# dict

Words: clay
Meaning:
n [U]   [Language: Old English; Origin: cl[zB024]g]//  a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used for making pots, bricks etc//    feet of clay at foot1 (27)//


Words: clay pigeon shooting
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   a sport in which you shoot at circles of hard clay that are thrown up into the air//  American Equivalent:  skeet shooting//


Words: clean
Meaning:
W2   adj   comparative  cleaner superlative  cleanest //  ----------//\n   1 not dirty:\n   2 people/animals:\n   3 environment:\n   4 fair or legal:\n   5 not offensive:\n   6 come clean:\n   7 make a clean breast of it:\n   8 a clean break:\n   9 clean sheet/slate:\n  10 clean hands:\n  11 paper:\n  12 smooth:\n  13 a clean bill of health:\n  14 a clean sweep:\n  15 taste:\n  16 clean copy:\n  17 movement:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: cl[zB024]ne]//\n  1 NOT DIRTY:  without any dirt, marks etc//  → dirty//  --Are your hands clean?//  --clean towels//  --Make sure you keep the wound clean .//  -- Wipe  that sink  clean  when you’re done.//  --As usual, she left her room  clean and tidy  before going to school.//  --a  spotlessly clean  kitchen//  --I want you to get those plates  as clean as a whistle. //\n  2 PEOPLE/ANIMALS:  having a clean appearance and habits//  --Cats are naturally clean.//\n  3 ENVIRONMENT:  containing or producing nothing that is dirty or harmful//    cleanly//  clean air/water/energy etc //  --the Clean Air Act//  -- cleaner fuels //\n  4 FAIR OR LEGAL:  a) done in a fair or legal way//  → dirty//  --a clean fight//  b) showing that you have followed the rules//  --a clean driving licence//  --For the last three years, he’s had a clean record .//  c)  [not before noun]  informal not hiding any weapons or illegal drugs//  --They searched him at the airport, but he was clean.//  d)  [not before noun] no longer taking illegal drugs//  --Dave’s been clean for two years now.//\n  5 NOT OFFENSIVE:  talk, jokes, behaviour etc that are clean are not offensive or about sex//  → dirty//  --Oh, don’t get mad - it’s just good clean fun !//  -- Keep it clean  (=do not offend people with what you say) .//  clean living (=a way of life which is healthy and moral) //\n  6  come clean:   informal to finally tell the truth about something you have been hiding//  come clean about//  --The government should come clean about its plans.//\n  7  make a clean breast of it:  to admit that you have done something wrong so that you no longer feel guilty//\n  8  a clean break:  a) a complete and sudden separation from a person, organization, or situation//  --Den left the next day, needing to make a clean break .//\n  9  clean sheet/slate:  a record of someone’s work, behaviour, performance etc that shows they have not done anything wrong or made any mistakes//  --Jed looked forward to starting life again with a clean sheet.//  --Lewis has kept a clean sheet in every game (=not let the other team score) .//\n  10  clean hands:  if a person, government, organization etc has clean hands, they have done something in a fair or legal way//  --Neither side is coming to the negotiating table with completely clean hands.//\n  11 PAPER:  a piece of paper that is clean has not yet been used//   fresh//\n  12 SMOOTH:  having a smooth or regular edge or surface//    cleanly//  --a clean cut//  --Use a clean, simple typeface for signs.//\n  13  a clean bill of health:  a report that says you are healthy or that a machine or building is safe//  --Inspectors gave the factory a clean bill of health .//\n  14  a clean sweep:  a) a very impressive victory in a competition, election etc//  a clean sweep for//  --All the polls had pointed to a clean sweep for the Democrats.//  --Hopes that the French would make a clean sweep at the Games were dashed.//  b) a complete change in a company or organization, often by removing people//\n  15 TASTE:  having a fresh pleasant taste//  --Add a little lemon juice to give the pasta a cool, clean taste.//\n  16  clean copy:  a piece of writing without mistakes or other marks written on it//\n  17 MOVEMENT:  a clean movement in sport is skilful and exact//  --He steadied his arm, hoping for a clean shot.//  -- cleanness n  [U] //    clean-cut,  keep your nose clean at nose1 (9)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  keep something clean //  wipe something clean (=wipe a cloth over something so it is clean) //  sweep/scrub etc something clean (=rub something hard with a cloth or brush so it is clean) //  clean and tidy especially BrE //  neat and clean especially AmE //  nice and clean //  spotlessly/scrupulously clean (=very clean) //  as clean as a whistle (=very clean) //  WORD FOCUS: CLEAN //  very clean: spotless,  pristine,  immaculate,  spick and span //  ----------//\nclean 2 v \n  1 [I and T] to remove dirt from something by rubbing or washing:    cleanse//  --Your shoes need cleaning .//  --Is it easy to clean ?//  clean sth down/off//  --We clean the machines down at the end of each day.//  clean sth off/from sth//  --He used a tissue to clean his fingerprints off the gun.//    dry-clean,  spring-clean at spring-cleaning//\n  2 [I and T] to clean a building or other people’s houses as your job:  --Anne comes in to clean twice a week.//\n  3  clean your teeth:   BrE to make your teeth clean using a toothbrush and toothpaste//  American Equivalent:  brush your teeth//\n  4 [T] to remove the inside parts of an animal or bird before cooking it:  --Harry caught the fish and cleaned them himself.//\n  5  clean your plate:  to eat all your food//  clean out [clean sb/sth out] phr v//\n  1  clean sth → out:  to make the inside of a room, house etc clean or tidy//  --We’d better clean out the attic this week.//\n  2  clean sb out:   informal if something expensive cleans you out, you spend so much money on it that you now have very little left//  --Quite frankly, that trip to Paris cleaned me out.//\n  3  clean sb/sth out:   informal to steal everything from a place, or all of someone’s possessions//  clean up phr v//\n  1 to make a place completely clean and tidy:  --We spent all Saturday morning cleaning up.//  clean sth → up//  --plans to clean up the beaches//  clean up after//  --John always expects other people to clean up after him (=to make a place clean after he has used it) .//\n  2 to wash yourself after you have got very dirty:  clean yourself up//  --Let me just go clean myself up.//  --Dad’s upstairs getting cleaned up .//\n  3  clean up your act:   informal to start behaving sensibly and responsibly//  --Some companies could face heavy fines if they fail to clean up their act.//\n  4  informal to win a lot of money or make a lot of money in a business deal:  --He cleaned up at the races yesterday.//\n  5  clean sth → up:  to improve moral standards in a place or organization//  --It’s high time British soccer cleaned up its image .//    clean-up//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: words meaning CLEAN //  wash with soap and water //  wipe with a damp cloth //  brush with a brush to remove the dirt  //  polish by rubbing with a cloth //  scrub by rubbing hard //  sweep with a broom //  mop with water and a mop (=a tool with a long handle) //  vacuum also hoover (BrE) with a machine that sucks up dust //  disinfect using chemicals to kill germs //  cleanse to clean your skin using a special cream //  rinse to put water on to remove dirt or soap //  dust to remove dust, for example with a cloth //  ----------//\nclean 3 adv   used to emphasize the fact that an action or movement is complete and thorough//  clean away/through/out//  --The thieves got clean away with $300,000 worth of equipment.//  --The car hit her with such force that she was lifted clean off the ground.//  --Sorry, I clean forgot  (=completely forgot) your birthday.//\nclean 4 n [singular]  BrE   a process in which you clean something//  --The car needs a good clean.//


Words: clean-cut
Meaning:
adj   someone who is clean-cut looks neat and clean, and appears to have a good moral character//  --clean-cut college boys//


Words: clean-up
Meaning:
also  cleanup/kli[hA359]n[hA356]p/ n [C usually singular]   a process by which you get rid of dirt or waste from a place//  --The cleanup of the oil spill took months.//  --millions of dollars in clean-up costs//


Words: cleaner
Meaning:
S3   n \n  1 [C]  especially BrE someone whose job is to clean other people’s houses, offices etc:\n  2 [U and C] a machine or substance used for cleaning:  --a vacuum cleaner//  --toilet bowl cleaner//\n  3  the cleaner’s:  a dry cleaner’s//\n  4  take sb to the cleaner’s:   informal //  a) to cheat someone and to take all their money or possessions//  b) to defeat someone completely//  --The Lakers took the Bulls to the cleaner’s, winning 96-72.//


Words: cleaning
Meaning:
n [U]   the process of job of making a house, office etc clean//  --Liz comes on Thursday to do the cleaning .//  cleaning lady/woman (=a woman who cleans houses, offices etc as her job) //


Words: cleanliness
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: cleanly  ’pure, clean’ (11-21 centuries), from  Old English cl[zB024]nlic, from  cl[zB024]ne;   CLEAN1]//  the practice of keeping yourself or the things around you clean//  --a high standard of cleanliness//


Words: cleanly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 quickly and smoothly with a single movement:  --The branch snapped cleanly in two.//\n  2 without producing dirt, pollution etc:  --a fuel that burns cleanly without loss of power//


Words: cleanse
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make something completely clean:  --Use a piece of gauze to cleanse the cut.//  --The water is cleansed and reused.//\n  2 to remove everything that is bad or immoral from a person’s character, an organization, or a place - used especially in news reports:  cleanse sb/sth of sth//  --The mayor was elected on a promise to cleanse the city government of corruption.//    ethnic cleansing//


Words: cleanser
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a substance used for removing dirt or make-up from your face:\n  2 a substance containing chemicals that is used for cleaning surfaces inside a house, office etc:  --cream cleanser for the bathroom//


Words: clear
Meaning:
adj   comparative  clearer superlative  clearest //  ----------//\n   1 easy to understand:\n   2 impossible to doubt:\n   3 sure about something:\n   4 thinking:\n   5 substance/liquid:\n   6 weather:\n   7 eyes:\n   8 skin:\n   9 easy to see:\n  10 easy to hear:\n  11 after tax:\n  12 a clear conscience:\n  13 period of time:\n  14 not busy:\n  15 not blocked/covered:\n  16 see your way clear (to doing something):\n  17 be clear of something:\n  18 as clear as mud:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: cler, from  Latin clarus  ’clear, bright’]//\n  1 EASY TO UNDERSTAND:  expressed in a simple and direct way so that people understand//    clarity, clearly//  --clear instructions//  --The question wasn’t very clear.//  --It’s the clearest guide I’ve used.//  clear about//  --The school is clear about its policy on bullying.//  clear about what/when/how etc//  --Be very clear about what jobs should be completed, and by when.//  clear on//  --The rules are quite clear on the point.//  clear to//  --It was clear to him that Tolkien was a literary genius.//  make sth clear//  --The bishop made his views clear in a letter to the publisher.//  --How can you make the meaning clearer?//  make it clear that//  --Make it clear that you will not take sides.//  absolutely/abundantly clear //  --Can I make it absolutely clear that we did not intend this to happen?//  --Perhaps I tried to cover too much and didn’t make myself clear  (=express myself well) .//  --If you don’t understand, it’s best to say so and get things clear .//  --If I catch you smoking again, you’re grounded. Do I make myself clear  (=used when you are angry) ?//  clear picture/idea (=a good understanding) //  --The report gave a clear picture of the property’s condition.//  --He writes crystal clear  (=very easy to understand) prose.//\n  2 IMPOSSIBLE TO DOUBT:  impossible to doubt, question, or make a mistake about//    clearly//  --clear evidence of guilt//  --They won by a clear majority.//  it is clear whether/why/how etc//  --It is not yet clear whether he shares these views.//  it is clear (that)//  --It is clear that the drug does benefit some patients.//  --When it became clear that I was going to have a baby, he left me.//  clear case/example of sth //  --a clear case of sexual discrimination//\n  3 SURE ABOUT SOMETHING:  feeling certain that you know or understand something//    clearly//  clear about/on//  --Are you all clear now about what you have to do?//  clear whether/what/how etc//  --I’m still not really clear how this machine works.//  --Let me get this clear - you hadn’t seen her in three days?//  --a clearer understanding of the issues//\n  4 THINKING:  able to think sensibly and quickly//    clarity, clearly//  --She felt that her thinking was clearer now.//  --In the morning, with a clear head , she’d tackle the problem.//\n  5 SUBSTANCE/LIQUID:  easy to see through, rather than coloured or dirty//   transparent//  → cloudy, opaque//  --clear glass bottles//  --a crystal clear mountain lake//\n  6 WEATHER:  clean and fresh, without clouds or mist//  --a clear June morning//  --The skies were clear and blue.//\n  7 EYES:  healthy, very pure in colour, and without any redness//  --clear blue eyes//\n  8 SKIN:  smooth and without any red spots//  --a clear complexion//\n  9 EASY TO SEE:  having details, edges, lines etc that are easy to see, or shapes that are easy to recognize//    clarity//  --a TV with a clear picture and high-quality sound//\n  10 EASY TO HEAR:  easy to hear, and therefore easy to understand//    clarity, clearly//  --a clear speaking voice//  --The radio reception isn’t very clear.//  --It’s a good recording; the sound is as clear as a bell  (=very clear) .//\n  11 AFTER TAX:  a clear amount of profit, wages etc is what is left after taxes have been paid on it//   net//  --I get [hA124]200 a week clear.//  --Sam makes a clear $90,000 per year.//\n  12  a clear conscience:  the knowledge that you have done the right thing and should not feel guilty//  --I don’t think I could vote for him with a clear conscience.//  --She had done what she could and her conscience was clear.//\n  13 PERIOD OF TIME:  without any planned activities or events//  --Next Monday is clear; how about 10 o’clock?//  --Leave at least one clear day between the flight and any business meetings.//\n  14 NOT BUSY:  complete or whole//  --Allow three clear days for delivery.//\n  15 NOT BLOCKED/COVERED:  not covered or blocked by anything that stops you from doing or seeing what you want//  --The roads were fairly clear this morning.//  clear view/look //  --From the top floor you get a clear view of the bay.//  clear of//  --To prevent fires, the sides of the roads are kept clear of underbrush.//\n  16  see your way clear (to doing sth):   informal to have the necessary time or willingness to be able to do something//  --We expect good results soon, if the board can see its way clear to continuing funding the project.//\n  17  be clear of sth:  to not be touching something, or to be past someone or something//  --Wait to cross until the street is clear of cars.//  --The curtains should be a couple of inches clear of the floor.//\n  18  as clear as mud:   spoken used humorously to say that something is very difficult to understand//    all clear,  the coast is clear at coast1 (2)//  -- clearness n  [U] //\nclear 2 v   ----------//\n   1 surface/place:\n   2 remove people:\n   3 crime/blame etc:\n   4 permission:\n   5 clear your throat:\n   6 weather:\n   7 liquid:\n   8 cheque:\n   9 go over/past:\n  10 clear a debt/loan:\n  11 clear your head/mind:\n  12 face/expression:\n  13 clear the way for something:\n  14 skin:\n  15 clear the air:\n  16 clear (something through) customs:\n  17 clear the decks:\n  18 earn:  Phrasal verbs//   clear something → away//   clear off//   clear out//   clear up//  ----------//\n  1 SURFACE/PLACE:   [T] to make somewhere emptier or tidier by removing things from it//  --Snowplows have been out clearing the roads.//  clear sth of sth//  --Large area of land had been cleared of forest.//  clear sth from sth//  --Workers have been clearing the wreckage from the tracks.//  --Dad cleared a space  (=moved things so that there was room) in the garage for Jim’s tools.//  --It’s Kelly’s turn to clear the table  (=remove the dirty plates, forks etc) .//\n  2 REMOVE PEOPLE:   [T] to make people, cars etc leave a place//  --Within minutes, police had cleared the area.//  clear sb/sth from sth//  --Crowds of demonstrators were cleared from the streets.//\n  3 CRIME/BLAME ETC:   [T usually passive] to prove that someone is not guilty of something//  --Rawlings was cleared after new evidence was produced.//  clear sb of (doing) sth//  --Maya was cleared of manslaughter.//  --a long-running legal battle to clear his name //\n  4 PERMISSION:   [T] //  a) to give or get official permission for something to be done//  --He was cleared by doctors to resume skating in August.//  clear sth with sb//  --Defence policies must often be cleared with NATO allies first.//  b) to give official permission for a person, ship, or aircraft to enter or leave a country//  --The plane took off as soon as it was cleared.//\n  5  clear your throat:  to cough in order to be able to speak with a clear voice//\n  6 WEATHER:   also clear up //   [I] if the weather, sky, mist etc clears, it becomes better and there is more sun//  --The haze usually clears by lunchtime.//\n  7 LIQUID:   [I] if a liquid clears, it becomes more transparent and you can see through it//  --Wait for the water to clear before adding any fish.//\n  8 CHEQUE:   [I and T] if a cheque clears, or if a bank clears it, the bank allows the money to be paid into the account of the person whose name is on the cheque//\n  9 GO OVER/PAST:   [T] to go over a fence, wall etc without touching it, or to go past or through something and no longer be in it//  --The plane barely cleared the fence at the end of the runway.//  --Edwards cleared 18 feet in the pole vault.//  --The plane cleared Chinese airspace.//\n  10  clear a debt/loan:  to get rid of a debt by paying what you owe//\n  11  clear your head/mind:  to stop worrying or thinking about something, or get rid of the effects of drinking too much alcohol//  --A good walk might clear my head.//\n  12 FACE/EXPRESSION:   [I]  literary if your face or expression clears, you stop looking worried or angry//  --She looked embarrassed, but then her face cleared.//\n  13  clear the way for sth:   written to make it possible for a process to happen//  --This agreement will clear the way for further talks.//\n  14 SKIN:   also clear up //   [I] if your skin clears, red marks on it disappear//  --The rash has finally cleared.//\n  15  clear the air:  to do something to end an argument or bad situation, for example discuss a problem calmly//\n  16  clear (sth through) customs:  to be allowed to take things through customs//\n  17  clear the decks:  to do all the work that needs to be done before you can do other things//  --I’m trying to clear the decks before Christmas.//\n  18 EARN:   [T]  informal to earn a particular amount of money after taxes have been paid on it//  --Diane clears [hA124]20,000 a year.//  clear away [clear sth → away] phr v//  to make a place look tidier by removing things or putting things back where they belong//  --When dinner was done and cleared away, Auntie Lou made some tea.//  --Homeowners are clearing away brush near their houses to prevent fires.//  clear off phr v//  to leave a place quickly//  --They cleared off when they saw the police coming.//  clear off! (=used to tell someone angrily to go away) //  clear out phr v//\n  1  clear sth→ out:  to make a place tidy by removing things from it and getting rid of them//  --I need to clear out my closet.//\n  2 to leave a place or building quickly:  --Wait to get on the train until the people getting off have cleared out.//  clear out!  BrE  (=used to tell someone angrily to go away) //    clear-out//  clear up phr v//\n  1 to make a place look tidier by putting things back where they belong:  --I don’t mind you using the kitchen as long as you clear up afterwards.//  clear sth → up//  --Adam, clear up this mess before your father sees it.//  clear up after//  --I get really tired of clearing up after you (=tidying places that you have made untidy) .//\n  2  clear sth→ up:  to explain or solve something, or make it easier to understand//  --The White House hopes these problems can be cleared up soon.//  --There are a couple of points we need to clear up before the meeting begins.//\n  3 if the weather clears up, it gets better:\n  4 if an illness or infection clears up, it disappears:\nclear 3 adv \n  1 away from something, or out of the way:  --Firefighters pulled her clear of the wreckage.//  --Please stand clear of the doors.//\n  2  keep/stay/steer clear (of sb/sth):  to avoid someone or something because of possible danger or trouble//  --If you’re a beginner, steer clear of resorts with reputations for difficult skiing.//\n  3  informal  especially AmE used to emphasize a long distance:  --You can see clear to the hills.//    loud and clear at loud2 (2)//\nclear 4 n   in the clear//  not guilty of something//  --If Middlemass had spoken to Potter at 8:45, Potter was in the clear.//


Words: clear-out
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  BrE  informal   a process in which you get rid of unwanted objects or possessions//  --I had a clear-out and got rid of a lot of old toys.//


Words: clear-sighted
Meaning:
adj   able to understand a problem or situation well//  --a clear-sighted analysis//  -- clear-sightedness n  [U] //


Words: clearance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the process of getting official permission or approval for something:  --She’ll race if she gets medical clearance from her doctor.//  --Morris did not have a security clearance .//\n  2 [U and C] official permission for a plane to take off or land:  clearance for//  --The pilot requested clearance for an emergency landing.//\n  3 [U and C] the removal of unwanted things from a place:  --the clearance of minefields//  snow/land/slum etc clearance //  --flooding caused by forest clearance//\n  4 [U and C] the amount of space around one object that is needed for it to avoid touching another object:  --There was less than a foot’s clearance between the ship’s sides and the wharf.//\n  5 [U and C] a process by which a cheque goes from one bank to another:\n  6 [C] an occasion when a player in a game such as football kicks the ball away from his or her  goal:


Words: clearing house
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a central office where banks exchange cheques and other financial documents:\n  2 an office that receives and gives out or sells information or goods for several other organizations:  --a clearing house for data on comets and asteroids//


Words: clearly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] without any doubt:   obviously//  --Clearly, ignoring him had been a mistake.//\n  2 in a way that is easy to see, hear, or understand:  --Please speak clearly.//  --The economy was clearly failing.//\n  3 in a way that is sensible:  --I wasn’t thinking clearly.//


Words: cleat
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from an unrecorded  Old English cleat]//\n  1 a small bar with two short arms around which ropes can be tied, especially on a ship:\n  2 [usually plural] a short piece of rubber, metal etc attached to the bottom of a sports shoe:   stud//\n  3  cleats [plural]  AmE a pair of sports shoes with these pieces attached to them, in order to prevent someone from slipping:    spikes//


Words: cleavage
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 the space between a woman’s breasts:\n  2  formal a difference between two people or things that often causes problems or arguments:


Words: cleave
Meaning:
v   past tense  cleaved  ,  clove /kl[hA353][hA35E]v $ klo[hA35E]v/ , or  cleft /kleft///  past participle  cleaved  , past tense  cloven /kl[hA353][hA35E]v[hA368]n $ klo[hA35E]-/ or  cleft //  [Language: Old English; Origin: cleofan. cleave to  Old English clifian]//\n  1 [I,T always + adverb/preposition]  literary to cut something into separate parts using a heavy tool, or to be able to be cut in this way:  --The wooden door had been cleft in two.//\n  2 [T]  formal to divide something into two completely separate parts:  --the racial problems that still cleave American society//\n  3  cleave the air/darkness etc:   literary to move quickly through the air etc//  --His fist cleft the air.//  cleave to / [cleave to sb/sth] phr v//\n  1  formal to continue to think that a method, belief, person etc is true or valuable, even when this seems unlikely:  --John still cleaves to his romantic ideals.//\n  2  literary to stick to someone or something, or seem to surround them:


Words: clef
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ’key’, from  Latin clavis]//  a sign at the beginning of a line of written music to show the pitch of the notes//  treble/bass clef //


Words: cleft
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: geclyft]//\n  1 a natural crack in something, especially the surface of rocks or the Earth etc:\n  2 an area on the chin or lip that goes slightly inwards:\ncleft 2 adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  CLEFT3]//  be (caught) in a cleft stick//   BrE to be in a very difficult situation in which any action or decision you make will cause problems//\ncleft 3   a past tense and past participle of cleave//


Words: cleft palate
Meaning:
n [C]   a split in the top of the inside of someone’s mouth, that they are born with and that makes it difficult for them to speak clearly//


Words: clematis
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek klematis  ’small dead branches, clematis’, from  klema  ’small branch’]//  a plant that attaches itself to trees, buildings, fences etc as it grows, and that has white or coloured flowers//


Words: clemency
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   forgiveness and less severe punishment for a crime//  grant/give sb clemency //  --She was granted clemency after killing her violent husband.//


Words: clement
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: clemens  ’mild, gentle’]//  clement weather is neither too hot nor too cold//   mild//  → inclement//


Words: clementine
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: clementine]//  a kind of small, sweet orange//


Words: clench
Meaning:
v [T]   [Language: Old English; Origin: beclencan]//\n  1  clench your fists/teeth/jaw etc:  to hold your hands, teeth etc together tightly, usually because you feel angry or determined//  --Jody was pacing the sidelines, her fists clenched.//\n  2 to hold something tightly in your hand or between your teeth:  --a cigar clenched between his teeth//


Words: Cleopatra
Meaning:
(69-30 BC) a queen of Egypt, famous for her beauty, who became the lover of Julius  Caesar and later of Mark  Antony//


Words: Cleopatra’s Needle
Meaning:
one of two ancient Egyptian  obelisks (=a very tall piece of stone with a pointed end) , which were built over 3000 years ago. One is on the  Embankment in London, and the other is in Central Park, in New York City.//


Words: clergy
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: clergie, from  clerc;   CLERK1]//  the clergy [plural] the official leaders of religious activities in organized religions, such as priests, rabbis, and mullahs//    clerical//  --the power of the clergy in the Middle Ages//


Words: cleric
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: clericus;   CLERK1]//  a member of the clergy//


Words: clerical
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to office work, especially work such as keeping records or accounts:  --a clerical error//  --clerical workers//\n  2 relating to the clergy:  --a clerical collar//


Words: clerk
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1000-1100; Language: Old French; Origin: clerc  ’man in a religious order, scholar, man who keeps records’, from  Late Latin clericus, from  Late Greek klerikos, from  Greek kleros  ’what you receive in life’; because the Bible says that priests will receive things only from God]//\n  1 someone who keeps records or accounts in an office:  --a clerk in a commercial firm//\n  2  AmE someone whose job is to help people in a shop:  --the clerk in the shoe store//\n  3  AmE someone whose job is to help people when they arrive at and leave a hotel:  --Leave the keys with the desk clerk .//\n  4 an official in charge of the records of a court, town council etc:\n  5  old use a priest in the Church of England:\nclerk 2 v [I]  informal  especially AmE   to work as a clerk//


Words: clerk of works plural
Meaning:
clerks of works  n [C]    BrE someone who is in charge of repairs to the buildings in a particular place//


Words: Cleveland
Meaning:
a city in the US state of Ohio. Some people in the US use Cleveland as an example of a city which is rather boring and not very attractive.//\n Grover   (1837-1908) the twenty-second and twenty-fourth president of the US, from 1885 to 1889, and from 1893 to 1897//


Words: clever
Meaning:
S2   adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1  especially BrE able to learn and understand things quickly:   intelligent//  American Equivalent:  smart//  --a clever man//  very/extremely/quite/pretty etc clever //  --Lucy is quite clever and does well at school.//\n  2 able to use your intelligence to get what you want, especially in a slightly dishonest way:  --a clever lawyer’s tricks//\n  3 [not before noun]  especially BrE skilful at doing a particular thing:  --Bill’s very clever with his hands.//  --his clever ball control//  clever at doing sth//  --He was clever at finding bargains.//\n  4 done or made in an unusual or interesting way that is very effective:  --What a clever little gadget!//  --a clever marketing strategy//\n  5  BrE  spoken used jokingly when someone has done something silly or stupid:  --’When I got to the library I found I’d left the books at home.’ ’That was clever!’//\n  6  clever clogs/dick:   BrE  spoken used to describe someone who is annoying because they are always right or always think they are right//\n  7  be too clever by half:   BrE  spoken to be clever, and to show that you are clever in a way that annoys other people//  -- cleverly adv //  -- cleverness n  [U] //


Words: cliche
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  clicher  ’to print from a metal plate’]//  an idea or phrase that has been used so much that it is not effective or does not have any meaning any longer//  --There is plenty of truth in the cliche that a trouble shared is a trouble halved.//  -- cliched adj //


Words: click
Meaning:
S3   v \n  1 [I and T] to make a short hard sound, or make something produce this sound:  --The door clicked shut behind me.//  --Mother clicked her tongue  (=made a short sound to show disapproval) and sighed.//  --Edmund clicked his fingers  (=made a short sound to get someone’s attention) for John to follow him.//  --Sergeant Vogel clicked his heels  (=hit the heels of his shoes together) and bowed.//  --Twist the lever and the gears click into place .//  mousemat, mouse//\n  2 [I and T] to press a button on a computer mouse to choose something from the screen that you want the computer to do, or to press a button on a remote control:  --Choose the image you want by clicking twice.//  --Programs must grab a viewer’s attention in the time it takes to click a TV remote.//  click on//  --Children can click on a sentence to hear it read aloud.//\n  3 [I]  informal to suddenly understand or realize something:  --It’s hard work, but one day it will just click .//  --I thought, ’What is he doing?’ and then suddenly it all clicked into place  (=I understood how all the events related to each other) .//\n  4 [I]  informal if two people click, they like, understand, and agree with each other:  --Petra and I clicked straight away.//\n  5 [I]  informal to happen in a good or successful way, especially because people are working together well:  --If everything clicks, we should have a good season.//\nclick 2 n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  From the sound]//\n  1 a short hard sound:  --The door closed with a click.//\n  2  the click of a mouse:  used to show how quickly something can be done on a computer//  --Your photos can be viewed with the click of a mouse.//


Words: click-through
Meaning:
n [C]   an advertisement on the Internet that you can click on for more information, and which allows the advertiser to know how many people are interested enough in their advertisement to do this//  --Click-throughs are one of the standard ways to measure the effectiveness of online ads.//  --click-through rates//


Words: clickable
Meaning:
adj   if a word or picture that you can see on a computer screen is clickable, it will connect you to more information when you click on it by pressing a button on the computer mouse//


Words: client
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin cliens]//\n  1 someone who gets services or advice from a professional person, company, or organization:   customer//  --a meeting with an important client//\n  2  technical a computer on a network that receives information from a server (=large powerful computer) :


Words: client state
Meaning:
n [C]   a country that is dependent on the support and protection of a more powerful country - used in news reports//


Words: clientele
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: client[hA169]le, from  Latin clientela, from  cliens;   CLIENT]//  all the people who regularly use a shop, restaurant etc//  --The restaurant attracts a young clientele.//


Words: cliff
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clif]//  a large area of rock or a mountain with a very steep side, often at the edge of the sea or a river//


Words: Cliff’s Notes
Meaning:
1 a US series of small books that give a short description of the main points of a work of literature, and explain it in simple language:\n  2 a book in this series:


Words: cliffhanger
Meaning:
n [C]   a situation in a story, film, or a competition that makes you feel very excited or nervous because you do not know what will happen or have to wait a long time to see how it will end//  --Tonight’s vote may be a cliffhanger.//  --the episode’s cliffhanger ending//  -- cliffhanging adj //


Words: climactic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: climax]//  forming a very exciting or important part of an event or story, especially near the end of it//    climax//  --a climatic moment//


Words: climate
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: climat, from  Late Latin clima, from  Greek klima  ’angle, latitude, climate’, from  klinein  ’to lean’; because the weather depends on the angle of the sun to the earth]//\n  1 [U and C] the typical weather conditions in a particular area:  --Los Angeles’ warm, dry climate//  -- climate change  (=a permanent change in weather conditions) //\n  2 [C] an area with particular weather conditions:  --These flowers will not grow in cold climates.//\n  3 [C usually singular] the general feeling or situation in a place at a particular time:  political/economic/social etc climate //  --Small businesses are finding it hard to survive in the present economic climate.//  climate of//  --a climate of growing racial intolerance in large cities//


Words: climax
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek klimax  ’ladder’, from  klinein  ’to lean’]//\n  1 the most exciting or important part of a story or experience, which usually comes near the end:    climactic//  climax of//  --the climax of his naval career//  climax to//  --a thrilling climax to the game//  --The festival reaches its climax with the traditional boat-burning ceremony.//\n  2 an orgasm:\nclimax 2 v \n  1 [I and T] if a situation, process, or story climaxes, it reaches its most important or exciting part:  climax in/with//  --a series of special events climaxing with a spectacular fireworks show//\n  2 [I] to have an orgasm:


Words: climb
Meaning:
W2   v   ----------//\n   1 move up/down:\n   2 temperature/prices etc:\n   3 with difficulty:\n   4 path/sun/plane:\n   5 sport:\n   6 plant:\n   7 in a list:\n   8 in your life/job:\n   9 be climbing the walls:  Phrasal verbs//   climb down//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: climban]//\n  1 MOVE UP/DOWN:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T] to move up, down, or across something using your feet and hands, especially when this is difficult to do//  --Harry climbed the stairs.//  --Boys were climbing trees along the river bank.//  climb up/down/along etc//  --The wall is too high to climb over.//  --They climbed up into the loft of the old barn.//\n  2 TEMPERATURE/PRICES ETC:   [I] to increase in number, amount, or level//  --The temperature has climbed steadily since this morning.//  --Inflation climbed 2% last month.//  climb to//  --The divorce rate had climbed to almost 30% of all marriages.//\n  3 WITH DIFFICULTY:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move into, out of, or through something slowly and awkwardly//  --The bus pulled in, and we climbed aboard.//  climb through/over/into etc//  --John climbed through the window into the kitchen.//  --I turned the TV on and climbed into bed.//\n  4 PATH/SUN/PLANE:   [I] to move gradually to a higher position//  --The roller coaster climbs 91 feet and reaches speeds of 45 miles an hour.//  climb into/up etc//  --The path climbs high into the hills.//  --The plane climbed to 11,600 feet to try to get above the clouds.//\n  5 SPORT:   [I and T] to climb mountains or rocks as a sport//  --Sir Edmund Hillary was the first man to climb Mount Everest.//  --She loves to hike and climb.//    climbing//\n  6 PLANT:   [I] to grow up a wall or other structure//  climbing rose/plant //\n  7 IN A LIST:   [I and T] to move higher in a list of teams, records etc as you become more popular or successful//  climb to//  --Their new album has climbed to number 2 in the US charts.//\n  8 IN YOUR LIFE/JOB:   [I and T] to move to a better position in your social or professional life//  --Steve climbed rapidly in the sales division.//  --men who climbed the career ladder in the 1980s//\n  9  be climbing the walls:   spoken to become extremely anxious, annoyed, or impatient//  --If I don’t get a drink soon, I’ll be climbing the walls.//  climb down phr v//  to admit that you were wrong, especially after being certain that you were right//\nclimb 2 n   ----------//\n   1 movement upwards:\n   2 increase:\n   3 improvement:\n   4 list/competition:\n   5 rock/mountain:  ----------//\n  1 MOVEMENT UPWARDS:   [C usually singular] a process in which you move up towards a place, especially while using a lot of effort//  --a long, steady climb to the top//\n  2 INCREASE:   [C usually singular] an increase in value or amount//  --The dollar continued its climb against the yen.//  climb in//  --a steady climb in house prices//\n  3 IMPROVEMENT:   [C usually singular] the process of improving something, especially your professional or social position//  --a slow climb out of the recession//  climb to//  --the Labour Party’s climb to power//\n  4 LIST/COMPETITION:   [singular] a process in which someone or something gets a higher position in a list or in a competition because of being popular or successful//  --the Giants’ climb from twelfth to fifth in the league//  --the song’s steady climb up the charts//\n  5 ROCK/MOUNTAIN:   [C] a steep rock, cliff, or mountain you climb up//  --one of the hardest rock climbs in the world//


Words: climb-down
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  BrE   an occasion when you admit that you were wrong//  --a humiliating climb-down by the government//


Words: climber
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who climbs as a sport:  --a mountain climber//\n  2 a person or animal that can climb easily:  --Monkeys are good climbers.//\n  3 a plant that grows up a wall or other structure:    social climber//


Words: climbing
Meaning:
n [U]   the sport of climbing mountains or rocks//  --a climbing rope//  rock/mountain climbing //  --He goes climbing nearly every weekend.//


Words: climbing frame
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a structure for children to climb on, made from metal bars, wood, or rope//  American Equivalent:  jungle gym//


Words: clime
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: clima;   CLIMATE]//  a place that has a particular type of climate//  --sunnier climes//


Words: clinch
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  clench]//\n  1 [T] to finally agree on something or get something after trying very hard:  --a young salesman eager to clinch the deal //  clinch a match/championship/victory etc //  --A last-minute touchdown clinched the game for the Saints.//\n  2  clinch it:   informal if an event, situation, process etc clinches it, it makes someone finally decide to do something that they were already thinking of doing//  --We’d talked about moving, and the burglary clinched it for us.//\n  3 [I] if two people clinch, they hold each other’s arms tightly, especially when they are fighting:\nclinch 2 n [C] \n  1 a situation in which two people hold each other’s arms tightly, especially when they are fighting:\n  2 a situation in which two people who love each other hold each other tightly:   embrace//


Words: clincher
Meaning:
n [C]    informal a fact, action, or remark that finally persuades someone to do something, or that ends an argument, discussion, or competition//  --Sixsmith scored the clincher after 81 minutes.//


Words: cline
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Greek; Origin: klinein  ’to lead’]//  a series of very small differences in a group of things of the same kind//   continuum//


Words: cling
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  clung /kl[hA356][hA26E]/ [I] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: clingan]//\n  1 [always + adverb/preposition] to hold someone or something tightly, especially because you do not feel safe:  cling to/on/at etc//  --He wailed and clung to his mother.//  --Passengers clung desperately onto the lifeboats.//\n  2 [always + adverb/preposition] to stick to someone or something, or seem to surround them:  cling to/around etc//  --His wet shirt clung to his body.//  --The smell of cigarette smoke clung to her clothes.//\n  3 to stay close to someone all the time because you are too dependent on them or do not feel safe - used to show disapproval:  --Some children tend to cling on their first day at school.//  --a less clinging wife//  cling on phr v//  to continue trying to stay in power, in business etc//  --Other businesses cling on and hope.//  cling to [cling to sth] phr v//\n  1 to continue to believe or do something, even though it may not be true or useful any longer:  cling to the hope/belief/idea etc (that) //  --He clung to the hope that she would be cured.//\n  2 to stay in a position of power or stay ahead, when this is difficult, or to try to do this:  --an attempt to cling to power//


Words: clingfilm
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE  trademark   very thin transparent plastic, used to cover food and keep it fresh//  American Equivalent:  plastic wrap//


Words: clingy
Meaning:
1 someone who is clingy is too dependent on another person, and will often hold onto them - used to show disapproval:  --a shy, clingy child//\n  2 clingy clothing or material sticks tightly to your body and shows its shape - use this to show approval:  --She wore a clingy red dress.//


Words: clinic
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: clinique, from  Greek klinike  ’medical practice by the bed’, from  kline  ’bed’]//\n  1 a place, often in a hospital, where medical treatment is given to people who do not need to stay in the hospital:  dental/family planning/antenatal etc clinic //  --women attending an antenatal clinic//  --an appointment at an outpatient clinic  (=clinic for someone who does not need to stay in a hospital) //\n  2  especially BrE a period of time during which doctors give treatment or advice to people with particular health problems:  --The baby clinic is held on Monday afternoons.//\n  3 a meeting during which a professional person gives advice or help to people:  --an MP’s clinic//  --a free clinic on caring for roses//\n  4  AmE a place where medical treatment is given at a low cost:  --the doctors who volunteer at the inner-city clinic//\n  5  AmE a group of doctors who work together and share the same offices:   practice//\n  6 an occasion when medical students are taught how to decide what illness a patient has and how to treat it:


Words: clinical
Meaning:
W3   adj \n  1 [only before noun] relating to treating or testing people who are sick:  --The drug has undergone extensive clinical trials  (=tests to see if it is effective in treating people) .//  clinical medicine/experience/training etc (=medicine etc that deals directly with people, rather than with research or ideas) //  --The therapy has helped people with clinical depression (=a strong feeling of sadness, for which you need medical help) .//\n  2 relating to a hospital or clinic:  --The program gives the students experience in a clinical setting.//\n  3 considering only the facts and not influenced by personal feelings:  --A formal marriage agreement sounds clinical, but it can be a good idea.//\n  4 a clinical building or room is very plain and clean, but not attractive or comfortable:  --The walls were painted a clinical white.//  -- clinically/-kli/ adv //  --clinically tested drugs//


Words: clink
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From the sound]//  if two glass or metal objects clink, or if you clink them, they make a short ringing sound when they are hit together//  --Spoons clinked against the crockery.//\nclink 2 n [singular]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  CLINK1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Clink former prison in London, England]//\n  1 the short ringing sound made by metal or glass objects hitting each other:  --the clink of glasses//\n  2  old-fashioned  informal prison:


