial centre.//


Words: New Statesman
Meaning:
The  trademark   a British weekly magazine which contains news reports, discussions about politics, articles about art, books, etc. It expresses independent opinions and is fairly  left wing.//


Words: New Territories
Meaning:
the New Territories//  part of Hong Kong on the  mainland of China, which was ruled by the UK from 1898 until 1997, when it was given back to China//


Words: New Testament
Meaning:
n   the New Testament//  the part of the Bible which describes the life of Jesus Christ and what he taught, and the life of the first Christians//    Gospel, Old Testament//


Words: new variant CJD
Meaning:
n [U]   a brain disease that kills people, which may be caused by eating beef that is affected by BSE//    mad cow disease//


Words: new wave
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a group of people who try to introduce new ideas in music, films, art, politics etc:  new wave of//  --a new wave of feminism in the sixties and early seventies//\n  2 [U]  also  New Wave:  a type of music that was popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, which uses synthesizers and a strong beat, and in which the words are sung without much emotion//


Words: New World
Meaning:
n   the New World//  a) North, Central, and South America//    Old World//  --Christopher Columbus’s voyage of discovery to the New World//  b) wines from the New World are from non-European countries such as South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States//  -- New World adj //


Words: New Year
Meaning:
new year n [U] \n  1  also the New Year :  the time when people celebrate the beginning of a new year//  --We’re going to spend Christmas and the New Year with my parents.//  --The business will be closed over New Year.//  Happy New Year (=used as a greeting) //  --Our neighbours invited us round to see in the new year  (=celebrate the beginning of the year) .//\n  2  the new year:  the first few weeks of the year//  --Prices are expected to go up in the new year.//


Words: New Year resolution
Meaning:
New Year’s resolution n [C]   a decision to do something better or to stop doing something bad in the new year//  --I haven’t made any New Year resolutions - I never stick to them anyway.//


Words: New Year’s Honours
Meaning:
the   special honours given to a number of British people each year, as a reward for their special achievements or good work, which are announced on January 1st. These include titles such as "Sir", "Lord", or "OBE".//


Words: New York City also New York
Meaning:
NYC   a large city and port in the northeastern US, on the southeast coast of  New York State and east of the Hudson River. New York City is the largest city in the US and its main business centre, but it is not the capital city of the US, which is Washington, D.C. The city is divided into five  boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond.//


Words: New York Drama Critics Circle Award
Meaning:
n [C]   a special prize for excellent work in the theatre, given each year by a group of US theatre  critics (=writers who give their judgement on the good or bad qualities of plays, actors etc) //


Words: New York Philharmonic
Meaning:
the   an  orchestra (=a large group of musicians)  based in New York City, which is the oldest orchestra in the US//


Words: New York Post
Meaning:
the   a US daily newspaper produced in New York City, which includes a lot of  gossip (=information about famous people’s private lives)  and reports events in ways that make them seem as strange, exciting, or shocking as possible//


Words: New York State
Meaning:
New York   NY a state in the northeastern US. Its capital is Albany and its largest city is  New York City. It is famous for its beautiful countryside, especially its mountains and rivers, and it was one of the 13 original states of the US. The area in the centre and north of the state is often called upstate New York.//


Words: New York Stock Exchange
Meaning:
the   NYSE the largest  stock exchange in the US, where  shares in companies are bought and sold. It is also called ’the Big Board’, and its building is on  Wall Street in New York City. //    Dow Jones Average//


Words: New York Times
Meaning:
The   a serious daily newspaper which is produced in New York City. It is sold everywhere in the US and in many other countries, and people in the US often just call it ’the Times’.//


Words: New Yorker
Meaning:
The   a serious weekly magazine, read by educated people all over the US. It contains articles on many different subjects, including art, films, etc. It also contains short stories, poetry, and clever  cartoons, and is respected for the quality of its writing.//


Words: New Zealand
Meaning:
adj   relating to New Zealand or its people//\n  a country consisting of two main islands, the North Island and the South Island,and several smaller ones, in the Pacific Ocean southeast of Australia. Population: 3,864,000 (2001). Capital: Wellington. Farming, especially sheep farming, is important to the New Zealand economy. About 10% of the population are Maori people, who first came to New Zealand around the 9th century AD, and who call the country  aotearoa. Most of the rest of the population are people who came from the UK in the 19th and 20th centuries.//  -- New Zealand adj //  --New Zealand lamb//  -- New Zealander n //


Words: new-found
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   recently obtained, found, or achieved//  --He enjoyed his new-found freedom.//  --the children’s new-found friends//


Words: new-look
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   different from before, especially more modern or more attractive//  --the new-look Labour party//  --the new-look Brazilian football team//


Words: Newark
Meaning:
1 a large city and port in New Jersey, US, which is next to the Hudson River and across from New York City:\n  2 a town in Nottinghamshire in central England, whose full name is Newark-on-Trent:


Words: newbie
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: new]//  someone who has just started doing something, especially using the Internet or computers//


Words: Newcastle
Meaning:
1 a large industrial city and port on the River Tyne in northeast England, whose full name is Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle used to have a large coal mining and shipbuilding industry, but much of the old industry has now closed down. People from Newcastle are informally called Geordies, and they have their own dialect of English and their own  accent (=way of pronouncing words)  which is also called Geordie and is easy to recognize.:\n  2 a city, port, and important industrial centre in New South Wales, southeast Australia, near where the Hunter River joins the sea:


Words: Newcastle Brown
Meaning:
trademark   a type of strong dark beer made in the north of England, and usually sold in tall bottles//


Words: newcomer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who has only recently arrived somewhere or only recently started a particular activity:    novice//  newcomer to//  --I’m a relative newcomer to the retail business.//  --a special award for the most promising newcomer//\n  2 something that did not exist before:  newcomer to//  --The most glamorous newcomer to the Volkswagen Golf range is the revamped GTi 16 valve.//


Words: newfangled
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: newfangle  ’newfangled’ (14-16 centuries), from  new +  Old English fangen  ’seized’]//  recently designed or produced - usually used to show disapproval or distrust//  --newfangled ideas about children’s education//\nNewfoundland 1   a  province of eastern Canada consisting of the island of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador. It is an important centre for fishing.//


Words: Newgate
Meaning:
also Newgate prison   a prison in London from about 1200 to about 1900, famous for the terrible conditions in which the prisoners were forced to live and for holding some of the most famous criminals in British history//


Words: newly
Meaning:
W3   adv   newly elected/formed/arrived etc//  elected etc very recently//  --the newly appointed director//  --newly fallen snow//


Words: Newman
Meaning:
Cardinal John Henry   (1801-90) a British  theologian (=someone who studies religion and religious beliefs)  and writer. He was a priest in the  Church of England and became leader of the  Oxford Movement. Later he changed his religion and became a Roman Catholic, and he was made a  cardinal (=a priest of high rank)  in 1879.//


Words: Newmarket
Meaning:
a  market town in Suffolk, southeast England, which is a centre for horse racing and for breeding and training horses for racing//


Words: Newport
Meaning:
1 a wealthy city in Rhode Island, US, which is also an important port for the US navy:\n  2 a city and port in Gwent, southeast Wales, which has many factories and used to have an important steel and coal industry:\n  3 a town in the Isle of Wight in southern England:


Words: Newport Jazz Festival
Meaning:
the   a US event at which many  jazz musicians perform. It was first held in 1954 at Newport, Rhode Island, and is now held every year in New York State.//


Words: news
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: new]//\n  1 information about something that has happened recently:  --I’m not sure how he’s going to react to the news. //  --The  good news  is that tomorrow will be fine and sunny.//  --You seem upset - not  bad news , I hope?//  --We are delighted at the  news that  our daughter is expecting a baby.//  -- The fall in house prices will be  welcome news  for first time buyers. //  news on//  -- What’s  the latest news  on your university application? //  -- David’s just told me an interesting  piece of news . //  -- Do you  have any news  for me? //  news of/about//  --Everyone is shocked by the news of the arrests. //  --Sit down and  tell me all your news . //  -- Have you  heard the news ? We’re going to get married. //  -- How would he  break the news  to Mary that he’d been lying to her? //  -- People living near a disused factory have  welcomed the news  that it is to be demolished. //  -- Friday’s news  was greeted with  enthusiasm in Denmark. //  -- News  of the tragedy  spread  quickly around the town. //\n  2 reports of recent events in the newspapers or on the radio or television:  --a late evening news broadcast//  --We’ve got the news headlines coming up at half past twelve.//  --a news and current affairs programme//  --Here’s the sports news from Jane Murray.//  --the latest news from the Olympic stadium//  news about/on/of//  --news on the latest developments in the talks//  news that//  --Several evening papers carried the news that a cabinet minister was about to resign.//  local/regional/national/international news //  --Twenty years ago environmental issues rarely made the news  (=were considered important enough to be in the news) .//  be in the news//  --Hong Kong is in the news this morning.//  --His resignation was front page news  (=was important news) .//  news story/report/item //  --Never before has a news story triggered such sensational sales of the newspaper.//\n  3  the news:  a regular television or radio programme that gives you reports of recent events//  --the ten o’clock news//  --Let’s watch the news .//  --Be quiet. I want to listen to the news .//  on the news//  --It must be true - I heard it on the news last night.//  switch/turn/put on the news (=turn the television or radio on so that you can watch or hear the news) //\n  4  be good/bad news for sb:  if the facts about something are good or bad news for someone, they are likely to make life better or worse for them//  --There is no legal market for African ivory, which is good news for the elephants.//\n  5  he’s/she’s bad news:   informal used to say that someone is likely to cause trouble//  --Stay away from that guy, he’s bad news.//\n  6  be news:  if someone or something is news, people are interested in them at the moment and want to know about them//  --European fashions are big news right now in the States.//\n  7  that’s news to me!:   spoken used when you are surprised or annoyed because you have not been told something earlier//  --’The meeting’s been cancelled.’ ’That’s news to me!’//\n  8  I’ve got news for you:   spoken used to say that you are going to tell someone the facts about something, which they will probably not like to hear//  --You may think I’m finished, but I’ve got news for you - I’ll be back.//\n  9  no news is good news:   spoken used when you have not received any news about someone and you hope this means that nothing bad has happened//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  good/bad news //  great/wonderful/terrible etc news //  news that //  welcome news  (=good news) //  the latest news //  a piece/bit of news //  have some news (for somebody) //  tell somebody some news //  hear some news //  break the news (to somebody)  (=tell someone about something for the first time) //  welcome the news  (=be happy about something) //  greet the news with something //  news spreads //  HINT //  News is an uncountable noun. Use singular forms with it, not plural: The news was good (NOT were good).| I was surprised by this news (NOT these news). //  ----------//


Words: news agency
Meaning:
n [C]   an organization that collects news stories and supplies them to newspapers, radio, and television//


Words: news blackout
Meaning:
n [C]   a period of time when news about a particular event is not allowed to be reported//  --The Indian government has imposed a news blackout in Srinigar.//


Words: news bulletin
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE a short news programme on radio or television, reporting only the most important information:\n  2  AmE a very short news programme on radio or television, broadcast suddenly in the middle of another programme when something very important has happened:  British Equivalent:  newsflash//