Words: clinker
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: klincard type of brick  (1600-1700), from  Dutch klinkaard]//  [Sense: 2-3; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  CLINK1]//\n  1 [U and C] the hard material like rocks, which is left after coal has been burnt:\n  2 [C]  AmE a bad note in a musical performance:  --The singer hit a real clinker.//\n  3 [C]  AmE  informal something or someone that is a total failure:  --Most of the songs are good, but there are a few clinkers.//


Words: Clinton
Meaning:
Bill   (1946- ) the 42nd President of the US, from 1993 to 2001. Clinton was a popular President for most of his period in office, because the US economy was strong. He is also known for a sex  scandal that happened near the end of the time he was president.//\n Hillary Rodham   (1946-) the wife of former President Bill Clinton and formerly the  First Lady of the US. In the November 2000 elections she became a New York Senator.//


Words: clip
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 for fastening:\n   2 film:\n   3 gun:\n   4 at a good/rapid/fast etc clip:\n   5 cut:\n   6 a clip round the ear/earhole:\n   7 newspaper:\n   8 $100/50 cents etc a clip:  ----------//  [Sense: 1,3,8; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  CLIP21]//  [Sense: 2,4-7; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  CLIP22]//\n  1 FOR FASTENING:   [C] a small metal or plastic object that holds or fastens things together//  --The wire is held on with a metal clip.//  --a wad of money in a gold clip//    Bulldog clip,  paperclip//\n  2 FILM:   [C] a short part of a film or television programme that is shown by itself, especially as an advertisement//  --clips from the new James Bond film//\n  3 GUN:   [C] a container for bullets which passes them quickly into the gun so that they can be fired//\n  4  at a good/rapid/fast etc clip:  quickly//  --Traffic was moving at a good clip.//\n  5 CUT:   [singular]  BrE the act of cutting something to make it shorter or tidier//  --I gave the hedge a clip.//\n  6  a clip round the ear/earhole:   BrE  informal a short hit on the side of someone’s head//\n  7 NEWSPAPER:   [C] an article that is cut from a newspaper or magazine for a particular reason//\n  8  $100/50 cents etc a clip:   AmE  informal if things cost $100, 50 cents etc a clip, they cost that amount of money each//\nclip 2 v   past tense and past participle  clipped present participle  clipping //  ----------//\n   1 fasten:\n   2 cut:\n   3 cut from newspaper:\n   4 hit:\n   5 reduce:\n   6 clip somebody’s wings:\n   7 clip somebody round the ear/earhole:\n   8 ticket:\n   9 clip your words:  ----------//  [Sense: 1; Origin: Old English clyppan  ’to hold tight, hug’]//  [Sense: 2-9; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: klippa]//\n  1 FASTEN:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T] to fasten something together or to be fastened together using a clip//  clip sth into/onto etc sth//  --A microphone was clipped to his tie.//  --a stack of bills clipped together //\n  2 CUT:   [T] to cut small amounts of something in order to make it tidier//  --The hedges had just been clipped.//\n  3 CUT FROM NEWSPAPER:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to cut an article or picture from a newspaper, magazine etc//  clip sth out of/from sth//  --a cartoon clipped from a Minneapolis newspaper//\n  4 HIT:   [T] to hit something quickly at an angle, often by accident//  --A truck swerved and clipped a parked car.//\n  5 REDUCE:   [T] to slightly reduce an amount, quantity etc - used in news reports//  clip sth off/from sth//  --Gunnell clipped a second off the world record.//\n  6  clip sb’s wings:  to restrict someone’s freedom, activities, or power//\n  7  clip sb round the ear/earhole:   BrE  informal to hit someone quickly on the side of the head//\n  8 TICKET:   [T]  BrE to make a hole in a bus or train ticket to show that it has been used//  American Equivalent:  punch//\n  9  clip your words:  to say words in a quick, short, and not very friendly way//


Words: clip art
Meaning:
n [U]   images, photographs, or pictures that are on particular websites, CD-ROMs, and floppy disks, and that you can copy and use in your own computer documents//


Words: clip joint
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: clip  ’to charge too much money, cheat’ (1900-2000), from   CLIP22]//  a nightclub that charges an unfairly high price for drinks//


Words: clip-clop
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  From the sound]//  the sound made by a horse as it walks on a hard surface//  -- clip-clop v  [I] //


Words: clip-on
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   attached to something with a clip//  --clip-on earrings//  -- clip-on n  [C] //


Words: clipboard
Meaning:
n [C]   1 a small flat board with a clip on top that holds paper so that you can write on it//\n  2 a part of a computer’s memory that stores information when you are moving it from one document to another:


Words: clipped
Meaning:
adj \n  1 cut so that it is short and neat:  --a neatly clipped hedge//\n  2 a clipped voice is quick and clear but not very friendly:


Words: clipper
Meaning:
n   1  clippers [plural] a special tool with two blades, used for cutting small pieces from something//  --nail clippers//\n  2 [C] a fast sailing ship used in the past:


Words: clipping
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an article or picture that has been cut out of a newspaper or magazine:   cutting//  newspaper/press clippings //  --old press clippings about movie stars//\n  2 [usually plural] a small piece cut from something bigger:  --hedge clippings//


Words: clique
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: cliquer  ’to make a noise’]//  a small group of people who think they are special and do not want other people to join them - used to show disapproval//  clique of//  --a ruling clique of officials//  --the cliques formed by high school students//


Words: cliquey
Meaning:
a cliquey organization, club etc has a lot of cliques or is controlled by them - used to show disapproval//


Words: clitoris
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek kleitoris]//  a small part of a woman’s outer sexual organs, where she can feel sexual pleasure//


Words: Clive of India
Meaning:
(1725-74) a British soldier and government leader, Robert Clive, whose victories over the French and Bengali armies in India helped to establish British rule in India//


Words: cloak
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old North French; Origin: cloque  ’bell, cloak’, from  Medieval Latin clocca  ’bell’ (  CLOCK1); because of its shape]//\n  1 [C] a warm piece of clothing like a coat without sleeves that hangs loosely from your shoulders:\n  2 [singular] an organization, activity, or way of behaving that deliberately protects someone or keeps something secret:  cloak of//  --the cloak of secrecy around the country’s rulers//  cloak for//  --The political party is used as a cloak for terrorist activities.//  under the cloak of sth//  --prejudice hiding under the cloak of religion//\ncloak 2 v [T usually passive] \n  1 to deliberately hide facts, feelings etc so that people do not see or understand them - used especially in news reports:  cloaked in secrecy/mystery //  --The talks have been cloaked in secrecy.//\n  2  literary to cover something, for example with darkness or snow:  cloak in//  --hills cloaked in mist//  -- cloaked adj //  --The riders were cloaked (=they wore cloaks) .//


Words: cloak-and-dagger
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   very secret and mysterious, and usually involving the work of spies//  --a cloak-and-dagger operation//


Words: cloakroom
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a small room where you can leave your coat:  American Equivalent:  coatroom//\n  2  BrE a room in a public building where there are toilets - used when you want to be polite:  American Equivalent:  rest room//  --Excuse me, where’s the ladies’ cloakroom?//


Words: clobber
Meaning:
v [T]  informal \n  1 to hit someone very hard:\n  2 to affect or punish someone or something badly, especially by making them lose money:  --The paper got clobbered for libel.//  --The company has been clobbered by falling property prices.//\n  3 to defeat someone very easily in a way that is embarrassing for the team that loses:  --The Dallas Cowboys clobbered the Buffalo Bills last night.//\nclobber 2 n [U]  BrE  informal   someone’s possessions, especially their clothes//  --Liam’s football clobber//


Words: cloche
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’bell’, from  Medieval Latin clocca;   CLOCK1]//\n  1 a hat shaped like a bell, worn by women in the 1920s:\n  2  BrE a glass or transparent plastic cover put over young plants to protect them during cold weather:


Words: clock
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: clocke  ’bell, clock’, from  Medieval Latin clocca  ’bell’, from a  Celtic language]//\n  1 an instrument that shows what time it is, in a room or outside on a building:  -- The clock on the church tower said nine o’clock.//  --I lay there listening to the clock ticking .//  --Mary set her alarm clock for 6:30 am (=made sure it would ring at 6:30) .//  --My clock stopped and I didn’t wake up in time.//  --I heard the clock strike six .//  by the hall/kitchen/church etc clock (=according to a particular clock) //  --What time is it by the kitchen clock?//  the clock is slow/fast (=the clock is showing an earlier or later time than the real time) //  --The station clock was ten minutes slow.//  wind (up) a clock (=turn a key in a clock so that it keeps working) //  set a clock by sth (=change the time on a clock according to the time on the television, radio etc) //  --I set my clock by the 6 o’clock news.//  clock face (=the front part of a clock) //    alarm clock,  carriage clock,  cuckoo clock,  grandfather clock//    watch the clock at watch1 (8)//\n  2  around the clock:   also  round the clock//   BrE all day and all night without stopping//  --Kim has been working round the clock to finish it in time.//\n  3  put/turn the clock back:  a)  also set the clock back  AmE //  to go back to the way things were done in the past instead of doing things in a modern way - used in order to show disapproval//  --The new employment bill will put the clock back fifty years.//  b) to return to a good situation that you experienced in the past or to make someone remember such a situation//  --The kids are all grown up now and you can’t put the clocks back .//\n  4  put the clock(s) back/forward:   BrE to change the time shown on the clock to one hour earlier or later, when the time officially changes//\n  5  the clocks go back/forward:   BrE the time changes officially to one hour earlier or later//  --The clocks go back in October.//\n  6  against the clock:  a) if you work against the clock, you work as quickly as you can because you do not have much time//  --Everyone is racing against the clock to get things ready in time.//  b) if you run, swim etc against the clock, you run or swim a particular distance while your speed is measured//\n  7  twenty-four hour clock:  a system for measuring time in which the hours of the day and night have numbers from 0 to 23//\n  8  start/stop the clock:  to start or stop measuring how much time is left in a game or sport that has a time limit//\n  9  the clock:  a) an instrument in a vehicle that measures how far it has travelled//  on the clock//  --a car with 43,000 miles on the clock//  b) an instrument in a vehicle that measures the speed at which it is travelling//\n  10  run out the clock/kill the clock:   AmE if a team runs out the clock at the end of a game, it tries to keep the ball for the rest of the game so that its opponents cannot get any points//    biological clock,  body clock,  dandelion clock,  time clock//\nclock 2 v [T] \n  1 to cover a distance in a particular time, or to reach a particular speed in a race:  --Karen won in the 300 metres, clocking 42.9 seconds.//  --the first steam engine to clock 100 miles an hour//\n  2 to measure or record the time or speed that someone or something is travelling at:  clock sb at/doing sth//  --The police clocked him doing between 100 and 110 miles per hour.//\n  3  BrE  informal to notice someone or something, or to look at them carefully:  --Did you clock the bloke by the door?//\n  4  BrE to reduce the number of miles or kilometres shown on the instrument in a car that says how far it has gone, in order to sell the car for more money:  --He knew the car had been clocked, but he couldn’t prove it.//  clock in/on phr v//  to record on a special card the time you arrive at or begin work//  American Equivalent:  punch in//  --I clock on at 8:30.//  clock off phr v//\n  1  informal to leave work at the end of the day:  --What time do you clock off?//\n  2 to record on a special card the time you stop or leave work:  --At this time a lot of service workers would be clocking off.//  clock out phr v//  to record on a special card the time you stop or leave work//  American Equivalent:  punch out//  clock up [clock up sth] phr v//  to reach or achieve a particular number or amount//  --The Dodgers have clocked up six wins in a row.//  --I clocked up 90,000 miles in my Ford.//  --Councillor Scott has clocked up more than 25 years on the borough council.//


Words: clock speed n [C
Meaning:
usually singular]  technical   a measurement of how quickly a computer’s CPU (=main controlling part) can deal with instructions//  --a clock speed of 1 gigahertz//


Words: clock-radio
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine that is a clock and a radio. You can set the clock to turn the radio on and wake you up.//


Words: clockwatching
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   when you often look at a clock to see what time it is because you are bored or want to stop working//  -- clockwatcher n  [C] //


Words: clockwise
Meaning:
adv   in the same direction in which the hands of a clock move//  → anticlockwise, counterclockwise//  --Screw the lid on clockwise.//  -- clockwise adj //    anticlockwise,  counterclockwise//


Words: clockwork
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  BrE clockwork toys, trains, soldiers etc have machinery inside them that makes them move when you turn a key:  --mechanical toys powered by clockwork//  --The tape was driven by a clockwork motor.//\n  2  go/run like clockwork:  to happen in exactly the way you had planned//  --The concert went like clockwork.//\n  3  like clockwork:   also  (as) regular as clockwork//  happening at the same time and in the same way every time//  --Matt came round each Friday, regular as clockwork.//\n  4  with clockwork precision/accuracy:  in an extremely exact way//


Words: Clockwork Orange
Meaning:
A   a novel written in 1962 by the British writer Anthony  Burgess, about a group of young men who live in a future time and behave in a very violent way. It was made into a film by Stanley  Kubrick in 1971, but he stopped allowing it to be shown in the UK because he believed that people were copying the violent actions of the actors in the film.//


Words: clod
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  CLOT2]//\n  1 a lump of mud or earth:\n  2  informal a stupid person:


Words: clodhopper
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  clodhoppers [plural] a pair of heavy strong shoes - used humorously:\n  2  BrE  informal someone who is awkward and rough:


Words: clog
Meaning:
v  also clog up   past tense and past participle  clogged present participle  clogging  [I and T] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: clog  ’to prevent an animal from moving by tying a wooden block to it’ (14-19 centuries), from  clog (noun);   CLOG2]//  to block something or become blocked//  --tourists whose cars clog the roads each summer//  clog with//  --Over many years, the pipes had got clogged up with grease.//  -- clogged adj //  --clogged highways//\nclog 2 n [C usually plural]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: clog  ’wooden block’ (14-19 centuries)]//  a shoe made of wood with a leather top that covers the front of your foot but not your heel//


Words: cloister
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: cloistre, from  Latin claustrum  ’bar keeping a door closed’, from  claudere  ’to close’]//\n  1 [usually plural] a covered passage that surrounds one side of a square garden in a church, monastery etc:\n  2 a building where monks or nuns live:


Words: cloistered
Meaning:
adj \n  1 protected from the difficulties and demands of ordinary life:  --Academics lead a cloistered life.//\n  2 a cloistered building contains cloisters:


Words: clone
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Greek; Origin: klon  ’small branch’]//\n  1  technical an animal or plant produced by scientists from one cell of another animal or plant, so that they are exactly the same:\n  2  technical a computer that is built as an exact copy of a more famous computer:  --an IBM clone//\n  3  informal someone or something that looks and behaves exactly the same as someone or something else:  clone of//  --She’s an exact clone of her sister!//\nclone 2 v [T] \n  1 to make an exact copy of a plant or animal by taking a cell from it and developing it artificially:\n  2 to copy the number of someone else’s mobile phone onto a new chip and then use that number on a different telephone, so that the mobile phone’s owner receives the telephone bill:


Words: clonk
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  From the sound]//  the sound made when a heavy object falls to the ground or hits another heavy object//  -- clonk v  [I and T] //


Words: clop
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  clopped present participle  clopping  [I] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  From the sound]//  if a horse clops, its hooves make a loud sound as they touch the ground//  -- clop n  [singular] //


Words: close
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 shut:\n   2 move parts together:\n   3 shut for period of time:\n   4 stop operating:\n   5 end:\n   6 close an account:\n   7 in money markets:\n   8 close a deal/sale/contract etc:\n   9 offer finishes:\n  10 make distance/difference smaller:\n  11 make something unavailable:\n  12 be closed:\n  13 close your doors (to somebody):\n  14 close your mind to/against something:\n  15 hold something:\n  16 wound:\n  17 close ranks:\n  18 close the book on something:  Phrasal verbs//   close down//   close in//   close something → off//   close on somebody/something//   close something → out//   close up//   close with somebody/something//  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: clos, past participle of  clore  ’to close’, from  Latin claudere]//\n  1 SHUT:   [I and T] to shut something in order to cover an opening, or to become shut in this way//   shut//  → open//    closed//  --Would you mind if I closed the window?//  --She closed the curtains.//  --Let me do the car door - it won’t close properly.//  --Beth closed her eyes and tried to sleep.//  --She heard the door close behind her.//\n  2 MOVE PARTS TOGETHER:   [I and T] to move the parts of something together so that there is no longer a space between them//  --Anne closed her book and stood up.//\n  3 SHUT FOR PERIOD OF TIME:   [I and T]  also close up //  if a shop or building closes, or you close it, it stops being open to the public for a period of time//  → open//  British Equivalent:  shut//    closed//  --The shops close at six.//  --Harry usually closes the store completely when he goes on vacation.//\n  4 STOP OPERATING:   [I and T]  also close down //  if a company, shop etc closes, or you close it, it stops operating permanently//   shut down//    closed//  --We have reluctantly decided to close the factory.//  --The shop closed down some time last year.//\n  5 END:   [I and T] to end or to make something end, especially in a particular way//  close sth with/by etc//  --I will now close the meeting by asking you to join me in a final toast.//  close with//  --The movie closes with an emotional reunion in Prague.//  closing remarks (=something you say at the end of a speech) //  --In her closing remarks, the judge urged the jury to consider the facts only.//\n  6  close an account:  to stop having and using a bank account or other financial account//  --My husband closed all my credit card accounts without even asking me.//\n  7 IN MONEY MARKETS:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to be worth a particular amount of money at the end of a day’s  trading (=the buying and selling of shares ) on the stock exchange//  close at//  --The dollar closed at 64p against the pound.//  close up/down//  --Their shares closed 27p up (=worth 27p more) //  --.//\n  8  close a deal/sale/contract etc:  to successfully agree a business deal, sale etc//\n  9 OFFER FINISHES:   [I] to finish on a particular date//   end//  --Our special offer closes on June 3.//\n  10 MAKE DISTANCE/DIFFERENCE SMALLER:   [I and T] to make the distance or difference between two things smaller//  --an attempt to close the gap between the rich and poor//  close on//  --The other car was closing on us fast.//\n  11 MAKE SOMETHING UNAVAILABLE:   [T] to make taking part in an activity or using an opportunity no longer possible//    closed//  --Bidding for the painting will close on Friday.//  --The country has now closed its borders to all foreign nationals (=will not let foreigners in) .//  --The legislation aims to close a lot of legal loopholes.//\n  12  be closed:  if a subject is closed, you are no longer willing to discuss it//  --It was a regrettable incident but I now consider the matter closed.//\n  13  close your doors (to sb):  to stop operating permanently//  --In 1977 the Skyfame Aircraft Museum closed its doors to the public for the last time.//\n  14  close your mind to/against sth:  to refuse to think about something//  --She wanted to close her mind to the outside world.//\n  15 HOLD SOMETHING:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T] if someone’s hands, arms etc close around something, or are closed around something, they hold it firmly//  close (sth) around/round/over etc sth//  --Her left hand closed over his arm.//  --She reached for the keys and closed her hand tightly around them.//\n  16 WOUND:   also close up //   [I and T] if a wound closes, or if someone closes it, the edges grow together again or are sewn together//  --The surgeon closed the incision neatly.//\n  17  close ranks:  a) if people close ranks, they join together to protect each other, especially because their group, organization etc is being criticized//  b) if soldiers close ranks, they stand closer together//\n  18  close the book on sth:  to stop working on something, especially a police operation, because it is not making any progress//  --Detectives had closed the book on the Hornsey Murders case three years previously.//    closing date,  closing time,  close/shut the door on sth at door(9),  close your eyes to sth at eye1 (16)//  close down phr v//\n  1  close sth → down:  if a company, shop etc closes down or is closed down, it stops operating permanently//  --Paramount closed down its London office in 1968.//\n  2  BrE to stop broadcasting radio or television programmes at the end of the day:  --BBC 2 closes down at 12:45 tonight.//  close in phr v//\n  1 to move closer to someone or something, especially in order to attack them:  --The snake closed in for the kill.//  close in on/around/upon etc//  --enemy soldiers closing in on them from all sides//\n  2 if the night, bad weather etc closes in, it becomes darker or gets worse:  --The sun had set and dusk was closing in.//\n  3 if the days close in, they become shorter because it is autumn:  close off [close sth → off] phr v//  to separate a road, room etc from the area around it so that people cannot go there or use it//  --The roads into the docks were closed off by iron gates.//  close on / [close on sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to get nearer to someone or something that is moving in front or ahead of you:  --The patrol car was rapidly closing on us.//\n  2  AmE to successfully arrange a loan, especially in order to buy a house:  close out [close sth → out] phr v//\n  1 to finish in a particular way:  --The bond market closed out the week on a strong note.//\n  2 if a store closes out a type of goods, they sell all of them cheaply:  --We’re closing out this line of swimwear.//  close up phr v//\n  1  close sth → up:  if a shop or building closes up or is closed up, it stops being open to the public for a period of time//  --The resorts are all closed up for the season.//\n  2  close up shop:  to stop doing something for a period of time or permanently//  --When it rains, there is no alternative but to close up shop.//\n  3 if a group of people close up, they move closer together:\n  4  close sth → up:  if a wound closes up or if someone closes it up, the edges grow together again or are sewn together//  --The scar is closing up nicely - it’ll soon be time to take the stitches out.//\n  5 to become narrower or to shut:  --The flowers close up at night.//  --Occasionally the channel widened then closed up tight again.//\n  6 to refuse to talk to someone about something:  --The moment I said I was a police officer, everyone would close up like a clam.//  close with / [close with sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to agree a business deal with someone:  --It was such a good offer that I closed with him on the spot.//\n  2  literary to move towards someone in order to fight with them:  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: close, shut, lock, turn/switch off //  In many contexts, the verbs  close  and  shut can be used in exactly the same way : Please close OR shut the gate. |  The windows were all closed OR shut. | She closed OR shut her eyes.| The store closes OR shuts at 7. //  !!  Use  close for a road, border, or airport : All the crossing points on the border have been closed (NOT shut). //  !!  Before a noun, use  closed : a closed door (NOT shut door) //  !!  You cannot say ’close someone somewhere’. Use  shut  or  lock to say that someone is put in a room or building and cannot get out : They shut her (NOT closed her) in her bedroom. |  He was locked (NOT closed) in a cell. //  Use  switch off  or  turn off with electrical things : Will you turn off (NOT close) the TV? |  I switched off (NOT closed) all the lights. //  ----------//\nclose 2   adj   comparative  closer superlative  closest //  ----------//\n   1 near:\n   2 near in time:\n   3 likely to happen:\n   4 like/love:\n   5 similar:\n   6 careful:\n   7 number/amount:\n   8 competition/election etc:\n   9 close relation/relative:\n  10 very nearly bad:\n  11 almost:\n  12 keep in close contact/touch:\n  13 work/talk together:\n  14 with little space:\n  15 close/you’re close/that’s close:\n  16 close to the bone:\n  17 close, but no cigar:\n  18 too close for comfort:\n  19 close to home:\n  20 at close quarters:\n  21 weather:\n  22 unwilling to talk about something:\n  23 unwilling to spend money:\n  24 a close shave:\n  25 close work:\n  26 close vowel:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: clos, from  Latin clausus, past participle of  claudere;   CLOSE1]//\n  1 NEAR:  not far from someone or something//   near//  --If you need to buy bread or milk, the closest shop is about a mile away.//  close to//  --Susan sat on a chair close to the window.//  --I don’t mind where we go on vacation as long as it’s close to a beach.//  --His eyes were small and close together .//  --There are several accounts of dolphins living in close proximity to humans (=close to humans) .//  --The victim had been shot at close range  (=from very close) .//\n  2 NEAR IN TIME:  near to something in time//  close to//  --It was close to one-fifteen a.m.//  close together//  --Our birthdays are quite close together.//\n  3 LIKELY TO HAPPEN:  seeming very likely to happen or very likely to do something soon//  close to doing sth //  --The two countries are close to signing a peace agreement.//  --We’re close to clinching the deal.//  close to death/tears/despair etc //  --The old dog could barely whimper and seemed close to death.//  --The prosecution’s main witness was close to tears as she described the events of that night.//\n  4 LIKE/LOVE:  if two people are close, they like or love each other very much//  --My brother and I are very close.//  close to//  --I felt closer to Rob that evening than ever before.//  --Fiona and I have always been close friends .//\n  5 SIMILAR:  very similar to each other//  close to//  --When I saw Henry with another woman I felt something close to jealousy.//  --Fitt was the closest thing to a socialist in the party.//  --Their newest model bears a close resemblance to  (=is very similar to) that of their rival competitor.//\n  6 CAREFUL:   [usually before noun] looking at, thinking about, or watching something very carefully//    closely//  take/have/get a close look (at sth) //  --She lifted up Jenny’s silver medallion to take a closer look.//  keep a close watch/eye on (=watch someone or something very carefully) //  --Don’t worry, I’ll keep a close eye on the kids.//  --You could have improved your answers by closer attention to detail.//\n  7 NUMBER/AMOUNT:  if a number or amount is close to another number or amount, it is not much higher or lower than it//  --We don’t know the exact figures, but about 10,000 might be a close approximation (=close to the actual figure) .//  close to//  --Inflation is close to 7 percent.//\n  8 COMPETITION/ELECTION ETC:  finishing or being played, fought etc with both sides almost equal//  --It was a close game that could have gone either way.//  a close second/third etc (=a finishing position in a competition that is very nearly second, third etc) //  --The result is too close to call  (=so close that it is impossible to know who will win) .//\n  9  close relation/relative:  a member of your family such as your brother, sister, parent etc//  → distant//  --The wedding was attended by close family only.//\n  10 VERY NEARLY BAD:  used when you have only just managed to avoid something bad, dangerous, or embarrassing happening//  --’Phew, that was close ,’ Frank said as he swerved to avoid the cyclist.//  a close call/thing/shave (=a situation in which something dangerous, embarrassing etc almost happens) //  --United had a close shave when Liverpool almost scored.//\n  11 ALMOST:  very nearly getting, finding, or achieving something//  close to//  --At this point, the investigators were closer to the truth than they realized.//\n  12  keep in close contact/touch:  if two people keep in close contact, they see, talk to, or write to each other often//  --Text messaging enables people to keep in close contact at all times.//\n  13 WORK/TALK TOGETHER:  relating to a situation in which people work well with each other or talk to each other often//  --He retained very close links with France throughout his life.//  --What we need now is closer cooperation between the club and supporters.//\n  14 WITH LITTLE SPACE:  with little or no space around something or between things//  --The horses are always eager for exercise after the close confinement of the stables.//  --The shoe is a close fit (=there is no space around the foot) .//  --I find it difficult to read such close print (=with letters printed so close together) .//\n  15  close/you’re close/that’s close:   spoken used to tell someone that they have almost guessed or answered something correctly//  --’I reckon he must be about thirty-eight.’ ’Close - he was forty last week.’//\n  16  close to the bone:  if something someone says is close to the bone, it makes you feel uncomfortable or offends you, especially because it is about something you do not want to admit is true//\n  17  close, but no cigar:   spoken used when something someone does or says is almost correct or successful//  --It was close, but no cigar for the Dodgers as they lost to the Reds 4-3.//\n  18  too close for comfort:  if something that happens is too close for comfort, it is near enough to make you feel nervous or afraid//  --From somewhere too close for comfort came the sound of machine-gun fire.//\n  19  close to home:  a) if a remark or criticism is close to home, it makes you feel uncomfortable because it is likely to be true//  --His comments struck unpleasantly close to home.//  b) if something unpleasant happens close to home, you are directly affected by it//  --It’s one thing seeing riots on TV, but when they happen so close to home it’s a different matter.//\n  20  at close quarters:  if something happens or is done at close quarters, it happens inside a small space or is done from a short distance away//  --The troops had been fighting at close quarters.//\n  21 WEATHER:   BrE uncomfortably warm because there seems to be no air//  --The weather that night was hot and close, with a hint of thunder in the distance.//\n  22 UNWILLING TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING:   [not before noun] unwilling to tell people about something//   secretive//  close about//  --You’re very close about your work, aren’t you?//\n  23 UNWILLING TO SPEND MONEY:   [not before noun] not generous//  close with//  --You won’t get a penny out of Jack - he’s very close with his money.//\n  24  a close shave:  when the hair on someone’s face is cut very close to the skin//\n  25  close work:  work that involves looking at or handling things in a very skilful, detailed, and careful way//  --After years of close work, she could hardly see a thing if it was over a yard away.//\n  26  close vowel:   technical a close vowel is pronounced with only a small space between the tongue and the top of the mouth//  -- closeness n  [U] //  --She had never had the physical or emotional closeness that she needed.//    play your cards close to your chest at card1 (14)//\nclose 3 W2S3   adv \n  1 not far away:   near//  --Come a little closer, so you can see better.//  --Her father lives quite close by .//  --They were sitting close together on the couch.//  --A variety of good restaurants and cafes are close at hand  (=very near) .//  --James heard footsteps close behind him.//  --Ronnie sped off into the distance, with his brother’s car following close behind .//  stay/keep close //  --We must all stay close.//  hold/draw sb close (=hold someone against your body) //  --He drew her close to him.//\n  2  close up/up close/close to:  from only a short distance away//  --Now that I could see him close up, I saw that he was very attractive.//\n  3  close on sth/close to sth:   spoken used to talk about a number, amount etc that is almost exact, but not completely//  --a voyage of close on 2000 miles//\n  4  come close (to doing sth):  a) to almost do something//  --I tell you, I was so mad I came close to hitting her.//  --She came so close to the finals she must have been bitterly disappointed to go out now.//  b) to be almost as good as someone or something else//  --It’s not as good as his last movie, but it comes pretty close.//\n  5  a close run thing:   BrE a situation in which the people competing with each other are almost equal, so neither of them is more likely to win than the other//  --The upcoming election looks likely to be a close run thing.//\n  6  close on the heels of sth:  very soon after something else//  come/follow close on the heels of sth //  --Yet another scandal followed close on the heels of the senator’s resignation.//\n  7 near to the surface of something:  --An electric razor doesn’t really shave as close as a blade.//\n  8  run sb close:   BrE to be almost as successful, skilful etc as someone else//  --Last season United ran them close both at home and away.//    sail close to the wind at sail1 (6)//\nclose 4   n \n  1 [singular]  formal the end of an activity or of a period of time:  -- At the close of trade, the Dow Jones index was 1.92 points down.//  --The monsoon season was drawing to a close  (=ending) .//  --The event came to a close  (=finished) with a disco.//  --Finally the meeting was brought to a close by the new chairman (=he ended the meeting) .//\n  2 [C usually singular]  BrE the area and buildings surrounding a cathedral:\nclose 5   n [singular]    BrE used in street names for a road that has only one way in or out//  --Take a left turn into Brown’s Close.//


Words: close season
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1 the period each year when particular animals, birds, or fish cannot legally be killed for sport:  → open season//  American Equivalent:  closed season//\n  2 the period of a year when particular sports are not normally played:


Words: close-knit
Meaning:
adj  also closely-knit   a close-knit group of people is one in which everyone knows each other well and gives each other support when they need it//  --a close-knit community //


Words: close-run
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE   in a close-run competition, the winner succeeds by a very small distance or number of points, votes etc//  --The Labour Party won the seat, but it was a close-run thing  (=they nearly failed) .//


Words: close-up
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a photograph or part of a film in which the camera seems to have been very close to the picture it took//  close-up of//  --a close-up of her face//  in close-up//  --Much of the movie is shot in close up.//


Words: closed
Meaning:
S3   adj \n  1 not open:   shut//  → open//  --Make sure all the windows are closed.//  --She kept her eyes tightly closed. //\n  2 [not before noun] if a shop, public building etc is closed, it is not open and people cannot enter or use it:   shut//  → open//  --The shops here are closed on Sundays.//  closed to the public/visitors etc //  --The castle is closed to visitors in winter.//\n  3 restricted to a particular group of people:  → open//  --The golf club has closed membership .//  --a closed meeting //  --The police have a closed circle of suspects.//\n  4 not willing to accept new ideas or influences:  → open//  --You’re facing this situation with a closed mind .//  closed society/world/way of life //  --Venetian art in this period was a closed world.//\n  5  behind closed doors:  if something happens behind closed doors, it happens in private and the public are not allowed in//  --It seems that the deal was made behind closed doors.//  --Football authorities ordered the club to play its next two games behind closed doors after the riots in February.//\n  6  a closed book (to sb):  a subject or problem that someone does not know about or understand//  --Mathematics has always been a closed book to me.//\n  7  a closed set (of sth):  a restricted group, or a group that cannot change or grow//  --The law is not a closed set of rules and principles.//    in closed session at session(2)//


Words: closed captioned
Meaning:
adj  AmE   if a television programme is closed captioned, you are able to read the words that are said at the bottom of your screen, if you have a special piece of equipment attached to your television//


Words: closed circuit television
Meaning:
n [U]   CCTV a system of cameras and television that is used in many public buildings and shopping centres to protect them from crime//


Words: closedown
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a situation in which work in a company, factory etc stops, especially permanently:   shutdown//\n  2 [U and C]  BrE the end of radio or television broadcasts each day:


Words: closely
Meaning:
adv \n  1 very carefully:  --The detective watched him closely , waiting for a reply.//  closely controlled/guarded/monitored etc //  --Political activity is closely controlled.//  --Details of the program are a closely-guarded secret .//\n  2 to a very great degree:  --I have been closely involved in the work of both committees.//  --The successful applicant will be working closely with our international staff.//  --a creature that closely resembles a red monkey//\n  3  closely related/connected/associated etc:  if two or more things are closely related etc, there is a strong connection between them//  --closely related subjects such as physics, chemistry, and maths//  --Her development as a writer is closely connected with her religion.//\n  4 in a way that is close to other things in time or space:  --a flash of lightning, followed closely by thunder//  --We were so closely packed in the elevator I could hardly move.//


Words: closeout
Meaning:
adj  AmE   closeout sale/price//  a sale or price that is intended to get rid of goods cheaply//  -- closeout n  [C] //


Words: closet
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: clos  ’enclosed place’, from  Latin clausum, from  clausus;   CLOSE2]//\n  1  especially AmE a cupboard built into the wall of a room from the floor to the ceiling:    wardrobe//  --a closet full of beautiful clothes//\n  2  come out of the closet:  a) to tell people that you are homosexual after hiding the fact//   come out//  b) to admit something or to start to discuss something that was kept secret before//\n  3  be in the closet:   AmE  informal to not tell people that you are homosexual//    water closet,  a skeleton in the closet at skeleton(5)//\ncloset 2 adj   closet homosexual/alcoholic etc//  someone who is a homosexual etc but who does not want to admit it//  --a closet communist//\ncloset 3 v [T usually passive]   to shut someone in a room away from other people in order to discuss something private, to be alone etc//  be closeted with sb//  --All morning he’d been closeted with various officials.//  --Don’t let her closet herself away in her room.//


Words: closing
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   happening or done at the end of an event or a period of time//  closing remarks/words/ceremony etc //  --The judge gave his closing speech to the jury.//  closing stages/seconds/minutes etc //  --in the closing years of his life//\nclosing 2 n [U]   the shutting of a factory, school, hospital etc permanently//  closing of//  --the closing of an old railway station//


Words: closing date
Meaning:
n [C]   the last date on which it is possible to do something//  closing date for//  --The closing date for applications is 6 August.//


Words: closure
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] when a factory, school, hospital etc has to close permanently:  --Several military bases are threatened with closure .//  factory/hospital/school etc closure //  --the problem of school closures//  closure of//  --the closure of St Bartholomew’s Hospital//\n  2 [U and C] when a road, bridge etc is closed for a short time so that people cannot use it:  --On the M40, there are lane closures near Oxford.//\n  3 [U] when an event or a period of time is brought to an end, or the feeling that something has been completely dealt with:  --Funerals help give people a sense of closure.//


Words: clot
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  clotted present participle  clotting  [I and T] //  if a liquid such as blood or milk clots, or if something clots it, it becomes thicker and more solid//    clotted cream//\nclot 2 n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clott]//\n  1 a thick almost solid mass formed when blood or milk dries:  --He developed a blood clot on his brain and died.//\n  2  BrE  informal a stupid person:


Words: cloth
Meaning:
n   [Language: Old English; Origin: clath  ’cloth, piece of clothing’]//\n  1 [U] material used for making things such as clothes:  cotton/woollen/silk etc cloth //  --a dress of the finest silk cloth//\n  2 [C] a piece of cloth used for a particular purpose:  --She mopped her face with a wet cloth.//  --Is there a clean cloth for the table?//    dishcloth,  facecloth,  tablecloth//\n  3  man of the cloth:   formal a Christian priest//


Words: clothe
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clathian, from  clath;   CLOTH]//\n  1  formal to put clothes on your body:   dress//  be clothed in sth//  --The King was clothed in a purple gown.//  fully/partially/scantily etc clothed //  --The children lay on the bed, fully clothed and fast asleep.//\n  2 to provide clothes for yourself or other people:  --They could barely keep the family fed and clothed.//


Words: clothes
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clathas, plural of  clath;   CLOTH]//  the things that people wear to cover their body or keep warm//  --I enjoy shopping for clothes and shoes.//  --What sort of clothes was he wearing ?//  -- casual clothes //  put on/take off clothes //  --She had a shower and put on clean clothes.//  change your clothes/change into clean/dry etc clothes //  --The kids ran upstairs to change into dry clothes.//  work/school etc clothes //  --men dressed in ordinary street clothes//  --a clothes shop//    a change of clothes at change2 (6),  designer clothes at designer2 ,  plain-clothes//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: clothes, clothing, garment, cloth //  clothes are things that you wear, for example shirts and dresses : I need some new clothes. |  Do you ever wear your sister’s clothes? //  !! clothes is always plural and has no singular form : He was wearing nice clothes (NOT a nice clothe/clothes).  //  Use  clothing  to talk about a particular type of clothes or when talking about making or selling clothes : Special protective clothing is worn. |  a clothing manufacturer //  !!  This word is not used much in ordinary spoken language : I went shopping for summer clothes (NOT clothing). //  In formal English, you can use  garment  or  piece/item/article of clothing to refer to one thing you wear : a long velvet garment| a discarded article of clothing //  But it is more usual to name the particular thing you mean : He was wearing a long coat (NOT long garment) . //  Cloth is the material that clothes are made from : a suit made from fine woollen cloth //  ----------//


Words: clothes hanger
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a curved piece of metal, plastic, or wood with a hook on it that you use for hanging clothes//  American Equivalent:  hanger//


Words: clothes horse
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE a frame that you hang clothes on to dry indoors:\n  2  AmE  informal a woman who is very interested in clothes and who likes to have many different clothes - used to show disapproval:


Words: clothes peg
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a wooden or plastic object that you use to fasten wet clothes to a clothesline//  American Equivalent:  clothespin//


Words: clothesline
Meaning:
n [C]   a long thin rope on which you hang clothes to dry outdoors//  British Equivalent:  washing line//


Words: clothier
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: clother  ’clothier’ (14-16 centuries), from  cloth]//  someone who makes or sells men’s clothes or material for clothes//


Words: clothing
Meaning:
n [U]   the clothes that people wear//  --the basic necessities such as food and clothing //  warm/outdoor/waterproof etc clothing //  --Lab workers must wear protective clothing.//  item/article/piece of clothing //  --She took only a few items of clothing.//  --Remember to bring a change of clothing .//  clothing manufacturer/industry/trade etc //  --a clothing store//


Words: cloture
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: cl[hA175]ture  ’closure’, from  Old French closure, from  Latin clausura, from  claudere;   CLOSE1]//  a way of ending an argument over a bill in the US government and forcing a vote on it//