Words: news conference
Meaning:
n [C]   a meeting at which someone, especially someone famous or important, speaks to people who work for newspapers or news programmes//   press conference//  --The chairman told a news conference that some members of staff would lose their jobs.//  at/in a news conference//  --At a news conference yesterday, the two men described their ordeal.//


Words: News of the World
Meaning:
The   a British  tabloid newspaper sold every Sunday, and which prints shocking articles about famous people, especially about their relationships and sexual experiences. It sells more copies than any other British newspaper.//


Words: news release
Meaning:
n [C]   an official statement giving information to the newspapers, radio, and television//   press release//  --The University has issued a news release announcing the results of their experiments.//


Words: newsagent
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1 someone who owns or works in a shop that sells newspapers, magazines, sweets and cigarettes:\n  2  newsagent’s:  a shop which sells newspapers, magazines, sweets and cigarettes//


Words: newscast
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: news +  broadcast]//  a news programme on radio or television//


Words: newscaster
Meaning:
n [C]  especially AmE   someone who reads the news on radio or television//  British Equivalent:  newsreader//


Words: newsflash
Meaning:
n [C]  especially BrE   a very short news programme on radio or television, broadcast suddenly in the middle of another programme when something very important has happened//  American Equivalent:  news bulletin//  --We interrupt this programme to bring you a newsflash.//


Words: newsgroup
Meaning:
n [C]   a discussion group on the Internet, with a place where people with a shared interest can exchange messages//


Words: newshound
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   someone who collects information for a newspaper or news programme//    journalist//


Words: newsletter
Meaning:
n [C]   a short written report of news about a club, organization, place etc that is sent regularly to people who are interested//  --The society publishes a newsletter three times a year.//


Words: newsman
Meaning:
n   plural  newsmen /-men/ [C] //  someone who writes or reports news for a newspaper, radio, or television//


Words: newspaper
Meaning:
n   1 [C] a set of large folded sheets of printed paper containing news, articles, pictures, advertisements etc which is sold daily or weekly//   paper//  --She had read about it  in the newspapers .//  --I saw an interesting article in the  local newspaper .//  --I always buy a  daily newspaper .//  --a series of  newspaper articles  about life in Cuba//  --The case attracted  newspaper reporters  from all over the world.//  --He was looking through a pile of old  newspaper clippings .//\n  2 [U] sheets of paper from old newspapers:  --Wrap the plates in newspaper to stop them from breaking.//  --Bella laid the flowers out carefully on a sheet of newspaper. //\n  3 [C] a company that produces a newspaper:  --He works for a local newspaper.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  in the newspaper //  local/national newspaper //  daily/weekly/Sunday newspaper //  newspaper article/report //  newspaper reporter/editor/columnist //  newspaper cutting/clipping (=an article that has been cut out of a newspaper) //  WORD FOCUS: newspaper //  the press newspapers in general //  the media newspaper, TV, and radio //  tabloid a newspaper that does not contain much serious news, and mainly has short articles and photographs //  broadsheet (BrE) quality paper (AmE) a newspaper that mostly contains reports about serious news //  journalist/reporter someone whose job is writing articles for newspapers //  headline the title of a newspaper report, written in big letters //  article a piece of writing about something in a newspaper //  column an article that appears regularly in a newspaper, in which someone writes about their opinions //  editorial a piece of writing in which the newspaper gives its comments on recent events //  the front page (=which has the main news stories) //  the back page (=which has the less important news, and news about sport) //  the sports/television/fashion/arts etc page //  ----------//


Words: newsroom
Meaning:
n [C]   the office in a newspaper or broadcasting company where news is received and news reports are written//


Words: newswoman
Meaning:
n   plural  newswomen /-w[hA366]m[hA366]n/ [C] //  a woman who writes or reports for a newspaper, radio, or television//


Words: newsworthy
Meaning:
adj   important or interesting enough to be reported in newspapers, on the radio, or on television//  --newsworthy events//


Words: newsy
Meaning:
adj  informal   a newsy letter is from a friend or relative and contains a lot of interesting news//


Words: newt
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: an ewt, mistaken for  a newt;  ewt  ’newt’ from  Old English efete]//  a small animal with a long body, four short legs, and a tail, which lives partly in water and partly on land//


Words: Newton
Meaning:
Sir Isaac   (1642-1727) a British  physicist and  mathematician who discovered  gravity (=the force that causes things to fall towards the ground or to be pulled towards stars or  planets in space). He made many other important scientific discoveries, and is one of the most important scientists who ever lived. Until the early 20th century, modern  physics was based on Newton’s work, and it is sometimes called Newtonian physics.//


Words: Newtonian
Meaning:
adj   relating to the laws of physics that were discovered by the scientist Isaac Newton//  --Newtonian mechanics//


Words: next
Meaning:
determiner, adj \n  1 the next event, day, time etc is the one that happens after the present one, or the previous one:  --I just missed my flight to Chicago. When’s the next one?//  --We’ll look at the proposals at the next meeting.//  --Over the next couple of months, try to relax more and get more exercise.//  next week/year/Monday etc //  --We’re hoping to open the factory some time next year.//  the next day/week etc (=on or during the following day, week etc) //  --She called me and we arranged to meet the next day.//  (the) next time //  --Next time I go skiing, I’ll wear warmer clothes.//\n  2 the next house, room, place etc is the one that is nearest to where you are now:  --Turn left at the next corner.//  --We could hear them arguing in the next room.//    next to//\n  3 the next person or thing in a list, series etc comes after the one that you are dealing with now:  --Read the next two chapters before Friday.//  --Do they have the next size up  (=a slightly bigger size) ?//\n  4  next biggest/most common etc:  almost as big, more common etc than the one you are talking about//  --Cancer-related diseases are the next biggest killers.//\n  5  the next best thing:  the thing or situation that is almost as good as the one you really want//  --If I can’t be home for Christmas, phoning you on the day is the next best thing.//\n  6  the next thing I/she etc knew:   informal used when something surprising happens very suddenly//  --The next thing I knew, I was lying face down on the pavement.//\n  7  as the next man/person:  as any other man or person//  --I am as keen to do well as the next man.//\nnext 2 adv \n  1 immediately afterwards:  --With John here, you never know what will happen next.//  --Next, put it in the oven for 20 minutes.//\n  2 the next time:  --When I next saw her she completely ignored me.//\nnext 3 pron \n  1 the person or thing in a list, series etc that comes after the person or thing you are dealing with now:  --What’s next on the shopping list?//  the next to do sth//  --Who will be the next to go?//\n  2  the day/week etc after next:  the day, week etc that follows the next one//  --Have you remembered it’s Susie’s birthday the week after next?//\n  3  the next to last:  the one before the last one//  --the next to last day of their visit//\n  4  next (please):  used to tell someone that it is now their turn to speak or their turn to do something//\n  5  be next in line:  to be the next person, especially to have a job or position//


Words: next door
Meaning:
adv   1 in the house, room etc next to yours or someone else’s//  --the boy next door//  --Her office is just next door.//\n  2  next door to sth:  next to another building, room etc//  --They live next door to the fish and chip shop.//\nnext door 2 n [U]  BrE  informal   the people living in the house or apartment next to yours//   neighbour//  --Have you seen next door’s new car?//


Words: next of kin n [plural
Meaning:
U]   your closest living relative or relatives//  --May I have your name, address and next of kin, please?//


Words: next to
Meaning:
prep \n  1 very close to someone or something, with nothing in between:   beside//  --There was a little girl sitting next to him.//\n  2  next to nothing:  very little//  --He knows next to nothing about antiques.//\n  3 used to give a list of things you like, hate etc in order to say what is first on the list:  --Next to soccer, I like playing tennis best.//\n  4 in comparison with someone or something:  --Next to her, I’m a very poor cook.//\n  5  the next to last:  the one before the last one//  --We’ll need to buy some more wine. This is the next to last bottle.//\n  6  next to impossible/useless etc:  almost impossible, useless etc//  --This crossword puzzle is next to impossible.//


Words: next-door
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1  next-door neighbour:  the person who lives in the house or apartment next to yours//\n  2  next-door apartment/office etc:  the apartment etc that is next to yours//


Words: nexus
Meaning:
n [singular]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  nectere  ’to tie up’]//  a connection or network of connections between a number of people, things, or ideas//  nexus of//  --a nexus of social relationships//


Words: NFL
Meaning:
the   National Football League the organization in charge of professional football in the US. The NFL consists of two  leagues (=groups of teams who play against each other) , the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC).//


Words: NGO
Meaning:
n [C]   non-governmental organization an organization which helps people, protects the environment etc and which is not run by a government//


Words: NHL
Meaning:
the   National Hockey League the group of US and Canadian  ice hockey teams who play games against one another//


Words: NHS
Meaning:
n   the NHS//   the National Health Service the British system that provides free medical treatment for everyone, and is paid for by taxes//  --NHS hospitals//  on the NHS//   (=free from the NHS) //  --Can I get my glasses on the NHS?//


Words: Ni[hA172]a
Meaning:
the   one of the three ships that sailed to America with Christopher  Columbus in 1492. The other two were the  Pinta and the  Santa Maria.//


Words: niacin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: nicotine +  acid +  -in chemical compound]//  a type of  vitamin that is good for your skin and your  nervous system//


Words: Niagara Falls
Meaning:
two very large  waterfalls on the border between Canada and the US, which are popular with tourists and are also used to produce electricity//


Words: nib
Meaning:
n [C]   cap, nib//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  neb  ’beak’ (11-19 centuries), from  Old English nebb]//\n  1 the pointed metal part at the end of a pen:\n  2  his/her nibs:   old-fashioned  informal someone in authority or someone who thinks they are important//  --And how’s his nibs this morning?//


Words: nibble
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  Low German nibbeln  ’to chew bits off’]//\n  1 [I and T] to eat small amounts of food by taking very small bites:  --He nibbled the biscuit cautiously.//  nibble at//  --There’s a fish nibbling at my bait.//  nibble on//  --He nibbled on a piece of raw carrot.//\n  2 [T] to gently bite someone in a loving way:  --He began to nibble her ear affectionately.//  nibble away at [nibble away at sth] phr v//  to take away small amounts of something so that the total amount is gradually reduced//  --All these expenses are nibbling away at our savings.//  --The Scottish National Party is at last beginning to nibble away at Labour’s huge majority.//\nnibble 2 n [C] \n  1 a small bite of something:  nibble of//  --She took a nibble of her cookie.//\n  2  nibbles [plural]  informal small things to eat, like crisps and peanuts, especially at a party:\n  3 a small amount of interest in something:  --We’ve had the house on the market for a month and not even had a nibble yet.//


Words: NiCad
Meaning:
n [C]  trademark   nickel-cadmium a type of battery that can be recharged, and that is used in cameras and small electronic equipment//


Words: Nicaragua
Meaning:
a country in Central America between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, and south of Honduras and north of Costa Rica. Population: 4,918,000 (2001). Capital: Managua. Its main products are coffee, cotton, and sugar. In the 1980s there was a  civil war.//  -- Nicaraguan n  adj //\n Lake   a lake in southwest Nicaragua which is the largest lake in Central America//


Words: Nice
Meaning:
a city on the Mediterranean coast of France. It is a fashionable place for tourists to stay, and also a port and industrial area.//