Words: cloud
Meaning:
W3S3   n   ----------//\n   1 in the sky:\n   2 in the air:\n   3 problem:\n   4 under a cloud (of suspicion):\n   5 be on cloud nine:\n   6 every cloud has a silver lining:\n   7 be/live in cloud-cuckoo-land:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: clud  ’rock, hill’; because some clouds look like rocks]//\n  1 IN THE SKY:   [U and C] a white or grey mass in the sky that forms from very small drops of water//  heavy/thick/dense etc clouds //  --Dark clouds floated across the moon.//  --Heavy clouds had gathered over the summit of Mont Blanc.//  low/high cloud //  --Visibility was bad due to low cloud.//    storm cloud,  thundercloud//\n  2 IN THE AIR:   [C] a mass of dust, smoke etc in the air, or a large number of insects flying together//  cloud of dust/smoke/gas etc //  --A cloud of steam rose into the air//  --clouds of mosquitoes buzzing around us//\n  3 PROBLEM:   [C] something that makes you feel afraid, worried. unhappy etc//  cloud of//  --the cloud of economic recession//  cloud on the horizon (=something that might spoil a happy situation) //  --The only cloud on the horizon was her mother’s illness.//  --Fears of renewed terrorist attacks cast a cloud over the event (=spoilt the happy situation) .//  --He returned to New York under a cloud of gloom and despair.//\n  4  under a cloud (of suspicion):   informal if someone is under a cloud, people have a bad opinion of them because they think they have done something wrong//  --He left the company under a cloud of suspicion.//\n  5  be on cloud nine:   informal to be very happy about something//\n  6  every cloud has a silver lining:  used to say that there is something good even in a situation that seems very sad or difficult//\n  7  be/live in cloud-cuckoo-land:   BrE to think that a situation is much better than it really is, in a way that is slightly stupid//    have your head in the clouds at head1 (24)//\ncloud 2 v \n  1 [T] to make someone less able to think clearly or make sensible decisions:  cloud sb’s judgement/mind/vision etc //  --Don’t let your personal feelings cloud your judgement.//  --Fear had clouded his vision.//\n  2  also cloud over :   [I and T] if someone’s face or eyes cloud, or if something clouds them, they start to look angry, sad, or worried//  --Ann’s eyes clouded with the pain.//  --Then suspicion clouded his face.//\n  3 [T usually passive] to make something less pleasant or more difficult than it should have been:  --Her happiness was clouded by having to leave her son behind.//\n  4  cloud the issue/picture etc:  to make a subject or problem more difficult to understand or deal with, especially by introducing unnecessary ideas//  --Totally uninformed judgements only cloud the issue.//\n  5  also cloud up :   [I and T] if glass or a liquid clouds, or if something clouds it, it becomes less clear and more difficult to see through//  --Our windows were clouded up with steam.//  --The water clouded and I could no longer see the river bed.//\n  6 [T] to cover something with clouds:  --Thick mist clouded the mountaintops.//  cloud over phr v//\n  1  also cloud up  AmE :  if the sky clouds over, it becomes dark and full of black clouds//\n  2 if someone’s face or eyes cloud over, they start to look angry or sad:  --His face clouded over in disappointment.//


Words: cloudy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a cloudy sky, day etc is dark because there are a lot of clouds:  → clear//  --a cloudy night with some light rain//  --Tomorrow, it will be cloudy and cool.//\n  2 cloudy liquids are not clear:  --a rather cloudy wine//\n  3 cloudy thoughts, memories etc are not very clear or exact:


Words: Clouseau
Meaning:
Inspector   a humorous character  in the  Pink Panther films. Clouseau is a French policeman who is always making stupid mistakes and causing accidents, though he does not realize it or intend to.//


Words: clout
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: clout  ’heavy hit’ (14-21 centuries)]//\n  1 [U]  informal power or the authority to influence other people’s decisions:  political/economic etc clout //  --people with financial clout//  the clout to do sth//  --Few companies have the clout to handle such large deals.//  --An official protest could carry considerable clout .//\n  2 [C]  BrE  informal a hard blow given with the hand:  --He gave him a clout round the ear.//\nclout 2 v [T]    informal to hit someone or something hard//  --She clouted the boy across the face.//


Words: clove
Meaning:
n [C]   clove//  [Sense: 1; Origin: Old English clufu]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: clou (de girofle)  ’nail of clove’, from  Latin clavus  ’nail’]//\n  1 one of the separate parts that form a garlic plant:  --a clove of garlic //\n  2 a black spice (=something used to give a special taste to food)  with a strong sweet smell:\nclove 2   a past tense of cleave//


Words: clover
Meaning:
n [U]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clafre]//\n  1 a small plant, usually with three leaves on each stem. If you find one with four leaves, it is thought to bring you luck:  --a four-leaf clover//\n  2  in clover:   informal living comfortably because you have plenty of money//  --The money kept him in clover for years.//


Words: cloverleaf
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the leaf of a clover plant:\n  2 a network of curved roads which connect two main roads where they cross:


Words: clown
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  French coulon  ’someone who settles in a new country’, from  Latin colonus;   COLONY]//\n  1 someone who wears funny clothes, a red nose, bright make-up on their face etc, and does silly things to make people laugh, especially at a circus:\n  2 someone who often makes jokes or behaves in a funny way:  --Frankie’s a bit of a clown.//  class clown (=someone in a school class who behaves in a funny or silly way) //\n  3 a stupid or annoying person:  --I can’t understand what she sees in that clown.//\nclown 2  also clown around/about  v [I]   to behave in a silly or funny way//  --Stop clowning around!//


Words: cloy
Meaning:
v [I]   if something sweet or pleasant cloys, it begins to annoy you because there is too much of it//  --Her sweet submissive smile began to cloy after a while.//


Words: cloying
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: cloy  ’to be cloying’ (16-21 centuries), from  accloy  ’to make unable to walk’ (14-18 centuries), from  Old French encloer  ’to drive a nail in’, from  Medieval Latin inclavare, from  Latin clavus  ’nail’]//\n  1 a cloying attitude or quality annoys you because it is too sweet or nice:  --cloying sentimentality//\n  2 cloying food or smells are sweet and make you feel sick:  --the thick cloying smell of cheap perfume//  -- cloyingly adv //


Words: cloze test
Meaning:
n [C]   a test in which words have been removed from a short piece of writing, and students have to write what they think are the correct words in the empty spaces//


Words: club
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 for an activity or sport:\n   2 professional sport:\n   3 for dancing/music:\n   4 traditional men’s club:\n   5 book/record/wine etc club:\n   6 golf:\n   7 weapon:\n   8 in card games:\n   9 in the club:\n  10 join the club:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: klubba  ’heavy stick’]//\n  1 FOR AN ACTIVITY OR SPORT:  a)  [also + plural verb British English] an organization for people who share a particular interest or enjoy similar activities, or a group of people who meet together to do something they are interested in//  rugby/golf/squash etc club //  --Our chess club really needs new members.//  club for//  --a club for unemployed young people//  --It costs [hA124]15 to join the club .//  --She belongs to a local health club .//  b) the building or place where the members of a particular club meet or play sport//  --We could have dinner at the golf club.//    country club,  fan club,  youth club//\n  2 PROFESSIONAL SPORT:   [also + plural verb British English]  especially BrE a professional organization including the players, managers, and owners of a sports team//  --Manchester United Football Club//\n  3 FOR DANCING/MUSIC:  a place where people go to dance, listen to music, and meet socially//  --a jazz club//  --Shall we go to a club?//  --I’m not into the club scene at all.//\n  4 TRADITIONAL MEN’S CLUB:   especially BrE //  a) an organization, traditionally for men only, which provides a comfortable place to relax, eat, meet other members, or stay the night//  --He always stays at his London club.//  b) the building where this organization is based//\n  5  book/record/wine etc club:  an organization which people join in order to buy books, records, wine etc cheaply//\n  6 GOLF:   also golf club //  a long thin metal stick used in golf to hit the ball//\n  7 WEAPON:  a thick heavy stick used to hit people or things//\n  8 IN CARD GAMES:  a)  clubs//  one of the four suits (=types of cards) in a set of playing cards, which has the design of three round black leaves in a group together//  ten/king etc of clubs //  --the ace of clubs//  b) a card from this suit//  --You have to play a club.//\n  9  in the club:   BrE  old-fashioned if a woman is in the club, she is going to have a baby - used humorously//   pregnant//\n  10  join the club:   also welcome to the club  AmE //   spoken used after someone has described a bad situation that they are in, to tell them that you are in the same situation//  --’He never listens to me.’ ’Join the club.’//\nClub 18-30  trademark   a British company that sells low-cost holidays to young people aged between 18 and 30, mainly in places on the Mediterranean coast//\nclub 2   past tense and past participle  clubbed present participle  clubbing  v [T] //  to hit someone hard with a heavy object//  --baby seals being clubbed to death //  club together phr v//  if people club together, they share the cost of something//  --We clubbed together to buy her a present.//


Words: club class
Meaning:
n [U]   a part of some planes where each seat has more space and more comfort than the usual seat, but is more expensive//   business class//


Words: club foot
Meaning:
n   [U and C] a foot that has been badly twisted since birth and that prevents someone from walking properly//  -- club-footed adj //


Words: Club Med
Meaning:
trademark   a company that sells holidays in many parts of the world, aimed especially at younger people. Its full name is ’Club Mediterranee’. Club Med holidays are based in specially-built villages.//


Words: club sandwich
Meaning:
n [C]   a large sandwich consisting of three pieces of bread with two different kinds of cold food between them//


Words: clubbing
Meaning:
n [U]    informal the activity of going to nightclubs//  --She always goes clubbing when she’s in New York.//  -- clubber n  [C] //


Words: clubby
Meaning:
adj  informal   a clubby place is where everyone is very friendly to each other, but people who are outside their group are not very welcome//  --the clubby atmosphere of the media//


Words: clubland
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the part of a town which contains a lot of nightclubs:  --New York’s clubland//\n  2 the most popular nightclubs and the people who go to them:  --She’s rapidly becoming a clubland favourite.//


Words: cluck
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  From the sound]//\n  1 [I] if a chicken clucks, it makes a short low sound:\n  2 [I and T] to express sympathy or disapproval by saying something, or by making a short low noise with your tongue:  --Edith clucked her tongue impatiently.//  cluck over/around etc//  --She stood clucking over the baby.//  -- clucking adj //  --clucking noises//\ncluck 2 n [C usually singular] \n  1 a low short noise made by chickens:\n  2 a sound made with your tongue, used to show disapproval or sympathy:  --a disapproving cluck//\n  3  dumb/stupid cluck:   AmE a stupid person//  --You dumb cluck, why’d you tell him?//


Words: clue
Meaning:
S2   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: clew  ’ball of string’ (11-19 centuries), from  Old English cliewen; from the use of a ball of string for finding the way out of a network of passages]//\n  1 an object or piece of information that helps someone solve a crime or mystery:  --Police have found a vital clue  (=a very important clue) .//  clue to/about/as to//  --We now have an important clue as to the time of the murder.//  --Archaeological evidence will provide clues about what the building was used for.//  clue in//  --This information is a valuable clue in our hunt for the bombers.//  --a desperate search for clues //\n  2 information that helps you understand the reasons why something happens:  clue to/about/as to//  --Childhood experiences may provide a clue as to why some adults develop eating disorders.//\n  3 a piece of information that helps you solve a crossword puzzle, answer a question etc:  --I’ll give you a clue , Kevin, it’s a kind of bird.//\n  4  not have a clue (where/why/how etc):   informal //  a) to not have any idea about the answer to a question, how to do something, what a situation is etc//  --’Do you know how to switch this thing off?’ ’I haven’t a clue.’//  --Until I arrived here, I hadn’t got a clue what I was going to say to her.//  b) to be very stupid, or very bad at a particular activity//  --Don’t let Mike cook you dinner; he hasn’t got a clue.//  --I haven’t a clue how to talk to girls.//  not have a clue (where/why/how etc) about//  --No point asking Jill - she hasn’t got a clue about maths.//\nclue 2 v   clue in [clue sb → in] phr v//  to give someone information about something//  clue somebody → in on/about//  --Somebody must have clued him in on our sales strategy.//


Words: clued-up
Meaning:
adj  BrE clued-in  AmE  informal   knowing a lot about something//  clued-up on/about//  --Ask Margaret. She’s pretty clued-up about that sort of thing.//


Words: Cluedo
Meaning:
BrE Clue  AmE  trademark   a type of board game in which each player becomes a different character, such as Colonel Mustard or Miss Scarlet, in a murder story and tries to discover which character is the murderer, what the murder weapon was, and in which room in the house the murder took place//


Words: clueless
Meaning:
adj  informal   having no understanding or knowledge of something - used to show disapproval//  clueless about//  --Many teachers are clueless about the needs of immigrant students.//


Words: clump
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from  Low German klump]//\n  1 [C] a group of trees, bushes, or other plants growing very close together:  clump of//  --a thick clump of grass//  in a clump//  --The roses were planted in clumps across the park.//\n  2 [C + of] a small mass of something such as earth or mud:\n  3 [U] the sound of someone walking with heavy steps:  --I heard the clump of Ralph’s boots going up the stairs.//\nclump 2 v \n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition] to walk with slow noisy steps:  clump up/down/along etc//  --The kids clumped up the stairs in their boots.//\n  2  also clump together :   [I and T] if separate objects clump together, or are clumped together, they form a group or solid mass//  --This product will cause bacteria and loose dirt to clump together in the water tank.//


Words: clumsy
Meaning:
adj   comparative  clumsier superlative  clumsiest //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  clumse  ’too cold to feel anything’ (16-19 centuries), from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 moving in an awkward way and tending to make things fall over:  --I felt clumsy, shy and awkward at the party.//  --a clumsy attempt to catch the ball//\n  2 a clumsy object is not easy to use and is often large and heavy:\n  3 a clumsy action or statement is said or done carelessly or badly, and likely to upset someone:  --David made a clumsy attempt to comfort us.//  --a clumsy piece of diplomacy//  -- clumsily adv //  -- clumsiness n  [U] //


Words: clunk
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  From the sound]//  a loud sound made when two solid objects hit each other//  --the clunk of the car door being shut//  -- clunk v  [I and T] //


Words: clunker
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  informal \n  1 an old car or other machine that does not work well:\n  2 something that is completely unsuccessful because people think it is stupid or wrong:


Words: cluster
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: clyster]//\n  1 a group of things of the same kind that are very close together:  cluster of//  --a cluster of low farm buildings//  --a cluster of red berries//  --a diamond cluster ring//\n  2 a group of people all in the same place:  cluster of//  --A cluster of children stood around the ice cream van.//\ncluster 2 v [I,T always + adverb/preposition]   if a group of people or things cluster somewhere, or are clustered somewhere, they form a small group in that place//  cluster around/together etc//  --Reporters clustered around the palace gates for news.//  --Industries in Britain tend to be clustered together.//


Words: clutch
Meaning:
v   [Language: Old English; Origin: clyccan]//\n  1 [T] to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it:   grip, grasp//  --She was clutching a bottle of champagne.//\n  2 [I and T]  also clutch at sb/sth :  a) to suddenly take hold of someone or something because you are frightened, in pain or in danger//   grab//  --He clutched at a pillar for support.//  --Tom fell to the ground clutching his stomach.//  b)  clutch at sb’s heart//  if something clutches at your heart, you suddenly feel fear or nervousness//\n  3  be clutching at straws:   especially BrE to be trying everything possible to find a solution or hope in a difficult situation, even though it will probably be unsuccessful//  --I knew that trying the alternative medicine was just clutching at straws.//\nclutch 2 n   [Sense: 1-2,4; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  CLUTCH1]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: cletch  ’clutch’ (17-19 centuries), from  cleck  ’to hatch’ (15-19 centuries), from  Old Norse klekja]//\n  1 [C] the pedal that you press with your foot when driving a vehicle in order to change gear,or the part of the vehicle that this controls:\n  2  sb’s clutches:   [plural] the power, influence, or control that someone has//  --a small boy trying to escape from his mother’s clutches//  in sb’s clutches//  --She’ll have him in her clutches soon enough.//\n  3  clutch of sth:  a small group of similar things//  --a clutch of eggs (=the number of eggs laid by a bird at one time) //  --a clutch of young mothers//\n  4 [singular] a tight hold that someone has on something:   grip, grasp//  --I shook myself free of her clutch.//


Words: clutter
Meaning:
v  also clutter up  [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: clot]//\n  1 to cover or fill a space or room with too many things, so that it looks very untidy:  --Piles of books and papers cluttered his desk.//  be cluttered (up) with sth//  --The walls were cluttered with paintings and prints.//\n  2 to fill your mind with a lot of different things:  --the everyday tasks that clutter our lives//  -- cluttered adj //\nclutter 2 n [singular, U]   a large number of things that are scattered somewhere in an untidy way//   junk//  clutter of//  --the clutter of soaps, shampoos and towels in the bathroom//  --Could you get rid of some of that clutter in your bedroom?//


Words: Clydeside
Meaning:
the towns between Glasgow and Greenock on the River Clyde in Scotland, where many famous shipbuilding companies were established in the past//


Words: Clytemnestra
Meaning:
in ancient Greek stories, the wife of  Agamemnon. She murders her husband, and as a result she is killed by her son,  Orestes.//


Words: CND
Meaning:
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament a British organization whose aim is to persuade the British government to get rid of its  nuclear weapons and close its nuclear military bases//


Words: CNN
Meaning:
Cable News Network an American organization that broadcasts television news programmes to countries all over the world//


Words: co-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Latin; Origin: ’together, with’, from  com-;   COM-]//\n  1 together with:  --to coexist (=exist together or at the same time) //  --coeducation (=with boys and girls together) //\n  2 doing something with someone else as an equal or with less responsibility:  --my co-author (=someone who wrote the book with me) //  --the co-pilot (=someone who helps a pilot) //


Words: co-respondent
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose name is given in a divorce because they have had sex with the wife or husband of the person who wants the divorce//    respondent//


Words: Co.
Meaning:
1 the abbreviation of company :  --James Smith & Co.//\n  2  and co:   BrE  spoken the other members of a particular group of people//  --I can’t say I’m looking forward to seeing Angela and co again.//\n  3 the written abbreviation of county :  --Co. Durham//


Words: coach
Meaning:
W3S3   n   football, T-shirt, whistle//  ----------//\n   1 sport:\n   2 help for exam:\n   3 bus:\n   4 train:\n   5 horses:\n   6 in plane/train:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: coche, from  German kutsche, probably from  Hungarian kocsi (szeker)  ’carriage from Kocs’, from  Kocs village in Hungary;]//  [Sense: 1-2; Origin:  because a trainer  ’drives’ students through their tests]//\n  1 SPORT:   [C] someone who trains a person or team in a sport//  --a tennis coach//  --the Norwegian national coach//\n  2 HELP FOR EXAM:   [C]  especially BrE someone who gives private lessons to someone in a particular subject, especially so that they can pass an examination//\n  3 BUS:   [C]  BrE a bus with comfortable seats used for long journeys//  American Equivalent:  bus//  by coach//  --We went to Paris by coach.//  on a coach//  --She’s going to Grimsby on a coach.//  --a coach trip to Scotland//  --The restaurant was full of coach parties  (=groups of people travelling together on a coach) .//\n  4 TRAIN:   [C]  BrE one of the parts of the train in which the passengers sit//  American Equivalent:  car//\n  5 HORSES:   [C] a large carriage pulled by horses and used in the past for carrying passengers//\n  6 IN PLANE/TRAIN:   [U]  AmE the cheapest type of seats on a plane or train//  --We flew coach out to Atlanta.//\ncoach 2 v [T] \n  1 to teach a person or team the skills they need for a sport:   train//    coaching//  --Nigel coaches a cricket team in his spare time.//\n  2  especially BrE to give someone private lessons in a particular subject, especially so that they can pass an important test:    coaching//  coach sb in/for sth//  --The child was coached for stardom by her mother.//\n  3 to help someone prepare what they should say or do in a particular situation - used to show disapproval:    coaching//  coach sb in/on sth//  --The girl must have been carefully coached in what to say in court.//


Words: coach house
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a building, similar to a garage, used in the past in Britain for storing a carriage which was pulled by horses//


Words: coach station
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   the place where people begin or end their journeys on buses that travel a long distance//  American Equivalent:  bus station//


Words: coaching
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a process in which you teach a person or team the skills they need for a sport:    coach//  tennis/football/rugby etc coaching //  --a coaching session with one of England’s leading boxers//\n  2 the process of helping someone prepare for an important test or prepare what they should say or do in a particular situation:    coach//


Words: coaching inn
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a small hotel in Britain used in the past by people travelling in carriages pulled by horses//


Words: coachload
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a group of people travelling in a coach, especially when it is full//  coachload of//  --coachloads of Japanese tourists//


Words: coagulate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  coagulare, from  cogere;   COGENT]//  if a liquid coagulates, or something coagulates it, it becomes thick and almost solid//  --Blood had coagulated around the wound.//  -- coagulation/k[hA353][hA35E][zB024]gj[hA36A]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ ko[hA35E]-/ n  [U] //


Words: coal
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Language: Old English; Origin: col]//\n  1 [U] a hard black mineral which is dug out of the ground and burnt to produce heat:  --Put some coal on the fire.//  --the coal mining industry//  --a lump of coal//\n  2 [C usually plural] a piece of coal, especially one that is burning:  --Red hot coals glowed in the grate.//\n  3 [C usually plural]  AmE a piece of wood or coal that is burning:    charcoal//  --Grill over hot coals for four to five minutes.//\n  4  carry/take coals to Newcastle:   BrE to take something to a place where there is already plenty of it available//\n  5  haul/rake/drag sb over the coals:  to speak angrily to someone because they have done something wrong//


Words: coal gas
Meaning:
n [U]   gas produced by burning coal, used especially for electricity and heating//    natural gas//


Words: coal mine
Meaning:
also coal pit  BrE n [C]   a place from which coal is dug out of the ground//  -- coal miner n  [C] //


Words: coal tar
Meaning:
n [U]   a thick black sticky liquid made by heating coal without air, from which many drugs and chemical products are made//  --coal tar soap//


Words: coalesce
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: coalescere, from  co- (  CO-) +  alescere  ’to grow’]//  if objects or ideas coalesce, they combine to form one single group//  coalesce into/with//  --Gradually the different groups of people coalesced into one dominant racial group.//  -- coalescence n  [U] //


Words: coalface
Meaning:
n  BrE \n  1 [C] the part of a coal mine where the coal is cut from the ground:\n  2  at the coalface:  where the real work is done, not just talked about//  --Academics will be working at the coalface alongside the doctors.//


Words: coalition
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Latin coalitus, past participle of  coalescere;   COALESCE]//\n  1 [C] a union of two or more political parties that allows them to form a government or fight an election together:  coalition of//  --a coalition of democratic forces//  --the centre-right coalition government //  --an emergency meeting of the three coalition parties //\n  2 [C] a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one:  coalition of//  --a coalition of environmental groups//\n  3 [U] a process in which two or more political parties or groups join together:  --He hoped to convert his party members to a belief in coalition.//  in coalition with sb//  --He was working in coalition with other Unionist leaders.//


Words: coarse
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  course  ’(ordinary) way (of things)’]//\n  1 having a rough surface that feels slightly hard:   rough//  → smooth//  --a jacket of coarse wool//\n  2 consisting of threads or parts that are thick or large:  → fine//  --The coarse sand was hot and rough under her feet.//  --tufts of coarse grass//\n  3 talking in a rude and offensive way, especially about sex:   crude//  --coarse jokes//  -- coarsely adv //  --coarsely ground black pepper//  -- coarseness n  [U] //


Words: coarsen
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 to become thicker or rougher, or to make something thicker or rougher:  --Hard work had coarsened his hands.//\n  2 to become or to make someone become less polite in the way they talk or behave:  --He’s been coarsened by his experience of war.//


Words: coast
Meaning:
W3S3   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: coste, from  Latin costa  ’rib, side’]//\n  1 [C] the area where the land meets the sea:    coastal//  coast of//  --the west coast of Africa//  --We drove along the Pacific coast to Seattle.//  on the coast//  --I used to live in a small village on the coast (=on the land near the sea) .//  off the coast//  --a small island off the coast (=in the sea near the land) of Scotland//  --the first European to cross Africa coast to coast //  --a deserted stretch of coast //\n  2  the coast is clear:   informal if the coast is clear, it is safe for you to do something without being seen or caught//\ncoast 2 v [I] \n  1 [usually + adverb/preposition] if a car or bicycle coasts, it moves without any effort from you or any power from the engine:  coast down/around/along etc//  --Bev coasted downhill on her bicycle.//\n  2 to not try very hard to do something well - used to show disapproval:  --Janey’s teacher says she’s just coasting at school.//\n  3 to be successful at something without much effort:  --They scored three goals in the first half and from then on United were coasting.//  coast to/through//  --The Ugandan relay team are coasting to victory .//\n  4 to sail along the coast while staying close to land:


Words: Coast Guard
Meaning:
n   the Coast Guard//  a military organization in the US that is in charge of watching for ships in danger and preventing illegal activities in the ocean//


Words: coastal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   in the sea or on the land near the coast//  --the coastal waters of Britain//  --the coastal path //


Words: coaster
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a small thin object on which you put a glass, or cup, to protect a table from heat or liquids:\n  2 a ship that sails from port to port along a coast, but does not go further out to sea:    roller coaster//


Words: coastguard
Meaning:
n \n  1  the Coastguard [also + plural verb British English] the organization that helps swimmers and ships that are in danger and helps to prevent illegal activities around the coast:  --the Coastguard station at Stornoway//  --Contact the Coastguard immediately if you see a boat in trouble.//\n  2 [C]  BrE a member of this organization:


Words: coastline
Meaning:
n [C]   the land on the edge of the coast, especially the shape of this land as seen from the air//  --California’s rugged coastline //  --a beautiful stretch of coastline //  along/around the coastline//  --the sandy hills along the coastline of New England//


Words: coat
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: cote]//\n  1 a piece of clothing with long sleeves that is worn over your clothes to protect them or to keep you warm:  --Billy! Put your coat on , it’s cold outside!//  --The kids took off their coats and threw them on the floor.//  --I need a new winter coat .//  --The lab assistants wear long white coats.//    morning coat//\n  2  AmE a jacket that you wear as part of a suit:   jacket//\n  3 the fur, wool, or hair that covers an animal’s body:  --a dog with a glossy coat//\n  4 a thin layer of a paint or other substance that you spread thinly over the surface of something:  coat of//  --He applied a light coat of varnish.//    cut your coat according to your cloth at cut1 (43)//\ncoat 2 v [T]   to cover something with a thin layer of something else//  --A layer of snow coated the trees.//  coat sth with/in sth//  --Next, coat the fish with breadcrumbs.//


Words: coat check
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a place in a public building where you can leave your coat while you are in the building//  British Equivalent:  cloakroom//


Words: coat of arms plural
Meaning:
coats of arms  n [C]   a set of pictures or patterns painted on a shield and used as the special sign of a family, town, university etc//


Words: coating
Meaning:
n [C]   a thin layer of something that covers a surface//  coating of//  --a fine coating of dust//  --The tent has a waterproof coating on both sides.//


Words: coattails
Meaning:
n [plural] \n  1 if you achieve something on someone’s coattails, you achieve it because of the other person’s power or success:  on sb’s coattails//  --A number of Republican congressmen were elected on Bush’s coattails.//\n  2 the cloth at the back of a tailcoat that is divided into two pieces:


Words: coax
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: cokes  ’stupid person’ (16-17 centuries)]//\n  1 to persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do by talking to them in a kind, gentle, and patient way:  --’Please, Vic, come with us,’ Nancy coaxed.//  coax sb into/out of (doing) sth//  --We had to coax Alan into going to school.//  coax sb to do sth//  --We watched the bear coax its cubs to enter the water.//  coax sb down/out/back etc//  --Firefighters managed to coax the man down from the roof.//\n  2 to make something such as a machine do something by dealing with it in a slow, patient, and careful way:  coax sth out of/from/into etc sth//  --He coaxed a fire out of some dry grass and twigs.//  --The driver coaxed his bus through the snow.//  -- coaxing n  [U] //  --She needs a bit of gentle coaxing.//  -- coaxingly adv //  coax out of/from [coax sth out of/from sb] phr v//  to persuade someone to tell you something or give you something//  --I managed to coax some money out of Dad.//


Words: cob
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: cob  ’big man, leader’ (15-19 centuries)]//\n  1 a corncob:    corn on the cob//\n  2  BrE a round loaf of bread:\n  3 a type of horse that is strong and has short legs:\n  4 a male swan:


Words: cobalt
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: German; Origin: kobalt, from  kobold  ’goblin’; because goblins were thought to mix it in with silver found in the ground]//\n  1 a shiny silver-white metal that is often combined with other metals or used to give a blue colour to substances such as glass. It is a chemical element: symbol Co:\n  2  also cobalt blue :  a bright blue-green colour//  -- cobalt adj //


Words: cobble
Meaning:
v [T]  old-fashioned   [Sense: 1; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  COBBLER2]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  COBBLE2]//\n  1 to repair or make shoes:\n  2 to put cobblestones on a street:  cobble together [cobble sth → together] phr v//  to quickly produce or make something that is useful but not perfect//  --The diplomats cobbled an agreement together.//  --She cobbled together a tent from a few pieces of string and a sheet.//\ncobble 2 n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: cobblestone]//  a cobblestone//


Words: Cobbleigh
Meaning:
old Uncle Tom Cobbleigh and all //  a line from an old British song about a large group of people who do things together. The people are all listed by name, and the list ends with the words "old Uncle Tom Cobbleigh and all". The phrase is now used to say that every possible person was present or involved in something.//


Words: cobbler
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] cooked fruit covered with a sweet bread-like mixture:  --peach cobbler//\n  2 [C]  old-fashioned someone who makes and repairs shoes:\n  3  cobblers:   [plural]  BrE  spoken  informal nonsense//  --I’ve never heard such a load of old cobblers in my life!//


Words: cobblestone
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  From an unrecorded  cobel  ’small piece’ (from  cob) +  stone]//  a small round stone set in the ground, especially in the past, to make a hard surface for a road//


Words: cobra
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Portuguese; Origin: cobra (de capello)  ’snake with a hood’, from  Latin colubra  ’snake’]//  a poisonous African or Asian snake that can spread the skin of its neck to make itself look bigger//


Words: cobweb
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: cop  ’spider’ (14-15 centuries) (from  Old English atorcoppe  ’spider’) +  web]//\n  1 a net of sticky threads made by a spider to catch insects, that is inside a building and has not been removed:\n  2  blow/clear the cobwebs away:  to do something, especially go outside, in order to help yourself to think more clearly and feel better//  --A brisk walk will soon blow the cobwebs away.//  -- cobwebbed adj //


Words: coca
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Spanish; Origin: Quechua kuka]//  a South American bush whose leaves are used to make the drug cocaine//


Words: cocaine
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: coca]//  a drug, usually in the form of a white powder, that is taken illegally for pleasure or used in some medical situations to prevent pain//    crack2 (7)//


Words: coccyx
Meaning:
n   plural  coccyxes  or  coccyges /k[hA361]ksa[hA366]d[hA360]i[hA359]z $ k[hA35A][hA359]ks[hA369]-/ [C]  technical //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek kokkyx  ’cuckoo’; because it looks like a cuckoo’s beak]//  the small bone at the bottom of your spine//   tailbone//


Words: cochineal
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: cochenille, from  Old Spanish cochinilla  ’small insect from which cochineal is obtained’]//  a substance used to give food a red colour//


Words: Cochise
Meaning:
(?1815-74) a  Native American chief of the  Apaches who fought against US soldiers from 1861 to 1872 in order to prevent them taking land from his people//


Words: cochlea
Meaning:
n   plural  cochleas  or  cochleae /-li-a[hA366]/ [C]  technical //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’(shell of) a snail’, from  Greek kochlias, from  kochlos  ’snail’; because of its shape]//  a part of the inner ear//


Words: cock
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 chicken:\n   2 male bird:\n   3 sex organ:\n   4 cock and bull story:\n   5 object that controls flow:\n   6 man:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: cocc  ’male chicken’]//\n  1 CHICKEN:  an adult male chicken//  British Equivalent:  rooster//    hen//  --A cock crowed in the distance.//\n  2 MALE BIRD:   especially BrE an adult male bird of any kind//  --A cock pheasant rose from the hill in front of me.//\n  3 SEX ORGAN:   informal  not polite a penis//\n  4  cock and bull story:   BrE a story or excuse that is silly and unlikely but is told as if it were true//  --a cock and bull story about the dog eating her homework//\n  5 OBJECT THAT CONTROLS FLOW:  something that controls the flow of liquid or gas out of a pipe or container//   tap//    ballcock,  stopcock//\n  6 MAN:   BrE  old-fashioned used by some people when talking to a man they know well//    half cocked//\ncock 2 v [T] \n  1 to lift a part of your body, or hold a part of your body at an angle:  --She cocked her head and considered the offer.//  --He cocked a quizzical eyebrow at her.//\n  2 to pull back the hammer of a gun so that it is ready to be fired:\n  3 to move your hat so that it is at an angle:\n  4  cock an ear/eye:  to listen or look very carefully//  --The little dog looked up and cocked its ears.//\n  5  cock a snook at sb/sth:   BrE  informal to show clearly that you do not respect someone or something//  --He has always tried to cock a snook at authority.//  cock up [cock sth → up] phr v//  to spoil something by making a stupid mistake or doing it badly//  --His secretary cocked up his travelling schedule and he’s furious about it.//    cock-up//


Words: cock fight
Meaning:
n [C]   an occasion when two male chickens are made to fight as a sport//  -- cockfighting n  [U] //


Words: cock-a-doodle-doo
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  From the sound]//  the loud sound made by an adult male chicken//


Words: cock-a-hoop
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  BrE   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: set the cock on the hoop  ’to celebrate’ (16-17 centuries)]//  pleased and excited about something, especially something you have done//  cock-a-hoop at/about/over//  --Robert’s cock-a-hoop about his new job.//


Words: cock-eyed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 unlikely to succeed:  --The whole idea is completely cock-eyed.//\n  2 not straight but set at an angle:  --I think you put that shelf up cock-eyed.//


Words: cock-up
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  spoken  informal   something that has been spoiled by someone’s stupid mistake or by being done badly//  --He’s made a monumental cock-up of his first assignment.//  cock-up over//  --There’s been a cock-up over the tickets for the football on Saturday.//


Words: cockade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: cocarde, from  cocard  ’too proud of yourself’, from  coq  ’male chicken’, from  Old French coc]//  a small piece of cloth used as a decoration on a hat to show rank, membership of a club etc//


Words: cockamamie
Meaning:
adj  AmE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from  decalcomania]//  a cockamamie story or excuse is not believable or does not make sense//  --What cockamamie idea will he think up next?//


Words: cockatoo
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Dutch; Origin: kaketoe, from  Malay kakatua, from  kakak  ’older brother or sister’ +  tua  ’old’]//  an Australian parrot with a lot of feathers on the top of its head//


Words: cocked hat
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1  knock/beat sb/sth into a cocked hat:  to be a lot better than someone or something else//  --My mother is such a good cook she knocks everybody else into a cocked hat.//\n  2 a hat with the edges turned up on three sides, worn in the past:


Words: cocker spaniel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: cocking  ’bird-shooting’]//  a dog with long ears and long silky fur//


Words: cockerel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French dialect; Origin: kokerel, from  Old French coc;   COCKADE]//  a young male chicken//


Words: cockle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: coquille  ’shell’, from  Latin conchylia, from  Greek, from  konche;   CONCH]//\n  1 a common European shellfish that is used for food:\n  2  warm the cockles of sb’s heart:   especially BrE to make someone feel happy and full of good feelings towards other people//  --Seeing her new baby just warms the cockles of your heart.//


Words: cockney
Meaning:
Cockney/k[hA361]kni $ k[hA35A][hA359]k-/ n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: cockney  ’male chicken’s egg, child treated too well, person who lives in a town’ (14-19 centuries), from  cocken  ’of cocks’ +  ey  ’egg’ (11-16 centuries) (from  Old English [zB024]g)]//\n  1 [C] someone who comes from the east part of London, and who has a particular way of speaking which is typical of working class people who live there:\n  2 [U] a way of speaking English that is typical of working class people in the east part of London:  -- cockney adj //  --She has a broad cockney accent.//


Words: cockpit
Meaning:
n [C]   cockpit, wing, tail//\n  1 the area in a plane, small boat, or racing car where the pilot or driver sits:    aircraft,  yacht//\n  2 a small enclosed area where cock fights took place in the past:


Words: cockroach
Meaning:
n  also roach  AmE [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Spanish; Origin: cucaracha, from  cuca  ’caterpillar’]//  a large black or brown insect that lives in dirty houses, especially if they are warm and there is food to eat//


Words: cocksure
Meaning:
adj  old-fashioned   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: cock word used to avoid saying  ’God’ (14-19 centuries) +  sure]//  too confident of your abilities or knowledge, in a way that is annoying to other people//  --He seemed rather too cocksure for my liking.//


Words: cocktail
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  cocktail  ’horse with a tail cut short so that it looks like a male chicken’s, horse of mixed breed (with such a tail), mixture’ (1800-1900)]//\n  1 an alcoholic drink made from a mixture of different drinks:\n  2  seafood/prawn/lobster cocktail:  small pieces of fish, prawns, or lobster served cold with a sauce and eaten as the first part of a meal//\n  3  fruit cocktail:  a mixture of small pieces of fruit//\n  4 a mixture of several things which is dangerous, unpleasant, confusing, or exciting:  cocktail of//  --a lethal cocktail of painkillers and whisky//  --The book contains a powerful cocktail of romance, family crises and big business.//    Molotov cocktail//


Words: cocktail party
Meaning:
n [C]   a party, usually in the early evening, at which alcoholic drinks are served and for which people usually dress formally//


Words: cocky
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  COCK12]//  too confident about yourself and your abilities, especially in a way that annoys other people//  --He’s a cocky little man and I don’t like him.//  -- cockily adv //  -- cockiness n  [U] //


Words: cocoa
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: cacao]//\n  1  also cocoa powder :  a brown powder made from cocoa beans, used to make chocolate and to give a chocolate taste to foods//\n  2 a sweet hot drink made with cocoa powder, sugar, and milk or water:  --a cup of cocoa//


Words: coconut
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: coco  ’coconut’ (16-18 centuries) (from  Portuguese,  ’grinning face’; because the bottom of a coconut, with its three spots, looks like a face) +  nut]//\n  1 [C] the large brown seed of a tropical tree, which has a hard shell containing white flesh that you can eat and a milky liquid that you can drink:  --large tropical gardens of coconut palms//\n  2 [U] the white flesh of a coconut, often used in cooking:  --desiccated coconut (=dried coconut) //


Words: coconut matting
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   a rough material used to cover floors that is made from the fibres covering a coconut shell//


Words: coconut shy plural
Meaning:
coconut shies  n [C]  BrE   an outdoor game in which you try to knock coconuts off posts by throwing balls at them//


Words: cocoon
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: cocon, from  Proven[hA168]al, from  coco  ’shell’]//\n  1 a silk cover that young moths and other insects make to protect themselves while they are growing:\n  2 something that wraps around you completely, especially to protect you:  cocoon of//  --The baby peered out of its cocoon of blankets.//\n  3 a place or situation in which you feel comfortable and safe, and are protected from anything unpleasant:  cocoon of//  --She was surrounded by the cocoon of a loving family.//\ncocoon 2 v [T usually passive]   to protect or surround someone or something completely, especially so that they feel safe//  be cocooned in sth//  --She was cocooned in a reassuring network of friends and relatives.//  --Usually she lay for ages cocooned in her warm bed.//  -- cocooned adj //  --a rich, cocooned existence//


Words: Cocteau
Meaning:
Jean   (1889-1963) a French writer and film  director, who was an important member of the  surrealist movement. His work includes the films  Orphee (1950) and  Les Enfants Terribles (1950), and the play  La Machine Infernale (1934).//


Words: COD
Meaning:
BrE  C.O.D. AmE   n [U]   cash on delivery a payment system in which the customer pays the person who delivers the goods to them//


Words: cod
Meaning:
n   plural  cod //  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old English codd  ’bag’; because of its appearance]//\n  1 [C] a large sea fish that lives in the North Atlantic:\n  2 [U] the white flesh of a cod, eaten as food:  --Two cod fillets, please.//\ncod 2 adj [only before noun]  BrE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: cod  ’to play a trick on’ (19-20 centuries), perhaps from  cod  ’a stupid person’ (19-20 centuries)]//  not real, but intended to look or sound real - often used humorously//  --a cod English accent//


Words: cod-liver oil
Meaning:
n [U]   a yellow oil from a fish that contains a lot of substances that are important for good health//


Words: coda
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Italian; Origin: Latin cauda  ’tail’]//\n  1 an additional separate part at the end of a piece of music:\n  2 a separate piece of writing at the end of a work of literature or a speech:


Words: coddle
Meaning:
v [T]   to treat someone in a way that is too kind and gentle and that protects them from pain or difficulty//  --Don’t coddle the child - he’s fine!//


Words: code
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 laws/behaviour:\n   2 secret message:\n   3 symbols giving information:\n   4 telephones:\n   5 computers:\n   6 sounds/signals:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin codex;   CODEX]//\n  1 LAWS/BEHAVIOUR:   [C] a set of rules, laws, or principles that tell people how to behave//  --The Torah is the basis for all the Jewish laws and their moral code .//  --Each state in the US has a different criminal and civil code.//  --The judge ruled that there had been no breach of the code .//  --There were plans to introduce a dress code  (=rules about what to wear) for civil servants.//  code of conduct/behaviour/ethics //  --the strict code of conduct that is so much a part of karate//  code of practice (=a set of rules that people in a particular business or profession agree to obey) //  --The Textile Services Association has drawn up a code of practice endorsed by the Office of Fair Trading.//    Highway Code,  penal code//\n  2 SECRET MESSAGE:   [U and C] a system of words, letters, or symbols that you use instead of ordinary writing, so that the information can only be understood by someone else who knows the system//  in code//  --All reports must be sent in code.//  break/crack a code (=manage to understand a code) //  --They didn’t realise that we’d broken their secret code.//\n  3 SYMBOLS GIVING INFORMATION:   [C] a set of numbers, letters, or symbols that shows what something is or gives information about it//  --Goods that you order must have a product code.//  --Every item found on the archaeological dig is given a code number .//    bar code,  genetic code,  postcode,  zip code//\n  4 TELEPHONES:   also dialling code //   , STD code //   BrE  [C] the group of numbers that comes before a telephone number when you are calling from a different area//  American Equivalent:  area code//  --What’s the code for Aberdeen?//\n  5 COMPUTERS:   [U and C] a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do//    machine code,  source code//\n  6 SOUNDS/SIGNALS:   [C] a system of sounds or signals that represent words or letters when they are sent by machine//    Morse code//\ncode 2 v [T usually passive] \n  1 to put a set of numbers, letters, or symbols on something to show what it is or give information about it:  --Each path is coded to show the level of difficulty.//\n  2 to put a message into code so that it is secret:


Words: code name
Meaning:
n [C]   a name that is used to keep someone’s or something’s real name a secret//  -- code-name v  [T] //  --a crime busting operation code-named Jeeves//


Words: code word
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a word or phrase that is given a different meaning to its usual meaning, so that it can be used to communicate something secretly:\n  2 a word or expression that you use instead of a more direct one when you want to avoid shocking someone:  code word for//  --’Lively discussion’ is a code word for ’arguing’.//


Words: code-sharing
Meaning:
n [U]   when two airline companies sell tickets together and use the same numbers for their flights//


Words: coded
Meaning:
adj \n  1 coded information uses a system of words, letters or symbols instead of ordinary writing so that it can only be understood by someone else who knows the system:  --He sent a coded message to CIA headquarters.//\n  2 having a set of numbers, letters, or symbols to show what something is or give information about it:  --The wires are colour coded for easy identification.//\n  3 coded language expresses your opinion in an indirect way because it will probably offend someone:  --They voiced their criticism in coded statements.//\n  4  technical coded sounds or signals can only be understood by special machines:  --coded signals broadcast by the BBC radio transmitters//


Words: codeine
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: codeine, from  Greek kodeia  ’seed case of a poppy’; because it is made from a drug obtained from poppies]//  a drug used to stop pain//


Words: codex
Meaning:
n   plural  codices /-d[hA369]si[hA359]z/ [C]  technical //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’main part of a tree, piece of wood for writing on, book’]//  an ancient book written by hand//  --a sixth-century codex//


Words: codger
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  cadger;   CADGE]//  old codger//   informal  not polite an offensive word for an old man//


Words: codicil
Meaning:
n [C]  law   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: codicillus, from  codex;   CODEX]//  a document making a change or addition to a will (=a legal document saying who you want your money and property to go to when you die) //


Words: codify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  codified present participle  codifying third person singular  codifies  [T] //  to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system//  -- codification/k[hA353][hA35E]d[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ k[hA35A][hA359]-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: coding
Meaning:
n [U]   a system of marking something with letters, symbols etc so that facts about it can be understood by someone who knows the system//  --Most petrol stations use colour coding for different types of petrol.//  --A coding system is used to record what is found and when.//


Words: codpiece
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: cod  ’bag, scrotum’ (11-19 centuries) (from  Old English codd) +  piece]//  a piece of coloured cloth worn by men in the 15th and 16th centuries to cover the opening in the front of their trousers//


Words: codswallop
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  cods  ’testicles’ (from  Old English codd  ’bag’) +   WALLOP]//  nonsense//  --What a load of codswallop! //


Words: coed
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: coeducational]//\n  1 using a system in which students of both sexes are educated together:  --The university became coed in 1967.//\n  2  AmE a coed place, team etc is used by or includes people of both sexes:  British Equivalent:  mixed//\ncoed 2 n [C]  AmE  old-fashioned   a woman student at a university//


Words: coefficient
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: coefficiens, from  Latin co- (  CO-) +  efficiens (  EFFICIENT)]//  the number by which an unknown quantity is multiplied//  --In 8pq, the coefficient of pq is 8.//


Words: coerce
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: coercere, from  co- (  CO-) +  arcere  ’to enclose’]//  to force someone to do something they do not want to do by threatening them//  coerce sb into (doing) sth//  --The rebels coerced the villagers into hiding them from the army.//


Words: coercion
Meaning:
n [U]   the use of threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do//  --The defendant explained that he had been acting under coercion.//


Words: coercive
Meaning:
adj  formal   using threats or orders to make someone do something they do not want to do//  --coercive measures to reduce absenteeism//  -- coercively adv //


Words: coexist
Meaning:
v [I]   if two different things coexist, they exist at the same time or in the same place//  coexist with//  --great wealth coexisting with extreme poverty//


Words: coexistence
Meaning:
n [U]   when two different things or groups of people exist together at the same time or in the same place//  coexistence of//  --the coexistence of two systems of measurement//  --over fifty years of peaceful coexistence //


Words: coffee
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: caff[hA169], from  Turkish kahve, from  Arabic qahwa]//\n  1 [U] a hot dark brown drink that has a slightly bitter taste:  --Do you want a cup of coffee?//  --Do you like your coffee white  (=with milk) or black  (=without milk) ?//\n  2 [U and C] a cup of coffee:  --Who wants a coffee?//  over coffee//  --dinner guests chatting over coffee (=while drinking coffee) //    decaffeinated//\n  3 [U] whole coffee beans, crushed coffee beans, or a powder to which you add water to make coffee:  --a jar of coffee//  -- instant coffee  (=powdered coffee) //  --I haven’t got any real coffee  (=coffee beans) at the moment.//\n  4 [U] a light brown colour:    wake up and smell the coffee at wake up(3)//


Words: coffee bar
Meaning:
n [C]   a small restaurant that serves coffee and other non-alcoholic drinks, sandwiches, cakes etc//    coffee shop//


Words: coffee break
Meaning:
n [C]   a short time when you stop working to have a cup of coffee//  British Equivalent:  tea break//


Words: coffee morning
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a social occasion when a group of people meet in the morning to talk and drink coffee, and usually give money to help a church or another organization//


Words: coffee shop
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  AmE a restaurant that serves cheap meals:\n  2  BrE a place in a large shop or a hotel that serves meals and non-alcoholic drinks:


Words: coffee table book
Meaning:
n [C]   a large expensive book that has a lot of pictures in it and is meant to be looked at rather than read//


Words: coffer
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: coffre, from  Latin cophinus;   COFFIN]//\n  1  sb’s coffers:  the money that an organization, government etc has available to spend//  --The money from the exhibition should swell the hospital’s coffers a little.//\n  2 a large strong box used to hold valuable or religious objects:


Words: coffin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: cophin, from  Latin cophinus  ’basket’, from  Greek kophinos]//  a long box in which a dead person is buried or burnt//  American Equivalent:  casket//    a nail in sb’s/sth’s coffin at nail1 (3)//


Words: cog
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  From a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 a wheel with small bits sticking out around the edge that fit together with the bits of another wheel as they turn around in a machine:\n  2 one of the small bits that stick out on a cog:\n  3  a cog in the machine/wheel:  someone who only has a small unimportant job in a large business or organization//


Words: cogent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  cogere  ’to drive together, collect’, from  co- (  CO-) +  agere  ’to drive’]//  if a statement is cogent, it seems reasonable and correct//  cogent argument/reason/case etc //  --a cogent argument for banning the drug//  -- cogently adv //  -- cogency n  [U] //


Words: cogitate
Meaning:
on]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  cogitare, from  co- (  CO-) +  agitare (  AGITATE)]//   formal to think carefully and seriously about something//  -- cogitation/k[hA361]d[hA360][hA369]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ k[hA35A][hA359]-/ n  [U] //


Words: cognac
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Cognac town in western France]//  a kind of brandy (=strong alcoholic drink)  made in France, or a glass of this drink//


Words: cognate
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: cognatus, from  co- (  CO-) +  gnatus  ’born’]//  cognate words or languages have the same origin//\ncognate 2 n [C]  technical   a word in one language that has the same origin as a word in another language//  --The German ’Hund’ is a cognate of the English ’hound’.//


Words: cognition
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: cognitio, from  cognoscere  ’to be familiar with, know’, from  co- (  CO-) +  gnoscere  ’to come to know’]//   formal the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something//  --the regions of the brain that are responsible for memory and cognition//


Words: cognitive
Meaning:
adj  formal   related to the process of knowing, understanding, and learning something//  --cognitive psychology//  -- cognitively adv //


Words: cognizance
Meaning:
cognisance/k[hA361]gn[hA369]z[hA368]ns $ k[hA35A][hA359]g-/ n [U]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: conoissance, from  conoistre  ’to know’, from  Latin cognoscere;   COGNITION]//\n  1 knowledge or understanding of something:\n  2  take cognizance of sth:  to understand something and consider it when you take action or make a decision//


Words: cognizant
Meaning:
cognisant/k[hA361]gn[hA369]z[hA368]nt $ k[hA35A][hA359]g-/ adj [not before noun]  formal   if someone is cognizant of something, they know about it and understand it//  cognizant of//  --He was cognizant of the peculiarities of the case.//


Words: cognoscenti
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Early  Italian, from  Latin cognoscere;   COGNITION]//  the cognoscenti//   formal people who have special knowledge about a particular subject, especially art, literature, or food//


Words: cohabit
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: cohabitare, from  Latin co- (  CO-) +  habitare (  HABITATION)]//  to live with another person and have a sexual relationship with them without being married//  -- cohabitation/k[hA353][hA35E]h[zB024]b[hA369]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ ko[hA35E]-/ n  [U] //


Words: Cohan
Meaning:
George M.   (1878-1942) a US actor, writer, and songwriter, who wrote several musical plays and many well-known songs, including  Give My Regards to Broadway and  I’m a Yankee Doodle Dandy//


Words: cohere
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: cohaerere, from  co- (  CO-) +  haerere  ’to stick’]//\n  1 if ideas, arguments, beliefs, statements etc cohere, they are connected in a clear and reasonable way:    coherent//  --All the details are there and are correct but they don’t cohere.//\n  2 if two objects cohere, they stick together:


Words: coherence
Meaning:
[U] \n  1 when something such as a piece of writing is easy to understand because its parts are connected in a clear and reasonable way:  --An overall theme will help to give your essay coherence.//  --He had a coherence of outlook and thought.//\n  2 if a group has coherence, its members are connected or united because they share common aims, qualities, or beliefs:  --A common religion ensures the coherence of the tribe.//


Words: coherent
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if a piece of writing, set of ideas etc is coherent, it is easy to understand because it is clear and reasonable:  --The three years of the course are planned as a coherent whole.//  --a coherent account of the incident//\n  2 if someone is coherent, they are talking in a way that is clear and easy to understand:  --He sounded coherent, but he was too ill to have any idea what he was saying.//\n  3 if a group is coherent, its members are connected or united because they share common aims, qualities, or beliefs:  --They were never a coherent group.//  -- coherently adv //  --She could not think coherently.//


Words: cohesion
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: cohaesus, past participle of  cohaerere;   COHERE]//\n  1 if there is cohesion among a group of people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts or members of it are connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole:  --a sense of community and social cohesion//\n  2  technical a close relationship, based on grammar or meaning, between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of writing:


Words: cohesive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole:  --a cohesive community//\n  2 uniting people or things:  --Historically, sport has been a cohesive force in international relations.//  -- cohesively adv //  -- cohesiveness n  [U] //


Words: cohort
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: cohors  ’enclosed place, people in an enclosure, unit of soldiers in the ancient Roman army’]//\n  1 someone’s cohorts are their friends who support them and stay loyal to them - used in order to show disapproval:  --Mark and his cohorts eventually emerged from the studio.//\n  2  technical a group of people of the same age, social class etc, especially when they are being studied:  --a cohort of 386 patients aged 65 plus//


Words: coiffure
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: coiffer  ’to arrange hair’, from  coife type of hat, from  Late Latin cofea]//   formal the way someone’s hair is arranged//   hairstyle//  -- coiffured or coiffed /kw[hA35A][hA359]ft///   adj //


Words: coil
Meaning:
v  also coil up  [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: coillir, %cuillir%  ’to gather’]//  to wind or twist into a series of rings, or to make something do this//  --The snake coiled around the branches of the tree.//  --Her long hair was coiled up in a plait at the top of her head.//  --He coiled the rope.//  -- coiled adj  [only before noun] //\ncoil 2 n [C]   1 a continuous series of circular rings into which something such as wire or rope has been wound or twisted//  coil of//  --a coil of rope//\n  2 one ring of wire, rope etc in a continuous series:\n  3 a wire or a metal tube in a continuous circular shape that produces light or heat when electricity is passed through it:  --the coil in a light bulb//\n  4 the part of a car engine that sends electricity to the spark plugs:\n  5 a contraceptive that is a flat curved piece of metal or plastic that is fitted inside a woman’s uterus:   IUD//


Words: coin
Meaning:
W3S3   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: ’three-sided piece, corner’, from  Latin cuneus;   CUNEIFORM]//\n  1 [C] a piece of metal, usually flat and round, that is used as money:    bill, note//\n  2  toss/flip a coin:  to choose or decide something by throwing a coin into the air and guessing which side of it will show when it falls//  --Let’s toss a coin to see who goes first.//\n  3  the other/opposite side of the coin:  a different or opposite way of thinking about something//  --Making the rules is only part of it. How the rules are carried out is the other side of the coin.//\n  4  two sides of the same coin:  two problems or situations that are so closely connected that they are really just two parts of the same thing//  --Great opportunity and great danger are two sides of the same coin.//\n  5 [U] money in the form of metal coins:\ncoin 2 v [T ] \n  1 to invent a new word or expression, especially one that many people start to use:  --The word ’aromatherapy’ was coined in the 1920s.//\n  2  to coin a phrase:   spoken said in a joking way when you use a very common expression, to show that you know it is used a lot//  --He’d thought the flight would never -- to coin a phrase -- get off the ground.//\n  3  coin money/coin it (in):   BrE  informal to earn a lot of money very quickly//  --BT at its profitable peak was coining it at the rate of [hA124]90 a second.//\n  4 to make pieces of money from metal:


Words: coinage
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the system or type of money used in a country:  --the gold coinage of the Roman empire//\n  2 [C] a word or phrase that has been recently invented:  --The phrase ’glass ceiling’ is a fairly recent coinage.//\n  3 [U] the invention of new words or phrases:\n  4 [U] the making of coins:


Words: coincide
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: coincidere, from  Latin co- (  CO-) +  incidere (  INCIDENT)]//\n  1 to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance:    coincidence//  coincide with//  --His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.//  --When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together.//  planned/timed/arranged to coincide //  --The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.//\n  2 [not in progressive] if two people’s ideas, opinions etc coincide, they are the same:    coincidence//  --The interests of the US and those of the islanders may not coincide.//  coincide with//  --The cloth had a natural look which coincided perfectly with the image Laura sought.//\n  3 to meet or be in the same place:  --The journey coincides in part with the Pennine Way.//


Words: coincidence
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual:    coincide, coincidental//  --’I’m going to Appleby tomorrow.’ ’ What a coincidence !I’m going up there too.’//  by coincidence//  --By coincidence, John and I both ended up at Yale.//  sheer/pure coincidence (=completely by chance) //  --I didn’t set out to find you - it’s sheer coincidence that I should walk along the same street.//  not a coincidence/more than coincidence //  --After the fourth attack on her car she was convinced that the vandalism was more than just coincidence.//  --It seemed to her a happy coincidence that Robert should invite her for the weekend.//\n  2 [singular]  formal when two ideas, opinions etc are the same:  coincidence of//  --a coincidence of interest between the mining companies and certain politicians//


Words: coincident
Meaning:
adj  formal   existing or happening at the same place or time//  coincident with//  --The rise of the novel was coincident with the decline of storytelling.//


Words: coincidental
Meaning:
adj   happening completely by chance without being planned//    coincidence//  purely/completely/entirely coincidental //  --Any similarity between this film and real events is purely coincidental.//  -- coincidentally adv  [sentence adverb] //  --We have become very profitable. Not coincidentally, we have only half as many employees as we did in 1988.//


Words: coinsurance
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE \n  1 a type of insurance in which the payment is split between two people, especially between an employer and a worker:  --health coinsurance//\n  2 insurance that will only pay for part of the value or cost of something:


Words: coinsure
Meaning:
v [T]  AmE   to buy or provide insurance in which the payment is split between two people, or insurance that will only pay for part of the value or cost of something//


Words: Cointreau
Meaning:
trademark   a type of colourless French  liqueur (=a sweet and very strong alcoholic drink) , which tastes of oranges//


Words: coir
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Tamil; Origin: kayivu  ’rope’]//  the rough material that covers the shell of a coconut, used for making mats, ropes etc//


Words: coitus
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  coire, from  co- (  CO-) +  ire  ’to go’]//   technical the act of having sex//   sexual intercourse//  -- coital adj //


Words: coke
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Coca (Cola)]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: cocaine]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Origin unknown]//\n  1  Coke [U and C]  trademark the drink Coca-Cola, or a bottle, can, or glass of this drink:\n  2 [U]  informal  cocaine:\n  3 [U] a solid black substance produced from coal and burned to provide heat:


Words: col
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin collum;   COLLAR1]//   technical a low point between two high places in a mountain range//\ncol 2   the written abbreviation of column //


Words: COLA
Meaning:
n   Cost of Living Adjustment in the US, an increase to people’s wages or  Social Security and  Welfare payments to prevent them being affected by  inflation (=the gradual rise in the price of goods etc) //


Words: cola
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Coca-Cola]//  a brown sweet soft drink or a bottle, can, or glass of this drink//  --a can of cola//


Words: colander
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Old Proven[hA168]al colador, from  Medieval Latin colatorium, from  Latin colare  ’to sieve’]//  a metal or plastic bowl with a lot of small holes in the bottom and sides, used to separate liquid from food//


Words: Colchester
Meaning:
a town in Essex, southeast England. It was the Roman capital of Britain and claims to be the oldest town in the UK. //


Words: cold
Meaning:
adj   comparative  colder superlative  coldest //  ----------//\n   1 objects/surfaces/liquids/rooms:\n   2 weather:\n   3 be/feel/look/get cold:\n   4 food:\n   5 lacking feeling:\n   6 get/have cold feet:\n   7 give somebody the cold shoulder:\n   8 light/colour:\n   9 in the cold light of day:\n  10 cold (hard) cash:\n  11 leave somebody cold:\n  12 take/need a cold shower:\n  13 somebody’s trail/scent is cold:\n  14 in games:\n  15 cold facts:\n  16 cold steel:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ceald,  cald]//\n  1 OBJECTS/SURFACES/LIQUIDS/ROOMS:  something that is cold has a low temperature//  → hot//    coldness//  --She splashed her face with cold water.//  --a blast of cold air//  --We slept on the cold ground.//  --The house felt cold and empty.//  ice/stone/freezing cold (=very cold) //  --The radiator is stone cold; isn’t the heating working?//  go/get cold (=become cold) //  --My tea’s gone cold.//  --Come and eat or your dinner will get cold!//\n  2 WEATHER:  when there is cold weather, the temperature of the air is very low//  → hot//    coldness//  --It was so cold this morning I had to scrape the ice off my windshield.//  --The day was bitterly cold .//  --The hut sheltered her from the cold wind.//  cold winter/evening/January etc //  --the coldest winter on record//  cold out/outside //  --It was raining and freezing cold outside.//  --The weather gets colder around the middle of October.//  turn/grow cold (=become cold or colder, especially suddenly) //  --The nights grew colder.//\n  3  be/feel/look/get cold:  if you are cold, your body is at a low temperature//  --Could you turn up the heater, I’m cold.//  --I feel so cold!//  --My feet are as cold as ice  (=very cold) .//\n  4 FOOD:  cold food is cooked but not eaten hot//  --a plate of cold meats//  --a cold buffet//  --Serve the potatoes cold.//\n  5 LACKING FEELING:  unfriendly or lacking normal human feelings such as sympathy, pity, humour etc//  → warm//    coldly, coldness//  --Martin was really cold towards me at the party.//  --His voice was sharp and cold as ice.//  --She gave him a cold stare.//  --a cold, calculated murder//\n  6  get/have cold feet:   informal to suddenly feel that you are not brave enough to do something you planned to do//  --The plan failed after sponsors got cold feet.//\n  7  give sb the cold shoulder:   informal to deliberately ignore someone or be unfriendly to them, especially because they have upset or offended you//\n  8 LIGHT/COLOUR:  a cold colour or light reminds you of things that are cold//  → warm//    coldness//  --the cold light of a fluorescent tube//\n  9  in the cold light of day:  in the morning, when you can think clearly or see something clearly//  --The house seemed less threatening in the cold light of day.//\n  10  cold (hard) cash:   AmE money in the form of paper money and coins rather than cheques or credit cards//\n  11  leave sb cold:  to not feel interested in or affected by something in any way//  --Opera left him cold.//\n  12  take/need a cold shower:  used humorously to say that someone is sexually excited and the cold water will stop them feeling that way//\n  13  sb’s trail/scent is cold:  used to say that you cannot find someone because it has been too long since they passed or lived in a particular place//  --The trail’s gone cold. I tracked the boy as far as the factory, but there it ended.//\n  14 IN GAMES:   [not before noun] used in children’s games, to say that someone is far away from the hidden object or answer they are trying to find//  --You’re getting colder!//\n  15  cold facts:  facts without anything added to make them more pleasant or interesting//  --Statistics can be merely cold facts.//\n  16  cold steel:   literary a weapon such as a knife or sword//    in cold blood at blood1 (3),  cold fish at fish1 (8),  blow hot and cold at blow1 (21),  cold comfort at comfort1 (7),  pour cold water over/on at pour(6),  a cold sweat at sweat2 (4)//\ncold 2 n \n  1 [C] a common illness that makes it difficult to breathe through your nose and often makes your throat hurt:  --I’ ve got a bad cold .//  --Keep your feet dry so you don’t catch a cold  (=become ill) .//    common cold//\n  2 [U]  also the cold :  a low temperature or cold weather//  --I was shivering with cold.//  --Don’t go out in the cold without your coat!//  you’ll catch your death of cold (=used to warn someone that they may become very ill if they do not keep themselves warm in cold weather)  BrE //\n  3  come in from the cold:  to become accepted or recognized, especially by a powerful group of people//\n  4  leave sb out in the cold:   informal to not include someone in an activity//  --He chose to favour us one at a time and the others were left out in the cold.//\ncold 3 adv \n  1  AmE suddenly and completely:  --Paul stopped cold. ’What was that noise?’//\n  2  out cold:   informal unconscious//  --He drank until he was out cold.//  --You were knocked out cold  (=hit on the head so that you became unconscious) .//\n  3 without preparation:  --I can’t just get up there and make a speech cold!//


Words: cold call
Meaning:
v [T]   to telephone or visit someone you have never met before and try to sell them something//  -- cold call n  [C] //  -- cold-calling n  [U] //


Words: cold comfort
Meaning:
n [U]   if something that is slightly positive is cold comfort to someone who is feeling very bad about a situation, it does not make them feel any better//  --The drop in the unemployment figures is cold comfort to those still looking for work.//


Words: Cold Comfort Farm
Meaning:
a humorous novel by Stella Gibbons about a farm in southern England, where the owners and workers are all crazy or very strange//


Words: cold frame
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a box-like structure with sides and a top made of glass or clear plastic, used for keeping young plants warm as they start to grow//


Words: cold fusion
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of nuclear fusion (=the joining together of the centre of two atoms, which releases energy)  which some scientists believe can happen at extremely low temperatures, but which other scientists believe is impossible//


Words: cold shoulder
Meaning:
n   (give sb/get) the cold shoulder//  to behave in an unfriendly way towards someone that you know//  -- cold shoulder v  [T] //


Words: cold storage
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 if you keep something such as food in cold storage, you keep it in a cold place so that it will stay fresh and in good condition:\n  2  put sth in cold storage:  to not do or use something such as a plan or idea until later in the future//  --He aims to please even if it means putting his principles in cold storage.//


Words: cold turkey
Meaning:
n [U]   an unpleasant physical condition suffered by people who stop taking a drug that they are addicted to//  --addicts who are made to go cold turkey //


Words: cold war n [singular
Meaning:
U] \n  1 an unfriendly political relationship between two countries who do not actually fight each other:\n  2  the Cold War:  this unfriendly relationship between the US and the Soviet Union after the Second World War//


Words: cold-blooded
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not showing or involving any emotions or pity for other people’s suffering:  --a cold-blooded killer //  -- cold-blooded murder //\n  2 a cold-blooded animal, such as a snake, has a body temperature that changes with the temperature of the air or ground around it:    warm-blooded//  -- cold-bloodedly adv //  -- cold-bloodedness n  [U] //


Words: cold-hearted
Meaning:
adj   behaving in a way that shows no pity or sympathy//  --I had no idea you could be so cold-hearted.//  -- cold-heartedly adv //  -- cold-heartedness n  [U] //


Words: Colditz
Meaning:
a castle in Germany in which prisoners-of-war were kept during World War II. Colditz was famous because it was very difficult to escape from.//


Words: coldly
Meaning:
adv   if you do something coldly, you do it without any emotion or warm feeling, making you seem unfriendly//    cold, coldness//  say/speak/reply etc coldly //  --’ Well, what can I do for you?’ he asked coldly.//  --Janine looked at her coldly.//


Words: coldness
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 when someone is unfriendly and does not show any warm feelings:  --There was a certain coldness about him.//\n  2 the state of being cold:  coldness of//  --the icy coldness of the water//


Words: Cole
Meaning:
Nat King   (1917-65) a US singer famous for his soft, smooth voice, and for his recordings of love songs such as  When I Fall in Love,  Unforgettable, and  Mona Lisa//\n Old King     Old King Cole//


Words: Coleridge
Meaning:
Samuel Taylor   (1772-1834) a British poet who wrote  The Rime of the  Ancient Mariner and  Kubla Khan. He and his friend William  Wordsworth were leaders of the  Romantic movement in Britain.//


Words: coleslaw
Meaning:
also  cole slaw AmE   n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Dutch; Origin: koolsla, from  kool  ’cabbage’ +  sla  ’salad’]//  a salad made with thinly cut raw cabbage//


Words: colic
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: colique, from  Latin colicus  ’colicky’, from  Greek, from  kolon;   COLON]//  if a baby has colic, it has severe pain in its stomach and  bowels//  -- colicky adj //


Words: colitis
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: colon +  -itis]//  an illness in which part of your colon swells, causing pain//


Words: collaborate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  collaborare, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  laborare  ’to work’]//\n  1 to work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in science or art:    collaborator//  collaborate on//  --The two nations are collaborating on several satellite projects.//  collaborate with//  --During the late seventies, he collaborated with the legendary Muddy Waters.//  collaborate to do sth//  --Researchers are collaborating to develop the vaccine.//  collaborate in (doing) sth//  --Elephants collaborate in looking after their young.//\n  2 to help a country that your country is fighting a war with, especially one that has taken control of your country:    collaborator//  collaborate with//  --Vigilantes began combing the city for anyone known to have collaborated with the enemy.//


Words: collaboration
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] when you work together with another person or group to achieve something, especially in science or art:  --The company is building the centre in collaboration with the Institute of Offshore Engineering.//  collaboration between//  --a collaboration between the two theatres//  collaboration with//  --The project has involved collaboration with the geography department.//\n  2 [U] when someone gives help to a country that their country is fighting a war with, especially one that has taken control of their country:


Words: collaborative
Meaning:
adj   collaborative effort/work/project etc//  a job or piece of work that involves two or more people working together to achieve something//


Words: collaborator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who helps their country’s enemies, for example by giving them information, when the enemy has taken control of their country:    collaborate, collaboration//  --Their job was to identify enemy collaborators.//\n  2 someone who works with other people or groups in order to achieve something, especially in science or art:    collaborate, collaboration//  --collaborators on a biography of Dickens//


Words: collage
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: coller  ’to glue’, from  colle  ’glue’, from  Greek kolla]//\n  1 [C] a picture made by sticking other pictures, photographs, cloth etc onto a surface:\n  2 [U] the art of making pictures in this way:


Words: collagen
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: collag[hA169]ne, from  Greek kolla (  COLLAGE) +  French -g[hA169]ne  ’producing’]//  a protein found in people and animals. It is often used in beauty products and treatments to make people look younger and more attractive//


Words: collapse
Meaning:
S3   v   ----------//\n   1 structure:\n   2 illness/injury:\n   3 fail:\n   4 prices:\n   5 sit/lie:\n   6 fold something smaller:\n   7 medical:  ----------//  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: collapsus, past participle of  collabi, from  com- (  COM-) +  labi  ’to fall, slide’]//\n  1 STRUCTURE:   [I] if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged//  --Uncle Ted’s chair collapsed under his weight.//  --The roof had collapsed long ago.//\n  2 ILLNESS/INJURY:   [I] to suddenly fall down or become unconscious because you are ill or weak//  --He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing.//  --Marion’s legs collapsed under her.//\n  3 FAIL:   [I] if a system, idea, or organization collapses, it suddenly fails or becomes too weak to continue//  --The luxury car market has collapsed.//  --I thought that without me the whole project would collapse.//\n  4 PRICES:   [I] if prices, levels, etc collapse, they suddenly become much lower//  --There were fears that property prices would collapse.//\n  5 SIT/LIE:   [I] to suddenly sit down, especially because you are very tired or want to relax//  --I was so exhausted when I got home, I just collapsed on the sofa.//\n  6 FOLD SOMETHING SMALLER:   [I and T] if a piece of furniture or equipment collapses, or if you collapse it, you can fold it so that it becomes smaller//  --The legs on our card table collapse so we can store it in the closet.//\n  7 MEDICAL:   [I] if a lung or a blood vessel collapses, it suddenly becomes flat, so that it no longer has any air or blood in it//\ncollapse 2 n   ----------//\n   1 business/system/idea etc:\n   2 building/structure/furniture etc:\n   3 illness/injury:\n   4 money/prices etc:  ----------//\n  1 BUSINESS/SYSTEM/IDEA ETC:   [singular, U] a sudden failure in the way something works, so that it cannot continue//  collapse of//  --the collapse of the Soviet Union//  --the threat of economic collapse //  --His business was in danger of collapse .//\n  2 BUILDING/STRUCTURE/FURNITURE ETC:   [U] when something suddenly falls down//  --the collapse of an apartment building during the earthquake//  --The ancient abbey was in imminent danger of collapse.//\n  3 ILLNESS/INJURY:   [singular, U] when someone suddenly falls down or becomes unconscious because of an illness or injury//  --The president said he was fine after his collapse yesterday.//  --She suffered a collapse under anaesthetic.//\n  4 MONEY/PRICES ETC:   [singular] a sudden decrease in the value of something//  --the collapse of the stock market//  collapse in//  --a collapse in the value of pensions//


Words: collar
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 clothing:\n   2 cat/dog:\n   3 injured neck:\n   4 business:\n   5 machine:\n   6 coloured fur/feathers:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: coler, from  Latin collare, from  collum  ’neck’]//\n  1 CLOTHING:  the part of a shirt, coat etc that fits around your neck, and is usually folded over//  --He grabbed me by the collar.//  --He loosened his collar and tie .//  collar//\n  2 CAT/DOG:  a narrow band of leather or plastic that is fastened around an animal’s neck//\n  3 INJURED NECK:  an object that someone wears around their neck to support it when it has been injured//\n  4 BUSINESS:  a way of making sure that the stocks you own do not lose money, even if their price becomes lower//\n  5 MACHINE:  a circular ring that goes round a pipe to make it stronger, especially where two pipes join together//\n  6 COLOURED FUR/FEATHERS:  a band of fur, feathers, or skin around an animal’s neck that is a different colour from the rest of the animal//    blue-collar,  dog collar,  white-collar//\ncollar 2 v [T] \n  1 to catch someone and hold them so that they cannot escape:  --The police collared him less than twenty minutes after the robbery.//\n  2 to find someone so that you can talk to them, especially when they would prefer to avoid you:  --He collared her in the staff room at lunchtime and started telling her about his holiday plans.//\n  3  high-collared/open-collared/fur-collared etc:  used about clothes that have a particular type of collar//  --a high-collared blouse//


Words: collarbone
Meaning:
n [C]   backbone, breastbone, collarbone, kneecap, pelvis, skull, spine, rib//  one of the pair of bones that go from the bottom part of your neck to your shoulders//


Words: collard greens
Meaning:
n [plural]  AmE   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: colewort type of cabbage  (14-21 centuries), from  cole  ’plant of the cabbage family’ (11-21 centuries) (from  Old English cal, from  Latin caulis  ’cabbage’) +  wort  ’plant’ (11-21 centuries) (from  Old English wyrt)]//  a vegetable with large green leaves, eaten cooked//


Words: collate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: collation]//\n  1  formal to gather information together, examine it carefully, and compare it with other information to find any differences:  collate information/results/data/figures //  --A computer system is used to collate information from across Britain.//\n  2 to arrange sheets of paper in the correct order:   sort//  -- collation/k[hA353]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: collateral
Meaning:
n [U]   property or other goods that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back the money they lend you//   security//  --People put up their homes as collateral in order to raise the money to invest in the scheme.//  -- collateralize AmE  v  [T] //\ncollateral 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: collateralis, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  lateralis (  LATERAL)]//\n  1  collateral damage:  people who are hurt or killed, or property that is damaged accidentally in a war - used especially by the army, navy etc//  --Hitting any non-military targets would risk ’collateral damage’.//\n  2 relating to something or happening as a result of it, but not as important:  --There may be collateral benefits to the scheme.//\n  3 collateral relatives are members of your family who are not closely related to you:


Words: colleague
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: coll[hA169]gue, from  Latin collega, from  com- (  COM-) +  legare  ’to choose for a particular job’]//  someone you work with, used especially by professional people//  --a colleague of mine from the bank//  --She discussed the idea with some of her colleagues.//


Words: collect
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 bring together:\n   2 keep objects:\n   3 rent/debts/taxes:\n   4 money to help people:\n   5 increase in amount:\n   6 win something:\n   7 collect yourself/collect your thoughts:\n   8 take somebody/something from a place:\n   9 crowd:  Phrasal verbs//   collect something → up//  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  colligere, from  com- (  COM-) +  legere  ’to gather’]//\n  1 BRING TOGETHER:   [T] to get things of the same type from different places and bring them together//    collection, collector//  --After 25 years of collecting recipes, she has compiled them into a cookbook.//  --The company collects information about consumer trends.//  --We’ve been out collecting signatures for our petition.//\n  2 KEEP OBJECTS:   [T] to get and keep objects of the same type, because you think they are attractive or interesting//    collection, collector//  --Arlene collects teddy bears.//\n  3 RENT/DEBTS/TAXES:   [T] to get money that you are owed//    collector//  collect tax/rent/a debt //  --The landlady came around once a month to collect the rent.//\n  4 MONEY TO HELP PEOPLE:   [I and T] to ask people to give you money or goods for an organization that helps people//  collect for//  --I’m collecting for Children in Need.//\n  5 INCREASE IN AMOUNT:   [I and T] if something collects in a place, or you collect it there, it gradually increases in amount//  --Rain collected in pools on the road.//  --solar panels for collecting energy from the sun//  --I didn’t know what to do with it, so it just sat there collecting dust .//\n  6 WIN SOMETHING:   [T] to receive something because you have won a race, game etc//  --Redgrave collected his fifth Olympic gold medal in Sydney.//\n  7  collect yourself/collect your thoughts:  to make an effort to remain calm and think clearly and carefully about something//  --I got there early so I had a few minutes to collect my thoughts before the meeting began.//\n  8 TAKE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING FROM A PLACE:   [T]  especially BrE to come to a particular place in order to take someone or something away//  American Equivalent:  pick up//  --Martin’s gone to collect the children from school.//  --I’ve got to go and collect the book I ordered from the library.//\n  9 CROWD:   [I]  formal to come together gradually to form a group of people//  --A crowd was beginning to collect around the scene of the accident.//  collect up [collect sth → up] phr v//  to pick up several things, and put them together//  --Can you collect up all the dirty plates and cups?//\ncollect 2 adv  AmE   call/phone sb collect//  when you telephone someone collect, the person who receives the call pays for it//    collect call//  British Equivalent:  reverse the charges//\ncollect 3   n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: collecte, from  Medieval Latin collecta  ’(prayer for) a gathering’, from  Latin colligere;   COLLECT1]//  a short prayer in some Christian services//


Words: collectable
Meaning:
something that is collectable is likely to be bought and kept as part of a group of similar things, especially because it might increase in value//  -- collectable also collectible //   n  [C] //  --shops selling antiques and collectables//


Words: collected
Meaning:
adj \n  1 in control of yourself and your thoughts, feelings etc:  --She wanted to arrive feeling cool, calm, and collected .//\n  2  collected works/poems/essays/edition:  all of someone’s books, poems etc printed in one book or set of books//  --the Collected Works of Shakespeare//


Words: collection
Meaning:
W1S2   n   ----------//\n   1 set/group:\n   2 money:\n   3 rent/debts/taxes:\n   4 bringing together:\n   5 taking something away:\n   6 fashion:\n   7 books/music:\n   8 people:  ----------//\n  1 SET/GROUP:   [C] //  a) a set of similar things that are kept or brought together because they are attractive or interesting//    collect, collector//  --a stamp collection//  --my record collection//  collection of//  --a collection of Japanese vases//  b) a group of objects together in the same place//  --a collection of empty wine bottles on the back porch//\n  2 MONEY:   [C] the act of asking people to give you money for an organization that helps people, or during a church service, or the money collected in this way//    collect//  collection for//  --Every Christmas we have a collection for a local charity.//  --We’ll be taking up a collection at the end of tonight’s service.//\n  3 RENT/DEBTS/TAXES:   [U] the act of obtaining money that is owed to you//    collect, collector//  --a debt collection agency//\n  4 BRINGING TOGETHER:   [U] the act of bringing together things of the same type from different places to form a group//    collect//  --a computerized data collection system//\n  5 TAKING SOMETHING AWAY:   [U and C] the act of taking something from a place//    collect//  --Garbage collections are made every Tuesday morning.//  --Please collect your purchases from the customer collection point .//\n  6 FASHION:   [C] the clothes designed by a fashion company for a particular season//  --Donna Karen’s new spring collection//\n  7 BOOKS/MUSIC:   [C] several stories, poems, pieces of music etc that are in one book or on one record//  collection of//  --a new collection of Frost’s poetry//\n  8 PEOPLE:   [C usually singular] a group of people, especially people you think are strange or unusual in some way//  collection of//  --There was an interesting collection of people at the wedding.//


Words: collective
Meaning:
W3   adj [only before noun]   shared or made by every member of a group or society//  --a collective decision made by all board members//  --our collective responsibility for the environment//\ncollective 2 n [C] \n  1 a group of people who work together to run something such as a business or farm, and who share the profits equally:\n  2 the business or farm that is run by this type of group:


Words: collective bargaining
Meaning:
n [U]   the discussions held between employers and a union in order to reach agreement on wages, working conditions etc//


Words: collective noun
Meaning:
n [C]    technical a noun, such as ’family’ or ’flock’, that is the name of people or things considered as a unit//