Words: nice
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 good:\n   2 friendly:\n   3 something you want:\n   4 it’s nice to know (that):\n   5 have a nice day!:\n   6 nice to meet you:\n   7 (it’s been) nice meeting/talking to you:\n   8 not nice:\n   9 nice try:\n  10 nice one!:\n  11 be (as) nice as pie:\n  12 nice work if you can get it:\n  13 detail:\n  14 respectable:\n  15 nice ... shame about the ...:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ’stupid’, from  Latin nescius  ’lacking knowledge’, from  nescire  ’not to know’]//\n  1 GOOD:  pleasant, attractive, or enjoyable//  --They’ve got a very nice house.//  --Did you have a nice time? //  --It’s such a nice day  (=good weather) , why not go for a swim?//  --What a nice surprise !//  look/taste/smell nice //  --You look nice in that suit.//  --Mm, something smells nice!//  nice big/new/long etc //  --a nice long holiday//  --a nice new car//  nice and warm/clean/easy/quiet etc //  --The house seemed nice and tidy.//  -- One of the nice things about Christmas is having all the family together.//\n  2 FRIENDLY:  friendly, kind, or polite//  --Dave’s a really nice guy.//  --That’s not a very nice thing to say about your sister!//  nice about//  --Tim spilt wine all over the sofa, but Martha was very nice about it.//  nice to//  --They were very nice to me while I was ill.//  it is nice of sb (to do sth)//  --It was nice of you to help.//  --He told me, in the nicest possible way , that I was interfering too much.//\n  3 SOMETHING YOU WANT:  used to say what you like or what you think would be good or useful//  --It’s quite nice to live so close to work.//  it is nice to do sth//  --It would be nice to have a break.//  that’d be nice (=used to accept an offer or agree with a suggestion) //  --’Would you like a cup of coffee?’ ’Yes, that’d be nice.’//  --I thought it would be a nice idea to send them some flowers.//  -- It would be nice if you could let us know in advance.//\n  4  spoken  it’s nice to know (that):  used to mean that you feel happier when you know something//  --I still haven’t heard any news - it would be nice to know what’s happening.//  --It’s nice to know that there’s someone nearby if she needs help.//\n  5  spoken  have a nice day!:   AmE used to say goodbye to someone, especially to customers in shops and restaurants when they are leaving//\n  6  spoken  nice to meet you:  used as a friendly greeting when you meet someone for the first time//  --Hello. It’s nice to meet you at last.//\n  7  spoken  (it’s been) nice meeting/talking to you:  used when you say goodbye to someone you have met for the first time//\n  8  spoken NOT NICE:   BrE used in a humorous or angry way when you really think that something or someone is not at all good or pleasant//  --That’s a nice way to treat a friend, I must say!//  --Well, we’re in a nice mess now.//\n  9  spoken  nice try:  used when someone has made a guess or suggestion, or has attempted to do something, to say that it is good, but not quite correct or successful//  --’We could phone Mark to come and pick us up.’ ’Nice try, Clive, but we haven’t got his number.’//\n  10  spoken  nice one!:   BrE used when someone has just said or done something clever, amusing, or helpful//  --’Dad said he’d help pay for it.’ ’Nice one!’//\n  11  be (as) nice as pie:   BrE if someone is as nice as pie, they are not angry with you when you were expecting them to be//\n  12  nice work if you can get it:   BrE used humorously to say that someone has a very easy or enjoyable job, especially one which you would like to do//\n  13 DETAIL:   formal involving a very small difference or detail//  --a nice point of law//\n  14 RESPECTABLE:   old-fashioned having high standards of moral and social behaviour//  --What’s a nice girl like you doing in a place like this?//\n  15  nice ... shame about the ...:   BrE used when saying that part of something is good or well done, but a more important part is bad or badly done//  --Nice video, shame about the song.//  -- niceness n  [U] //  --The first thing you noticed about him was his niceness.//    no more Mr Nice Guy! at guy(5)//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  You can use nice and followed by another adjective after be The weather was nice and warm. But before a noun you must leave out ’and’ a nice hot (NOT nice and hot) drink //  WORD FOCUS: nice //  person: lovely,  pleasant,  charming,  sweet,  adorable //  thing/place/activity/time: lovely,  pleasant,  delightful //  ----------//


Words: nicely
Meaning:
S3   adv   ----------//\n   1 well:\n   2 in a friendly/pleasant way:\n   3 be doing nicely:\n   4 that will do nicely:\n   5 exactly:  ----------//\n  1 WELL:  in a satisfactory, pleasant, or attractive way//  --He was handsome and nicely dressed.//  --The table fits in nicely with the rest of the furniture.//  --The wound healed up nicely.//  --The garden’s coming along very nicely now (=it is growing well) .//\n  2 IN A FRIENDLY/PLEASANT WAY:  in a pleasant, polite, or friendly way//  --I’m sure he’ll help if you ask him nicely.//\n  3  be doing nicely:   BrE to be successful and be earning a lot of money//  --The business is doing quite nicely.//  --I’ve heard Malcolm’s doing very nicely for himself out in Japan.//\n  4  that will do nicely:   BrE  spoken used when saying that something is very suitable and is just what you want//  --’Will cheese sandwiches be okay?’ ’Yes, that’ll do nicely.’//\n  5 EXACTLY:   formal exactly or carefully//  --a nicely calculated distance//


Words: nicety
Meaning:
n   plural  niceties //\n  1 [C usually plural] a small detail or point of difference, especially one that is usually considered to be part of the correct way of doing something:  --social niceties//  --legal niceties//  nicety of//  --the niceties of political diplomacy//\n  2  to a nicety:   formal exactly//


Words: niche
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old French nicher  ’to nest’, from  Latin nidus  ’nest’]//\n  1 [C] if you find your niche, you find a job or activity that is very suitable for you:  --Amanda soon found her niche at the club.//  --He’s managed to create a niche for himself in local politics.//\n  2 [singular] an opportunity to sell a product or service to a particular group of people who have similar needs, interests etc:  niche in//  --He spotted a niche in the market .//\n  3 [C] a hollow place in a wall, often made to hold a statue:\nniche 2 adj [only before noun]   relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc//  --niche marketing//  --a niche market//  --a niche product//


Words: Nicholas
Meaning:
St   a Christian  bishop (=high-ranking priest)  who lived in western  Asia in the 4th century AD. He became connected with the custom of giving gifts to children either at  Christmas (=in countries such as the UK and the US) , or on the night before his  saint’s day (December 6th) (=in some countries, such as the Netherlands) . The imaginary character  Santa Claus is based on stories about him. He is also the  patron saint of Russia.//


Words: Nicholas II
Meaning:
(1868-1918) the Tsar (=ruler)  of Russia from 1894 to 1917. His opposition to change led to the Revolution of 1905 and eventually to the  Russian Revolution of 1917, in which he was forced to  abdicate (=give up his position) . He and his family were shot in 1918.//


Words: nick
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  nock  ’small cut in the end of a bow for the string to fit in’ (14-20 centuries)]//\n  1  in the nick of time:  just before it is too late, or just before something bad happens//  --Luckily, help arrived in the nick of time.//\n  2  in good nick/in bad nick etc:   BrE  informal in good condition or in bad condition//  --It’s an old car but it’s still in good nick.//\n  3 [C] a very small cut made on the edge or surface of something:\n  4  the nick:   BrE  informal a police station//\nnick 2 v [T] \n  1  BrE  informal to steal something:   pinch, steal//  --Someone’s nicked my wallet.//  nick sth from sb/sth//  --You nicked those pens from my desk.//\n  2 to make a small cut in the surface or edge of something, usually by accident:  --He nicked his hand on some broken glass.//\n  3  BrE  informal if the police nick you, they catch you and charge you with a crime:   arrest//  --You’re nicked!//


Words: nickel
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: German; Origin: kupfernickel substance containing nickel, from  kupfer  ’copper’ +  nickel  ’spirit that plays tricks’; because the substance contains no copper, even though it looks like copper]//\n  1 [U] a hard silver-white metal that is often combined with other metals, for example to make steel. It is a chemical element: symbol Ni:\n  2 [C] a coin in the US or Canada that is worth five cents:


Words: nickname
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: an ekename, mistaken for  a nekename, from  eke  ’also’ (11-19 centuries) (from  Old English eac) +  name]//  a name given to someone, especially by their friends or family, that is not their real name and is often connected with what they look like or something they have done//  nickname for//  --We had nicknames for all the teachers.//  --Stephen earned himself the nickname Hawkeye.//  -- nickname v  [T] //  --She was nicknamed Sunny because of her happy nature.//


Words: Nicosia
Meaning:
the capital city of Cyprus, whose industries include leather goods,  pottery, and textiles. The city has many old buildings and walls from the time when it was ruled by Venice in the 15th and 16th centuries..//


Words: nicotine
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Jean  Nicot (1530-1604), French diplomat who first brought tobacco into France]//  a substance in tobacco which makes it difficult for people to stop smoking//


Words: nicotine patch
Meaning:
n [C]   a small piece of material containing nicotine which you stick on your skin to help you stop smoking//


Words: niece
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin neptia  ’granddaughter, niece’]//  the daughter of your brother or sister, or the daughter of your wife’s or husband’s brother or sister//    nephew, aunt, uncle//


Words: Nielsen Ratings
Meaning:
the  also the Nielsens  n [plural]  trademark   a system used to show how many people watch a particular US television programme, using information provided by Nielsen Media Research. The Nielsen Ratings are used to decide how much companies will have to pay to advertise their products during a particular programme, and they also help television companies to decide which shows should continue.//


Words: Nietzsche
Meaning:
Friedrich   (1844-1900) a German  philosopher whose most famous books are  Thus Spake Zarathustra and  The Antichrist. He wrote that ’God is dead’, meaning that people no longer had to accept the values of the Christian religion. He believed that a new type of person would exist, the ’ubermensch’ or  superman, who would be free to follow his own moral principles.//  -- Nietzschean adj //


Words: nifty
Meaning:
adj  informal   something that is nifty is good because it is clever, skilful, or effective//  --a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges//


Words: Niger
Meaning:
1  the Niger:  the third longest river in Africa, flowing through Mali, Niger, and Nigeria//\n  2 a large country in West Africa, south of Algeria and north of Nigeria. Much of the land is desert. Population: 10,355,000 (2001). Capital: Niamey.:


Words: Nigeria
Meaning:
an oil-producing country in West Africa, east of Benin and west of Cameroon. Population: 126,636,000 (2001). Its capital is Abuja, and its largest city is Lagos. Nigeria became an independent state in 1960, after being ruled by the UK for almost 100 years. About half its population are Muslims, who live mainly in the north, and the rest are Christians, living mainly in the south.//  -- Nigerian n  adj //


Words: niggardly
Meaning:
adj  old-fashioned   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: niggard  ’ungenerous person’ (14-21 centuries), probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 a niggardly gift, amount, salary etc is much too small and is given unwillingly:  --niggardly wages//  --a niggardly 2% increase//\n  2 unwilling to spend money or be generous:   stingy//  --a niggardly person//


Words: nigger
Meaning:
n [C]  taboo   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: n[hA169]gre, from  Spanish or  Portuguese negro;   NEGRO]//  a very offensive word for a black person. Do not use this word.//