Words: collectively
Meaning:
adv   as a group//  --All members of the cabinet are collectively responsible for decisions taken.//  --Rain, snow and hail are collectively known as precipitation.//


Words: collectivism
Meaning:
n [U]   a political system in which all businesses, farms etc are owned by the government//  -- collectivist adj //


Words: collectivize
Meaning:
also  collectivise BrE   v [T]   to join privately owned farms or businesses together, so that they can be owned by the government in a Communist political system//  -- collectivization/k[hA353]lekt[hA366]va[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -v[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: collector
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who collects things that are interesting or attractive:    collect, collection//  --a stamp collector//  --The painting was bought by a private collector.//\n  2 someone whose job is to collect taxes, tickets, debts etc:    collect, collection//  tax/ticket/debt/refuse collector //


Words: collector’s item
Meaning:
n [C]   an object that people want to have because it is interesting or rare, and might become valuable//  --Original teddy bears have become real collectors’ items.//


Words: college
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 specialized education:\n   2 us university:\n   3 part of a university:\n   4 students and teachers:\n   5 professional organization :\n   6 name of a school:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin collegium  ’society’, from  collega;   COLLEAGUE]//\n  1 SPECIALIZED EDUCATION:   [U and C] a school for advanced education, especially in a particular profession or skill//  --a teacher training college//  --the London College of Fashion//  --Donna left school and went to art college .//  at college//  --We were great friends when we were at college.//    sixth form college//\n  2 US UNIVERSITY:   [U and C]  AmE a large school where you can study after high school and get a degree//  British Equivalent:  university//  --Some people who want to go to college still can’t get there.//  in college//  --Fran just finished her freshman year in college.//  --a decline in the number of college students studying history//  -- college graduates //  --a college education //  -- college campuses //    community college,  junior college//\n  3 PART OF A UNIVERSITY:   [C] one of the groups of teachers and students that form a separate part of some universities, especially in Britain//  --Trinity College, Cambridge//\n  4 STUDENTS AND TEACHERS:   [C also + plural verb British English] the students and teachers of one of these organizations//\n  5 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION :   [C] a group of people who have special rights, duties, or powers within a profession or organization//  --the American College of Surgeons//\n  6 NAME OF A SCHOOL:   [C]  BrE a word used in the name of some large schools, especially public schools//    electoral college//


Words: collegiate
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to college or a college:  --collegiate sports//\n  2 a collegiate university is one that is organized into separate colleges:


Words: collide
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: collidere, from  com- (  COM-) +  laedere  ’to injure by hitting’]//\n  1 to hit something or someone that is moving in a different direction from you:    collision//  --A car and a van collided on the motorway.//  collide with//  --I ran around the corner, and almost collided with Mrs Laurence.//  --Two trains collided head-on  (=when they were moving directly towards each other) .//\n  2 to disagree strongly with a person or group, especially on a particular subject:  collide with//  --The President has again collided with Congress over his budget plans.//\n  3 if two very different ideas, ways of thinking etc collide, they come together and produce an interesting result:  --Istanbul, where east and west collide//


Words: collie
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  coal; because of its color]//  a middle-sized dog with long hair, kept as a pet or trained to control sheep//


Words: Collins
Meaning:
Michael 1   (1890-1922) an Irish politician and military leader who was involved in the fight to make Ireland independent of the UK. He helped to achieve the agreement that established the southern part of Ireland as an independent state, but he was killed by political opponents who wanted independence for the whole of Ireland.//\n Michael 2   (1930-) a US  astronaut who was one of the three-man team involved in the first landing on the moon in 1969. Collins stayed in the main spacecraft, Apollo 11, while his companions Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin landed on the moon.//\n Wilkie   (1824-89) a British writer who wrote  The Moonstone, the first  detective novel in English, and  The Woman in White//


Words: collision
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: collisio, from  collidere;   COLLIDE]//\n  1 an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions:    collide//  collision with//  --The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.//  --Two people were killed in a head-on collision  (=between two vehicles that are moving directly towards each other) on highway 218.//\n  2 a strong disagreement between two people or groups:  collision between//  --a collision between the two countries over fishing rights//\n  3  be on a collision course:  a) to be likely to have serious trouble because your aims are very different from someone else’s//  --The two nations are on a collision course that could lead to war.//  b) to be moving in a direction in which you will hit something//  --an asteroid on a collision course with Earth//


Words: collocate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  collocare  ’to put together’, from  com- (  COM-) +  locare (  LOCATE)]//   technical when words collocate, they are often used together and sound natural together//  collocate with//  --’Enigmatic’ collocates with ’smile’.//  -- collocate/-k[hA369]t/ n  [C] //


Words: collocation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  technical   the way in which some words are often used together, or a particular combination of words used in this way//  --’Commit a crime’ is a typical collocation in English.//


Words: colloquial
Meaning:
adj   language or words that are colloquial are used mainly in informal conversations rather than in writing or formal speech//  -- colloquially adv //


Words: colloquy
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: colloquium, from  colloqui  ’to have a conversation’, from  com- (  COM-) +  loqui  ’to speak’]//  a conversation//    soliloquy//


Words: collude
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: colludere, from  com- (  COM-) +  ludere  ’to play’]//  to work with someone secretly, especially in order to do something dishonest or illegal//  collude with//  --Several customs officials have been accused of colluding with drug traffickers.//  collude in//  --She knew about the plan, and colluded in it.//


Words: collywobbles
Meaning:
n   the collywobbles//   BrE  informal an uncomfortable feeling that you get when you are very nervous//


Words: Cologne
Meaning:
a city in northern Germany on the River Rhine. It is a port and an industrial centre. Its German name is K[hA177]ln.//


Words: cologne
Meaning:
n  also eau de cologne  [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: eau de cologne]//  a liquid that smells slightly of flowers or plants, that you put on your neck or wrists//    perfume//


Words: Colombia
Meaning:
a country in northern South America, with coasts on both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Population: 40,349,000 (2001). Capital: Bogota.//  -- Colombian n  adj //


Words: colon
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek kolon  ’large intestine, food, meat’]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’part of a poem’, from  Greek kolon  ’arm or leg, part of a poem’]//\n  1  technical the lower part of the bowels, in which food is changed into waste matter:\n  2 the sign (:) that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example, quotation(1) etc:    semicolon//


Words: colonel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: coronal  ’colonel’ (16-17 centuries), from  French coronnel, from  Old Italian colonnello  ’column of soldiers, colonel’, from  colonna  ’column’, from  Latin columna;   COLUMN]//  a high rank in the army, Marines, or the US air force, or someone who has this rank//


Words: Colonel Bogey
Meaning:
a well-known British military  march (=a piece of music with a very regular beat, written for soldiers to march to) //


Words: Colonel Sanders
Meaning:
the man who developed the  recipe for making  Kentucky Fried Chicken, sold in  fast food restaurants which are called KFC. His name is sometimes used to mean the product or the restaurant.//


Words: colonial
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to a country that controls and rules other countries, usually ones that are far away:    colony//  --the struggle against colonial rule //  --Britain was the largest colonial power .//\n  2 made in a style that was common in the US in the 18th century:  --a large colonial house//\n  3 relating to the US when it was under British rule:  --The town was first established in colonial times.//\ncolonial 2 n [C]   someone who lives in a colony but who is a citizen of the country that rules the colony//


Words: colonialism
Meaning:
n [U]   when a powerful country rules a weaker one, and establishes its own trade and society there//    colony, imperialism//  --a legacy of European colonialism//


Words: colonic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to the colon:\n  2  colonic irrigation:  the practice of washing someone’s colon with water, which is believed to make them more healthy//


Words: colonize
Meaning:
also  colonise BrE   v [T] \n  1 to establish political control over an area or over another country, and send your citizens there to settle:    colony//\n  2 if animals or plants colonize an area, large numbers of them start to live there:  --a dead tree that has been colonized by ants//  -- colonizer/’k[hA361]l[hA353]na[hA366]z[hA353] $ -[hA353]r/ n  [C] //  -- colonization/k[hA361]l[hA353]na[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ k[hA35A][hA359]l[hA353]n[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: colonnade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Italian colonnato, from  colonna;   COLONEL]//  a row of upright stone posts that usually support a roof or row of arches//  -- colonnaded adj //


Words: colony
Meaning:
n   plural  colonies  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: colonie, from  Latin colonia, from  colonus  ’farmer, someone who develops a new place’, from  colere  ’to prepare land for crops’]//\n  1 a country or area that is under the political control of a more powerful country, usually one that is far away:    colonial, colonize//  --Algeria was formerly a French colony.//    crown colony//\n  2 one of the 13 areas of land on the east coast of North America that later became the United States:  --Connecticut was one of the original colonies.//\n  3 a group of people who are similar in some way and who live together, or the place where they live:  --an artists’ colony//  --a leper colony//\n  4 a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together:  --a seal colony//  --breeding colonies of rare birds//


Words: color
Meaning:
n, v   the American spelling of colour//\ncolor 2 v   color me surprised/confused/embarrassed etc//   AmE  spoken  informal used to say that you are very surprised, confused etc by something//  --’Color me amazed!’ says prize-winner Angela Harris.//


Words: color line
Meaning:
n [singular]    AmE the set of laws or social customs in some places that prevents people of different races from going to the same places or taking part in the same activities//  British Equivalent:  colour bar//


Words: Colorado CO
Meaning:
a state in the western US, mostly in and around the Rocky Mountains. Its capital city is Denver. Colorado is a popular place for both winter and summer holidays.//


Words: Colorado River
Meaning:
the Colorado River//  a long river in the western US which flows through the Grand Canyon, several US states, and into Mexico//


Words: coloratura
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Early  Italian,  ’coloring’]//\n  1 [U] a difficult piece of music that is meant to be sung fast:\n  2 [C] a woman, especially a soprano, who sings this type of music:


Words: colorize
Meaning:
also  colourize BrE   v [T]   to add colour to a film that was first made in black and white//  -- colorization/k[hA356]l[hA353]ra[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -r[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: colossal
Meaning:
adj   used to emphasize that something is extremely large//  --a colossal statue of the King//  --a colossal waste of money//  -- colossally adv //


Words: Colosseum
Meaning:
the Colosseum//   also  the Coliseum//  an  amphitheatre (=large circular theatre without a roof)  in Rome which was built during the first century AD and is now one of the most famous ancient Roman buildings. Fights involving  gladiators were organized there as a form of entertainment.//


Words: colossus
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: ’very large statue’, from  Greek kolossos]//  someone or something that is extremely big or extremely important//  --an intellectual colossus like Leonardo//


Words: Colossus of Rhodes
Meaning:
the Colossus of Rhodes//  an extremely large ancient  statue of the god Apollo on the Greek island of Rhodes. It was built to guard the entrance to the harbour, and was one of the  Seven Wonders of the World. It was destroyed by an  earthquake in 224 B.C.//


Words: colour
Meaning:
BrE  color AmE   n   ----------//\n   1 red/blue/green etc:\n   2 colour in general:\n   3 somebody’s race:\n   4 people/women/students etc of color:\n   5 substance:\n   6 in (full) colour:\n   7 somebody’s face:\n   8 something interesting:\n   9 lend/give colour to something:\n  10 off colour:\n  11 colours:\n  12 see the colour of somebody’s money:  ----------//\n  1 RED/BLUE/GREEN ETC:   [C] red, blue, yellow, green, brown, purple etc//  --What colour dress did you buy?//  --What colour are his eyes?//  --The pens come in a wide range of colours.//  light/bright/pastel etc colour //  --I love wearing bright colours.//  reddish-brown/yellowy-green/deep blue etc colour //  --The walls were a lovely reddish-brown color.//\n  2 COLOUR IN GENERAL:   [U]  also colours //  the appearance of something as a result of the way it reflects (=throws back)  light, especially when its appearance is very bright or is made up of a lot of different colours//  --Bright bold accessories are the quickest way to add colour to a room.//  in colour//  --The wine was almost pink in colour (=was almost pink) .//  blaze/riot/mass of colour (=lots of different bright colours) //  --In summer the gardens are a blaze of colour.//  --a splash of colour  (=a small area of a bright colour) //  --The sky began to slowly change colour .//  --the fall colors (=the colours of the trees in autumn) //\n  3 SOMEBODY’S RACE:   [U and C] how dark or light someone’s skin is, which shows which race they belong to//  --Everyone has a right to a job, regardless of their race, sex, or colour.//  --people of all colors//  --the continuing battle against colour prejudice //    coloured2 //\n  4  people/women/students etc of color:   especially AmE people, women etc who are not white//  --I’m the only person of color in my class.//\n  5 SUBSTANCE:   [U and C] a substance such as paint or dye that makes something red, blue, yellow etc//  --Wash the garment separately, as the colour may run  (=come out when washed) .//  --jams that contain no artificial colours or preservatives//  lip/nail/eye colour //  --our new range of eyeshadows and lip colours//\n  6  in (full) colour:  a television programme, film, or photograph that is in colour contains colours such as red, green, and blue rather than just black and white//  → in black and white//  --All the recipes in the book are illustrated in full colour .//\n  7 SOMEBODY’S FACE:   [U] if you have some colour in your face, your face is pink or red, usually because you are healthy or embarrassed//  --You look a lot better today. At least you’ve got a bit of colour now.//  --One of the girls giggled nervously as colour flooded her cheeks  (=her cheeks suddenly went very pink or red) .//  --He stared at her, the colour draining from his face .//\n  8 SOMETHING INTERESTING:   [U] interesting and exciting details or qualities that someone or something has//  --The old market is lively, full of colour and activity.//  --a travel writer in search of local colour //  add/give colour to sth (=make something more interesting) //  --Intelligent use of metaphors can add colour and style to your writing.//\n  9  lend/give colour to sth:  to make something, especially something unusual, appear likely or true//  --We now have independent evidence that lends colour to the accusation of fraud.//\n  10  off colour:  a)  [not before noun]  BrE someone who is off colour is feeling slightly ill//  b)  [usually before noun]  especially AmE off-colour jokes, stories etc are rude and often about sex//\n  11  colours [plural] :  a) the colours that are used to represent a team, school, club, country etc//  club/team/school colours //  --a peaked cap in the team colours//  --Australia’s national colours are gold and green.//  b)  BrE a flag, shirt etc that shows that someone or something belongs to or supports a particular team, school, club, or country//\n  12  see the colour of sb’s money:   spoken to have definite proof that someone has enough money to pay for something//  --’A whiskey, please.’ ’Let’s see the color of your money first.’//    with flying colours at flying1 (2),  nail your colours to the mast at nail2 (5),  your true colours at true1 (13)//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: colour //  a particular kind of colour: shade,  hint,  hue //  words for describing dark colours: dark,  deep,  rich //  words for describing light colours: light,  pale,  soft,  pastel //  words for describing bright colours: bright,  brilliant,  vivid,  garish (disapproving),  gaudy (disapproving) //  having a lot of colours: colourful,  multicoloured (BrE) multicolored (AmE) //  ----------//\ncolour 2 v  BrE  color AmE \n  1 [T] to change the colour of something, especially by using dye:  --If I didn’t colour my hair I’d be totally grey.//  --Colour the icing with a little green food colouring.//  colour sth red/blue etc //  --Sunset came and coloured the sky a brilliant red.//\n  2 [I and T]  also colour in :  to use coloured pencils to put colours inside the lines of a picture//  --On the back page is a picture for your child to colour in.//  --She has no idea how to colour a picture - she just scribbles all over it.//\n  3 [I]  literary when someone colours, their face becomes redder because they are embarrassed:   blush//  --Her eyes suddenly met his and she coloured slightly.//\n  4  colour sb’s judgement/opinions/attitudes etc:  to influence the way someone thinks about something, especially so that they become less fair or reasonable//  --In my position, I can’t afford to let my judgement be coloured by personal feelings.//\ncolour 3 adj  BrE  color AmE   colour television/photograph/printer etc//  a colour television, photograph etc that produces or shows pictures in colour rather than in black, white, and grey//    black and white//  --a large color TV//  --Please ask for our free colour brochure.//


Words: colour bar
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  BrE   a set of laws or social customs that prevents black people from going to the same places or taking part in the same activities as white people//  American Equivalent:  color line//


Words: colour coded
Meaning:
adj  BrE  color coded AmE   things that are colour coded are marked with different colours so that it is easy to see what they are to be used for//


Words: colour scheme
Meaning:
BrE  color scheme AmE n [C]   the combination of colours that someone chooses for a room, painting etc//


Words: colour supplement
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a magazine printed in colour and given free with a newspaper, especially on Saturdays or Sundays//


Words: colour-blind
Meaning:
adj  BrE  color-blind AmE \n  1 unable to see the difference between all or some colours:\n  2 treating people from different races equally and fairly:  --The law should be colour-blind.//  -- colour-blindness n  [U] //


Words: colour-coordinated
Meaning:
adj  BrE  color-coordinated AmE   clothes, decorations etc that are colour-coordinated have colours which look good together//  -- colour-coordination n  [U] //


Words: colourant
Meaning:
BrE  colorant AmE   n [C]   a substance used to change the colour of something, especially someone’s hair//


Words: coloured
Meaning:
BrE  colored AmE   adj \n  1  brightly/highly/richly etc coloured:  having a bright colour such as red, blue, or yellow etc, or a deep shade of a particular colour, but not black, white, or plain//\n  2 having a colour other than black or white:  --coloured glass//  --a cream-coloured sweater//\n  3  taboo  old-fashioned a very offensive word used to describe someone who is a member of a race of people with dark or black skin. Do not use this word.:\n  4 used in South Africa to describe someone whose parents or grandparents were not of the same race as each other:\ncoloured 2  BrE  colored AmE n [C] \n  1  taboo  old-fashioned a very offensive word for someone who is a member of a race of people with dark or black skin. Do not use this word.:\n  2 a person whose parents or grandparents were not of the same race as each other - used in South Africa:


Words: colourful
Meaning:
BrE  colorful AmE   adj \n  1 having bright colours or a lot of different colours:  --a colourful display of flowers//  --colorful costumes//\n  2 interesting, exciting, and full of variety:  colourful history/past/career/life //  --Charlie Chaplin had a long and colorful career.//  colourful character/figure (=someone who is interesting and unusual) //\n  3 colourful language, speech etc uses a lot of swearing:  -- colourfully adv //


Words: colouring
Meaning:
BrE  coloring AmE   n \n  1 [U and C] a substance used to give a particular colour to food:  --green food colouring //\n  2 [U] the activity of putting colours into drawings, or of drawing using crayons, coloured pencils etc:  --a children’s colouring competition//\n  3 [U] the colour of someone’s skin, hair, and eyes:  --Mandy has her mother’s fair coloring.//\n  4 [U] the colours of an animal, bird, or plant:


Words: colouring book
Meaning:
BrE  coloring book AmE n [C]   a book full of pictures that are drawn without colour so that a child can colour them in//


Words: colourist
Meaning:
BrE  colorist AmE   n [C] \n  1  technical a painter who uses colour itself as a subject of a painting:\n  2 someone whose job is to dye people’s hair (=change the colour) :


Words: colourless
Meaning:
BrE  colorless AmE   adj \n  1 having no colour:  --a colourless, odourless gas//\n  2 if your face, hair, eyes, skin, or lips are colourless, they are very pale, usually because you are ill or frightened:\n  3 not interesting or exciting:   dull//  --his colourless personality//  -- colourlessly adv //


Words: colt
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 a young male horse:    filly//\n  2 [usually plural]  BrE a member of a sports team for young people:  --our colts team//


Words: Coltrane
Meaning:
John   (1926-67) a US  jazz musician who played the  saxophone and had a great influence on the development of modern jazz//


Words: Columbia University
Meaning:
a private university in New York City, which is one of the  Ivy League colleges. It is especially famous for its school of  journalism//


Words: Columbus
Meaning:
the capital city of the US state of  Ohio//\n Christopher   (1451-1506) an Italian sailor and  explorer who many people think of as the first European to discover America, in 1492. He arrived in America by accident when he was trying to find a new way to Asia by sailing west from Spain. Most people now think that the first discovery of America by Europeans was about 500 years earlier, by the Norwegian Leif  Ericsson//


Words: column
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: colomne, from  Latin columna, from  columen  ’top’]//\n  1 a tall solid upright stone post used to support a building or as a decoration:\n  2 a line of numbers or words written under each other that goes down a page:    row//  in a column//  --Add up the numbers in each column.//  column of//  --a column of figures //\n  3 an article on a particular subject or by a particular writer that appears regularly in a newspaper or magazine:  --He writes a weekly column for ’The Times’.//  music/science/gardening etc column //\n  4 one of two or more areas of print that go down the page of a newspaper or book and that are separated from each other by a narrow space:  --Turn to Page 5, column 2.//  --’The Sun’ devoted 10 column inches to the event (=their article filled a column ten inches long) .//\n  5 something that has a tall thin shape:  column of//  --a column of smoke //\n  6 a long moving line of people or things:  column of//  --a column of marching men//    fifth column,  gossip column,  personal column,  spinal column//


Words: columnist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who writes articles, especially about a particular subject, that appear regularly in a newspaper or magazine//


Words: coma
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek koma  ’deep sleep’]//  someone who is in a coma has been unconscious for a long time, usually because of a serious illness or injury//  be in/go into/come out of a coma //  --He went into a coma and died soon afterwards.//


Words: comatose
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: comateux, from  Greek koma;   COMA]//   technical in a coma//


Words: comb
Meaning:
n   [Language: Old English; Origin: camb]//\n  1 [C] a flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair look tidy:    brush//\n  2 [C] a small flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for keeping your hair back or for decoration:\n  3 [singular] if you give your hair a comb, you make it tidy using a comb:  --Your hair needs a good comb.//\n  4 [C] the red piece of flesh that grows on top of a male chicken’s head:\n  5 [C] a honeycomb:    fine-tooth comb//\ncomb 2 v [T] \n  1 to make hair look tidy using a comb:  --Melanie ran upstairs to comb her hair .//\n  2 to search a place thoroughly:  comb sth for sb/sth//  --Police are still combing the woods for the missing boy.//  comb out [comb sth → out] phr v//  to use a comb to make untidy hair look smooth and tidy//  --She sat combing out her hair in front of the kitchen mirror.//  comb through [comb through sth] phr v//  to search through a lot of objects or information in order to find a specific thing or piece of information//  --We spent weeks combing through huge piles of old documents.//


Words: combat
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] fighting, especially during a war:  in combat//  --Corporal Gierson was killed in combat.//  --We flew over 200 combat missions .//  --training in unarmed combat  (=fighting without weapons) //  mortal combat (=fighting until one person kills another) //  hand-to-hand combat (=fighting in which you are close enough to touch your opponent) //  combat aircraft/jacket/boots etc //\n  2 [C] a fight or battle:\ncombat 2   v   past tense and past participle  combated present participle  combating  [T] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: combattre, from  Vulgar Latin combattere, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  battuere  ’to hit’]//  to try to stop something bad from happening or getting worse - used especially in news reports//  combat inflation/crime/racism etc //  --In order to combat inflation, the government imposed strict controls on foreign currency.//  --new strategies for combatting terrorism//


Words: combat fatigue
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of mental illness caused by the terrible experiences of fighting in a war or battle //    post-traumatic stress disorder//  --These treatment methods enabled 80 percent of combat-fatigue-affected troops to return to duty. //


Words: combative
Meaning:
adj   ready and willing to fight or argue//  --Congress is in a combative mood.//  -- combativeness n  [U] //


Words: combats
Meaning:
n [plural]   loose trousers, often with many pockets//  --She always wore combats, which were more fashionable than jeans.//


Words: combi
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine or vehicle that can be used in two or more different ways - used especially in product names//  --The new Combi can be used either as a passenger plane, or for transporting freight. //


Words: combination
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [U and C] two or more different things that exist together or are used or put together:    combine//  combination of//  --A combination of factors may be responsible for the increase in cancer.//  --A combination of tact and authority was needed to deal with the situation.//  --Certain combinations of sounds are not possible in English.//  in combination (with sth)//  --Some drugs which are safe when taken separately are lethal in combination.//\n  2 [C] the series of numbers or letters you need to open a combination lock:\n  3  winning combination:  a mixture of different people or things that work successfully together//\n  4 [U]  especially AmE used before a noun to mean that something has more than one purpose or uses more than one method:  --a combination nightclub and cafe//  --new combination drug therapies //


Words: combination lock
Meaning:
n [C]   a lock which can only be opened by using a series of numbers or letters in a particular order//


Words: combine
Meaning:
W2S3   v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: combiner, from  Late Latin combinare, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  bini  ’two by two’]//\n  1 [I and T] if you combine two or more different things, or if they combine, they begin to exist or work together:    combination//  combine sth with sth//  --Augustine was later to combine elements of this philosophy with the teachings of Christianity.//  --Diets are most effective when combined with exercise.//  combine to do sth//  --A number of factors have combined to create this difficult situation.//  --Ruth hesitated, uncertain of how to combine honesty and diplomacy in her answer.//  combined effect/effects (=the result of two or more different things used or mixed together) //  --The combined effects of the war and the drought resulted in famine.//\n  2 [T] to have two or more different features or qualities at the same time:    combination//  combine sth with/and sth//  --Good carpet wool needs to combine softness with strength.//\n  3 [I and T] if two or more different substances combine, or if you combine them, they mix or join together to produce a new single substance:    combination//  combine to do sth//  --Different amino acids combine to form proteins.//  --Combine all the ingredients in a large bowl.//  combine sth with sth//  --Steel is produced by combining iron with carbon.//\n  4 [T] to do two different activities at the same time:  combine sth with sth//  --Many people enjoy combining a holiday with learning a new skill.//  combine sth and sth//  --the problems facing women who wish to combine a career and family//  combine business with pleasure (=work and enjoy yourself at the same time) //\n  5 [I and T] if two or more groups, organizations etc combine, or if you combine them, they join or work together in order to do something:  combine to do sth//  --Ten British and French companies combined to form the Channel Tunnel Group.//  --University zoologists and government vets are combining forces  (=working together) to investigate the disease.//\ncombine 2   n [C] \n  1  also combine harvester :  a machine used by farmers to cut grain, separate the seeds from it, and clean it//\n  2 a group of people, businesses etc who work together:  --The factory was sold to a British combine after the war.//


Words: combined
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 done, made, or achieved by several people or groups working together:   joint//  combined effort/action/operation //  --Dinner was a combined effort.//\n  2 a combined total is the sum of two or more quantities or figures added together:  --Her records have sold a combined total of 14 million copies.//  --We could only afford a small flat, even on our combined salaries.//


Words: combining form
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a word that is combined with another word or another combining form to make a new word, for example ’Anglo’, meaning ’English’, in the word ’Anglo-American’//


Words: combo
Meaning:
n   plural  combos  [C] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: combination]//\n  1 a small band that plays jazz or dance music:  --He played trumpet professionally in a jazz combo.//\n  2 a combination of different things, especially of different types of foods - used especially in product names:  --I chose the vegetarian combo.//


Words: combustion
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the process of burning:\n  2  technical chemical activity which uses oxygen to produce light and heat:    internal combustion engine//