Words: niggle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Perhaps from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 [T] if something niggles you, you keep worrying about it or feeling annoyed about it and you cannot forget it:    bug//  --Something’s been niggling her all day.//  -- It niggles me that we can’t go home yet and get warm.//\n  2 [I] to argue or make criticisms about small unimportant details:  --She niggled over every detail of the bill.//\nniggle 2 n [C] \n  1 a slight feeling:  --a niggle of doubt//\n  2 a slight criticism or complaint:\n  3 a slight physical pain:  --a niggle in his knee//


Words: niggling
Meaning:
adj \n  1  niggling doubt/worry/suspicion etc:  a slight doubt etc that you cannot stop thinking about//   nagging//\n  2 a niggling injury or problem is a slight one that does not go away:


Words: nigh
Meaning:
adv   [Language: Old English; Origin: neah]//\n  1  nigh on:   old-fashioned almost//  --There were nigh on 40 people there.//\n  2  literary near or soon:  --Winter draws nigh  (=will start soon) .//    well-nigh//


Words: night
Meaning:
n [U and C]   ----------//\n   1 when it is dark:\n   2 evening:\n   3 nights:\n   4 night!:\n   5 night night!:\n   6 night and day/day and night:\n   7 night or day/day or night:\n   8 night after night:\n   9 first night/opening night:\n  10 spend the night with somebody/spend the night together:\n  11 a good night’s sleep:\n  12 (have a) late/early night:\n  13 last thing at night:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: niht]//\n  1 WHEN IT IS DARK:  the dark part of each 24-hour period when the sun cannot be seen and when most people sleep//  → day//  --It was a cold moonlit night.//  --I didn’t sleep too well last night .//  -- At night  the temperature drops below zero.//  --He woke up twice during the night .//  --The party went on  all night .//  --Many animals hunt  by night .//  --Who could be calling at this time of night ?//  --an attack  in the dead of night //  --We spent the first two nights of our vacation in a cheap motel.//  --If you miss the last bus home, you can always stay the night .//  --We took the  night train  to Glasgow.//  -- Night was beginning to fall .//  --the cold  night air //\n  2 EVENING:  the time during the evening until you go to bed//  --We had a really good meal last night .//  --They stay in and watch television every night .//  --She recognised him from the night before  (=the previous evening) .//  --My parents are coming for dinner tomorrow night .//  Friday/Saturday etc night //  --There’s a party at Ben’s place on Saturday night.//  --We were on our way back from a night out  (=an evening when you go to a party, restaurant, theatre etc) at the theatre.//  --Anna doesn’t like him walking home late at night .//  quiz night/student night etc (=an evening when a particular event happens, especially at a bar, club etc) //\n  3  nights:  if you do something nights, you do it regularly or often at night//  --I work nights, so I’m usually asleep during the day.//\n  4  night!:   spoken used to say goodbye to someone when it is late in the evening or when they are going to bed//   good night//  --Night! See you tomorrow!//\n  5  night night!:   spoken used to say goodbye to someone, especially a child, when they are going to bed//\n  6  night and day/day and night:  all the time//  --The store is guarded day and night.//  --We had to work night and day to get it finished.//\n  7  night or day/day or night:  at any time//  --You can call me any time, night or day.//\n  8  night after night:  every night for a long period//  --He’s out drinking night after night.//\n  9  first night/opening night:  the first performance of a play or show//    premiere//  --We saw ’Riverdance’ on its opening night.//\n  10  spend the night with sb/spend the night together:  to sleep with someone and have sex with them//  --And you thought we spent the night together?//\n  11  a good night’s sleep:  a night when you sleep well//  --You’ll feel better after a good night’s sleep.//\n  12  (have a) late/early night:  to go to bed later or earlier than usual//  --I think I’ll have an early night.//    late-night//\n  13  last thing at night:  at the end of the day, just before you go to bed//  --You should water plants either first thing in the morning or last thing at night.//    nightly//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  last night //  at night  (=when it is night) //  in/during the night  (=at a particular point in the night) //  in the middle of the night //  all night (long) //  by night  (=at night, rather than in the day) //  at this time of night  (=used when you are surprised) //  in/at the dead of night literary (=in the middle of the night when it is quiet) //  spend/stay a night somewhere //  stay the night (=sleep at the house of someone you are visiting) //  night train/bus/flight //  night falls written (=it starts to become dark) //  the night air //  the night sky //  ----------//


Words: Night Before Christmas
Meaning:
The   a poem by Clement Moore which contains many of the popular ideas and images that Americans think of about Santa Claus. It has been set to music, made into a television film, and appears printed in newspapers and magazines at Christmastime.//


Words: night depository
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a special hole in the outside wall of a bank into which a customer can put money or documents safely when the bank is closed//  British Equivalent:  night safe//


Words: night duty
Meaning:
n [U]   work that is done during the night//  on night duty//  --She is on night duty at the hospital.//


Words: night safe
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a special hole in the outside wall of a bank into which a customer can put money or documents safely when the bank is closed//  American Equivalent:  night depository//


Words: night shift
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a period of time at night when people regularly work, especially in a factory:  on the night shift//  --She’s on the night shift this week.//\n  2 the group of people who work on the night shift:  --The night shift was just arriving.//


Words: nightcap
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an alcoholic drink that you have at the end of the evening, just before you go to bed:\n  2 a soft hat that people used to wear in bed:


Words: nightfall
Meaning:
n [U]  old-fashioned   the time when it begins to get dark in the evening//   dusk//  --Don’t worry, we’ll be back by nightfall.//


Words: Nightingale
Meaning:
Florence   (1820-1910) a British nurse who set up a hospital for soldiers in Turkey during the  Crimean War. She was called the ’Lady with the Lamp’, because she walked around the hospital in the evenings with a lamp to check that everything was in order. She set up a school for nurses, making  nursing (=the job of being a nurse)  into a real profession.//


Words: nightingale
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: nihtegale  ’night-singer’]//  a small bird that sings very beautifully, especially at night//


Words: nightlife
Meaning:
n [U]   entertainment in the evening//  --The hotel is only a five minute walk from both the beach and the nightlife.//


Words: nightly
Meaning:
adj   happening every night//  --the nightly talk show//  -- nightly adv //  --The band plays twice nightly in the bar.//


Words: nightmare
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin: night +  mare  ’evil spirit’ (11-18 centuries) (from  Old English)]//\n  1 a very frightening dream:  nightmare about//  --Years after the accident I still have nightmares about it.//  --a recurring nightmare  (=one which you have again and again) //\n  2 [usually singular] a very difficult, unpleasant, or frightening experience or situation:  --Traffic was a nightmare.//  nightmare for//  --This has been an absolute nightmare for me and my family.//  nightmare of (doing) sth//  --the nightmare of going through divorce//  --It was every teacher’s worst nightmare  (=the worst thing which could have happened) .//  --a nightmare journey//\n  3 something terrible that you fear may happen in the future:  nightmare of//  --the nightmare of a nuclear war//  nightmare scenario (=the worst or most frightening situation that you can imagine) //  -- nightmarish adj //


Words: Nightmare on Elm Street
Meaning:
A   (1984) a US  horror film (=a film that is intended to make you feel frightened)  about a frightening character called Freddy Krueger who has knives instead of fingernails, and who appears in people’s dreams and tries to kill them//


Words: nightstick
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a short thick stick carried as a weapon by police officers//  British Equivalent:  truncheon//


Words: nighttime
Meaning:
n [U]   the time during the night//  → daytime//  at nighttime//  --animals that hunt at nighttime//


Words: nignog
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  taboo  old-fashioned   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: nigger]//  a very offensive word for a black person. Do not use this word.//


Words: nihilism
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: nihilismus, from  Latin nihil  ’nothing’]//\n  1 the belief that nothing has any meaning or value:\n  2 the idea that all social and political institutions should be destroyed:  -- nihilist n  [C] //  -- nihilistic/na[hA366][hA369]l[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B]/ adj //


Words: Nijinsky
Meaning:
Vaslav   (1890-1950) a Russian  ballet dancer who worked with the ballet producer  Diaghilev and was one of the greatest male dancers ever //


Words: Nikkei index
Meaning:
the  also the Nikkei, the Nikkei Average   a number that shows how well or badly  shares have performed on the Tokyo  stock exchange on a particular day. The number is based on the share prices of about 200 important companies.//    Dow Jones Average//    FT 100 Share Index, the//    Hang Seng Index, the//


Words: nil
Meaning:
S3   n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: nihil  ’nothing’]//\n  1 nothing:   zero//  --The new machine reduced labour costs to almost nil.//\n  2  BrE the number zero, used in sports results:  --Our team won by two goals to nil.//


Words: Nile
Meaning:
the Nile//  a river in northeast Africa, the longest river in the world, whose water is used for most of the farming in Egypt and Sudan. It is formed from two rivers: the Blue Nile, which starts in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which starts in Uganda. The two rivers join in Sudan, and flow north into the Mediterranean Sea.//


Words: nimble
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: numol  ’holding a lot’, from  niman  ’to take’]//\n  1 able to move quickly and easily with light neat movements:   agile//  --nimble fingers//  --a nimble climber//\n  2  a nimble mind/brain/wit:  an ability to think quickly or understand things easily//  -- nimbly adv //  -- nimbleness n  [U] //


Words: nimbus
Meaning:
n   plural  nimbuses  or  nimbi /-ba[hA366]///  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: ’rainstorm, cloud’]//\n  1 [U and C]  technical a dark cloud that may bring rain or snow:\n  2 [C] a halo:


Words: nimby
Meaning:
n   plural  nimbies  [C] //  not in my backyard someone who does not want a particular activity or building near their home - used to show disapproval//  -- nimby adj //


Words: NiMH
Meaning:
n [C]   nickel-metal hydride a type of battery that can be recharged and that is used in cameras and small electronic equipment//


Words: Nin
Meaning:
Anais   (1903-1977) a French writer of novels, best known work for her own personal story written in her Journals//


Words: nincompoop
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: ninny +  nicompoop  ’stupid person’ (1600-1700)]//  a stupid person//


Words: nine
Meaning:
number   [Language: Old English; Origin: nigon]//\n  1 the number 9:  --He’s only been in this job for nine months.//  --We open at nine (=nine o’clock) .//  --Kay was taught by her mother till she was nine (=nine years old) .//\n  2  nine times out of ten:  almost always//  --Nine times out of ten we can solve the problem over the phone.//\n  3  a nine days’ wonder:  a thing or event that makes people very excited for a short time//\n  4  have nine lives:  to make lucky escapes from dangerous situations//    dressed up to the nines at dressed(4),  be on cloud nine at cloud1 (5)//


Words: nine to five
Meaning:
adv   between nine o’clock and five o’clock, the normal working hours of an office worker//  --She didn’t like working nine to five .//  -- nine-to-five adj //  --a nine-to-five job//


Words: ninepins
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a game in which you roll a ball at nine bottle-shaped objects to try to hit them so that they fall:\n  2  drop/go down like ninepins:  if people or things drop like ninepins, many of them fall down or become ill or injured suddenly all at the same time//  --It’s just three weeks into the season and players are dropping like ninepins.//


Words: nineteen
Meaning:
number   [Language: Old English; Origin: nigontiene, from  nigon  ’nine’ +  tien  ’ten’]//\n  1 the number 19:  --It was nineteen minutes past seven.//  --I was only nineteen (=19 years old) .//\n  2  nineteen to the dozen:  if you talk nineteen to the dozen, you talk very quickly and without stopping//  -- nineteenth adj  pron //  --in the nineteenth century//  --her nineteenth birthday//  --I’m planning to leave on the nineteenth  (=the 19th day of the month) .//


Words: nineteenth hole
Meaning:
n   the nineteenth hole//  an expression used humorously by golf players meaning the bar where they drink after playing//


Words: ninety
Meaning:
number   [Language: Old English; Origin: nigontig, from  nigon  ’nine’]//\n  1 the number 90:\n  2  the nineties [plural]  also the ’90s, the 1990s :  the years from 1990 to 1999//  --America was far richer in the nineties.//  the early/mid/late nineties //  --The industry received a lot of bad publicity in the early nineties.//\n  3  be in your nineties:  to be aged between 90 and 99//  early/mid/late nineties //  --My grandfather was in his early nineties when he died.//\n  4  in the nineties:  if the temperature is in the nineties, it is between 90 degrees and 99 degrees//  in the low/mid/high nineties //  --Temperatures were still in the high nineties.//  -- ninetieth adj //  --her ninetieth birthday//


Words: Nineveh
Meaning:
the capital of  Assyria, an ancient  empire, on the east bank of the River  Tigris, in what is now Iraq. The  ruins of many beautiful ancient buildings have been found buried there.//


Words: ninja
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Japanese]//  in the past, a Japanese fighter with special skills//


Words: ninny
Meaning:
n   plural  ninnies  [C]  old-fashioned //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  innocent]//  a silly person//


Words: Nintendo
Meaning:
trademark   a type of computer games machine made by the Japanese company Nintendo, which is used to play  video games on a television screen. Nintendo also makes the  GameBoy, a small games machine that you hold in your hand.//


Words: ninth
Meaning:
adj   coming after eight other things in a series//  --in the ninth century//  --her ninth birthday//  -- ninth pron //  --I’m planning to leave on the ninth  (=ninth day of the month) .//\nninth 2 n [C]   one of nine equal parts of something//


Words: nip
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  nipped present participle  nipping //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Middle Low German; Origin: nipen]//\n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition]  BrE  informal to go somewhere quickly or for a short time:   pop//  --Have we time to nip down the pub for a quick drink?//  --Another car nipped in (=moved quickly into a space) in front of me.//  --I’ve got to nip home and change my clothes.//\n  2 [I and T] to bite someone or something lightly:  --She gently nipped the lobe of his ear.//  nip at//  --The fish swam all around her and nipped at her legs.//\n  3  nip sth in the bud:  to prevent something from becoming a problem by stopping it as soon as it starts//  --Try to nip this kind of bad behaviour in the bud.//\n  4 [T]  BrE to suddenly and quickly press something tightly between two fingers, edges, or surfaces:    pinch//  --Sally nipped her cheeks to make them look less pale.//  --He nipped his finger in the door.//\n  5 [I and T]  written if cold weather or the wind nips at part of your body or at a plant, it hurts or damages it:  nip at//  --The frost nipped at our fingers.//  nip off [nip sth → off] phr v//  to remove a small part of something, especially a plant, by pressing it tightly between your finger and thumb//  --She nipped off a dead flower.//\nnip 2 n [C]   [Sense: 1, 4-5; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  NIP1]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Nipponese  ’Japanese’ (19-21 centuries), from  Japanese Nippon  ’Japan’]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Probably from  nipperkin  ’small container for alcoholic drink’ (17-19 centuries), probably from  Dutch or  Low German]//\n  1 the act or result of biting something lightly or pressing something between two fingers, edges, or surfaces:  --His dog gave me a painful nip on the leg.//\n  2 a small amount of strong alcoholic drink:  nip of//  --a nip of brandy//\n  3  a nip in the air:  coldness in the air//\n  4  nip and tuck:   AmE  informal //  a) equally likely to happen or not happen//  --We made it to the airport, but it was nip and tuck .//  b) if two competitors are nip and tuck in a race or competition, they are doing equally well//   neck and neck//  --The fourth quarter was nip and tuck, but the Bulls won 92-90.//


Words: nipper
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: nipper  ’boy who runs errands for a workman or street seller’, from   NIP1 2]//  a child//


Words: nipple
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  neb,  nib  ’point’;   NIB]//\n  1 the small dark circular part of a woman’s breast. Babies suck milk through their mother’s nipples.:\n  2 one of the two small dark circular parts on a man’s chest:\n  3  AmE the rubber part on a baby’s bottle that a baby sucks milk through:  British Equivalent:  teat//\n  4 a part in an engine or machine made of rubber or plastic and shaped like a nipple. It has a hole in it which liquid can flow or be poured through.:


Words: nippy
Meaning:
adj  informal \n  1 weather that is nippy is slightly cold:   chilly//  --It’s a bit nippy out there.//\n  2  BrE moving quickly or able to move quickly:  --a nippy little car//


Words: Nirvana
Meaning:
a US band who developed a new style of  rock music called  Grunge, which was popular in the early 1990s, and whose  lead singer was Kurt  Cobain. Their  albums include  Nevermind and  In Utero.//


Words: nirvana
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Sanskrit; Origin: nis-  ’out’ +  vati  ’it blows’]//\n  1 the final state of complete knowledge and understanding that is the aim of believers in Buddhism:\n  2 a condition of great happiness and a feeling of peace:


Words: nit
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hnitu]//\n  1 an egg of a louse (=a small insect that sucks blood) , that is sometimes found in people’s hair:\n  2  BrE  informal a silly person:


Words: nit-picking
Meaning:
n [U]  informal   when someone argues about small unimportant details or tries to find small mistakes in something//  --Soames was getting impatient with his daughter’s constant nitpicking.//  -- nitpicking adj //  -- nitpicker n  [C] //


Words: nitrate
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: nitrique;   NITRIC ACID]//  used in the name of substances containing nitrogen and oxygen. Nitrates are often used to improve soil//  --potassium nitrate//  --high levels of nitrates in drinking water//


Words: nitric acid
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: nitrique, from  nitre a chemical substance, from  Latin nitrum, from  Egyptian ntry]//  a powerful acid that is used in explosives and other chemical products//


Words: nitrogen
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: nitrog[hA169]ne, from  nitre (  NITIC ACID) +  -g[hA169]ne  ’producing’]//  a gas that has no colour or smell, and that forms most of the Earth’s air. It is a chemical element: symbol N//


Words: nitroglycerine
Meaning:
nitroglycerin/na[hA366]tr[hA353][hA35E]gl[hA366]s[hA353]r[hA369]n, -ri[hA359]n $ -tro[hA35E]gl[hA366]s[hA353]r[hA369]n/ n [U]   a chemical used to make a powerful liquid explosive and also in some medicines//


Words: nitty-gritty
Meaning:
n  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably based on  gritty]//  the nitty-gritty//  the basic and practical facts of a subject or activity//  --Let’s get down to the nitty-gritty and work out the costs.//


Words: nitwit
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  German dialect nit  ’not’ +  English wit]//  a silly person//


Words: nix
Meaning:
v [T]  AmE  informal   to answer no to something or say that you will not allow something//  --They nixed the idea of filming in Ireland.//\nnix 2 adv  AmE  old-fashioned   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: nix  ’nothing’ (18-21 centuries), from  German nichts]//  no//


Words: Nixon
Meaning:
Richard   (1913-94) a US politician in the  Republican Party who was President of the US from 1969 to 1974. He helped to end the  Vietnam War and improved the US’s political relationship with China. He is most famous for being involved in  Watergate and for officially leaving his position as President before  Congress could  impeach him (=charge him with a serious crime) . Many people thought he was dishonest, and because of this he was sometimes called ’Tricky Dicky’.//


Words: Nkrumah
Meaning:
Kwame   (1909-72) a Ghanaian politician who led his country’s fight for independence from the UK. He was Prime Minister (1952-60) and President (1960-66), but he was eventually removed from power by the army.//


Words: no
Meaning:
adv   [Language: Old English; Origin: na, from  ne  ’not’ +  a  ’always’]//\n  1 used to give a negative reply to a question, offer, or request:  → yes//  --’Are you Italian?’ ’No, I’m Spanish.’//  --’Do you want any more?’ ’ No thanks .’//  --’Could you help me write this?’ ’No, sorry, I haven’t got time at the moment.’//  --He wanted to take me to a disco but I said no .//  --Sixty percent of people voted no.//  --If you’re asking whether I feel the same way about her, the answer is no .//\n  2  spoken used to say that you disagree with a statement:  --’You’re always complaining about work.’ ’No, I’m not!’//\n  3  spoken used to say that you agree with a negative statement:  --’They shouldn’t drive so fast.’ ’No, it’s really dangerous.’//\n  4  spoken used to tell someone not to do something:  --No, Jimmy, don’t touch that switch.//\n  5  spoken used to show that you are shocked, surprised, annoyed, or disappointed by what someone has just told you, or by what has just happened:  --’She’s nearly fifty.’ ’No, you’re kidding!’//  -- Oh no , I’ve lost my wallet!//\n  6  spoken used to correct what you have just said:  --He’s the director, no, the assistant director, of the company.//\n  7  won’t take no for an answer:  if someone won’t take no for an answer, they are determined that you should agree to do something//  --He insists on taking us all out to dinner and he won’t take no for an answer.//\n  8 used before  comparatives to mean ’not even a small amount’:  --I’ll pay you $75 and no more.//  --You’re no better than the rest of them.//    no longer at long2 (7)//


Words: no ball
Meaning:
n [C]   an act of bowling the ball in the game of cricket in a way that is not allowed by the rules//


Words: no one
Meaning:
pron  no-one  not anyone//   nobody//  --No one likes being criticized.//  --There’s no one else I really want to invite apart from you.//  --Has no one phoned about the car?//  --No one can say I didn’t warn you.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not use another negative word (e.g. ’not’) with no one. Use anyone with not: No one came.| Didn’t anyone come? //  ----------//


Words: no way
Meaning:
S2 adv  spoken   used to emphasize that you will not agree or be able to do something//  --’Are you going to offer to work over the weekend?’ ’No way!’//  --No way will we be finished by five o’clock.//  -- There’s no way I’m going to pay [hA124]300 just for a weekend in Paris.//


Words: no-account
Meaning:
also no-count  adj [only before noun]  AmE  old-fashioned  informal   a no-account person does not achieve very much because they are so lazy//  --a no-account drifter who died of drink//


Words: no-brainer
Meaning:
n [singular]   a decision that is easy, and that you do not need to think about, used when you want to emphasize that it is really very easy//  --Joining the savings plan is a no-brainer. Just do it.//


Words: no-claims bonus
Meaning:
n [C]   in Britain, a reduction in the amount that you have to pay for car insurance, because you have not claimed any money during a particular period//


Words: no-confidence
Meaning:
n [U]   vote of no-confidence/no-confidence vote/motion of no-confidence etc//  an official vote where people can say if they no longer think someone or something is good enough//  --fears that he may lose a vote of no-confidence in parliament//  --The chairman has survived four no-confidence motions.//


Words: no-fault
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  law \n  1 a no-fault divorce is one in which both people agree not to be married any longer and do not have to say whose fault this is:\n  2 no-fault car insurance will pay for the damage done in an accident, even if you caused the accident:


Words: no-fly zone
Meaning:
n [C]   an area that only particular aircraft are allowed to enter, and in which other aircraft could be attacked//