Words: come
Meaning:
v   past tense  came /ke[hA366]m/past participle  come  [I] //  ----------//\n   1 move towards somebody/something:\n   2 go with somebody:\n   3 travel to a place:\n   4 post:\n   5 happen:\n   6 reach a level/place:\n   7 be produced/sold:\n   8 order:\n   9 come open/undone/loose etc:\n  10 come to do something:\n  11 come and go:\n  12 take something as it comes:\n  13 have something coming (to you):\n  14 as nice/as stupid etc as they come:\n  15 for years/weeks/days etc to come:\n  16 in years/days to come:\n  17 have come a long way:\n  18 come as a surprise/relief/blow etc (to somebody):\n  19 come easily/naturally (to somebody):\n  20 come of age:\n  21 come right out with something/come right out and say something:\n  22 come clean:\n  23 not know whether you are coming or going:\n  24 come good/right:\n  25 come to pass:\n  26 sex:\n  27 come in!:\n  28 how come?:\n  29 come to think of it/come to that:\n  30 come July/next year/the next day etc:\n  31 come again?:\n  32 don’t come the innocent/victim/helpless male etc with me:\n  33 come (now):\n  34 come, come!/come now:  Phrasal verbs//   come about//   come across//   come across with something//   come after somebody//   come along//   come apart//   come around//   come at somebody/something//   come away//   come back//   come before somebody/something//   come between somebody//   come by//   come down//   come down on somebody//   come down to somebody/something//   come down with something//   come for somebody/something//   come forward//   come from somebody/something//   come in//   come in for something//   come into something//   come of something//   come off//   come on//   come on to somebody/something//   come out//   come out at something//   come out in something//   come out of something//   come out with something//   come over//   come round//   come through//   come through with something//   come to//   come under something//   come up//   come up against something/somebody//   come up for something//   come upon somebody/something//   come up to something/somebody//   come up with something//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: cuman]//\n  1 MOVE TOWARDS SOMEBODY/SOMETHING:  to move towards you or arrive at the place where you are//  → go//  --Let me know when they come.//  --Can you come here for a minute?//  -- Come a bit closer and you’ll be able to see better.//  --What time will you be coming home ?//  come in/into/out of etc//  --There was a knock on the door and a young woman came into the room.//  come to/towards//  --I could see a figure coming towards me.//  come across/down/up etc//  --As they came down the track, the car skidded.//  come to do sth//  --I’ve come to see Philip.//  come and do sth//  --I’ll come and help you move the rest of the boxes.//  --Come and look at this!//  come running/flying/speeding etc //  --Jess came flying round the corner and banged straight into me.//  come to dinner/lunch //  --What day are your folks coming to dinner?//  here comes sb/sth  spoken  (=used to say that someone or something is coming towards you) //  --Ah, here comes the bus at last!//\n  2 GO WITH SOMEBODY:  if someone comes with you, they go to a place with you//  --We’re going for a drink this evening. Would you like to come?//  come with//  --I asked Rosie if she’d like to come with us.//  come along//  --It should be good fun. Why don’t you come along?//\n  3 TRAVEL TO A PLACE:  to travel to or reach a place//  --Which way did you come?//  come through/across/by way of etc//  --They came over the mountains in the north.//  come from//  --Legend has it that the tribe came from across the Pacific Ocean.//  come by car/train/bus etc //  --Will you be coming by train?//  --Have you come far  (=travelled a long way) today?//  --I’ve come a long way to see you.//  come 50/100 etc miles/kilometres //  --Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.//\n  4 POST:  if a letter etc comes, it is delivered to you by post//   arrive//  --A letter came for you this morning.//  --The phone bill hasn’t come yet.//\n  5 HAPPEN:  if a time or an event comes, it arrives or happens//  --At last the day came for us to set off.//  --The moment had come for me to break the news to her.//  --The time will come when you’ll thank me for this.//  --Christmas seems to come earlier every year.//  be/have yet to come (=used when something has not happened yet but will happen) //  --The most exciting part is yet to come.//  --I knew he’d be able to take care of himself, come what may  (=whatever happens) .//\n  6 REACH A LEVEL/PLACE:   [always + adverb/preposition] to reach a particular level or place//  come up/down//  --She had blonde hair which came down to her waist.//  --The water came up as far as my chest.//\n  7 BE PRODUCED/SOLD:   [always + adverb/preposition] to be produced or sold with particular features//  come in//  --This particular sofa comes in four different colours.//  --Cats come in many shapes and sizes.//  come with//  --The computer comes complete with software and games.//\n  8 ORDER:   [always + adverb/preposition] to be in a particular position in an order, a series, or a list//  come before/after//  --P comes before Q in the alphabet.//  come first/second etc //  --She came first in the 200 metres.//\n  9  come open/undone/loose etc:  to become open etc//  --His shoelace had come undone.//  --The rope came loose.//\n  10  come to do sth:  a) to begin to have a feeling or opinion//  --He came to think of Italy as his home.//  --I came to believe that he was innocent after all.//  b) to do something by chance, without planning or intending to do it//  --Can you tell me how the body came to be discovered?//  come to be doing sth//  --I often wondered how I came to be living in such a place.//\n  11  come and go:  a) to be allowed to go into and leave a place whenever you want//  --The students can come and go as they please.//  b) to keep starting and stopping//  --The pain comes and goes.//\n  12  take sth as it comes:  to accept something as it happens, without trying to plan for it or change it//  --We just take each year as it comes.//  --He takes life as it comes.//\n  13  have sth coming (to you):   informal to deserve to be punished or to have something bad happen to you//  --I do feel sorry for him, but I’m afraid he had it coming.//\n  14  as nice/as stupid etc as they come:   informal extremely nice, stupid etc//  --My uncle Walter is as obstinate as they come.//\n  15  for years/weeks/days etc to come:  used to emphasize that something will continue for a long time into the future//  --This is a moment that will be remembered and celebrated for years to come.//\n  16  in years/days to come:  in the future//  --In years to come, some of the practices we take for granted now will seem quite barbaric.//\n  17  have come a long way:  to have made a lot of progress//  --Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s.//\n  18  come as a surprise/relief/blow etc (to sb):  to make someone feel surprised, pleased, disappointed etc//  --The decision came as a great relief to us all.//  --The news will come as no surprise to his colleagues.//\n  19  come easily/naturally (to sb):  to be easy for someone to do//  --Public speaking does not come easily to most people.//  --Writing came naturally to her, even as a child.//\n  20  come of age:  a) to reach the age when you are legally considered to be an adult//  --He’ll inherit the money when he comes of age.//  b) to develop into an advanced or successful form//  --Space technology didn’t really come of age until the 1950s.//\n  21  come right out with sth/come right out and say sth:   informal to say something in a very direct way, often when other people think this is surprising//  --You came right out and told him? I don’t know how you dared!//\n  22  come clean:   informal to tell the truth about something you have done//  come clean about//  --I think you should come clean about where you were last night.//\n  23  not know whether you are coming or going:   informal to feel very confused because a lot of different things are happening//  --I don’t know whether I’m coming or going this week.//\n  24  come good/right:   BrE  informal to end well, after there have been a lot of problems//  --Don’t worry, it’ll all come right in the end.//\n  25  come to pass:   literary to happen after a period of time//  --It came to pass that they had a son.//\n  26 SEX:   informal to have an orgasm//\n  27  spoken  come in!:  used to tell someone who has knocked on your door to enter your room, house etc//  --She tapped timidly on the door. ’Come in!’ boomed a deep voice from inside.//\n  28  spoken  how come?:  used to ask someone why or how something happened//  --How come you’ve ended up here?//  --’Last I heard, she was teaching in Mexico.’ ’How come?’//\n  29  spoken  come to think of it/come to that:  used to add something that you have just realized or remembered//  --Come to think of it, George did seem a bit depressed yesterday.//  --He had never expected to have a wife, or even a girlfriend come to that.//\n  30  spoken  come July/next year/the next day etc:  used to talk about at a particular time in the future//  --Come spring, you’ll have plenty of colour in the garden.//\n  31  spoken  come again?:  used to ask someone to repeat what they have just said//\n  32  spoken  don’t come the innocent/victim/helpless male etc with me:   BrE used to tell someone not to pretend that they are something they are not in order to get sympathy or help from you//  --Don’t come the poor struggling artist with me. You’re just lazy!//\n  33  spoken  come (now):   old-fashioned used to comfort or gently encourage someone//\n  34  spoken  come, come!/come now:   old-fashioned used to tell someone that you do not accept what they are saying or doing//  come about phr v//\n  1 to happen, especially in a way that is not planned:  --The opportunity to get into computing came about quite by accident.//  --I don’t know how this confusion has come about.//\n  2 if a ship comes about, it changes direction:  come across phr v//\n  1  come across sb/sth:  to meet, find, or discover someone or something by chance//  --I came across an old diary in her desk.//  --I’ve never come across anyone quite like her before.//\n  2 if an idea comes across well, it is easy for people to understand:  --Your point really came across at the meeting.//\n  3 if someone comes across in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities:   come over//  come across as//  --He comes across as a very intelligent, sensitive man.//  --She sometimes comes across as being rather arrogant.//  --I don’t think I came across very well  (=seemed to have good qualities) in the interview.//  come across with [come across with sth] phr v//  to provide money or information when it is needed//  --I hoped he might come across with a few facts.//  come after [come after sb] phr v//  to look for someone in order to hurt them, punish them, or get something from them//  --She was terrified that Trevor would come after her.//  come along phr v//\n  1  be coming along:   informal to be developing or making progress//   progress//  --He opened the oven door to see how the food was coming along.//  --Your English is coming along really well.//\n  2 to appear or arrive:  --A bus should come along any minute now.//  --Take any job opportunity that comes along.//\n  3 :  a) to go to a place with someone//  --We’re going into town - do you want to come along?//  b) to go somewhere after someone//  --You go on ahead - I’ll come along later.//\n  4  come along!:  a) used to tell someone to hurry up//   come on//  --Come along! We’re all waiting for you!//  b) used to encourage someone to try harder//   come on//  --Come along! Don’t give up yet!//  come apart phr v//\n  1 to split or fall into pieces:  --I picked the magazine up and it came apart in my hands.//\n  2 to begin to fail:  --The whole basis of the agreement was coming apart.//  --She felt as if her life was coming apart at the seams  (=failing completely) .//  come around phr v//\n  1  also come round  BrE to come to someone’s home or the place where they work in order to visit them:   come over//  --I’ll come around later and see how you are.//  --Why don’t you come round for lunch?//\n  2  also come round  BrE :  to change your opinion so that you now agree with someone or are no longer angry with them//  come around to//  --It took him a while to come around to the idea.//  --Don’t worry - she’ll come round eventually.//\n  3  also come round  BrE :  if a regular event comes around, it happens as usual//  --By the time the summer came around, Kelly was feeling much better.//\n  4  AmE to become conscious again after you have been unconscious:  British Equivalent:  come round//  --When she came around her mother was sitting by her bed.//  come around from//  --You might feel a little sick when you come around from the anesthetic.//  come at / [come at sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to move towards someone in a threatening way:  --Suddenly, he came at me with a knife.//\n  2 if images, questions, facts etc come at you, you feel confused because there are too many of them at the same time:  --Questions were coming at me from all directions.//\n  3  informal to consider or deal with a problem in a particular way:   approach//  --We need to come at the problem from a different angle.//  come away phr v//\n  1 to become separated from the main part of something:   come off//  --One of the wires in the plug had come away.//  --I turned some of the pages and they came away in my hand.//\n  2 to leave a place with a particular feeling or idea:  --We came away thinking that we had done quite well.//  come away with//  --I came away with the impression that the school was very well run.//  come back phr v//\n  1 to return to a particular place or person:   return//  --My mother was scared that if I left home I’d never come back.//  --Ginny’s left me, and there’s nothing I can do to persuade her to come back.//\n  2 to become fashionable or popular again:    comeback//  --Who’d have thought hippy gear would ever come back!//  --High heels are coming back into fashion .//\n  3 to appear or start to affect someone or something again:   return//  --The pain in her shoulder was coming back again.//  --It took a while for my confidence to come back.//\n  4 if something comes back to you, you remember it or remember how to do it:  --As I walked the city streets that evening, the memories came flooding back.//  come back to//  --I can’t think of her name at the moment, but it’ll come back to me.//\n  5 to reply to someone quickly, often in an angry or unkind way:    comeback//  come back at//  --He came back at me immediately, accusing me of being a liar.//  come before / [come before sb/sth] phr v//  to be brought to someone in authority, especially a judge in a law court, to be judged or discussed by them//  --When you come before the judge, it’s best to tell the whole truth.//  --The case is due to come before the courts next month.//  come between [come between sb] phr v//\n  1 to make people argue and feel angry with each other, when they had been friends before:  --Nothing will ever come between us now.//  --I didn’t want to come between a husband and wife.//\n  2 to prevent someone from giving enough attention to something:  --She never let anything come between her and her work.//  come by phr v//\n  1  come by sth:  to manage to get something that is rare or difficult to get//  --How did you come by these pictures?//  --Jobs were hard to come by .//\n  2  come by (sth):  to make a short visit to a place on your way to somewhere else//  --He said he’d come by later.//  --I’ll come by the house and get my stuff later, OK?//  come down phr v//\n  1 :  a) if a price, level etc comes down, it gets lower//  --It looks as if interest rates will come down again this month.//  b) to accept a lower price//  come down to//  --He’s asking [hA124]5000, but he may be willing to come down to [hA124]4800.//\n  2 if someone comes down to a place, they travel south to the place where you are:  --Why don’t you come down for the weekend sometime?//  come down to//  --Are you coming down to Knoxville for Christmas?//\n  3 to fall to the ground:  --A lot of trees came down in the storm.//  --We were still out in the fields when the rain started coming down.//\n  4  come down on the side of sb/sth:   also come down in favour of sb/sth //  to decide to support someone or something//  --The committee came down in favour of making the information public.//\n  5  informal to start to feel normal again after you have been feeling very happy and excited:  --He was on a real high all last week and he’s only just come down.//\n  6  informal to stop feeling the effects of a strong drug:  --When I came down, I remembered with horror some of the things I’d said.//\n  7  BrE  old-fashioned to leave a university after completing a period of study:  come down on [come down on sb] phr v//  to punish someone or criticize them severely//  --We need to come down hard on young offenders.//  --I made the mistake of answering back, and she came down on me like a ton of bricks  (=very severely) .//  come down to / [come down to sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 if a complicated situation or problem comes down to something, that is the single most important thing:  -- It all comes down to money in the end.//\n  2 if something old has come down to you, it has been passed between people over a long period of time until you have it:  --The text which has come down to us is only a fragment of the original.//  come down with [come down with sth] phr v//  to get an illness//  --I think I’m coming down with a cold.//  come for / [come for sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to arrive to collect someone or something:  --I’ll come for you at about eight o’clock.//\n  2 to arrive at a place in order to take someone away by force:  --Members of the secret police came for him in the middle of the night.//  come forward phr v//  to offer help to someone, or offer to do something//  --So far, only one candidate has come forward.//  --The police are appealing for more witnesses to come forward with information.//  come from / [come from sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 if you come from a place, you were born there or lived there when you were young:  --I come from London originally.//\n  2 to be obtained from a place, thing, or person, or to start or be made somewhere:  --A lot of drugs come from quite common plants.//  --My information comes from a very reputable source.//  --The idea came from America.//\n  3 to happen as the result of doing something:  come from doing sth//  --Most of her problems come from expecting too much of people.//\n  4  coming from him/her/you etc:   spoken used to say that someone should not criticize another person for doing something, because they have done the same thing themselves//  --You think I’m too selfish? That’s rich coming from you!//\n  5  where sb is coming from:   informal the basic attitude or opinion someone has, which influences what they think, say, or do//  --I can see where you’re coming from now.//  come in phr v//\n  1 if a train, bus, plane, or ship comes in, it arrives at a place:  --What time does your train come in?//  come in to//  --We come in to Heathrow at nine in the morning.//\n  2 if money or information comes in, you receive it:  --Reports are coming in of a massive earthquake in Mexico.//  --We haven’t got enough money coming in.//\n  3 to be involved in a plan, deal etc:  --We need some financial advice - that’s where Kate comes in.//  come in on//  --You had the chance to come in on the deal.//\n  4 to join in a conversation or discussion:  --Can I come in here and add something to what you’re saying?//\n  5 to become fashionable or popular:  → go out//  --Trainers really became popular in the 1980s, when casual sportswear came in.//\n  6 to finish a race:  come in first/second etc //  --His horse came in second to last.//\n  7 if the tide comes in, the sea moves towards the land and covers the edge of it:  → go out//  come in for [come in for sth] phr v//   come in for criticism/blame/scrutiny//  to be criticized, blamed etc for something//  --The government has come in for fierce criticism over its handling of this affair.//  come into [come into sth] phr v//\n  1 to receive money, land, or property from someone after they have died:  --She’ll come into quite a lot of money when her father dies.//\n  2 to be involved in something:  --Josie doesn’t come into the movie until quite near the end.//  --Where do I come into all this?//\n  3  come into view/sight:  if something comes into view, you begin to see it//  --The mountains were just coming into view.//\n  4  come into leaf/flower/blossom:  to start to produce leaves or flowers//  --The early roses were just coming into flower.//\n  5  not come into it:   spoken used to say that something is not important//  --Money doesn’t really come into it.//\n  6  come into your own:  to become very good, useful, or important in a particular situation//  --On icy roads, a four-wheel drive vehicle really comes into its own.//  come of [come of sth] phr v//  to happen as a result of something//  --I did ask a few questions, but nothing came of it.//  --That’s what comes of not practising - you’ve forgotten everything!//  come off phr v//\n  1  come off (sth):  to become removed from something//  --The label had come off, so there was no way of knowing what was on the disk.//\n  2  come off (sth):   BrE to fall off something//  --Dyson came off his bike as he rounded the last corner, but wasn’t badly hurt.//\n  3  informal if something that has been planned comes off, it happens:  --In the end the trip never came off.//\n  4  informal to be successful:  --It was a good idea, but it didn’t quite come off.//  --The performance on the first night came off pretty well .//\n  5  come off sth:  to stop taking a drug that you have been taking regularly//  --It wasn’t until I tried to come off the pills that I realized I was addicted.//\n  6  come off best/better/worst etc:   BrE to gain or lose the most, more, the least etc from a situation//  --As far as pensions go, it’s still women who come off worst.//\n  7  come off it!:   BrE  spoken used to tell someone that you do not believe what they are saying//  --Oh come off it! You can’t seriously be saying you knew nothing about any of this.//  come on phr v//\n  1  come on!:   spoken //  a) used to tell someone to hurry//  --Come on, we’ll be late!//  b) used to encourage someone to do something//  --Come on, you can do it!//  --Come on, cheer up!//  c) used to tell someone that you know that what they have just said was not true or right//  --Oh come on, don’t lie!//  d) used to make someone angry enough to want to fight you//  --Come on, then, hit me!//\n  2  come on in/over/up etc:   spoken used to tell someone to come in, over, up etc, usually in a friendly way//  --Come on in - I’ve made some coffee.//\n  3 if a light or machine comes on, it starts working:  --A dog started barking and lights came on in the house.//\n  4 if an illness comes on, you start to be ill with it:  --I can feel a headache coming on.//\n  5 if a television or radio programme comes on, it starts:  --Just at that moment, the news came on.//\n  6 if rain or snow comes on, it starts:  --The rain came on just before lunchtime.//\n  7 to come onto a stage or sports field:  --He scored only two minutes after he’d come on.//\n  8 to improve or make progress:  --The children are really coming on now.//  --Your English is coming on really well.//\n  9  come on sb/sth:  to find or discover someone or something by chance//  --We came on a group of students having a picnic.//\n  10  come on strong:   informal to make it very clear to someone that you think they are sexually attractive//  come on to / [come on to sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to start talking about a new subject:  --I’ll come on to this question in a few moments.//\n  2  informal if someone comes on to another person, they make it very clear that they are sexually interested in them:    come-on//  --The way she was coming on to Jack, I’m amazed he managed to get out alive!//  come out phr v//\n  1 if something comes out, it is removed from a place:  --These stains will never come out!//\n  2 if information comes out, people learn about it, especially after it has been kept secret:  --No doubt the truth will come out one day.//  -- It’s come out that  several ministers received payments from the company.//\n  3 if a photograph comes out, it shows a clear picture:  --I took loads of photographs, but most of them didn’t come out.//  --Some of the wedding photos have come out really well.//\n  4 if a book, record etc comes out, it becomes publicly available:  --When is the new edition coming out?//\n  5 if something comes out in a particular way, that is what it is like after it has been made or produced:  --I’ve made a cake, but it hasn’t come out very well.//  --The cover has come out a bit too big.//\n  6 if something you say comes out in a particular way, that is how it sounds or how it is understood:  --His words came out as little more than a whisper.//  --That didn’t come out the way I meant it to.//  --I tried to explain everything to her, but it came out all wrong  (=not in the way I intended) .//\n  7 if someone comes out in a particular way, that is the situation they are in at the end of an event or series of events:  --The more experienced team came out on top.//  come out of//  --She came out of the divorce quite well.//\n  8 to be easy to notice:  --His right-wing opinions come out quite strongly in his later writings.//\n  9 to say publicly that you strongly support or oppose a plan, belief etc:  come out in favour of//  --The board of directors has come out strongly in favour of a merger.//  come out against//  --Teachers have come out against the proposed changes.//  --At least he’s got the courage to come out and say what he thinks.//\n  10 if the sun, moon, or stars come out, they appear in the sky:  --The sky cleared and the sun came out.//\n  11 if a flower comes out, it opens:  --The snowdrops were just starting to come out.//\n  12 if someone comes out, they say that they are gay when this was a secret before:  come out to//  --That summer, I decided to come out to my parents.//\n  13  BrE  informal to refuse to work, as a protest:  --Nurses have threatened to come out in support of their pay claim.//  --We decided to  come out on strike .//\n  14 if a young woman came out in the past, she was formally introduced into upper class society at a large formal dance:  come out at [come out at sth] phr v//  if something comes out at a particular amount, that is the amount it adds up to//  --The whole trip, including fares, comes out at $900.//  come out in [come out in sth] phr v//   come out in spots/a rash etc//  if you come out in spots etc, spots appear on your body//  --If I eat eggs, I come out in a rash.//  come out of [come out of sth] phr v//\n  1 to no longer be in a bad situation:  --There are signs that the country is coming out of recession.//\n  2 to happen as a result of something:  --One or two excellent ideas came out of the meeting.//\n  3  come out of yourself:   informal to start to behave in a more confident way//  --Penny’s really come out of herself since she started that course.//  come out with [come out with sth] phr v//  to say something, especially something unusual or unexpected//  --Some of the things he comes out with are so funny!//  come over phr v//\n  1 :  a) if someone comes over, they visit you at your house//  --Do you want to come over on Friday evening?//  b) if someone comes over, they come to the country where you are//  come over to/from//  --When did your family first come over to America?//\n  2  come over sb:  if a strong feeling comes over you, you suddenly experience it//  --A wave of sleepiness came over me.//  --I’m sorry about that - I don’t know what came over me (=I do not know why I behaved in that way) .//\n  3 if an idea comes over well, people can understand it easily:  --I thought that the points he was making came over quite clearly.//\n  4 if someone comes over in a particular way, they seem to have particular qualities:   come across//  --He didn’t  come over  very  well  (=seem to have good qualities)  in the interview.//  come over as//  --She comes over as a very efficient businesswoman.//\n  5  come over (all) shy/nervous etc:   informal to suddenly become very shy, nervous etc//  come round phr v//  to  come around//  come through phr v//\n  1 if a piece of information, news etc comes through, it arrives somewhere:  --We’re still waiting for our exam results to come through.//  --There is news just coming through of an explosion in a chemical factory.//\n  2 to be made official, especially by having the correct documents officially approved:  --I’m still waiting for my divorce to come through.//\n  3  come through (sth):  to continue to live, be strong, or succeed after a difficult or dangerous time//   survive//  --If he comes through the operation OK he should be back to normal within a few weeks.//  --It’s been a tough time, but I’m sure you’ll come through and be all the wiser for it.//  come through with [come through with sth] phr v//  to give someone something they need, especially when they have been worried that you would not produce it in time//  --Our representative in Hong Kong finally came through with the figures.//  come to phr v//\n  1  come to a decision/conclusion/agreement etc:  to decide something, agree on something etc after considering or discussing a situation//   reach//  --We came to the conclusion that there was no other way back to the camp.//  --If they don’t come to a decision by midnight, the talks will be abandoned.//\n  2  come to a halt/stop:  a) to slow down and stop//   stop//  --The train came to a stop just yards from the barrier.//  b) to stop operating or continuing//  --After the election our funding came to an abrupt halt.//\n  3  come to sth:  to develop so that a particular situation exists, usually a bad one//  --I never thought  it  would come to this .//  --We need to be prepared to fight, but hopefully  it won’t come to that  (=that won’t be necessary) .//  --All those years of studying, and in the end it all came to nothing .//  -- It’s come to something when I’m not allowed to express an opinion in my own house!//  what is the world/the country etc coming to? (=used to say that the world etc is in a bad situation) //\n  4  come to sth:  to add up to a total amount//  --That comes to [hA124]23.50.//  --The bill came to [hA124]48.50.//\n  5  come to sb:  if a thought or idea comes to you, you realize or remember something//  --The answer came to me in a flash.//  --I’ve forgotten her name, but maybe it’ll come to me later.//\n  6 to become conscious again after you have been unconscious:  --When he came to, he was lying on the floor with his hands tied behind his back.//\n  7  when it comes to sth:   informal when you are dealing with something or talking about something//  --He’s a bit of an expert when it comes to computers.//  come under [come under sth] phr v//\n  1  come under attack/fire/scrutiny etc:  to be attacked, shot at etc//  --The government has come under attack from opposition leaders over proposals to cut health spending.//\n  2 to be governed or controlled by a particular organization or person:  --The organization comes under the authority of the EU.//\n  3 if a piece of information comes under a particular title, you can find it under that title:  --The proposals come under three main headings.//  come up phr v//\n  1 if someone comes up to you, they come close to you, especially in order to speak to you:  --One of the teachers came up and started talking to me.//  come up to//  --A man came up to him and asked for a light.//\n  2 if someone comes up to a place, they travel north to the place where you are:  come up to//  --Why don’t you come up to New York for the weekend?//\n  3 if a subject comes up, people mention it and discuss it:   arise//  --His name came up in the conversation.//  --The subject of salaries didn’t come up.//\n  4 if a problem or difficulty comes up, it appears or starts to affect you:   arise//  --I’m afraid I’ll have to cancel our date - something’s come up .//  --The same problems come up every time.//\n  5 if a job or an opportunity comes up, it becomes available:  --A vacancy has come up in the accounts department.//\n  6 to be dealt with in a law court:  --Your case comes up next week.//\n  7  be coming up:  to be going to happen soon//  --With Christmas coming up, few people have much money to spare.//\n  8 if the sun or moon comes up, it moves up into the sky where you can see it:   rise//  --It was six o’clock, and the sun was just coming up.//\n  9 if a plant comes up, it begins to appear above the ground:  --The first spring bulbs are just coming up.//\n  10 if food comes up, it goes back through your mouth from your stomach after being swallowed:    vomit//\n  11  coming (right) up!:   spoken used to say that food or drink will be ready very soon//  --’Two martinis, please.’ ’Coming up!’//  come up against / [come up against sth/sb] phr v//  to have to deal with problems or difficulties//  --We may find we come up against quite a lot of opposition from local people.//  --You’ve got no idea of what you’re going to come up against.//  come up for [come up for sth] phr v//\n  1  come up for discussion/examination/review etc:  to be discussed, examined etc//  --This matter will come up for discussion at next month’s meeting.//  --The regulations come up for review in April.//\n  2  come up for election/re-election/selection etc:  to reach the time when people have to vote about whether you should continue in a political position//  --The governors come up for re-election next year.//  come upon / [come upon sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to find or discover something or someone by chance:  --We came upon a little cottage just on the edge of the wood.//\n  2  literary if a feeling comes upon you, you suddenly feel it:  --A wave of tiredness came upon her.//  come up to / [come up to sth/sb] phr v//\n  1 to reach a particular standard or to be as good as you expected:  --This doesn’t come up to the standard of your usual work.//  --The resort certainly failed to come up to expectations .//\n  2  be (just) coming up to sth:  to be nearly a particular time//  --It’s just coming up to 11 o’clock.//  come up with [come up with sth] phr v//\n  1 to think of an idea, answer etc:  --Is that the best excuse you can come up with?//  --We’ve been asked to come up with some new ideas.//\n  2  informal to produce an amount of money:  --We wanted to buy the house but we couldn’t come up with the cash.//  --How am I supposed to come up with $10,000?//  ----------//  WORD CHOICEcome, go //  Use  come  for movement towards the place where the speaker is or will be : Come and see me at my office. |  I could see them coming down the hill  (=getting nearer to me)| .| When are you coming home  (=to our home)| ? //  Use  go for movement in other directions : Are you going to Sally’s tonight? |  I wish he would go home  (=to his home, away from me). //  ----------//\ncome 2 n [U]  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  COME119]//  a man’s semen (=the liquid he produces during sex) //


Words: come-on
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  informal   something that someone does deliberately to make someone else sexually interested in them//  --Rick’s the kind of guy who thinks every smile is a come-on.//  give sb the come-on (=do something to show you are sexually interested in someone) //    come on to sb/sth at come on(2)//


Words: comeback
Meaning:
n [C usually singular] \n  1  make/stage a comeback:  if a person, activity, style etc makes a comeback, they become popular again after being unpopular for a long time//  --The miniskirt made a comeback in the late 1980s.//\n  2 a quick reply that is often clever, funny, and insulting:   retort//  --I couldn’t think of a good comeback.//\n  3 a way of getting payment or a reward for something wrong or unfair that has been done to you:  --Check your contract carefully, or you may have no comeback if something goes wrong.//    come back at come1 //


Words: comedian
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone whose job is to tell jokes and make people laugh:  --He started as a stand-up comedian  (=someone who tells jokes to an audience) .//\n  2 someone who is amusing:  --You’ll like Matt. He’s a real comedian.//


Words: comedienne
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: comedienne, from  comedie;   COMEDY]//  a female comedian//


Words: comedown
Meaning:
n [singular]   a situation that is not as good, important, interesting etc as the situation you had previously//  --The film marks a real comedown for the director.//    come down at come1 //


Words: comedy
Meaning:
n   plural  comedies //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: comedie, from  Latin, from  Greek komoidia, from  komos  ’having fun, partying’ +  aeidein  ’to sing’]//\n  1 [U] entertainment that is intended to make people laugh:  comedy writer/series/show/actor etc //  --a career in stand-up comedy  (=telling jokes in front of people as a job) //\n  2 [C] a play, film, or television programme that is intended to make people laugh:  --a highly successful TV comedy//\n  3 [U] the quality in something such as a book or play that makes people laugh:   humour//    tragedy//  --Can’t you see the comedy of the situation?//    black comedy,  situation comedy//


Words: Comedy of Errors
Meaning:
The   a humorous play by  Shakespeare about two sets of  identical twins (=two children born to the same mother at the same time, who look exactly the same) . There are many confusing and amusing situations because the other characters think that they are dealing with one twin when in fact they are dealing with the other. The phrase ’a comedy of errors’ is often used to describe a situation that is so full of mistakes and problems that it seems funny.//


Words: comedy of manners plural
Meaning:
comedies of manners  n [C]   a play, film, or television programme that shows how silly people’s behaviour is or can be//


Words: comely
Meaning:
adj  literary  old-fashioned   [Language: Old English; Origin: cymlic, from  cyme  ’beautiful, fine’]//  a comely woman is attractive//  -- comeliness n  [U] //


Words: comer
Meaning:
n   all comers//   informal anyone who wants to take part in an activity, especially a sporting competition//  --The contest is open to all comers.//    latecomer,  newcomer//


Words: comet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Latin; Origin: cometa, from  Greek kometes  ’long-haired, comet’, from  kome  ’hair’; because of its long tail]//  an object in space like a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun//  --Halley’s comet//


Words: comeuppance
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  come up  ’to appear in a court of law’]//  a punishment or something bad which happens to you that you really deserve//  --You’ll get your comeuppance one day!//


Words: comfort
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 physical:\n   2 emotional:\n   3 somebody/something that helps:\n   4 money/possessions:\n   5 comforts:\n   6 too close/near for comfort:\n   7 cold/small comfort:  ----------//\n  1 PHYSICAL:   [U] a feeling of being physically relaxed and satisfied, so that nothing is hurting you, making you feel too hot or cold etc//    comfortable, discomfort//  built/made/designed for comfort //  --All our sports shoes are designed for comfort and performance.//  too hot/high/tight etc for comfort (=physically unpleasant for a particular reason) //  --The temperature was too low for comfort.//  --I dress for comfort, not fashion.//  --Alan was very reluctant to leave the warmth and comfort of the fire.//  in comfort//  --Upstairs is a more intimate bar where guests can relax in comfort.//  --Now you can watch your favorite movies in the comfort of your own home.//\n  2 EMOTIONAL:   [U] if someone or something gives you comfort, they make you feel calmer, happier, or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy//    comforting//  --Whenever he was upset, he would turn to her for comfort and advice.//  give/bring/provide/offer comfort //  --a book which offers comfort and help to the parents of children with cancer//  --The knowledge that Cara was safe gave him some comfort.//  great/much/little comfort //  --My faith has been a source of great comfort over the years.//  take/draw/derive comfort from (doing) sth //  --He drew comfort from her warm support.//  find/take comfort in (doing) sth //  --You can take some comfort in the fact that you did your best.//  it’s no/some comfort //  --It was no comfort to think he might be as frightened as she was.//  if it’s any comfort (=used to introduce a statement that you think may make someone feel slightly less worried or unhappy) //  --Well, if it’s any comfort, I don’t think he’ll try again.//\n  3 SOMEBODY/SOMETHING THAT HELPS:   [C] someone or something that helps you feel calmer, happier, or more hopeful after you have been worried or unhappy//    comforting//  be a comfort (to sb)//  --Louisa’s been a great comfort to me since Mary died.//  -- It’s a comfort to know there’s someone to keep an eye on the kids.//\n  4 MONEY/POSSESSIONS:   [U] a way of living in which you have all the money and possessions that you need or want//    comfortable//  in comfort//  --When Dad died, he left us both enough to live in comfort for the rest of our lives.//  --He was used to a life of comfort.//\n  5  comforts [plural] the things that make your life nicer and more comfortable, especially things that are not necessary:  --Modern caravans really do offer all the comforts of home.//  --hotels with all the modern comforts  (=things such as a television, telephone etc) //  material comforts (=money and possessions) //    creature comforts//\n  6  too close/near for comfort:  something that is too close for comfort makes you feel worried, unhappy, or uncomfortable, because it is dangerous in some way//  --The cars were whizzing past us much too close for comfort.//\n  7  cold/small comfort:  a small piece of good news that does not make you feel better about a bad situation//  cold/small comfort for/to//  --Another drop in the inflation rate was cold comfort yesterday for the 2.74 million jobless.//    comfort food,  comfort zone//\ncomfort 2 v [T]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: conforter, from  Late Latin confortare  ’to strengthen’, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  fortis  ’strong’]//  to make someone feel less worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to them or touching them//    comforting//  --Within hours of the news, Helen was on the telephone trying to comfort her heartbroken friend.//  --He longed to take her in his arms and comfort her.//  --Mr Aston’s father was last night being comforted by relatives.//  comfort yourself//  --She comforted herself with the thought that it would soon be spring.//


Words: comfort zone
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   your comfort zone is the range of activities or situations that you feel happy and confident in//


Words: comfortable
Meaning:
W3S2   adj   ----------//\n   1 furniture/places/clothes etc:\n   2 physically relaxed:\n   3 confident:\n   4 money:\n   5 competition/vote:\n   6 ill/injured:  ----------//\n  1 FURNITURE/PLACES/CLOTHES ETC:  making you feel physically relaxed, without any pain or without being too hot, cold etc//    comfort//  comfortable chair/bed/sofa etc //  --The bed wasn’t particularly comfortable.//  comfortable room/lounge/hotel etc //  --Joyce has a comfortable apartment in Portland.//  comfortable clothes/shoes/boots etc //  --Wear loose, comfortable clothing.//  comfortable to wear/use/sit on etc //  --Linen is very comfortable to wear.//\n  2 PHYSICALLY RELAXED:  feeling physically relaxed, without any pain or without being too hot, cold etc//    comfort//  --I was so comfortable and warm in bed I didn’t want to get up.//  --Sit down and make yourself comfortable .//  --With difficulty, she rolled her body into a more comfortable position .//\n  3 CONFIDENT:   [not before noun] confident, relaxed, and not worried//  comfortable with//  --She’s never felt very comfortable with men.//  --In our business, we need people who are comfortable in an unstructured environment.//\n  4 MONEY:  having enough money to buy all the things you need or want, without having to worry about how much they cost//  comfortable life/retirement/existence etc //  --Jean had been looking forward to a comfortable retirement.//\n  5 COMPETITION/VOTE:   [usually before noun] if you have a comfortable win or lead, you win or are leading by a large amount//  comfortable win/victory //  --The pair had a comfortable win, beating the German team by nearly three seconds.//  --The bill should pass in the House by a comfortable margin .//  --Another penalty from Roberts gave the home team a comfortable half-time lead .//\n  6 ILL/INJURED:   [not before noun] if someone who is ill or injured is comfortable, they are not in too much pain//


Words: comfortably
Meaning:
adv   ----------//\n   1 furniture/places/clothes:\n   2 physically relaxed:\n   3 money:\n   4 win/achievement:\n   5 confident:  ----------//\n  1 FURNITURE/PLACES/CLOTHES:  in a way that makes you feel physically relaxed, without any pain, or without being too hot, cold etc//  --The hotel is modern and comfortably furnished .//  --his comfortably baggy jeans//\n  2 PHYSICALLY RELAXED:  in a way that feels physically relaxed, without any pain, or without being too hot, cold etc//  --I was sitting comfortably in the lounge, reading a newspaper.//\n  3 MONEY:  with enough money to live on without having to worry about paying for things//  --She earns enough money to live comfortably .//  --His family were comfortably off  (=fairly rich) .//\n  4 WIN/ACHIEVEMENT:  easily and without problems//  --Davis won comfortably , 9-1, 9-3, 9-2.//  --the amount of work you can comfortably deal with//\n  5 CONFIDENT:  in a confident and relaxed way//  --They were soon chatting comfortably with each other.//


Words: comforter
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  AmE a cover for a bed that is filled with a soft warm material such as feathers:  British Equivalent:  duvet//\n  2 someone or something that comforts you:


Words: comforting
Meaning:
adj   making you feel less worried, unhappy, or upset//  it is comforting to think/have/know etc //  --It’s comforting to know I can call my parents any time.//  --With this comforting thought , Harry fell asleep.//  --His voice was strangely comforting.//  -- comfortingly adv //


Words: comic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: comicus, from  Greek, from  komos;   COMEDY]//  amusing you and making you want to laugh//  → tragic//  --a comic novel//  comic writer/actress/performer etc (=someone who writes or performs things that make you laugh) //  comic relief (=a situation in a serious story that makes you relax a little because it is funny) //  --The song provides some comic relief from the intensity of the scene.//\ncomic 2 n [C] \n  1  also comic book :  a magazine for children that tells a story using comic strips//\n  2 someone whose job is to tell jokes and make people laugh:   comedian//  --a stand-up comic //


Words: Comic Relief
Meaning:
a British  charity organization which was started by professional  comedians. Once a year they have a special day when they collect money for people who need help in the UK and other countries.//


Words: comical
Meaning:
adj   behaviour or situations that are comical are funny in a strange or unexpected way//  --The note of pure panic in his voice was almost comical.//  -- comically/-kli/ adv //


Words: coming
Meaning:
n \n  1  the coming of sth/sb:  the time when something new begins, especially something that will cause a lot of changes//  --With the coming of railways, new markets opened up.//\n  2  comings and goings:   informal the movements of people as they arrive at and leave places//  comings and goings of//  --Beds are arranged so that patients can watch the comings and goings of visitors and staff.//\ncoming 2 adj [only before noun]    formal happening soon//  --the coming winter//    up-and-coming//


Words: coming of age
Meaning:
n [singular]   the point in a young person’s life, usually the age of 18 or 21, at which their society considers them to be an adult//


Words: comma
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’part of a sentence’, from  Greek komma  ’part, clause’, from  koptein  ’to cut’]//  the mark (,) used in writing and printing to show a short pause or to separate things in a list//    inverted comma//    punctuation mark//


Words: command
Meaning:
W2   n   ----------//\n   1 control:\n   2 order:\n   3 computer:\n   4 command of something:\n   5 military:\n   6 at your command:\n   7 be in command of yourself:  ----------//\n  1 CONTROL:   [U] the control of a group of people or a situation//  under sb’s command//  --troops under the command of General Roberts//  in command (of sth)//  --Lieutenant Peters was now in command.//  --He felt fully in command of the situation .//  take command (of sth) (=begin controlling a group or situation and making decisions) //  --The fire officer took command, ordering everyone to leave the building.//  at sb’s command//  --Each congressman has a large staff at his command (=available to be used) .//  --By 1944, Fletcher had command of a B-17 bomber and a 10 man crew.//\n  2 ORDER:   [C] an order that should be obeyed//  --Shoot when I give the command .//\n  3 COMPUTER:   [C] an instruction to a computer to do something//\n  4  command of sth:  knowledge of something, especially a language, or ability to use something//  (have a) good/excellent/poor etc command of sth //  --He’s studied in the US and has a good command of English.//\n  5 MILITARY:   [C also + plural verb British English] //  a) a part of an army, navy etc that is controlled separately and has a particular job//  --pilots of the Southern Air Command//  b) a group of officers or officials who give orders//  --the Army High Command//  c) the group of soldiers that an officer is in control of//\n  6  at your command:  if you have a particular skill at your command, you are able to use that skill well and easily//  --a pianist with the keys at his command//\n  7  be in command of yourself:  to be able to control your emotions and thoughts//  --Kathleen walked in, tall, slim, confident and in total command of herself.//\ncommand 2 v   ----------//\n   1 order:\n   2 lead the military:\n   3 deserve and get:\n   4 control:\n   5 view:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: comander, from  Vulgar Latin commandare, from  Latin commendare (  COMMEND); influenced by  Latin mandare  ’to order’]//\n  1 ORDER:   [I and T] to tell someone officially to do something, especially if you are a military leader, a king etc//  command sb to do sth//  --Captain Picard commanded the crew to report to the main deck.//  command that//  --The General commanded that the regiment attack at once.//\n  2 LEAD THE MILITARY:   [I and T] to be responsible for giving orders to a group of people in the army, navy etc//    commander//  --He commands the 4th Battalion.//\n  3 DESERVE AND GET:   [T] to get something such as respect or attention because you do something well or are important or popular//  command respect/attention/support etc //  --Philip was a remarkable teacher, able to command instant respect.//  command a high fee/wage/price etc //  --Which graduates command the highest salaries?//\n  4 CONTROL:   [T] to control something//  --The party that commands a majority of seats in Parliament forms the government.//\n  5 VIEW:   [T] if a place commands a view, you can see something clearly from it//  --The Ramses Hilton commands a magnificent view of Cairo.//


Words: command performance
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a special performance at a theatre that is given for a king, president etc//


Words: commandeer
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Afrikaans; Origin: kommandeer, from  French commander  ’to command’, from  Old French comander;   COMMAND2]//  to take someone else’s property for your own use, especially during a war//  --The local hotel was commandeered for the wounded.//


Words: commander
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an officer of any rank who is in charge of a group of soldiers or a particular military activity:  --the American Commander, General Otis//  --our platoon commander//\n  2 a high rank in the navy, or someone who holds this rank:\n  3 a British police officer of high rank:    wing commander//


Words: commander in chief plural
Meaning:
commanders in chief  n [C usually singular]   someone of high rank who is in control of all the military organizations in a country or of a specific military activity//  --The Queen is Commander in Chief of the British armed forces.//


Words: commanding
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] having the authority or position that allows you to give orders:  --a commanding officer //\n  2 having the confidence to make people respect and obey you - used to show approval:  --Papa’s commanding presence //\n  3 a commanding view or position is one from which you can clearly see a long way:\n  4 being in a position from which you are likely to win a race or competition easily:  --a commanding lead //


Words: commando
Meaning:
n   plural  commandos  or  commandoes //  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Afrikaans; Origin: kommando, from  Dutch, from  Spanish comando, from  comandar  ’to command’, from  French commander;   COMMANDEER]//\n  1 [C] a soldier who is specially trained to make quick attacks into enemy areas:  --a commando raid//\n  2  go commando:   AmE  spoken to not wear any underwear - used humorously//


Words: commemorate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  commemorare, from  com- (  COM-) +  memorare  ’to remind of’]//  to do something to show that you remember and respect someone important or an important event in the past//  --a parade to commemorate the town’s bicentenary//  -- commemorative/k[hA353]mem[hA368]r[hA353]t[hA366]v/ adj //  --a commemorative plaque//


Words: commemoration
Meaning:
n [U]   something that makes you remember and respect someone important or an important event in the past//  in commemoration of sb/sth//  --a service in commemoration of those who died in the war//


Words: commence
Meaning:
v [I and T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: comencer, from  Vulgar Latin cominitiare, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  initiare  ’to begin’]//  to begin or to start something//  --Work will commence on the new building immediately.//  --Your first evaluation will be six months after you commence employment.//  commence with//  --The course commences with a one week introduction to Art Theory.//  commence doing sth//  --The planes commenced bombing at midnight.//


Words: commencement
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1 [U] the beginning of something:  commencement of//  --the commencement of building work//\n  2 [U and C]  AmE a ceremony at which university, college, or high school students receive their diplomas:   graduation//


Words: commend
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: commendare, from  com- (  COM-) +  mandare  ’to give over to someone’]//\n  1 to praise or approve of someone or something publicly:  commend sb for sth//  --Inspector Marshall was commended for his professional and caring attitude.//  --The paper was highly commended in the UK Press Awards.//\n  2 to tell someone that something is good or deserves attention:   recommend//  --Colleagues, I commend this report to you.//  --Ian McKellen’s performance had much to commend it  (=was very good) .//\n  3  commend itself (to sb):   formal if something commends itself to you, you approve of it//  --The plan did not commend itself to the Allies.//


Words: commendable
Meaning:
adj  formal   deserving praise//  --Your enthusiasm is highly commendable .//  --Baldwin answered with commendable honesty.//  -- commendably adv //


Words: commendation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   an official statement praising someone, especially someone who has been brave or very successful//


Words: commensurate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: commensuratus, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  Late Latin mensuratus  ’measured’]//  matching something in size, quality, or length of time//  commensurate with//  --Salary will be commensurate with age and experience.//


Words: comment
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: commentum, from  Latin,  ’invention’, from  comminisci  ’to invent’]//\n  1 [U and C] an opinion that you express about someone or something:   remark//  --Does anyone have any questions or comments?//  comment on/about//  --his comments about asylum seekers//  --He was fined for making abusive comments to the referee.//  fair comment (=criticism that is reasonable or deserved) //\n  2 [U] criticism or discussion of something someone has said or done:  --The speech received much comment in the press.//  no comment (=used by people in public life when they do not want to answer questions) //\n  3  be a comment on sth:  to be a sign of the bad quality of something//  --The number of adults who cannot read is a sad comment on the quality of our schools.//\ncomment 2 W3S2 v [I and T]   to express an opinion about someone or something//   remark//  comment on//  --People were always commenting on my sister’s looks.//  comment that//  --Morrison’s lawyer commented that the decision was ’outrageous’.//


Words: commentary
Meaning:
n   plural  commentaries  [U and C] //\n  1 a spoken description of an event, given while the event is happening, especially on the television or radio:  --Commentary is by Tom Ferris.//  commentary on//  --We’ll be bringing you full commentary on the game between Notts and Brescia.//  running commentary (=a continuous description of something) //\n  2 something such as a book or article that explains or discusses a book, poem, idea etc:  --political commentary//\n  3  be a sad/tragic/devastating etc commentary on sth:  to be a sign of how bad a particular situation is//  --The incident was a sad commentary on British football.//


Words: commentate
Meaning:
v [I + on]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: commentator]//  to describe an event such as a sports game on television or radio//


Words: commentator
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: commentari  ’to comment’, from  comminisci;   COMMENT1]//\n  1 someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, and who writes about it or discusses it on the television or radio:  --political commentators//\n  2 someone on television or radio who describes an event as it is happening:  --a sports commentator //


Words: commerce
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Latin commercium, from  com- (  COM-) +  merx  ’things to be sold’]//  the buying and selling of goods and services//   trade//  --measures promoting local commerce and industry//    chamber of commerce,  e-commerce//


Words: commercial
Meaning:
adj \n  1 related to business and the buying and selling of goods and services:  --Our top priorities must be profit and commercial growth.//\n  2 related to the ability of a product or business to make a profit:  --Gibbons failed to see the commercial value of his discovery.//  commercial success/failure //  --The film was a huge commercial success.//\n  3 [only before noun] a commercial product is one that is produced and sold in large quantities:\n  4 more concerned with money than with quality:  --I used to like their music but they’ve become very commercial.//\n  5  commercial radio/TV/channel etc:  radio or television broadcasts that are produced by companies that earn money through advertising//\ncommercial 2 S3 n \n  1 [C] an advertisement on television or radio:  --a soap powder commercial//\n  2  commercial break:  the time when advertisements are broadcast during a television or radio programme//


Words: Commercial Court
Meaning:
the   a British court of law for cases relating to companies and banks. It decides whether they can move goods to particular places, join with other businesses, get the right to use a particular name, provide different services etc.//


Words: commercial traveller
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  old-fashioned   someone who travels from place to place selling goods for a company//   sales representative//


Words: commercialism
Meaning:
n [U]   the principle or practice of being more concerned with making money from buying and selling goods than you are about their quality - used to show disapproval//  --the commercialism of modern culture//


Words: commercialize
Meaning:
also  commercialise BrE   v [T] \n  1 [usually passive] to be more concerned with making money from something than about its quality - used to show disapproval:  --Christmas has become so commercialized.//\n  2 to sell something completely new to the public for the first time:  --Some space launches will be commercialized to help pay for more space research.//  -- commercialization/k[hA353]m[hA362][hA359][hA35D][hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -m[hA362][hA359]r[hA35D][hA353]l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: commercially
Meaning:
adv \n  1 considering whether a business or product is making a profit :  --The project is no longer commercially viable  (=certain to make money) .//  [sentence adverb] //  --Commercially, the movie was a flop.//\n  2 produced or used in large quantities as a business:  --commercially farmed land//\n  3 if a new product is commercially available, you can buy it in shops:  --the world’s first commercially available 3-D computer screen//


Words: commingle
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T]  formal to mix together, or to make different things do this:  --Many towns allow recyclable items to be commingled for collection in a single container.//\n  2 [T]  AmE  technical if a financial organization commingles money, it mixes its own money with money that belongs to its customers or to another part of the business, usually in an illegal way:  commingle sth with sth//  --The company faces charges that it commingled its own funds with customer funds.//  -- commingling n  [U] //


Words: commiserate
Meaning:
v [I + with]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  commiserari, from  com- (  COM-) +  miserari  ’to pity’]//  to express your sympathy for someone who is unhappy about something//


Words: commiseration
Meaning:
n [plural, U]  formal   a feeling of sympathy for someone when something unpleasant has happened to them//  --Congratulations to the winners, commiserations to the losers.//    condolence//


Words: commissary
Meaning:
n   plural  commissaries  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: commissarius, from  Latin commissus;   COMMISSION1]//\n  1  BrE an officer in the army who is in charge of food supplies:\n  2  AmE a shop that supplies food and other goods in a military camp:\n  3  AmE a place where you can eat in a large organization such as a film studio, factory etc:


Words: commission
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin commissio, from  commissus, past participle of  committere;   COMMIT]//\n  1 [C] a group of people who have been given the official job of finding out about something or controlling something:  --The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence.//  commission on//  --the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution//\n  2 [U and C] an extra amount of money that is paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods they have sold or the services they have provided:  --The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes.//  on commission//  --He sold cosmetics on commission.//\n  3 [C] a request for an artist, designer, or musician to make a piece of art or music, for which they are paid:  --a commission from the Academy for a new sculpture//\n  4 [C] the position of an officer in the army, navy etc:\n  5 [U]  formal the commission of a crime is the act of doing it:\n  6  out of commission:  a) not working or not available for use//  --One of the ship’s anchors was out of commission.//  b)  informal ill or injured, and unable to work//\n  7  in commission:  available to be used//  --The operating theatres will be back in commission next week.//\ncommission 2 v \n  1 [T] to formally ask someone to write an official report, produce a work of art for you etc:  --The report was commissioned by the Welsh Office.//  commission sb to do sth//  --Macmillan commissioned her to illustrate a book by Spike Milligan.//\n  2  be commissioned (into sth):  to be given an officer’s rank in the army, navy etc//  --He was commissioned into the Royal Engineers.//


Words: Commission for Racial Equality
Meaning:
the   the CRE a British government organization established in 1976 to make sure that people of all races are treated fairly and equally by employers, schools, etc.//


Words: commissionaire
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE someone whose job is to stand at the entrance to a hotel or theatre wearing a uniform and help people//   doorman//


Words: commissioner
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is officially in charge of a government department in some countries:\n  2 the head of the police department in some parts of the US:\n  3 a member of a commission:


Words: commit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  committed present participle  committing //  ----------//\n   1 crime:\n   2 commit suicide:\n   3 commit adultery:\n   4 say you will do something:\n   5 relationship:\n   6 money/time:\n   7 for trial:\n   8 prison/hospital:\n   9 commit something to memory:\n  10 commit something to paper:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: committere, from  com- (  COM-) +  mittere  ’to send’]//\n  1 CRIME:   [T] to do something wrong or illegal//  --Women commit fewer crimes than men.//  commit murder/rape/arson etc //  --Brady committed a series of brutal murders.//\n  2  commit suicide:  to kill yourself deliberately//\n  3  commit adultery:  if a married person commits adultery, they have sex with someone who is not their husband or wife//\n  4 SAY YOU WILL DO SOMETHING:   [I and T] to say that someone will definitely do something or must do something//  commit sb to doing sth//  --He has clearly committed his government to continuing down the path of economic reform.//  commit sb to sth//  --Meeting them doesn’t commit us to anything.//  commit yourself//  --I’d committed myself and there was no turning back.//  commit yourself to (doing) sth//  --The banks have committed themselves to boosting profits by slashing costs.//\n  5 RELATIONSHIP:   [I and T] to give someone your love or support in a serious and permanent way//  --Anna wants to get married, but Bob’s not sure he wants to commit.//  commit to//  --He has not yet committed to any of the candidates.//\n  6 MONEY/TIME:   [T] to decide to use money, time, people etc for a particular purpose//  commit sth to sth//  --A lot of money has been committed to this project.//\n  7 FOR TRIAL:   [T]  BrE to send someone to be tried in a court of law//  --The two men were committed for trial at Bristol Crown Court.//\n  8 PRISON/HOSPITAL:   [T] to order someone to be put in a hospital or prison//  commit sb to sth//  --The judge committed him to prison for six months.//\n  9  commit sth to memory:   formal to learn something so that you remember it//   memorize//\n  10  commit sth to paper:   formal to write something down//    committed//


Words: commitment
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way:  --Are you ready to make a long-term commitment ?//  commitment to//  --Our company has a commitment to quality and customer service.//\n  2 [U] the hard work and loyalty that someone gives to an organization, activity etc:  --I was impressed by the energy and commitment shown by the players.//  commitment to//  --Her commitment to work is beyond question.//\n  3 [C] something that you have promised you will do or that you have to do:  --Will the job fit in with your family commitments ?//\n  4 [C] an amount of money that you have to pay regularly:  --I had a lot of financial commitments.//\n  5 [U and C] the use of money, time, people etc for a particular purpose:  --commitments of food and medical aid of over $4 billion//


Words: committal
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 the process in which a court sends someone to a mental hospital or prison:\n  2  formal the burying or cremating of a dead person:


Words: committed
Meaning:
adj   willing to work very hard at something//  --The party has a core of committed supporters.//  committed to//  --We are fully committed to Equal Opportunity policies.//


Words: committee
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: committee  ’person something is committed to’ (15-17 centuries), from  commit]//  [C also + plural verb British English] a group of people chosen to do a particular job, make decisions etc//  committee of//  --the International Committee of the Red Cross//  committee on//  --a Ministerial committee on security affairs//  on a committee//  --He’s on the finance committee.//  --a committee meeting//  --committee members//    select committee,  standing committee at standing1 (1)//


Words: commode
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: commode  ’useful, suitable’, from  Latin commodus, from  com- (  COM-) +  modus  ’measure’]//\n  1 a piece of furniture shaped like a chair that can be used as a toilet:\n  2 an old-fashioned piece of furniture with drawers or shelves:\n  3  AmE a word meaning ’toilet’ used by people who do not like saying ’toilet’:


Words: commodious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: commodious  ’useful’ (15-18 centuries), from  French commodieux, from  Latin commodus;   COMMODE]//  a house or room that is commodious is very big//


Words: commodity
Meaning:
n   plural  commodities  [C] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: commodite, from  Latin commoditas, from  commodus;   COMMODE]//\n  1 a product that is bought and sold:  --agricultural commodities//  --Commodity prices fell sharply.//\n  2  formal a useful quality or thing:  --Time is a precious commodity.//


Words: commodore
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  Dutch commandeur  ’commander’, from  French, from  Old French comander;   COMMAND2]//\n  1 a high rank in the navy, or someone who has this rank:\n  2 the captain in charge of a group of ships that are carrying goods:


Words: common
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 happening often:\n   2 a lot:\n   3 same/similar:\n   4 common ground:\n   5 shared by everyone:\n   6 common knowledge:\n   7 the common good:\n   8 common practice:\n   9 ordinary:\n  10 common courtesy/decency/politeness:\n  11 common or garden:\n  12 make/find common cause (with/against somebody):\n  13 common touch:\n  14 social class:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: commun, from  Latin communis]//\n  1 HAPPENING OFTEN:  happening often and to many people or in many places//  → rare//  --Heart disease is one of the commonest causes of death.//  common among//  --Bad dreams are fairly common among children.//  it’s common for sb to do sth//  --It’s common for new fathers to feel jealous of the baby.//\n  2 A LOT:  existing in large numbers//  → rare//  --Daisies are very common flowers.//\n  3 SAME/SIMILAR:   [usually before noun, no comparative] common aims, beliefs, ideas etc are shared by several people or groups//  --people working towards a common goal//  --countries that share a common language//  common to//  --a theme that is common to all her novels//\n  4  common ground:  facts, features, or beliefs that are shared by people or things that are very different//  common ground between//  --There is a great deal of common ground between management and trade unions on this issue.//\n  5 SHARED BY EVERYONE:   [ no comparative] belonging to or shared by everyone in a society//  common to//  --These problems are common to all societies.//  --Joe was chosen as captain by common consent  (=with everyone’s agreement) .//\n  6  common knowledge:  something everyone knows//  -- It is common knowledge that travel broadens the mind.//\n  7  the common good:  the advantage of everyone//  --They work together for the common good.//\n  8  common practice:  a usual or accepted way of doing things//  --It was common practice for families to attend church together.//\n  9 ORDINARY:   [only before noun, no comparative] ordinary and not special in any way//  --common salt//  --The twentieth century was called the century of the common man  (=ordinary people) .//  --He insists that he is a revolutionary not a common criminal.//\n  10  common courtesy/decency/politeness:  a polite way of behaving that you expect from people//  --It would be common courtesy to return their hospitality.//\n  11  common or garden:   BrE ordinary//  American Equivalent:  garden-variety//  --a common or garden dispute//\n  12  make/find common cause (with/against sb):   formal to join with other people or groups in order to achieve something//  --France and Russia made common cause against Britain.//\n  13  common touch:  the ability of someone in a position of power or authority to talk to and understand ordinary people - used to show approval//  --He’s made it to the top without losing the common touch.//\n  14 SOCIAL CLASS:   BrE  old-fashioned an offensive word used for describing someone from a low social class//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’It is common that...’: It is common for children to be afraid (NOT It is common that children are afraid) of the dark. //  ----------//\ncommon 2 n \n  1  have sth in common (with sb):  to have the same interests, attitudes etc as someone else//  --I found I had a lot in common with these people.//  --four women with almost nothing in common //\n  2  have sth in common (with sth):  if objects or ideas have something in common, they share the same features//  --The two games have much in common .//\n  3  in common with sb/sth:  in the same way as someone or something else//  --In common with a lot of other countries, we’re in an economic recession.//\n  4 [C] a large area of open land in a town or village that people walk or play sport on:  --Boston Common//


Words: common cold
Meaning:
n [C]   a slight illness in which your throat hurts and it is difficult to breathe normally//   cold//


Words: common currency
Meaning:
n [U]   used to say that something is used by a lot of people or accepted by everyone//  --Words like ’spliff’ and ’blunt’ have become common currency.//


Words: common denominator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an attitude or quality that all the different members of a group have:  --The common denominator of both types of novel is the vulnerable, threatened heroine.//\n  2  the lowest common denominator:  the least attractive, least intelligent people or features in a situation//  --trashy TV programs that appeal to the lowest common denominator//\n  3  technical a number that can be divided exactly by all the denominators (=bottom number) in a set of fractions:


Words: Common Entrance Examination
Meaning:
the   an examination in the UK, taken in  preparatory schools by children between the ages of 12 and 14, in order to be able to go to a  public school (=expensive private school) //


Words: common law
Meaning:
n [U]   the system of laws that has developed from customs and the decisions of judges rather than from laws made by Parliament//    statute law//


Words: common noun
Meaning:
n [C]   in grammar, a common noun is any noun that is not the name of a particular person, place, or thing. For example, ’book, ’sugar’, and ’stuff’ are common nouns//    proper noun, noun//


Words: common room
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a room in a school or college that a group of teachers or students use when they are not teaching or studying//


Words: common sense
Meaning:
n [U]   the ability to behave in a sensible way and make practical decisions//  --Use your common sense for once!//  --a common-sense approach to education//


Words: common-law
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1  common-law marriage/husband/wife:  a relationship that is considered to be a marriage because the man and woman have lived together for a long time//\n  2 according to or related to common law:  common law rules/courts/rights etc //


Words: commonly
Meaning:
W3   adv \n  1 usually or by most people:   widely//  --Sodium chloride is more commonly known as salt.//  --a commonly used industrial chemical//\n  2 often, in many places, or in large numbers:   widely//  --Lung cancer is the most commonly found cancer in men.//  --commonly available software packages//


Words: commonplace
Meaning:
adj   happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual//  --Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town.//\ncommonplace 2 n [C usually singular] \n  1 something that happens or exists in many places, so that it is not unusual:  --Women’s groups have become a commonplace.//\n  2 something that has been said so often that it is no longer interesting or original:\n  3  the commonplace:  something that is ordinary or boring//   the everyday//  --Moore took as his main theme the mystery of the commonplace.//


Words: Commons
Meaning:
n   the Commons//  the larger and more powerful of the two parts of the British parliament, whose members are elected by citizens//    the Lords//  --The Government has a huge majority in the Commons.//


Words: commonwealth
Meaning:
n \n  1  the Commonwealth:  an organization of about 50 countries that were once part of the British empire//  --the Commonwealth Games//\n  2 [C] an association of countries with political or economic connections:  commonwealth of//  --a commonwealth of nations//\n  3 [C]  AmE the official legal title of some US states:


Words: Commonwealth Games
Meaning:
the   an international sports event in which the member countries of the British Commonwealth compete in various sports. The games take place every four years in one of the competing countries//


Words: commotion
Meaning:
n [singular, U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin commotio, from  commovere  ’to move violently’, from  com- (  COM-) +  movere  ’to move’]//  sudden noisy activity//  --They heard a commotion downstairs.//  --Everyone looked to see what was causing the commotion .//


Words: comms
Meaning:
n [plural]  BrE  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: communications]//  communications used when talking about computer programs that allow communication between different computers//  American Equivalent:  communications software//


Words: communal
Meaning:
adj \n  1 shared by a group of people or animals, especially a group who live together:  --a communal bathroom//\n  2 involving people from many different races, religions, or language groups:  --the worst communal violence in two years//\n  3 relating or belonging to all the people living in a particular community:  --crops grown on communal land//


Words: commune
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Medieval Latin communia, from  Latin communis;   COMMON1]//\n  1 a group of people who live together and who share the work and their possessions:  --a hippie commune//\n  2 the smallest unit of local government in countries such as France and Belgium:\n  3 a group of people in a Communist country who work as a team on a farm, and give what they produce to the state:\ncommune 2   v   commune with / [commune with sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: communier, from  Latin communicare;   COMMUNICATE]//\n  1 to communicate with a person, god, or animal, especially in a mysterious, spiritual way:\n  2  commune with nature:  to spend time outside in a natural place, enjoying it in a quiet peaceful way//  --Take time to relax and commune with nature.//


Words: communicable
Meaning:
adj  formal \n  1 a communicable disease can be passed on to other people:   infectious//\n  2 able to be communicated:  --Some experiences are communicable only through symbols.//


Words: communicate
Meaning:
W3S3   v   ----------//\n   1 exchange information:\n   2 tell people something:\n   3 understand:\n   4 disease:\n   5 rooms:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  communicare  ’to give information, take part’, from  communis;   COMMON1]//\n  1 EXCHANGE INFORMATION:   [I and T] to exchange information or conversation with other people, using words, signs, writing etc//  --We communicated mostly by e-mail.//  communicate with//  --People use more than words when they communicate with each other.//  communicate sth to sb//  --The decision was communicated to our staff late in 1998.//\n  2 TELL PEOPLE SOMETHING:   [I and T] to express your thoughts and feelings clearly, so that other people understand them//  --A baby communicates its needs by crying.//  communicate sth to sb//  --Without meaning to, she communicated her anxiety to her child.//  --His enthusiasm communicated itself to the voters.//  --A teacher must be able to communicate effectively to students.//\n  3 UNDERSTAND:   [I] if two people communicate, they are able to talk about and understand each other’s feelings or desires//  --Many couples make themselves miserable by not communicating.//  communicate with//  --Parents sometimes find it difficult to communicate with their teenage children.//\n  4 DISEASE:   [T usually passive] to pass a disease from one person or animal to another//    communicable//\n  5 ROOMS:   [I] if rooms or parts of a building communicate, you can get directly to one from the other//  --communicating doors//


Words: communication
Meaning:
W1S2   n \n  1 [U] the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feelings:  --Good communication is vital in a large organization.//  --Radio was the pilot’s only means of communication .//\n  2  communications:  a)  [plural] ways of sending information, especially using radio, telephone, or computers//  --Modern communications are enabling more people to work from home.//  b)  [plural] roads, railways etc that are used for travelling and sending goods//  communications with//  --Paris has good communications with many European cities.//  c)  [U] the study of using radio, television, cinema etc to communicate//  --a diploma in communications//\n  3 [U] the way people express themselves so that other people will understand:  --a week’s course in improving communication skills //  --There has been a breakdown in communication  (=failure) .//\n  4  be in communication with sb:   formal to talk or write to someone regularly//\n  5 [C]  formal a letter, message, or telephone call:  --a communication from the Ministry of Defence//


Words: communication cord
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a chain that a passenger can pull to stop a train in an emergency (=a sudden dangerous situation) //


Words: communications satellite
Meaning:
n [C]   a satellite that is used to send radio, television, and telephone signals around the world//


Words: communicative
Meaning:
adj \n  1 able to talk easily to other people:  --Tom wasn’t very communicative - he kept himself to himself.//\n  2 relating to the ability to communicate, especially in a foreign language:  --students’ communicative skills//


Words: communicator
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who is able to express ideas or their feelings clearly to other people//  --She’s a skilled communicator.//


Words: communion
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: communio, from  communis;   COMMON1]//\n  1  Communion [U]  also Holy Communion :  the Christian ceremony in which people eat bread and drink wine as signs of Christ’s body and blood//\n  2 [U]  formal a special relationship with someone or something which makes you feel that you understand them very well:  communion with//  --Prayer is a form of communion with God.//\n  3 [C]  formal a group of people or organizations that share the same religious beliefs:   denomination//  --He belongs to the Anglican communion.//


Words: communique
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  communiquer  ’to communicate’, from  Latin communicare;   COMMUNICATE]//  an official report or announcement//  --A communique was issued by NATO Defence Ministers.//


Words: communism
Meaning:
Communism/k[hA361]mj[hA36A]n[hA366]z[hA368]m $ k[hA35A][hA359]-/ n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: communisme, from  commun;   COMMON1]//\n  1 a political system in which the government controls the production of all food and goods, and there is no privately owned property:    capitalism, socialism//\n  2 the belief in this political system:\ncommunist 1  Communist/k[hA361]mj[hA36A]n[hA369]st $ k[hA35A][hA359]-/ n [C]   someone who is a member of a political party that supports communism, or who believes in communism//    capitalist, socialist//\ncommunist 2 adj  Communist  relating to communism//    capitalist, socialist//  --a communist country //  --a communist regime //


Words: Communist bloc the Eastern bloc
Meaning:
the Communist bloc//  the former Soviet Union and the countries of eastern Europe which had Communist governments and were under Soviet influence, especially between the end of World War II and about 1990//


Words: Communist Manifesto
Meaning:
The   a book by Karl  Marx and Friedrich  Engels, written in 1848, which explains the main ideas of  Communism and describes how society would need to change in order to achieve this//


Words: Communist Party
Meaning:
n   a political party based on the principles of  Marxism-Leninism, and believing that most economic activity (such as factories, banks, and farming) should be owned or controlled by the government//


Words: community
Meaning:
n   plural  communities //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: comunete, from  Latin communitas, from  communis;   COMMON1]//\n  1 [C, also + plural verb British English] the people who live in the same area, town etc:  --The new arts centre will serve the whole community.//  -- community education programmes//  community relations/affairs/needs etc //  --We meet once a month to discuss community problems.//  community groups/leaders etc //  --Community leaders met to discuss the proposed golf course.//  community spirit (=the desire to be friendly with and help other people who live in the same community) //\n  2 [C] a group of people who have the same interests, religion, race etc:  --different ethnic communities //  the gay/black/Asian etc community //  --the gay community in San Francisco//  the business/academic/scientific etc community //\n  3  the community:  society and the people in it//  --The trend is towards reintegrating mentally ill people into the community.//  the international community (=all the countries of the world) //  --The President appealed to the international community for aid for the flood victims.//\n  4  sense of community:  the feeling that you belong to a community//\n  5 [C] a group of plants or animals that live in the same environment:  --Communities of otters are slowly returning to British rivers.//


Words: community centre
Meaning:
BrE  community center AmE n [C]   a place where people from the same area can go for social events, classes etc//


Words: community chest
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  old use   money that is collected by the people and businesses in an area to help poor people//


Words: community college
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a secondary school in the UK that students from the local area can go to, and which also has classes for adults:\n  2 a college in the US that students can go to for two years in order to learn a skill or prepare for university:   junior college//


Words: community service
Meaning:
n [U]   work that is not paid that someone does to help other people, sometimes as punishment for a crime//


Words: commutation
Meaning:
n   [U and C]  law a reduction in how severe a punishment is//  --Activists are campaigning for a commutation of Pollard’s sentence.//


Words: commute
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: commutare  ’to exchange, change’, from  com- (  COM-) +  mutare  ’to change’]//\n  1 [I] to regularly travel a long distance to get to work:  commute to/from/between//  --Jim commutes to Manhattan every day.//\n  2  commute a sentence (to sth):   technical to change the punishment given to a criminal to one that is less severe//  --Baldry’s 20-year prison sentence was commuted to three years.//\n  3  commute sth for/into sth:   technical to exchange one thing, especially one kind of payment, for another//  --He commuted his pension for a lump sum.//\ncommute 2 n [C usually singular]   the journey to work every day//  --My morning commute takes 45 minutes.//


Words: Comoros
Meaning:
a country consisting of three islands in the Mozambique Channel between northwest Madagascar and southeast Africa. Population: 596,202 (2001). Capital: Moroni.//


Words: comp
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   [Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: complimentary]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: comprehensive]//\n  1  AmE a ticket for a play, sports game etc that is given away free:\n  2  BrE a comprehensive school:\ncomp 2 v [T]    AmE  spoken to give something such as a ticket away free//


Words: compact
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: compactus, past participle of  compingere  ’to put together’, from  com- (  COM-) +  pangere  ’to fasten’]//\n  1 small, but arranged so that everything fits neatly into the space available - used to show approval:  --The compact design of the machine allows it to be stored easily.//  --The students’ rooms were compact, with a desk, bed, and closet built in.//\n  2 packed or put together firmly and closely:  --The bushes grew in a compact mass.//\n  3 small, but solid and strong:  --a short compact-looking man//  -- compactly adv //  -- compactness n  [U] //\ncompact 2   n [C]   [Sense: 1-3; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  COMPACT1]//  [Sense: 4; Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: compactum, from  compacisci  ’to make an agreement’, from  com- (  COM-) +  pacisci  ’to contract’]//\n  1 a small flat container with a mirror, containing powder for a woman’s face:\n  2 a compact camera:\n  3  AmE a small car:\n  4  formal an agreement between countries or people:  --A compact was negotiated between the company and the union.//\ncompact 3   v [T]   to press something together so that it becomes smaller or more solid//  --compacted earth//


Words: compact disc
Meaning:
n [U and C]   CD a small circular piece of hard plastic on which high-quality recorded sound or large quantities of information can be stored//  --The new album is available on vinyl, cassette, or compact disc.//


Words: companion
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: compagnon, from  Late Latin companio, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  panis  ’bread, food’]//\n  1 someone you spend a lot of time with, especially a friend:  --For ten years he had been her constant companion .//  --His dog became his closest companion .//  --a travelling companion //  dinner/drinking companion //\n  2 one of a pair of things that go together or can be used together:  companion to//  --This book is a companion to Professor Farrer’s first work.//  companion volume/piece etc //  --The Encyclopedia of Gardening is a companion volume to the Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers.//\n  3 used in the titles of books about a particular subject:  --A Companion to Japanese Literature//\n  4 someone, especially a woman, who is paid to live or travel with an older person:


Words: Companion of Honour
Meaning:
the   a special title or honour that is given by the British queen or king to someone who has achieved something very important for the country. A person who received this title can use the letters CH after his or her name.//


Words: companionable
Meaning:
adj  literary   friendly and pleasant to be with//  --They sat together in companionable silence .//  -- companionably adv //


Words: companionship
Meaning:
n [U]   when you are with someone you enjoy being with, and are not alone//  --When Stan died, I missed his companionship.//


Words: company
Meaning:
n   plural  companies //  ----------//\n   1 business:\n   2 other people:\n   3 guests:\n   4 friends:\n   5 performers:\n   6 be in good company:\n   7 GROUP:\n   8 somebody and company:\n   9 army:\n  10 two’s company, three’s a crowd:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: compagnie, from  compain  ’companion’, from  Late Latin companio;   COMPANION]//\n  1 BUSINESS:   [C also + plural verb British English] a business organization that makes or sells goods or services//   business, firm//  --Which company do you work for?//  --The company are hoping to expand their operations abroad.//  --In ten years, Jeff went from working in the mailroom to  running  the  company .//  --The  company  was  set up  just after the war.//  -- Insurance companies say they investigated 43,000 cases of fraud last year.//  --I called the  phone company  about the bill.//  --an independent  record company //  --a  multinational company  specializing in sports equipment//  --a final draft of the  company policy  on the use of email for private purposes//  --Once again,  company directors  have awarded themselves a massive pay increase.//    limited company,  parent company,  public company//\n  2 OTHER PEOPLE:   [U] when you are with other people and not alone//  --The two men enjoy each other’s company .//  --Rita’s husband is away for the week, so I thought I’d go over and keep her company  (=be with her so that she doesn’t feel lonely) .//  --Come over for dinner - I could use the company  (=would like to be with people) .//  --James is good company  (=a cheerful person who is enjoyable to be with) .//  as company//  --Bessie was glad to have the dog as company.//  in sb’s company//   (=with someone) //  --I felt nervous in the company of such an important man.//  in company with sb//   (=together with another person or group) //  --He’s performing in company with saxophonist Ernie Watts.//\n  3 GUESTS:   [U] people who are visiting you in your home//  --It looks like the Hammills have company .//  --We’re expecting company this evening.//\n  4 FRIENDS:   [U] your friends or the group of people you spend time with//  --People judge you by the company you keep  (=the people you spend time with) .//  --Things began to go wrong when he got into bad company .//\n  5 PERFORMERS:   [C] a group of actors, dancers, or singers who work together//  --a theatre company //  --a touring company //  --the Kirov Ballet Company//\n  6  be in good company:  used to tell someone who has made a mistake that they should not be embarrassed because some important or respected people have made the same mistake//  --If you can’t program the video recorder, you’re in good company.//\n  7 GROUP:   [U]  formal a group of people who are together in the same place, often for a particular purpose or for social reasons//  --He glanced around at the assembled company .//  --Some jokes are just not appropriate to tell in mixed company  (=in a group of both men and women) .//  in company//   (=when surrounded by other people, especially at a social occasion) //  --Parents should teach their children how to behave in company.//\n  8  sb and company:   informal used after a person’s name to mean that person and their friends//  --This has not stopped Senator Biden and company from trying to make it an issue in the election.//\n  9 ARMY:   [C] a group of about 120 soldiers who are usually part of a larger group//\n  10  two’s company, three’s a crowd:  used to suggest that two people would rather be alone together than have other people with them//    part company at part2 (4),  present company excepted at present1 (7)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  run a company //  set up/start a company //  join a company (=become an employee) //  a company goes bust/bankrupt (=stops doing business because it has lost too much money) //  record/oil/insurance/phone etc company //  multinational company (=one that has offices in different countries) //  company policy //  company director/executive //  WORD FOCUS: company //  similar words: firm,  business //  a big company: corporation,  multinational,  conglomerate //  an Internet company: dot-com //  a company that is owned by a larger company: subsidiary,  affiliate //  abbreviations used in company names: Ltd (=Limited) //  Co. (=Company) //  Corp. (=Corporation) //  PLC (=Public Limited Company) (BrE),  Pty. (=Proprietary) (used in Australia and South Africa) //  See also:  start-up3 //  ----------//


Words: company secretary plural
Meaning:
company secretaries  n [C]   someone with a high position in a company who deals with administrative and legal matters//


Words: comparable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 similar to something else in size, number, quality etc, so that you can make a comparison:    compare, comparison//  --A car of comparable size would cost far more abroad.//  comparable figures/data/results //  --comparable figures for the same period of time last year//  comparable with/to//  --The planet Pluto is comparable in size to the moon.//\n  2 being equally important, good, bad etc:  --These two artists just aren’t comparable.//  comparable with/to//  --His poetry is hardly comparable with Shakespeare’s.//  -- comparability/k[hA361]mp[hA368]r[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti $ k[hA35A][hA359]m-/ n  [U] //


Words: comparative
Meaning:
adj \n  1  comparative comfort/freedom/wealth etc:  comfort etc that is quite good when compared to how comfortable, free, or rich etc something or someone else is//   relative//  --After a lifetime of poverty, his last few years were spent in comparable comfort.//  --She didn’t want to leave the comparative safety of the shelter.//\n  2  comparative study/analysis etc:  a study etc that involves comparing something to something else//  --a comparative study of the US and British steel industries//\n  3  comparative beginner/newcomer etc:  someone who is not really a beginner etc, but who seems to be one when compared to other people who have lived or worked somewhere for a long time//  --After living here five years, we’re still considered comparative newcomers.//\n  4  comparative figures/data:  comparative figures etc are similar to other figures, so that you can make a comparison//  --Comparative figures for last year clearly show how sales have declined.//\n  5  technical the comparative form of an adjective or adverb shows an increase in size, quality, degree etc when it is considered in relation to something else. For example, ’bigger’ is the comparative form of ’big’, and ’more slowly’ is the comparative form of ’slowly’:    superlative//\ncomparative 2 n   the comparative//   technical the form of an adjective or adverb that shows an increase in size, degree etc when something is considered in relation to something else. For example, ’bigger’ is the comparative of ’big’, and ’more slowly’ is the comparative of ’slowly’.//    the superlative//


Words: comparatively
Meaning:
adv   as compared to something else or to a previous state//   relatively//  --a comparatively small number of people//  -- Comparatively few books have been written on the subject.//  --Crime on the island is comparatively rare .//  -- Comparatively speaking , this part of the coast is still unspoiled.//


Words: compare
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: comparer, from  Latin comparare, from  compar  ’like’, from  com- (  COM-) +  par  ’equal’]//\n  1 [T] to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different from each other:    comparison, comparative//  --The report compares the different types of home computer available.//  compare sth/sb with sth/sb//  --The police compared the suspect’s fingerprints with those found at the crime scene.//  compare sth/sb to sth/sb//  --Davies’ style of writing has been compared to Dickens’.//  compare and contrast (=an expression used when telling students to write about the things that are similar or different in works of literature or art) //  --Compare and contrast the main characters of these two novels.//\n  2  compared to/with sth:  used when considering the size, quality, or amount of something in relation to something similar//  --a 20% reduction in burglary compared with last year//  --Compared to our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace.//\n  3 [I] to be better or worse than something else:  compare (favourably/unfavourably) with sth //  --The quality of English wines can now compare with wines from Germany.//  --How does life in Britain compare with life in the States?//  --The imported fabric is 30% cheaper and compares favourably (=is as good) in quality.//\n  4  sth doesn’t/can’t compare (with sth):  if something does not compare with something else, it is not as good, large etc//  --The rides at the fair just can’t compare with the rides at Disneyland.//\n  5  compare notes (with sb):   informal to talk to someone in order to find out if their experience of something is the same as yours//  --Leading scientists got together in Paris to compare notes on current research.//\ncompare 2 n   beyond/without compare//   literary a quality that is beyond compare is the best of its kind//  --a beauty and an elegance beyond compare//


Words: comparison
Meaning:
W2S3   n   ----------//\n   1 comparing:\n   2 judgment:\n   3 be like something:\n   4 there’s no comparison:\n   5 grammar:  ----------//\n  1 COMPARING:   [U] the process of comparing two or more people or things//    compare, comparative//  comparison with//  --Comparison with his previous movies shows how Lee has developed as a director.//  in comparison (with/to sth)//  --In comparison to other recent video games, this one isn’t very exciting.//  --He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy.//  by comparison (with sth)//  --By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.//  --After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison.//  for comparison (with sth)//  --These figures are provided for comparison with the results of previous studies.//  --He showed us the original text for comparison.//  --Her paintings invite comparison with those of the early Impressionists (=they remind you of them) .//  stand/bear comparison (=is as good as someone or something else) //  --Irving’s work bears comparison with the best of the modern novelists.//  on comparison//   BrE  (=after you have compared two things to see if they are similar or different) //  --On comparison, the Renault was the more reliable of the two cars.//\n  2 JUDGMENT:   [C] a statement or examination of how similar or different two people or things are//  comparison of//  --a comparison of pollution levels in Chicago and Detroit//  comparison between//  --The article makes a comparison between the two poems.//\n  3 BE LIKE SOMETHING:   [C] a statement that someone or something is like someone or something else//  (make/draw) a comparison between sb/sth (=show the similarities between two people or things) //  --The writer draws comparisons between the two presidents.//  --You can’t make a comparison between American and Japanese schools - they’re too different.//\n  4  there’s no comparison:   spoken used when you think that someone or something is much better than someone or something else//  there’s no comparison between//  --There’s just no comparison between canned vegetables and fresh ones.//\n  5 GRAMMAR:   [U] a word used in grammar meaning the way an adverb or adjective changes its form to show whether it is comparative or superlative//


Words: comparison-shop
Meaning:
v [I]   to go to different shops in order to compare the prices of things, so that you can buy things for the cheapest possible price//  -- comparison shopping n  [U] //


Words: compartment
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: compartiment, from  Italian, from  compartire  ’to mark out into parts’]//\n  1 a smaller enclosed space inside something larger:  --The bag is divided into separate compartments .//  --The engine compartment is soundproofed.//  --She kept the money hidden in a secret compartment in her briefcase.//    glove compartment//\n  2 one of the separate areas into which a plane, ship, or train is divided:  --a first-class compartment //


Words: compartmentalize
Meaning:
also  compartmentalise BrE   v [T]   to divide something into separate areas or groups//  --Women are better than men at compartmentalizing their lives.//  -- compartmentalized adj //  -- compartmentalization/k[hA361]mp[hA35A][hA359]tmentl-a[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ k[hA353]mp[hA35A][hA359]rtmentl-[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: compass
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: compas  ’measure, circle, compass’, from  compasser  ’to measure’, from  Vulgar Latin compassare  ’to measure by walking’, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  passus (  PACE1)]//\n  1 [C] an instrument that shows directions and has a needle that always points north:  --a map and compass//  compass points/points of the compass (=the marks on a compass that show you north, south, east, west etc) //  point, compass//\n  2 [C]  also compasses :  a V-shaped instrument with one sharp point and a pen or pencil at the other end, used for drawing circles or measuring distances on maps//\n  3 [U]  formal the area or range of subjects that someone is responsible for or that is discussed in a book:  compass of//  --Within the brief compass of a single page, the author covers most of the major points.//


Words: compass rose
Meaning:
n [singular]  technical   a symbol that consists of a circle with a pointed star in it, which is printed on maps and shows which direction is north, south, east, west etc //


Words: compassion
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin compassio, from  compati  ’to feel sympathy’, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  pati  ’to suffer’]//  a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering, and a desire to help them//  compassion for//  --compassion for the sick//  feel/show/have compassion //  --Did he feel any compassion for the victim of his crime?//  with compassion//  --Lieberman explores this sensitive topic with compassion.//  --I was shocked by the doctor’s lack of compassion .//


Words: compassion fatigue
Meaning:
n [U]   if you are suffering from compassion fatigue, you have stopped feeling sympathy for people and do not want to give any more money to help them, because you have seen so many reports on television, in newspapers etc about other groups of people who are in trouble //  --Some donors, battered by so many appeals for help, may find themselves battling compassion fatigue.//


Words: compassionate
Meaning:
adj   feeling sympathy for people who are suffering//  --a caring, compassionate man//  --I allowed him to go home on compassionate grounds .//  --One measure of a civilized and compassionate society is how well it treats its prison population.//  -- compassionately adv //


Words: compassionate leave
Meaning:
n [U]   special permission to have time away from work because one of your relatives has died or is very ill//


Words: compatibility
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  technical the ability of one piece of computer equipment to be used with another one, especially when they are made by different companies:  compatibility with//  --the system’s compatibility with Windows software//\n  2 the ability to exist or be used together without causing problems:  --compatibility of flavours//\n  3 the ability to have a good relationship with someone because you have similar interests, ideas etc:  --sexual compatibility//


Words: compatible
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: Medieval Latin compatibilis, from  Late Latin compati;   COMPASSION]//\n  1 if two pieces of computer equipment are compatible, they can be used together, especially when they are made by different companies:    compatibility//  --The new software is IBM compatible (=can be used with IBM computers) .//\n  2 able to exist or be used together without causing problems:    compatibility//  compatible with//  --Stephen’s political views often weren’t compatible with her own.//\n  3 two people that are compatible are able to have a good relationship because they have similar opinions or interests:    compatibility//\ncompatible 2 n [C]  technical   a piece of computer equipment that can be used in or with another piece of equipment, especially one made by a different company//  --Most programs work with IBM compatibles.//


Words: compatriot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: compatriote, from  Late Latin, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  Late Latin patriota (  PATRIOT)]//  someone who was born in or is a citizen of the same country as someone else//  sb’s compatriot//  --Schmidt defeated his compatriot Hausmann in the quarter final.//


Words: compel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  compelled present participle  compelling  [T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: compellere, from  com- (  COM-) +  pellere  ’to drive’]//\n  1 to force someone to do something:    compulsion//  compel sb to do sth//  --The law will compel employers to provide health insurance.//  --She felt compelled to resign because of the scandal.//\n  2  formal to make people have a particular feeling or attitude:    compulsion//  --His performance compelled the audience’s attention .//


Words: compelling
Meaning:
adj \n  1  compelling reason/argument/case etc:  an argument etc that makes you feel certain that something is true or that you must do something about it//  --Lucy had no compelling reason to go into town.//  --The court was presented with compelling evidence that she’d murdered her husband.//\n  2 very interesting or exciting, so that you have to pay attention:  --His life makes a compelling story .//\n  3  compelling need/desire/urge (to do sth):  a strong need, desire etc to do something, making you feel that you must do it//  --He felt a compelling need to tell someone about his idea.//  -- compellingly adv //


Words: compendium
Meaning:
n   plural  compendiums  or  compendia /-di[hA353]/ [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Latin compendere  ’to weigh together’, from  com- (  COM-) +  pendere  ’to weigh’]//\n  1  formal a book that contains a complete collection of facts, drawings etc on a particular subject:  --a cricketing compendium//\n  2  BrE a set of different board games in a box:


Words: compensate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  compensare, from  compendere;   COMPENDIUM]//\n  1 [I] to replace or balance the effect of something bad:  --Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.//  compensate for//  --Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.//\n  2 [T] to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage:  --the government’s promise to compensate victims of the flood//  compensate sb for sth//  --The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.//


Words: compensation
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damaged:  compensation for//  --compensation for injuries at work//  compensation from//  --She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property.//  in compensation//  --The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation.//  as compensation//  --The workers were given 30 days’ pay as compensation.//  --People who are wrongly arrested may be paid compensation .//  demand/seek/claim compensation //  --The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug.//  award/grant compensation //  --The court awarded Jamieson [hA124]30,000 compensation.//\n  2 [U and C] something that makes a bad situation better:  --One of the few compensations of losing my job was seeing more of my family.//  by way of compensation (=in order to make a situation better) //  --By way of compensation he offered to take her out for a meal.//\n  3 [U and C] when someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of something:  compensation for//  --Linda’s aggressiveness is just a compensation for her feelings of insecurity.//  as compensation (for sth)//  --Lip-reading can act as compensation for loss of hearing.//\n  4 [U]  AmE the money someone is paid for doing their job:


Words: compensatory
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  formal \n  1 compensatory payments are paid to someone who has been harmed or hurt in some way:  --She was awarded a large sum in compensatory damages .//\n  2 intended to reduce the bad effects of something:  --Workers are given a compensatory day off when a national holiday falls on a weekend.//


Words: compere
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: comp[hA169]re  ’godfather, compere’]//  someone who introduces the people who are performing in a television programme, theatre show etc//  American Equivalent:  host//  -- compere v  [I and T] //  --Ballentine will compere the show.//


Words: compete
Meaning:
W3S3   v [I]   ----------//\n   1 business:\n   2 person:\n   3 in a competition:\n   4 somebody/something can’t compete with somebody/something:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: competere  ’to try (with others) to get’, from  Latin,  ’to come together, agree, be suitable’, from  com- (  COM-) +  petere  ’to go to, look for’]//\n  1 BUSINESS:  if one company or country competes with another, it tries to get people to buy its goods or services rather than those available from another company or country//    competition, competitor, competitive//  compete with/against//  --They found themselves competing with foreign companies for a share of the market.//  --The Renault Clio competes against such cars as the Peugeot 206.//  compete for//  --The stores have to compete for customers in the Christmas season.//  compete in//  --The company must be able to compete in the international marketplace.//  compete to do sth//  --Several advertising agencies are competing to get the contract.//  can’t compete (with sth) (=be unable to be more successful) //  --Small, independent bookstores simply can’t compete with the big national chains.//\n  2 PERSON:  to try to gain something and stop someone else from having it or having as much of it//    competition, competitive//  compete for//  --She and her sister are always competing for attention.//  compete against//  --I had to compete against 19 other people for the job.//  compete with//  --As a stepmother, don’t even try to compete with the children’s mother for their love.//\n  3 IN A COMPETITION:  to take part in a competition or sports event//    competitor//  compete in/at//  --How many runners will be competing in the marathon?//  --Professional athletes may now compete at the Olympics.//  compete against//  --Edwards will be competing against his closest rival Olsson in the triple jump.//\n  4  sb/sth can’t compete with sb/sth:  to not be as interesting, attractive etc as someone or something else//  --Melinda was plain and knew she couldn’t compete with her sister where boys were concerned.//


Words: competence
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U]  also competency :  the ability to do something well//  → incompetence//  competence in//  --Students will gain competence in a wide range of skills.//  competence of//  --He questioned the competence of the government.//  professional/linguistic/technical etc competence //  --Doctors have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence.//\n  2 [U]  law the legal power of a court of law to hear and judge something in court, or of a government to do something:  be within the competence of sth//  --Many legal issues are within the competence of individual states rather than the federal government.//\n  3 [C]  also competency :   formal a skill needed to do a particular job//  --Typing is considered by most employers to be a basic competence.//


Words: competent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  competere  ’to be suitable’;   COMPETE]//\n  1 having enough skill or knowledge to do something to a satisfactory standard:  → incompetent//  --A competent mechanic should be able to fix the problem.//  very/highly/extremely competent //  --She’s a highly competent linguist.//  competent to do sth//  --I don’t feel competent to give an opinion at the moment.//  --He is the only party leader competent enough to govern this country.//\n  2 satisfactory but not especially good:  --The workmen did a competent job .//\n  3  technical having normal mental abilities:  --We believe the patient was not mentally competent .//  --A psychiatrist said McKibben was competent to stand trial .//\n  4 [not before noun]  law having the legal power to deal with something in a court of law:  competent to do sth//  --This court is not competent to hear your case.//  -- competently adv //