Words: no-frills
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a no-frills product or service includes only basic features and is not of the highest possible quality//  --no-frills accommodation//


Words: no-go area
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an area that people should not go to because it is very dangerous:  --This part of the city was a no-go area for the police.//\n  2 a subject that cannot be discussed because it is private or because it may offend people:  --She made it clear that her private life was a no-go area.//


Words: no-holds-barred
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a no-holds-barred discussion, situation etc is one in which there are no rules or limits//  --Viewers had been promised a no-holds-barred interview with the former mayor.//


Words: no-hoper
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a person or animal who you think has no chance of winning something or of being successful//  --a bunch of complete no-hopers//


Words: no-man’s-land n [singular
Meaning:
U] \n  1 an area of land that no one owns or controls, especially an area between two borders or opposing armies:\n  2 a situation or type of activity that is not either of two things or is a combination of two things:  no-man’s-land between//  --the no-man’s land between art and science//


Words: no-name
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   no-name products are not made by a well-known company and so do not have a well-known name//  --a no-name personal computer//


Words: no-no
Meaning:
n [singular]  informal   something that you must not do because it is considered to be unacceptable behaviour//  --Colouring your hair was a no-no at that time.//


Words: no-nonsense
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   very practical and direct, without wasting time on unnecessary and unimportant things//  --his no-nonsense attitude to business//


Words: no-show
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who does not arrive or appear somewhere they were expected to be, for example at a restaurant or a meeting//  --The bad weather meant there were a lot of no-shows at the game.//


Words: no-win
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   relating to a situation in which whatever you choose to do it will have a bad result//  --If my child is sick and I leave work, I’m a bad employee. If I don’t, I’m a bad mother. It’s a no-win situation .//    win-win//


Words: No.
Meaning:
also  no.  plural  Nos //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: numero  ’in number’]//  the written abbreviation of number //  --Mozart’s piano concerto no. 27//


Words: No. 10
Meaning:
Number Ten  No. 10 Downing Street; the official home of the British Prime Minister. The expression is also used, especially in newspapers and news broadcasts to mean the Prime Minister and his or her advisers//  --This suggestion won’t be welcomed at No. 10.//  --Sources close to Number 10 say there will be no change in the Cabinet.//


Words: No. 11
Meaning:
Number Eleven  No. 11 Downing Street; the official home of the British  Chancellor of the Exchequer (=the chief financial minister) //\nno 2 determiner   [Date: 1100-1200; Origin: none]//\n  1 not one or not any:  --There’s no food left in the fridge.//  --No trains will be affected by this incident.//  --a house with no central heating//  --There’s no excuse for that kind of behaviour.//\n  2 used on signs to say that something is not allowed:  --No parking//  --No smoking//\n  3  in no time:   informal very soon or very quickly//  --We’ll be home in no time.//\n  4  there’s no doing sth:   spoken used to emphasize that it is not possible to do something//  -- There’s no knowing what this lunatic will do next.//  -- There is no denying the suffering of these families (=they are definitely suffering) .//\n  5 used to emphasize that the opposite of a particular description is true:  --That girl’s no fool (=she is intelligent) .//  --Larry’s no friend of mine.//  --If he has to do it all himself, it will be no bad thing (=a good thing) .//  --a question of no great importance//\nno 3 n   plural  noes //\n  1 [singular] a negative answer or decision:  --The answer was a definite no.//\n  2 [C] a vote against a proposal in parliament:


Words: Noah
Meaning:
in the Old Testament of the Bible, a man chosen by God to build an  ark (=a large boat)  so that he could save his family and two of every kind of animal that lived on the Earth from the terrible  Flood which covered the Earth//


Words: Noah’s ark
Meaning:
n   in the Bible, the large boat built by Noah to save his family and the animals from a flood that covered the earth//


Words: nobble
Meaning:
v [T]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  knobble  ’to hit with the closed hand’ (1800-1900)]//\n  1 to make someone do what you want by illegally offering them money or threatening them:    bribe//  --The jury had been nobbled and the case had to be reheard.//\n  2 to prevent a horse from winning a race, especially by giving it drugs:\n  3 to get someone’s attention, especially in order to persuade them to do something:  --I was nobbled by my deaf old aunt and couldn’t get away.//


Words: Nobel
Meaning:
Alfred   (1833-96) a Swedish engineer and  chemist who invented  dynamite (=a powerful explosive substance)  and became very wealthy from his factories that produced explosives. When he died, he left all his money to establish the  Nobel prizes.//


Words: Nobel prize
Meaning:
n   one of the prizes given each year to people who have done important work in various types of activity. There are prizes for special achievements in  physics, chemistry, economics, literature, and peace. The Nobel prizes were established by Alfred Nobel and are given in Sweden. It is a great honour to receive a Nobel prize, and people who have received them are sometimes called Nobel laureates.//


Words: nobility
Meaning:
n \n  1  the nobility:  the group of people in some countries who belong to the highest social class and have titles such as ’Duke’ or ’Countess’//   the aristocracy//\n  2 [U] the quality of being noble:  --the nobility of his intentions//


Words: noble
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin nobilis]//\n  1 morally good or generous in a way that is admired:  --It’s very noble of you to spend all your weekends helping the old folk.//  --noble ideals//\n  2 [only before noun] belonging to the nobility:  noble family/blood/birth etc //  --a member of an ancient noble family//  --The Marquis would have to marry a woman of noble blood.//\n  3 something that is noble is very impressive and beautiful:  --the old church with its noble tower//\n  4  noble gas/metal:   technical a noble gas or metal is not affected chemically by other substances//    base metal//\n  5  noble savage:   literary someone who comes from a society that is less developed or interested in money than western countries, making them morally better than people than people who live in western countries//\nnoble 2 n [C]   a member of the highest social class with a title such as ’Duke’ or ’Countess’//    commoner//


Words: nobleman
Meaning:
n   plural  noblemen /-m[hA353]n/ [C] //  a man who is a member of the highest social class and has a title such as ’Duke’//


Words: noblesse oblige
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’nobility brings obligations’]//  the idea that people who belong to a high social class should behave in a kind and generous way towards people of a lower social class//


Words: noblewoman
Meaning:
n   plural  noblewomen /-w[hA366]m[hA366]n/ [C] //  a woman who is a member of the highest social class and has a title such as ’Duchess’//


Words: nobly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 in a morally good or generous way that should be admired:  --They chose to die nobly rather than to betray their king.//\n  2  nobly born:   literary having parents who are members of the nobility//


Words: nobody
Meaning:
pron \n  1 no one:  --I knocked on the door but nobody answered.//\n  2  like nobody’s business:  very much, very well, or very fast//  --We get along like nobody’s business.//    be nobody’s fool at fool1 (5)//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not spell this as two words, or the meaning changes: There was nobody there (=no person). There was no body there (=not a dead body). //  ----------//\nnobody 2   plural  nobodies  n [C] //  someone who is not important and has no influence//  --I was a nothing and a nobody with everything to prove.//


Words: nocturnal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: nocturnalis, from  Latin nocturnus  ’by night’, from  nox  ’night’]//\n  1 an animal that is nocturnal is active at night:  --Hamsters are nocturnal creatures.//\n  2  formal happening at night:  --Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.//


Words: nocturne
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin nocturnus;   NOCTURNAL]//  a piece of music, especially a soft beautiful piece of piano music//


Words: nod
Meaning:
W2   v   past tense and past participle  nodded present participle  nodding  [I and T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Low German]//\n  1 to move your head up and down, especially in order to show agreement or understanding:    shake//  --I asked her if she was ready to go, and she nodded.//  --Mom nodded her head sympathetically.//  nod your approval/agreement etc (=show your approval etc by nodding) //  --Corbett nodded his acceptance.//\n  2 to move your head down and up again once in order to greet someone or give someone a sign to do something:  nod at//  --The judge nodded at the foreman to proceed.//  nod to//  --She nodded to us as she walked by.//\n  3  have a nodding acquaintance (with sth):  to know a little about a subject but not a lot//  --Students will need to have a nodding acquaintance with at least three languages.//\n  4  have a nodding acquaintance (with sb):   also be on nodding terms (with sb)  BrE //  to know someone but not very well//  nod off phr v//  to begin to sleep, usually when you do not intend to and are sitting somewhere//  --I missed the movie because I kept nodding off.//\nnod 2 n \n  1 [C] an act of nodding:  --The woman greeted us with a nod of the head.//  --I showed the doorman my card and he gave a friendly nod .//\n  2  give sb the nod/get the nod from sb:   informal to give or be given permission to do something//  --We’re waiting for the boss to give us the nod on this one.//\n  3  on the nod:   BrE  informal by general agreement and without people discussing it//  --The chairman’s proposals are usually passed on the nod.//\n  4  a nod’s as good as a wink:   BrE used to tell someone that you have understood something, although it was said in an indirect way//    the land of nod at land1 (9)//


Words: nodal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  technical   being or connected with a node//  --the nodal point of the transport system//


Words: noddle
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned  informal   your head or brain//  --It’s easy enough to do if you just use your noddle  (=think) .//


Words: Noddy
Meaning:
trademark   a character in children’s books by the British writer Enid  Blyton. He wears a little blue hat with a bell on the top, and drives a yellow and red car around Toytown, with his friend  Big Ears.//


Words: node
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: nodus  ’knot, node’]//\n  1 the place on the stem of a plant from which a leaf or branch grows:\n  2 a place where lines in a network cross or join:\n  3 a part of a computer network where messages can be received or sent:\n  4 a lymph node:


Words: nodule
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: nodulus, from  nodus;   NODE]//  a small round raised part, especially a small swelling on a plant or someone’s body//  -- nodular adj //


Words: Noel
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: No[hA16C]l, from  Latin natalis;   NATAL]//   Christmas - used especially in songs and on cards//


Words: noggin
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned \n  1 a small amount of an alcoholic drink:\n  2  informal your head or brain:  -- Use your noggin  (=think) .//


Words: nohow
Meaning:
adv  AmE  informal   not in any way or in any situation - usually used humorously//  --I never liked her nohow.//


Words: noise
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ’quarreling, noise’, from  Latin nausea;   NAUSEA]//\n  1 [U and C] a sound, especially one that is loud, unpleasant, or frightening:   sound//  --What’s that noise?//  noise of//  --the noise of the traffic//  --Try not to make a noise when you go upstairs.//  gurgling/banging/crackling etc noise //  --There was a strange whistling noise in his ears.//  --There was a lot of noise outside.//  -- Noise levels have been reduced by 20%.//  traffic/engine/background etc noise //  --the problem of aircraft noise near airports//\n  2  (make) encouraging/optimistic etc noises (about sth):   BrE to say things which suggest what your opinion or attitude is, without saying it directly//  --Both sides were making hopeful noises about the hostages.//\n  3  make (all) the right noises (about sth):  to say the things that other people want or expect to hear//  --The health minister seems to be making all the right noises.//\n  4  make noises about doing sth:  to say that you are considering doing something//  --He is now making noises about starting his own business.//\n  5  make a (lot of) noise about sth:   BrE to talk about something a lot, so that people will notice it - used in order to show disapproval//  --modern men who make a noise about the fact that they know how to look good//\n  6 [U]  technical unwanted signals produced by an electrical circuit:\n  7 [U]  technical pieces of unwanted information that can prevent a computer from working effectively:\n  8  noises off:  the sounds, voices etc that come from actors who are not on the stage at the time//    big noise//\nnoise 2 v   be noised abroad/about/around//   old-fashioned  especially BrE if news or information is noised abroad, people are talking about it//  --Rumours of an election are being noised abroad.//


Words: noiselessly
Meaning:
adv  written   without making any sound//   silently//  --We crept noiselessly down the hall.//  -- noiseless adj //  --his noiseless footsteps//


Words: noisome
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: noy  ’annoyance’ (14-17 centuries) (from  Old French enui;   ENNUI) +  -some]//  very unpleasant//  --noisome smells//


Words: noisy
Meaning:
S3   adj   comparative  noisier superlative  noisiest //  1 someone or something that is noisy makes a lot of noise//  → quiet//  --The kids have been really noisy today.//  --a noisy engine//\n  2 a place that is noisy is full of noise:  --The bar was very noisy.//  -- noisily adv //  --He blew his nose noisily.//


Words: nom de guerre
Meaning:
n   plural  noms de guerre  [C]  formal //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: ’war name’]//  a name that someone uses instead of their real name, especially someone who is fighting in a war//


Words: nom de plume
Meaning:
n   plural  noms de plume  [C]  formal //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’pen name’]//  a name used by a writer instead of their real name//   pen name//


Words: nomad
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: nomas, from  Greek, from  nemein  ’to put animals in the fields to feed’]//  a member of a tribe that travels from place to place instead of living in one place all the time, usually in order to find grass for their animals//


Words: nomadic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 nomadic people are nomads:  --nomadic herdsmen//\n  2 if someone leads a nomadic life, they travel from place to place and do not live in any one place for very long:  --The son of an airforce pilot, he had a somewhat nomadic childhood.//


Words: nomenclature
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: nomenclatura  ’calling by name, list of names’, from  nomen (  NOMINAL) +  calatus  ’called’]//  a system of naming things, especially in science//  nomenclature of//  --the nomenclature of science//  --zoological nomenclature//


Words: nominal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: nominalis, from  nomen  ’name’]//\n  1  nominal sum/charge/fee etc:  a very small sum of money, especially when compared with what something would usually cost or what it is worth//  --A nominal charge is made for use of the tennis courts.//\n  2 officially described as being something, when this is not really true:  --the nominal head of the rebellion//  --Their conversion to Christianity was only nominal.//\n  3  nominal value/rate/income etc:   technical a nominal value etc does not show what something is really worth or really costs, because it does not take into account changes in the price of other goods and services//  → real//  --If prices rise and the nominal wage remains constant, the real wage falls.//\n  4  technical relating to nouns or used as a noun:  --the nominal use of the present participle//


Words: nominally
Meaning:
adv   officially described as being something, when this is not really true//  --a nominally Christian country//  --He was nominally in charge of his father’s printing company.//


Words: nominate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  nominare, from  nomen;   NOMINAL]//\n  1 to officially suggest someone or something for an important position, duty, or prize:  nominate sb/sth for sth//  --Ferraro was the first woman to be nominated for the job of vice president.//  nominate sb/sth as sth//  --She has been nominated as Best Actress for her part in the film ’Forever Together’.//  nominate sb to do sth//  --I nominate John to represent us at the meeting.//\n  2 to give someone a particular job:  nominate sb as sth//  --Next year Mr Jenks will retire and Mr Broadbent will be nominated as his replacement.//  nominate sb to sth//  --She was nominated to the legislative council.//


Words: nomination
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the act of officially suggesting someone or something for a position, duty, or prize, or the fact of being suggested for it:  nomination for//  --Who will get the Republican nomination for president?//  --All the committee’s nominations were approved.//\n  2 [C] the name of a book, film, actor etc that has been suggested to receive an honour or prize:  --The nominations for the Academy Awards were announced Tuesday.//\n  3 [U and C] the act of giving someone a particular job, or the fact of being given that job:  nomination as//  --O’Neil’s nomination as chief executive//


Words: nominative
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a particular form of a noun in some languages, such as Latin and German, which shows that the noun is the subject of a verb//  -- nominative adj //


Words: nominee
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: nominate]//  someone who has been officially suggested for an important position, duty, or prize//  --the Democratic Party presidential nominee//  nominee for//  --a nominee for the post of vice president//


Words: non sequitur
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’it does not follow’]//  a statement which does not seem to be connected in a reasonable or sensible way with what was said before//


Words: non-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Old French; Origin: Latin non  ’not’]//\n  1 [in adjectives, nouns, and adverbs] used to say that someone or something is not a particular thing, or does not do a particular thing:  --non-British visitors//  --a non-smoker (=someone who does not smoke) //  --a non-stop flight (=one in which a plane flies from one place to another without stopping on the way) //\n  2 [in nouns] used to refer to a situation where a particular action did not happen or will not happen:  --non-payment of taxes//  --They were very disappointed at his non-appearance (=the fact that he did not go to an event where he was expected) .//


Words: non-aggression
Meaning:
n [U]   a situation in which two countries do not attack or fight each other//  --Both sides are now committed to non-aggression.//  non-aggression pact/treaty/agreement etc //  --The countries will come together next week to sign a new non-aggression treaty.//


Words: non-alcoholic
Meaning:
adj   non-alcoholic drinks do not contain alcohol//  --non-alcoholic wine//  --Do you have anything non-alcoholic?//


Words: non-aligned
Meaning:
adj   a non-aligned country does not support, or is not dependent on, any of the powerful countries in the world//  --the non-aligned countries of Europe//  -- non-alignment n  [U] //


Words: non-attendance
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   failure to go to a place or event where you are supposed to go//  --He was taken into care because of his non-attendance at school.//


Words: non-binding
Meaning:
adj   a non-binding agreement or decision does not have to be obeyed//  --The industry has signed a non-binding agreement to reduce pollution.//


Words: non-combatant
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is in the army, navy etc during a war but who does not actually fight, for example an army doctor:\n  2 someone who is not in the army, navy etc during a war:   civilian//  -- non-combatant adj //  --non-combatant military advisers//


Words: non-committal
Meaning:
adj   deliberately not expressing your opinion or intentions clearly//  non-committal about//  --The doctor was non-committal about my mother’s chances of recovery.//  --The driver mumbled a non-committal reply.//


Words: non-compliance
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   failure or refusal to do something that you are officially supposed to do//  non-compliance with//  --Companies can be prosecuted for non-compliance with the law.//


Words: non-controversial
Meaning:
adj   not likely to cause any arguments or disagreements//  --Most of the proposals are fairly non-controversial.//


Words: non-cooperation
Meaning:
n [U]   the refusal to do something that someone in authority tells you to do, especially as a protest//


Words: non-event
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   an event that is disappointing because it is much less interesting, exciting, or important than you expected//  --In the end, the match turned out to be a non-event.//


Words: non-executive director
Meaning:
n [C]   one of the directors of a company who gives advice, but who does not make decisions about how the company is run//


Words: non-fiction
Meaning:
n [U]   books or writing about real facts or events, not imagined ones//  → fiction//  --I read a lot of non-fiction.//  -- non-fiction adj //


Words: non-finite
Meaning:
adj  technical   a non-finite verb does not show a particular tense or subject, and is either the infinitive or the participle form of the verb, for example ’go’ in the sentence ’Do you want to go home?’//  → finite//


Words: non-governmental
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a non-governmental organization is independent and not controlled by a government//  --Emergency aid is being provided by non-governmental relief organizations.//


Words: non-intervention
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice by a government of not getting involved in the affairs of other countries//  --The British government may have to abandon its policy of non-intervention .//  -- non-interventionist adj //  --a non-interventionist policy//


Words: non-judgmental
Meaning:
adj  also  non-judgemental BrE   not criticizing people//  --A counsellor should always be sympathetic and non-judgmental.//


Words: non-member
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is not a member of a particular club or organization//  --The price will be [hA124]30 for members, [hA124]33 for non-members.//  non-member of//  --non-members of the Labour Party//  non-member state/country //  --imports from non-member countries//


Words: non-negotiable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a non-negotiable principle or belief is one that you refuse to discuss or change:  --He emphasized that the government’s anti-nuclear position was non-negotiable.//\n  2 a cheque, bond etc that is non-negotiable can only be exchanged for money by the person whose name is on it:


Words: non-payment
Meaning:
n [U]   when you do not pay the money that you owe in tax, rent etc//  non-payment of//  --She was finally evicted in April for non-payment of rent .//


Words: non-prescription
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a non-prescription drug is one that you can buy in a shop without a written order from a doctor//   over-the-counter//


Words: non-profit
Meaning:
adj  also non-profitmaking  BrE   a non-profit organization uses the money it earns to help people instead of making a profit//  --a non-profit educational institution//


Words: non-proliferation
Meaning:
n [U]   the limiting of the number of nuclear or chemical weapons in the world, especially by stopping countries that do not yet have them from developing them//  --Over 20 countries have now signed the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty.//


Words: non-refundable
Meaning:
adj   a non-refundable amount of money cannot be paid back to you//  --There is a [hA124]40 deposit, which is non-refundable.//


Words: non-renewable
Meaning:
adj   non-renewable types of energy such as coal or gas cannot be replaced after they have been used//  --All countries are being asked to cut down on their use of non-renewable resources .//


Words: non-resident
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who does not live permanently in a particular country or area:  --A lot of houses in the area are being bought by non-residents.//\n  2  BrE someone who is not staying in a particular hotel:  --The hotel restaurant is open to non-residents.//  -- non-resident adj //


Words: non-residential
Meaning:
adj \n  1  BrE if a course, activity etc is non-residential, you are not provided with a place to stay while you are doing it:\n  2 non-residential areas or buildings are not places where people live:


Words: non-restrictive
Meaning:
adj  technical   a non-restrictive relative clause gives additional information about a particular person or thing rather than saying which person or thing is being mentioned. For example, in the sentence ’Perry, who is 22, was arrested yesterday’, the phrase ’who is 22’ is a non-restrictive clause.//


Words: non-returnable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a non-returnable amount of money cannot be paid back to you:  --Please send this form back with a non-returnable deposit of [hA124]60.//\n  2 things that are non-returnable cannot be taken back to a shop and used again:  --non-returnable bottles//


Words: non-scientific
Meaning:
adj   not using scientific methods to collect information and form opinions//  --The report is based on non-scientific data.//


Words: non-smoking
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a non-smoking area is one where you are not allowed to smoke:  --a non-smoking restaurant//\n  2 [only before noun] used to describe someone who does not smoke:  --a non-drinking, non-smoking fitness fanatic//


Words: non-specific
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] a non-specific medical condition could have one of several causes:  --children with non-specific abdominal pain//\n  2 not exact or detailed, or not relating to one particular thing:    vague//  --The description was deliberately non-specific.//


Words: non-standard
Meaning:
adj \n  1 non-standard ways of speaking are not usually considered to be correct by educated speakers of a language:  --Non-standard dialects of English are regional dialects.//\n  2 not the usual size or type:  --a non-standard disk size//


Words: non-stick
Meaning:
adj   a non-stick cooking pan has a special inside surface which prevents food from sticking to it//


Words: non-threatening
Meaning:
adj   not making someone feel afraid or worried//  --It is important to create a safe, non-threatening environment for children.//


Words: non-traditional
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   different from the way something happened or from what was considered typical in the past//  --older, non-traditional university students//  --non-traditional workdays//


Words: non-union
Meaning:
adj  also  non-unionized\n  1 [usually before noun] non-union workers do not belong to a trade union (=official organization for workers) :\n  2 businesses or organizations that are non-union do not officially accept trade unions, or do not employ their members:


Words: non-violence
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice of opposing a government without using violence, for example by not obeying laws//    passivity//  --She was committed to non-violence.//  --a policy of non-violence//


Words: non-violent
Meaning:
adj   not using or not involving violence//    peaceful//  --a non-violent protest against the government//  --an increase in the amount of violent and non-violent crime//


Words: nonagenarian
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: nonagenarius  ’containing ninety’, from  nonaginta  ’ninety’]//  someone between 90 and 99 years old//


Words: nonce
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  technical   [Date: 1100-1200; Origin: then anes  ’the one purpose’, mistaken for  the nanes;  anes from  an  ’one’ (  ONE3)]//  a nonce word or phrase has been invented for a particular occasion and is only used once//


Words: nonchalant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Old French nonchaloir  ’to pay no attention to’, from  Latin calere  ’to be warm’]//  behaving calmly and not seeming interested in anything or worried about anything//  --’Has he got a girlfriend?’ Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant.//  -- nonchalance n  [U] //  -- nonchalantly adv //  --He walked nonchalantly to the door.//


Words: Nonconformist
Meaning:
adj  nonconformist  relating to one of the Protestant Christian churches that have separated from the Church of England//  -- Nonconformist n  [C] //  -- Nonconformism n  [U] //


Words: nonconformist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who does not accept the ways of thinking or behaving accepted by most other people in their society or group//  -- nonconformist adj //  -- nonconformity n  [U] //


Words: noncontributory
Meaning:
adj   a noncontributory pension or insurance plan is paid for by your employer only, and not by you//


Words: noncustodial
Meaning:
adj  law \n  1  noncustodial sentence/punishment etc:   BrE a form of punishment which does not involve being sent to prison//\n  2  noncustodial parent/father/mother:  a parent who does not have their child living with them after a divorce or  separation, because of a court’s decision//


Words: nondescript
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: non- +  Latin descriptus, past participle of  describere;   DESCRIBE]//  someone or something that is nondescript looks very ordinary and is not at all interesting or unusual//  --a rather nondescript suburban house//


Words: none
Meaning:
pron   [Language: Old English; Origin: nan, from  ne-  ’not’ +  an  ’one’]//\n  1 not any amount of something or not one of a group of people or things:  --I wish I could offer you some cake but there’s none left.//  --Although these were good students, none had a score above 60.//  --She waited for a reply, but none came.//  --Even an old car is better than none.//  none of//  --Despite her illness, she had lost none of her enthusiasm for life.//  --I know what people are saying - but none of it is true.//  --None of my friends phone me any more.//  none at all/none whatsoever //  --’Was there any mail?’ ’No, none at all.’//\n  2  will/would have none of sth:   also be having none of sth //  used to say that someone refuses to allow someone to do something or to behave in a particular way//  --We offered to pay our half of the cost but Charles would have none of it .//\n  3  none but sb:   literary only a particular person or type of person//  --a task that none but a man of genius could accomplish//\n  4  none other than sb:  used to emphasize that the person involved in something is famous, impressive, or surprising//  --The mystery guest turned out to be none other than Cher herself.//    nonetheless,  second to none at second1 (5),  bar none at bar3 (2)//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: none, neither //  Use  none  to talk about a group of three or more things or people : None of my friends came. //  To talk about two things or people, use  neither : Neither of my parents wanted me to marry him. //  GRAMMAR//  none of can be followed by a plural noun or an uncountable noun : None of these diets worked.|  None of the money was missing. //  neither of  is followed by a plural noun : Neither of the rooms was free. //  After the plural noun, you can use a plural or singular verb. You should use a singular verb in formal writing : None of us care OR cares what happens to him. |  None of us is able to escape the consequences of our actions. //  !!  Do not use another negative word (eg ’not’) with  none : We got 3 points and they got none (NOT they didn’t get none). |  I didn’t want any of them (NOT I didn’t want none of them). //  ----------//\nnone 2 adv \n  1  none the worse/better etc (for sth):  not any worse, better etc than before//  --She seems none the worse for her experience.//\n  2  none the wiser:  not having any more understanding or knowledge about something than you had before//  --I was none the wiser after his explanation.//\n  3  none too:  not at all//  --I was none too pleased to have to take the exam again.//


Words: nonentity
Meaning:
n   plural  nonentities  [C] //  someone who has no importance or power and who is not special in any way//   nobody//  --She treated him as a nonentity.//


Words: nonetheless
Meaning:
adv [sentence adverb]  formal   in spite of the fact that has just been mentioned//   nevertheless//  --The region was extremely beautiful. Nonetheless Gerard could not imagine spending the rest of his life there.//  --The paintings are complex, but have plenty of appeal nonetheless.//


Words: nonexistent
Meaning:
adj   something that is nonexistent does not exist at all, or is not present in a particular place//  almost/virtually/practically etc nonexistent //  --On a Sunday morning traffic was almost nonexistent.//  -- non-existence n  [U] //


Words: nonfat
Meaning:
non-fat/n[hA361]n f[zB024]t[hA36B] $ n[hA35A][hA359]n-/ adj   having all the fat removed//  --nonfat milk//


Words: nonflammable
Meaning:
adj   materials or substances that are nonflammable do not burn easily or do not burn at all//  → flammable//    inflammable//


Words: nonpareil
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: ’with no equal’, from  pareil  ’equal’]//\n  1  nonpareils [plural]  AmE very small pieces of coloured sugar used to decorate cakes:\n  2 [C]  AmE a piece of chocolate covered with nonpareils:\n  3 [singular]  literary someone or something that is much better than all the others:  --reviews by film critic nonpareil Pauline Kael//


Words: nonplussed
Meaning:
also nonplused  AmE   adj [not before noun]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: nonplus  ’state of confusion’ (16-19 centuries), from  Latin non plus  ’no more’]//  so surprised by something that you do not know what to say or do//  nonplussed by/at//  --Billy was completely nonplussed by Elliot’s refusal.//


Words: nonsense
Meaning:
S3   n [U]   ----------//\n   1 stupid/untrue:\n   2 annoying behaviour:\n   3 without meaning:\n   4 make (a) nonsense of something:\n   5 nonsense poems/verse/rhymes:  ----------//\n  1 STUPID/UNTRUE:  ideas, opinions, statements etc that are not true or that seem very stupid//  British Equivalent:  rubbish//  --’I’m a prisoner in my own home.’ ’Nonsense!’//  absolute/utter/complete nonsense //  --’Nobody cares about me.’ ’That’s absolute nonsense, Mary!’//  nonsense about//  --all this nonsense about health foods//  --If you ask me, these modern teaching methods are a load of nonsense  (=a lot of nonsense) .//  --He was talking utter nonsense as usual.//  be a nonsense  BrE //  --The government’s housing policy is a nonsense.//  --By 1832 the idea had become an economic nonsense.//  it is (a) nonsense to do sth//  --It is nonsense to say that mistakes are never made.//\n  2 ANNOYING BEHAVIOUR:  behaviour that is stupid and annoying//  --You’re to stop that nonsense , do you hear me?//  not stand/put up with/take any nonsense (=not accept such behaviour) //  --She won’t stand any nonsense from the kids in her class.//\n  3 WITHOUT MEANING:  speech or writing that has no meaning or cannot be understood//  --Computer programs look like complete nonsense to me.//\n  4  make (a) nonsense of sth:   BrE to make an action, system, or plan useless or ineffective//  --Having the army still in power makes a nonsense of last year’s elections.//\n  5  nonsense poems/verse/rhymes:  poetry that is humorous because it does not have a normal sensible meaning//


Words: nonsensical
Meaning:
adj   ideas, actions, or statements that are nonsensical are not reasonable or sensible//  --This is a nonsensical argument.//


Words: nonstarter
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]    informal an idea, a plan, or a person that has no chance of success//  --In its present form the scheme is a non-starter.//


Words: nonstop
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   without any stops or pauses//    continuous//  --a nonstop flight to Los Angeles//  -- nonstop adv //  --She talked nonstop for over an hour.//


Words: noodle
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: German; Origin: nudel]//  [usually plural] a long thin piece of food made from a mixture of flour, water, and eggs, usually cooked in soup or boiling water//  --Serve the meat with rice or noodles.//


Words: nook
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from  Old Norse]//\n  1  literary a small quiet place which is sheltered by a rock, a big tree etc:  --a shady nook//\n  2 a small space in a corner of a room:  --the table in the breakfast nook//\n  3  every nook and cranny:  every part of a place//  --We searched every nook and cranny.//


Words: noon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Language: Old English; Origin: non  ’ninth hour from sunrise’, from  Latin nonus  ’ninth’]//\n  12 o’clock in the daytime:   midday//  at/before/by noon//  --We left home at noon.//  --He rarely gets up before noon.//  --We met at 12 noon .//    morning, noon, and night at morning1 (5)//


Words: noonday
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  literary   happening or appearing at noon//   midday//  --It was impossible to work in the heat of the noonday sun .//


Words: noose
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Probably from  Proven[hA168]al nous  ’knot’, from  Latin nodus;   NODE]//  [C] a ring formed by the end of a piece of rope, which closes more tightly as it is pulled, used especially for killing someone by hanging them//


Words: nope
Meaning:
S3   adv  spoken  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: no]//  used to say ’no’ when you answer someone//  --’Hungry?’ ’Nope, I just ate.’//


Words: nor
Meaning:
W1S2   conj, adv   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin: nother  ’neither, nor’ (13-19 centuries)]//\n  1  neither ... nor ...:  used when mentioning two things that are not true or do not happen//  --He can neither read nor write. (=he cannot read or write) //  --Hilary was neither shocked nor surprised by the news.//  --Neither Matt nor Julie said anything (=Matt did not say anything and Julie did not say anything) .//\n  2  formal used after a negative statement in order to introduce another negative statement containing a similar kind of information:  --I don’t expect children to be rude, nor do I expect to be disobeyed.//  --It was not my fault, nor his.//\n  3  BrE used after a negative statement to say that the negative statement is also true for someone or something else:  --’I don’t want to go.’ ’Nor do I.’//  --They couldn’t understand it at the time, and nor could we.//    neither3 //


Words: Nordic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: nordique, from  nord  ’north’]//  relating to the Northern European countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Finland, or to their people//    Scandinavian//  --the Nordic countries//


Words: Norfolk
Meaning:
a  county in eastern England, consisting mainly of rather flat farmland and some lakes called the Norfolk Broads, where many people spend holidays sailing in small boats or barges.//


Words: norm
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: norma  ’tool for checking straight lines and angles’]//\n  1 the usual or normal situation, way of doing something etc:  be/become the norm //  --Short term contracts are now the norm with some big companies.//  --Joyce’s style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm .//\n  2  norms [plural] generally accepted standards of social behaviour:  --terrorists who violate the norms of civilized society//  social/cultural etc norms //\n  3  the norm:  the normal or average standard//  above/below the norm //  --28% of children tested below the norm.//