Words: competing
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 competing stories, ideas etc cannot all be right or accepted:  --Several people gave competing accounts of the accident.//  --a compromise between competing interests within the organization//  --competing claims//\n  2  competing products/brands/companies etc:  products etc that are trying to be more successful than each other//


Words: competition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: competitio, from  competere;   COMPETE]//\n  1 [U] a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations:    compete, competitor//  competition for//  --Competition for the job was intense.//  competition between/among//  --Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children for their mother’s attention.//  --This price reduction is due to competition among suppliers.//  competition in//  --competition in the automobile industry//  fierce/stiff/intense etc competition //  --There is fierce competition between the three leading soap manufacturers.//  be in competition with sb/sth//  --Government departments are in direct competition with each other for limited resources.//  in the face of competition (from sb/sth) (=in a situation where you are competing with someone or something) //  --Small grocery stores are going out of business in the face of stiff competition from the large supermarket chains.//\n  2 [singular, U] the people or groups that are competing against you, especially in business or in a sport:    compete, competitor//  --Going to trade fairs is an ideal opportunity to size up the competition .//  no/not much/little etc competition (=no one who is likely to be better than you) //  --Jones is certain to win the race; there’s just no competition.//  a lot of/considerable/fierce etc competition //  --The team overcame fierce competition for their place in the finals.//  foreign/international competition (=companies from other countries that you are competing with) //  --Japanese PC makers now face foreign competition in their home market.//\n  3 [C] an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other:    competitor//  --a photography competition//  competition to do sth//  --a competition to find a designer for the new airport building//  --Teams from high schools all over the state have entered the competition .//  --The competition will be held in Copenhagen next year.//  --Who  won the competition ?//  --With France and Germany out of the competition , England have a great chance to win.//  --Liverpool were  knocked out of the competition  in the third round.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 3 //  enter a competition (=take part in a competition) //  hold/run/launch a competition (=organize a competition) //  win/lose a competition //  be out of a competition (=no longer be in a competition) //  knock somebody out of a competition (=defeat someone so that they can no longer take part in the competition) //  a knockout competition British English (=one in which if you lose a game, you are no longer in the competition) //  the winner of a competition //  ----------//


Words: competitive
Meaning:
W3S2   adj \n  1 determined or trying very hard to be more successful than other people or businesses:    compete, competitor//  --Some US industries are not as competitive as they have been in the past.//  --The team seems to have lost its competitive edge recently (=its ability to compete well) .//\n  2 relating to competition:    compete, competitor//  --Competitive sports encourage children to work together as a team.//  highly/fiercely/intensely etc competitive //  --Advertising is an intensely competitive business.//\n  3 products or prices that are competitive are cheaper than others but still of good quality:  --The hotel offers a high standard of service at competitive rates.//  -- competitively adv //


Words: competitiveness
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the ability of a company, country, or a product to compete with others:  --New machinery has enhanced the company’s productivity and competitiveness.//  --Europe’s competitiveness in international markets//\n  2 the desire to be more successful than other people:  --Her enthusiasm and competitiveness rubbed off on everyone.//


Words: competitor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a person, team, company etc that is competing with another:  --Last year they sold twice as many computers as their competitors.//  major/main competitors //  --The company’s four major competitors have nothing to rival the new product.//\n  2 someone who takes part in a competition:  --Two of the competitors failed to turn up for the race.//


Words: compilation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a book, list, record etc which consists of different pieces of information, songs etc:  compilation of//  --a compilation of love songs//  compilation CD/album/tape //\n  2 [U] the process of making a book, list, record etc from different pieces of information, songs etc:  --dictionary compilation//


Words: compile
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: compiler, from  Latin compilare  ’to seize together, steal’]//\n  1 to make a book, list, record etc, using different pieces of information, music etc:    compilation//  --The document was compiled by the Department of Health//  compile sth from/for sth//  --The report was compiled from a survey of 5000 households.//\n  2  technical to put a set of instructions into a computer in a form that it can understand and use:


Words: compiler
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who collects different pieces of information to be used in a book, report, or list:\n  2  technical a set of instructions in a computer that changes a computer language known to the computer user into the form needed by the computer:


Words: complacency
Meaning:
n [U]   a feeling of satisfaction with a situation or with what you have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things - used to show disapproval//  --Doctors have warned against complacency in fighting common diseases.//  --Despite yesterday’s win, there is clearly no room for complacency if the team want to stay top of the league.//


Words: complacent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  complacere  ’to please greatly’, from  com- (  COM-) +  placere  ’to please’]//  pleased with a situation, especially something you have achieved, so that you stop trying to improve or change things - used to show disapproval//  --There’s a danger of becoming complacent if you win a few games.//  --a complacent attitude towards the problem//  complacent about//  --We simply cannot afford to be complacent about the future of our car industry.//  -- complacently adv //


Words: complain
Meaning:
W3S2   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: complaindre, from  Vulgar Latin complangere, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  plangere (  PLAINT)]//\n  1 [I,T not in passive] to say that you are annoyed, not satisfied, or unhappy about something or someone:    complaint//  --Residents are complaining because traffic in the area has increased.//  --’You never ask my opinion about anything,’ Rod complained.//  complain (that)//  --She complained that no one had been at the airport to meet her.//  complain about//  --She often complains about not feeling appreciated at work.//  complain of//  --Several women have complained of sexual harassment.//  complain to//  --Neighbours complained to the police about the dogs barking.//  --Employees complained bitterly about working conditions.//\n  2  (I/you/he etc) can’t complain:   spoken used to say that a situation is satisfactory, even though there may be a few problems//  --I make a good living. I can’t complain.//  complain of [complain of sth] phr v//  to say that you feel ill or have a pain in a part of your body//  --Dan’s been complaining of severe headaches.//


Words: complaint
Meaning:
W3S2   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: complainte, from  complaindre;   COMPLAIN]//\n  1 [U and C] a statement in which someone complains about something:  --The sales assistants are trained to deal with customer complaints in a friendly manner.//  --A common complaint among air passengers is that not enough leg room is provided.//  formal/official complaint //  complaint about//  --Keating was dismissed after complaints about the quality of his work.//  complaint of//  --complaints of police brutality//  complaint from/to//  --complaints from local residents//  --a complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority//  complaint against//  --All complaints against police officers are carefully investigated.//  complaint that//  --We are concerned by complaints that children are being bullied.//  --If you wish to make a complaint , you should see the manager (=complain formally to someone) .//  have/receive a complaint //  --The BBC received a stream of complaints about the programme.//  -- Complaints are dealt with by the customer services department.//  --The Council received over 10,000 letters of complaint .//  file/lodge/submit a complaint (=complain officially to someone) //  --She went to the city council and lodged a complaint.//  reason/cause/grounds for complaint //  --Anyone dismissed because of their race has legitimate grounds for complaint.//  --a complaints procedure  (=a system for dealing with complaints) //\n  2 [C] something that you complain about:  --Our main complaint was the poor standard of service.//  --My only complaint is that the price is rather high.//\n  3 [C]  formal an illness that affects a particular part of your body:  --He is having treatment for a chest complaint .//


Words: complaisance
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: complaire  ’to do what someone wants’, from  Latin complacere;   COMPLACENT]//  willingness to do what pleases other people//  -- complaisant adj //  -- complaisantly adv //


Words: Compleat Angler
Meaning:
The   a book about  fishing (=the sport of catching fish)  written by Izaak Walton in the 17th century//


Words: complement
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: complementum, from  complere;   COMPLETE1]//\n  1 someone or something that emphasizes the good qualities of another person or thing:  complement to//  --This wine would be a nice complement to grilled dishes.//\n  2 the number or quantity needed to make a group complete:  complement of//  --Each new cell will carry its full complement of chromosomes.//\n  3  technical a word or phrase that follows a verb and describes the subject of the verb. In ’John is cold’ and ’John became chairman’, ’cold’ and ’chairman’ are complements.:\ncomplement 2   v [T]   to make a good combination with someone or something else//  --John and Bob complemented each other extremely well.//  --The dark red walls complement the red leather chairs.//


Words: complementary
Meaning:
adj \n  1 complementary things go well together, although they are usually different:  --The computer and the human mind have different but complementary abilities.//\n  2  technical complementary colours of light are very different and combine to make white:\n  3  technical two angles that are complementary add up to 90 degrees:  -- complementarity/k[hA361]mpl[hA369]ment[zB024]r[hA369]ti $ k[hA35A][hA359]m-/ n  [U] //


Words: complementary medicine
Meaning:
n [U]    especially BrE complementary medicine uses treatments that are not part of traditional Western medicine//  --acupuncture and other complementary therapies//


Words: complete
Meaning:
W1S2   adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: complet, from  Latin, past participle of  complere  ’to fill up’, from  com- (  COM-) +  plere  ’to fill’]//\n  1 [usually before noun] used to emphasize that a quality or situation is as great as it could possibly be:   total//  --The police were in complete control of the situation.//  --Their engagement came as a complete surprise to me.//  --This is a complete waste of time .//  a complete fool/idiot etc //  --Meg realized she’d been a complete fool.//  --a complete stranger //  --The darkness was almost complete.//\n  2 including all parts, details, facts etc and with nothing missing:   whole//  → incomplete//  --a complete set of china//  --The list below is not complete.//  -- the complete works of Shakespeare (=a book, CD etc containing everything Shakespeare wrote) //\n  3 [not before noun] finished:  → incomplete//  --Work on the new building is nearly complete.//\n  4  complete with sth:  having particular equipment or features//  --The house comes complete with swimming pool and sauna.//  -- completeness n  [U] //  --For the sake of completeness I should mention one further argument.//\ncomplete 2 W1S2 v [T] \n  1 to finish doing or making something, especially when it has taken a long time:  --The students have just completed their course.//  --The building took two years to complete.//\n  2 to make something whole or perfect by adding what is missing:  --The child’s task was to complete the sentences.//  --I need one more stamp to complete the set.//\n  3 to write the information that is needed on a form:   fill out//  --In all, more than 650 people completed the questionnaire.//  --Send your completed form to the following address.//


Words: completely
Meaning:
adv   to the greatest degree possible//   totally//  --I completely forgot that it was his birthday yesterday.//  --He had never completely recovered from his illness.//  --a completely new range of low-cost computers//  --I’m not completely sure.//  --Portuguese is pronounced completely differently from Spanish.//


Words: completion
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the state of being finished:  --The new houses are nearing completion  (=almost finished) .//  --The project has a completion date of December 22nd.//\n  2 the act of finishing something:  completion of//  --The job is subject to your satisfactory completion of the training course.//  on completion (of sth)//  --On completion of the building, they make a final inspection.//\n  3  law the final point in the sale of a house, when all the documents have been signed and all the money paid:


Words: complex
Meaning:
W2S3   adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: complexus, past participle of  complecti  ’to include (many different things)’, from  com- (  COM-) +  plectere (  PLEXUS)]//\n  1 consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand:   complicated//  → simple//  --a complex system of highways//  --Photosynthesis is a highly complex process.//  --Peter seemed to have an instant understanding of the most complex issues.//  --It was a very complex relationship between two complex people.//\n  2  technical a complex word or sentence contains a main part and one or more other parts:    compound//\ncomplex 2   n [C] \n  1 a group of buildings, or a large building with many parts, used for a particular purpose:  --The town has one of the best leisure complexes in the country.//  --a three-story apartment complex//\n  2  a complex of sth:   formal a large number of things which are closely related//  --China was a complex of different societies.//\n  3 an emotional problem in which someone is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks too much about something:  --I used to have a complex about my looks.//    inferiority complex,  Oedipus complex,  persecution complex//


Words: complexion
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin complexio, from  Latin,  ’combination’, from  complexus;   COMPLEX1]//\n  1 [C] the natural colour or appearance of the skin on your face:  --Drinking lots of water is good for the complexion.//  pale/fair/ruddy etc complexion (=a pale, fair, red etc face) //  fair-complexioned/smooth-complexioned etc //  --She was fair-complexioned with pale blonde hair.//\n  2 [singular] the general character or nature of something:  --Crime has risen everywhere, under governments of every political complexion.//\n  3  put a different/new/fresh complexion on sth:  to make a situation or event seem different//  --This document puts a different complexion on the matter.//


Words: complexity
Meaning:
n   plural  complexities //\n  1 [U] the state of being complicated:  complexity of//  --There is increasing recognition of the complexity of the causes of poverty.//  --a design of great complexity//\n  2 [C usually plural] one of the many details or features of something that make it hard to understand or deal with:  complexity of//  --The complexities of economics are clearly and entertainingly explained.//


Words: compliance
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand//    comply//  in compliance with sth//  --He changed his name to Lee in 1815 in compliance with his uncle’s will.//  compliance with//  --Patients should have a history of good compliance with treatment.//  ensure/secure/enforce compliance //  --The staff involved should be monitored to ensure compliance with the policy.//


Words: compliant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: comply]//\n  1 willing to obey or to agree to other people’s wishes and demands:    comply//  --For years I had tried to be a compliant and dutiful wife.//\n  2 made or done according to particular rules or standards:    comply//  compliant with//  --Future versions will be fully compliant with the industry standard.//


Words: complicate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  complicare, from  com- (  COM-) +  plicare  ’to fold’]//\n  1 to make a problem or situation more difficult:  --The situation is complicated by the fact that I’ve got to work late on Friday.//  -- To complicate matters further , differences exist as regards legal systems, trade customs and language.//\n  2 [usually passive] to make an illness worse:  --a heart condition complicated by pneumonia//


Words: complicated
Meaning:
S2   adj \n  1 difficult to understand or deal with, because many parts or details are involved:   complex//  --a complicated voting system//  --For young children, getting dressed is a complicated business.//  very/extremely/immensely/highly etc complicated //  --Mental illness is a very complicated subject.//\n  2 consisting of many closely connected parts:   complex//  --a complicated pattern//  --The human brain is an incredibly complicated organ.//


Words: complication
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a problem or situation that makes something more difficult to understand or deal with:  --The fact that the plane was late added a further complication to our journey.//\n  2 [C usually plural]  medical a medical problem or illness that happens while someone is already ill and makes treatment more difficult:  --Pneumonia is one of the common complications faced by bed-ridden patients.//


Words: complicity
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: complicite, from  Old French complice;   ACCOMPLICE]//\n  1 involvement in a crime, together with other people:  complicity in//  --Jennings denied complicity in the murder.//\n  2 involvement in or knowledge of a situation, especially one that is morally wrong or dishonest:  complicity with//  --His complicity with the former government had led to his downfall.//  -- complicit adj //  --The careers of officers complicit in the cover-up were ruined.//


Words: compliment
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Italian, from  Spanish cumplimiento, from  cumplir;   COMPLY]//\n  1 [C] a remark that shows you admire someone or something:  --Being compared to Abba is a great compliment.//  --Rob Andrew had a quiet game, which is meant as a compliment .//  --All Felix’s guests paid her extravagant compliments. //  --To Joe the greatest compliment was to be considered amusing.//\n  2  take sth as a compliment:  to be pleased about what someone says about you, even though they may not mean to be nice//  --They all seem to think that I ask rather cheeky questions, which I’ll take as a compliment.//\n  3 [singular] an action that shows you admire someone:  --He paid MacLennan the finest compliment of all by imitating him.//  compliment to//  --It’s a great compliment to the band that he came out of retirement to interview them.//\n  4  fish for compliments:  to try to make someone say something nice about you//\n  5  compliments:   [plural] praise or good wishes//  --This soup is delicious; my compliments to the chef.//\n  6  with the compliments of sb/with our compliments:   formal used by a person or company when they send or give something to you//  --With the compliments of J. Nocuold & Son.//  --Please accept these tickets with our compliments.//\n  7  the compliments of the season:   old-fashioned used as a spoken or written greeting at Christmas and New Year//\n  8  return the compliment:  to behave towards someone in the same way that they have behaved towards you//  --They didn’t take a lot of notice of me, and I returned the compliment.//\n  9  back-handed compliment:   BrE left-handed compliment  AmE something that someone says to you which is nice and not nice at the same time//  --’You’ve got a brain. Try using it.’ ’Thanks for the backhanded compliment!’//\ncompliment 2   v [T]   to say something nice to someone in order to praise them//  compliment sb on sth//  --Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle.//  --The groom was so nervous he forgot to compliment the bridesmaids.//


Words: compliment slip
Meaning:
also compliments slip  BrE  n [C]   a small piece of paper with a company’s name and address on it, which it sends with goods instead of a letter//


Words: complimentary
Meaning:
adj \n  1 given free to people:  --There was a complimentary bottle of champagne in the hotel room.//  --I’ve got some complimentary tickets for the theatre tonight.//\n  2 saying that you admire someone or something:  complimentary about//  --Jennie was very complimentary about Katharine’s riding.//  --complimentary remarks//


Words: compline
Meaning:
n [U]   a Christian church service held late in the evening, especially in the Roman Catholic church//


Words: comply
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  complied present participle  complying third person singular  complies  [I]  formal //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: complire, from  Spanish cumplir  ’to complete, do what is needed, be polite’, from  Latin complere;   COMPLETE1]//  to do what you have to do or are asked to do//    compliance, compliant//  comply with//  --Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution.//  --The newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply.//


Words: component
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  componere;   COMPOUND2]//  one of several parts that together make up a whole machine, system etc//   constituent//  --companies that make electronic components for computer products//  component of//  --each component of their work//  key/major/important etc component //  --Exercise is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle.//\ncomponent 2 adj [only before noun]   the component parts of something are the parts that it consists of//   constituent//  component parts/elements etc //  --We’ve been breaking down the budget into its component parts.//


Words: comport
Meaning:
v  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: comporter  ’to carry, lead’, from  Latin comportare  ’to bring together’, from  com- (  COM-) +  portare  ’to carry’]//  comport yourself//  to behave in a particular way//  --He comported himself in a way that won him respect.//  -- comportment n  [U] //  comport with [comport with sth] phr v//  to follow or be in agreement with an idea, belief, or rule//


Words: compos mentis
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   able to think clearly and be responsible for your actions - often used humorously//


Words: compose
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: composer, from  Latin componere;   COMPOUND2]//\n  1 :  a)  be composed of sth//  to be formed from a number of substances, parts, or people//   consist of//  --Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.//  --The legal system is composed of people, and people make mistakes.//  b)  [T not in progressive]  formal to combine together to form something//   make up//  --More than 17.6 million firms compose the business sector of our economy.//\n  2 [I and T] to write a piece of music:    composer, composition//  --Barrington has composed the music for a new production of ’A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.//\n  3  compose a letter/poem/speech etc:  to write a letter, poem etc, thinking very carefully about it as you write it//  --Compose a letter to your local paper stating your views on an issue of your choice.//\n  4 :  a)  compose yourself//  to try hard to become calm after feeling very angry, upset, or excited//  --Lynn sat at the desk, taking several deep breaths to compose herself.//  b)  compose your face/features/thoughts//  to make yourself look or feel calm//    composure//  --When asked a question, give yourself a second or two to compose your thoughts.//\n  5 [T] to arrange the parts of a painting, photograph, or scene in a way that achieves a particular result:  --I like the way he composes his photographs.//


Words: composed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 seeming calm and not upset or angry:  --He appeared very composed despite the stress he was under.//\n  2 a composed salad is arranged carefully on a plate rather than being mixed together:


Words: composite
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: compositus, past participle of  componere;   COMPOUND2]//\n  1 made up of different parts or materials:  --The author builds up a useful composite picture of contemporary consumer culture.//  --composite metals//\n  2  AmE a composite drawing or photograph consists of pictures of each separate part of the face put together into one drawing, and is used especially to help catch criminals:  --Police released a composite sketch of the suspect on Saturday.//\ncomposite 2 n [C] \n  1 something made up of different parts or materials:  composite of//  --The child’s character was a composite of two girls I knew.//\n  2  AmE a picture of a possible criminal, made by police from descriptions given by witnesses:  British Equivalent:  identikit//


Words: composition
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 parts/members:\n   2 music/writing:\n   3 picture:\n   4 writing at school:\n   5 printing:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin compositio, from  compositus;   COMPOSITE1]//\n  1 PARTS/MEMBERS:   [U and C] the way in which something is made up of different parts, things, or members//    compose//  composition of//  --The composition of the group that is studied depends on the interests of the researcher.//  --Some minerals have complex chemical compositions.//\n  2 MUSIC/WRITING:  a)  [C] a piece of music, a poem, or a piece of writing//    compose, composer//  --a composition by jazzman Dave Brubeck, called ’Chromatic Fantasy’//  --a mixture of traditional songs and original compositions//  b)  [U] the art or process of writing pieces of music, poems etc//  --The Journals contain accounts of literary composition.//\n  3 PICTURE:   [U and C] the way in which the different parts that make up a photograph or picture are arranged//  --Martin starts by lightly sketching in the compositions for his paintings.//\n  4 WRITING AT SCHOOL:   [C] a short piece of writing about a particular subject, that is done at school//   essay//  --I had to write a composition about the Royal visit.//\n  5 PRINTING:   [U]  technical the process of arranging words, pictures etc on a page before they are printed//  -- compositional adj //


Words: compost
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: ’mixture, combination’, from  Medieval Latin compositum, from  Latin compositus;   COMPOSITE1]//  a mixture of decayed plants, leaves etc used to improve the quality of soil//\ncompost 2 v [T]   to make plants, leaves etc into compost//


Words: compost heap
Meaning:
BrE compost pile  AmE  n [C]   leaves, plants etc that you have put in a pile in your garden in order to make compost//


Words: composure
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: compose]//  the state of feeling or seeming calm//  recover/regain your composure (=become calm after feeling angry or upset) //  --Carter looked stunned, but he soon regained his composure.//  keep/maintain your composure (=stay calm) //  --The widow broke down in tears, but her daughters maintained their composure.//  --He has lost his composure under the pressure of the situation.//


Words: compote
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old French composte;   COMPOST1]//  fruit that has been cooked in sugar and water and is eaten cold//


Words: compound
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1-2,4; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  COMPOUND3]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1600-1700; Language: Malay; Origin: kampong  ’group of buildings, village’]//\n  1  technical a substance containing atoms from two or more elements:  --man-made organic compounds//  compound of//  --Sulphur dioxide is a compound of sulphur and oxygen.//\n  2 a combination of two or more parts, substances, or qualities:  compound of//  --Communication ability is a compound of several different skills.//  --Brush on a damp-proofing compound.//\n  3 an area that contains a group of buildings and is surrounded by a fence or wall:  --a prison compound//\n  4  technical a noun, adjective etc that is made up of two or more words. The noun ’flower shop’ and the adjective ’self-made’ are compounds:\ncompound 2   v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: compondre, from  Latin componere, from  com- (  COM-) +  ponere  ’to put’]//\n  1 to make a difficult situation worse by adding more problems:  compound a problem/difficulty etc //  --Helmut’s problems were compounded by an unsatisfactory relationship with his landlady.//\n  2  BrE to make a bad action worse by doing more bad things:  compound a crime/an offence etc //  --He compounded the offence by calling his opponents liars.//\n  3  be compounded of sth:   formal to be a mixture of things//  --a smell compounded of dust and dead flowers//\n  4  AmE to pay interest that is calculated on both the sum of money and the interest:  --Interest is compounded quarterly.//\ncompound 3   adj  technical   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Past participle of  compoun  ’to compound’ (14-17 centuries), from  Old French componre, from  Latin componere;   COMPOUND2]//\n  1  compound eye/leaf etc:  a single eye, leaf etc that is made up of two or more parts//    simple//\n  2  compound noun/adjective etc:  a noun, adjective etc that is made up of two or more words. For example, ’ice cream’ is a compound noun//\n  3  compound sentence:  a sentence that has two or more main parts//    complex sentence//


Words: compound interest
Meaning:
n [U]    interest that is calculated on both the sum of money lent or borrowed and on the unpaid interest already earned or charged//    simple interest//


Words: comprehend
Meaning:
v [I,T not in progressive]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: comprehendere  ’to take hold of completely’, from  com- (  COM-) +  prehendere (  PREHENSILE)]//  to understand something that is complicated or difficult//   understand, grasp//    comprehension//  --She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.//  --I did not fully comprehend what had happened.//  comprehend what/how/why etc//  --It may be hard to comprehend how much this gift means for my country.//  comprehend that//  --Finally, she comprehended that he wanted his pay.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  In spoken English and ordinary written English, it is more usual to use understand. //  ----------//


Words: comprehensible
Meaning:
adj   easy to understand//   understandable//  → incomprehensible//  --Her speech was slurred and barely comprehensible.//  comprehensible to//  --The procedure must be clear and comprehensible to all staff.//  -- comprehensibility/k[hA361]mpr[hA366]hens[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti $ k[hA35A][hA359]m-/ n  [U] //


Words: comprehension
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: comprehensio, from  comprehendere;   COMPRHEND]//\n  1 [U] the ability to understand something:   understanding//    comprehend//  comprehension of//  --They don’t have the least comprehension of what I’m trying to do.//  --The research project will focus on children’s comprehension of pretence.//  --Why you let her talk you into doing such a foolish thing is beyond my comprehension  (=impossible for me to understand) .//\n  2 [U and C] an exercise given to students to test how well they understand written or spoken language:  --new methods of testing reading comprehension//  --a comprehension task//


Words: comprehensive
Meaning:
W3   adj \n  1 including all the necessary facts, details, or problems that need to be dealt with:   thorough//  --We offer our customers a comprehensive range of financial products.//  --a comprehensive guide to British hotels and restaurants//  --The following guidelines do not aim to be totally comprehensive.//  comprehensive review/study/survey/account etc //  --a thorough and comprehensive review of the case//  --a comprehensive study of alcoholism//\n  2  comprehensive insurance/cover/policy:  car insurance that pays for damage whether it is caused by you or someone else//\n  3  comprehensive education/system:  a system of education in Britain in which children of different abilities go to the same school and are taught together//  -- comprehensively adv //  --No system has failed as comprehensively as the prison system.//  -- comprehensiveness n  [U] //  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not confuse with comprehensible (=possible to understand) or understanding (=sympathetic about people’s problems): His report was barely comprehensible.| My parents are very understanding. //  ----------//


Words: comprehensive school
Meaning:
also comprehensive  n [C]   a state school in Britain for children over the age of 11 of different abilities//  --Kylie goes to the local comprehensive.//  --Nine out of ten secondary school children are in comprehensive schools.//


Words: compress
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: compressare  ’to press hard’, from  Latin comprimere  ’to compress’, from  com- (  COM-) +  premere  ’to press’]//\n  1 [I and T] to press something or make it smaller so that it takes up less space, or to become smaller:  --Light silk is best for parachutes, as it compresses well and then expands rapidly.//  --Isobel nodded, her lips compressed.//  compress sth into sth//  --Snow falling on the mountainsides is compressed into ice.//  --The miners used rock drills and compressed air to drive through hard rock.//\n  2 [I and T] to make a computer file smaller by using a special computer program, which makes the file easier to store or send, or to become smaller in this way:  --The program compresses any data saved to the disk.//\n  3 [T] to write or express something using fewer words:   condense//  compress sth into sth//  --In this chapter we compress into summary form the main issues discussed so far.//\n  4 [T ] to reduce the amount of time that it takes for something to happen or be done:  compress sth into sth //  --Many couples want to compress their childbearing into a short space of time in their married life.//  -- compressible adj //  -- compression/-pre[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --data compression//\ncompress 2   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: compresse, from  compresser  ’to compress’, from  Late Latin compressare;   COMPRESS1]//  a small thick piece of material that you put on part of someone’s body to stop blood flowing out or to make it less painful//  cold/hot compress //  --Apply a cold compress to the injury.//


Words: comprise
Meaning:
W3   v [not in progressive]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: , past participle of  comprendre, from  Latin comprehendere;   COMPREHEND]//\n  1 [linking verb] to consist of particular parts, groups etc:  --The house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room.//  be comprised of sb/sth//  --The committee is comprised of well-known mountaineers.//\n  2 [T] to form part of a larger group of people or things:   constitute, make up//  --Women comprise a high proportion of part-time workers.//


Words: compromise
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: compromis, from  Latin compromissum  ’joint promise’, from  compromittere, from  com- (  COM-) +  promittere (  PROMISE2)]//\n  1 [U and C] an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement:  --Compromise is an inevitable part of marriage.//  --To stop the argument they decided on a compromise.//  compromise with//  --Fresh attempts at compromise with the legislature were also on the agenda.//  compromise between//  --a compromise between government and opposition//  --If moderates fail to reach a compromise , the extremists will dominate the agenda.//  --Everyone has to be prepared to make compromises .//\n  2 [C] a solution to a problem in which two things or situations are changed slightly so that they can exist together:  compromise between//  --a happy compromise between the needs of family and work//\ncompromise 2 v \n  1 [I] to reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts less that what they wanted at first:  --She admitted that she was unable to compromise.//  compromise with//  --His work-mates demanded that he never compromise with the bosses.//  compromise on//  --The new regime was prepared to compromise on the oil dispute.//\n  2 [T] to do something which is against your principles and which therefore seems dishonest or shameful:  compromise your principles/standards/integrity etc //  --As soon as you compromise your principles you are lost.//  compromise yourself//  --She had already compromised herself by accepting his invitation.//


Words: compromising
Meaning:
adj   proving that you have done something morally wrong or embarrassing, or making it seem as if you have done so//  compromising position/situation //  --The doctor was found in a compromising position with a nurse (=having sex with her) .//  compromising letter/photograph/picture etc //  --A large number of compromising letters fell into the hands of investigators.//


Words: compulsion
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin compulsio, from  Latin compellere;   COMPEL]//\n  1 [C] a strong and unreasonable desire to do something:    compel//  --The desire to laugh became a compulsion.//  compulsion to do sth//  --Leith felt an overwhelming compulsion to tell him the truth.//  --the compulsion to smoke or eat too much//\n  2 [singular, U] the act of forcing or influencing someone to do something they do not want to do:    compel//  under (no) compulsion to do sth//  --Owners are under no compulsion to sell their land.//  --The use of compulsion in psychiatric care cannot be justified.//


Words: compulsive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 compulsive behaviour is very difficult to stop or control, and is often a result of or a sign of a mental problem:    obsessive//  compulsive gambling/overeating/spending etc //  --Compulsive overspending in these days of credit cards has become more common.//\n  2  compulsive overeater/gambler/spender/liar etc:  someone who has such a strong desire to eat too much etc that they are unable to control it//  --a help group for compulsive overeaters//\n  3 a book, programme etc that is compulsive is so interesting that you cannot stop reading or watching it:  compulsive reading/viewing //  --’Gardening World’ is compulsive viewing for gardeners.//  -- compulsively adv //  -- compulsiveness n  [U] //


Words: compulsory
Meaning:
adj   something that is compulsory must be done because it is the law or because someone in authority orders you to//   mandatory//    voluntary//  --the threat of compulsory redundancies //  compulsory schooling/education //  --11 years of compulsory education//  --Car insurance is compulsory.//  -- compulsorily adv //


Words: compunction
Meaning:
n [U usually in negatives]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: componction, from  Late Latin, from  Latin compungere  ’to sting’, from  com- (  COM-) +  pungere (  PUNGENT)]//  a feeling that you should not do something because it is bad or wrong//  have/feel no compunction about (doing) sth //  --He had no compunction about interfering in her private affairs.//  --They used their tanks against the leftists without compunction .//


Words: computation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   the process of calculating or the result of calculating//  --the computation of the monthly statistics//  -- computational adj //  --computational linguistics//


Words: compute
Meaning:
v [I and T]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: computare, from  com- (  COM-) +  putare  ’to think’]//  to calculate a result, answer, sum etc//  --Final results had not yet been computed.//


Words: computer
Meaning:
n [C]   keyboard, monitor, speaker//  an electronic machine that stores information and uses programs to help you find, organize, or change the information//  --A message flashed up on my  computer screen .//  --recent problems with hospital  computer systems //  on computer//  --The information is stored on computer.//  by computer//  --Shoppers can send in their orders by computer and pick up their goods later.//  computer software/program/application //  --the latest computer software//  -- computer games  (=games that you play on a computer) for children//  --the use of  computer graphics  (=pictures and images created by computers) in film//  --the development of  computer technology //  --the  computer industry //  --a huge global  computer network //  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: computer //  people who work with computers: user,  programmer,  web designer,  IT person,  software engineer,  (systems) analyst,  administrator,  webmaster,  helpdesk,  techie (informal),  geek (disapproving informal) //  someone who tries to break into a computer system: hacker,  cracker //  things you do with your computer: start up/power up your computer //  open a file or document //  enter information //  click on an icon //  cut and paste pieces of text //  copy files or programs //  scroll up and down  the page //  delete things you do not want //  download files or pictures from the Internet //  burn CDs or DVDs //  close a file or document //  save your work //  shut down your computer //  computer problems: bug,  virus,  error,  corrupted file/data,  crash,  worm //  See also:  Internet, email, personal computer, laptop, palmtop, PDA//  ----------//


Words: computer modelling
Meaning:
n [U]   the use of computer images that are models of real things, used to help improve the way that something is designed or to solve a problem//  --computer modelling of the city’s traffic flow//


Words: computer virus
Meaning:
n [C]   a set of instructions secretly put into a computer, usually spread through emails, which can destroy information stored on the computer//


Words: computer-literate
Meaning:
adj   able to use a computer//  --Nowadays, all graduates are computer-literate.//  -- computer literacy n  [U] //


Words: computerate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: computer +  literate]//  able to use a computer well//  --Students need to be computerate as well as literate.//


Words: computerize
Meaning:
also  computerise BrE   v [T]   to use a computer to control the way something is done, to store information etc//  --a scheme to computerize the library service//  --a computerized system for compiling the weekly charts of record sales//  -- computerized information //  --a computerized database //  -- computerization/k[hA353]mpju[hA359]t[hA353]ra[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -r[hA353]-/ n  [U] //  --the computerization of the printing industry//


Words: computing
Meaning:
n [U]   the use of computers as a job, in a business etc//  --Have you ever done any computing?//  --computing facilities for language research//


Words: comrade
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: camarade, from  Old Spanish camarada  ’group of people sleeping in one room, friend’, from  camara  ’room’, from  Late Latin camera;   CHAMBER]//\n  1  formal a friend, especially someone who shares difficult work or danger:  --He misses his comrades from his days in the Army.//\n  2  socialists or communists often call each other ’comrade’, especially in meetings:  --Comrades, please support this motion.//  -- comradely adj //


Words: comrade in arms plural
Meaning:
comrades in arms  n [C]   someone who has fought with you or worked with you to achieve particular aims//


Words: comradeship
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   friendship and loyalty among people who work together, fight together etc//  --It was the spirit of comradeship that made victory possible.//


Words: con
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  conned present participle  conning  [T]  informal //  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: confidence trick]//\n  1 to get money from someone by deceiving them:  con sb out of sth//  --He conned me out of [hA124]300.//\n  2 to persuade someone to do something by deceiving them:  con sb into doing sth//  --You had no right to con me into thinking I could trust you.//\ncon 2 n [C]  informal   [Sense: 1; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  CON1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  CONVICT1]//\n  1 a trick to get someone’s money or make them do something:  --a con to make people pay for goods they hadn’t actually received//\n  2 a prisoner:    mod cons,  the pros and cons at pro1 (3)//


Words: con-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Latin; Origin: com-;   COM-]//  together//   with//  --a confederation//  --to conspire (=plan together) //


Words: Conan Doyle
Meaning:
Sir Arthur   (1859-1930) a British doctor and writer who is famous for his stories about the  detective Sherlock  Holmes and his friend Dr  Watson//


Words: concatenation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  concatenare  ’to link in a chain’, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  catena  ’chain’]//  a series of events or things joined together one after another//  concatenation of//  --a strange concatenation of events//


Words: concave
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: concavus, from  com- (  COM-) +  cavus  ’hollow’]//  a concave surface is curved inwards in the middle//  → convex//  --a concave lens//


Words: concavity
Meaning:
n   plural  concavities  formal //\n  1 [U] the state of being concave:\n  2 [C] a place or shape that is curved inwards:


Words: conceal
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: conceler, from  Latin concelare, from  com- (  COM-) +  celare  ’to hide’]//\n  1 to hide something carefully:  --The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house.//  --The path was concealed by long grass.//  --a concealed weapon //\n  2 to hide your real feelings or the truth:  --She tried to conceal the fact that she was pregnant.//  conceal sth from sb//  --She was taking drugs and trying to conceal it from me.//  -- concealment n  [U] //  --deliberate concealment of his activities//


Words: concede
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 admit something is true:\n   2 admit defeat:\n   3 concede a goal/point/penalty:\n   4 give something as a right:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: conceder, from  Latin concedere, from  com- (  COM-) +  cedere (  CEDE)]//\n  1 ADMIT SOMETHING IS TRUE:   [I and T] to admit that something is true or correct, although you wish it were not true//    concession//  --’That’s the only possible solution.’ ’Yes, I suppose so,’ Charles conceded.//  concede (that)//  --I conceded that I had made a number of errors.//\n  2 ADMIT DEFEAT:   [I and T] to admit that you are not going to win a game, argument, battle etc//    concession//  --The Georgian forces defended the capital but were finally obliged to concede.//  --In May 1949, Stalin conceded defeat and reopened land access to Berlin.//\n  3  concede a goal/point/penalty:  to not be able to stop your opponent from getting a  goal during a game//  --The team has conceded only 19 goals in 28 games.//\n  4 GIVE SOMETHING AS A RIGHT:   [T] to give something to someone as a right or privilege, often unwillingly//    concession//  concede sth to sb//  --The king finally agreed to concede further powers to Parliament.//  --Finally the company conceded wage increases to their workers.//


Words: conceit
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: conceit  ’thought, opinion’ (14-19 centuries), from  conceive, on the model of  deceive,  deceit]//\n  1 [U] an attitude that shows you have too high an opinion of your own abilities or importance:   conceitedness//  --The conceit of the woman!//\n  2 [C]  technical an unusual way of showing or describing something in a play, film, work of art etc:  --His sermons were full of puns and conceits.//


Words: conceited
Meaning:
adj   someone who is conceited thinks they are very clever, skilful, beautiful etc - used to show disapproval//  --You’re the most conceited, selfish person I’ve ever known.//  -- conceitedly adv //  -- conceitedness n  [U] //


Words: conceivable
Meaning:
adj   able to be believed or imagined//  → inconceivable//  -- It is conceivable that you may get full compensation, but it’s not likely.//  --We were discussing the problems from every conceivable angle.//  -- conceivably adv //  --Conceivably, interest rates could rise very high indeed.//


Words: conceive
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: conceivre, from  Latin concipere  ’to take in, conceive’, from  com- (  COM-) +  capere  ’to take’]//\n  1 [I and T]  formal to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way:  (cannot) conceive of (doing) sth//  --Many people can’t conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.//  conceive that//  --He could not conceive that anything really serious could be worrying his friend.//  conceive what/why/how etc//  --I can hardly conceive what it must be like here in winter.//  conceive of sth/sb as sth//  --Language may be conceived of as a process which arises from social interaction.//\n  2 [T] to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind:  --Scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930’s.//\n  3 [I and T] to become pregnant:  --fertility treatment for women who have difficulty conceiving//


Words: concentrate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: con- +  Latin centrum  ’center’]//\n  1 [I] to think very carefully about something that you are doing:    concentration//  --Now please concentrate.//  --Adrian was finding it difficult to concentrate.//  concentrate on//  --Be quiet - let me concentrate on my homework.//\n  2 [I and T] to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere, or to cause people or things to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere:    concentration//  concentrate sth in/at sth//  --Italian industry is concentrated mainly in the north.//  --Construction of the aircraft is being concentrated at Prestwick.//  concentrate in/at//  --Women concentrate in a small number of occupations.//\n  3  sth concentrates the mind:  if something concentrates the mind, it makes you think very clearly//  --Relaxing in a Jacuzzi concentrates the mind wonderfully.//\n  4 [T] to make a substance or liquid stronger by removing some of the water from it:    concentrated//  concentrate () on [concentrate (sth) on sth] phr v//  to give most of your attention or effort to one thing//  --Doctors are aiming to concentrate more on prevention than cure.//  concentrate your efforts/attention/energy/mind etc on sth //  --I’m concentrating my efforts on writing my autobiography.//\nconcentrate 2 n [U and C]   a substance or liquid which has been made stronger by removing most of the water from it//  --orange juice concentrate//


Words: concentrated
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a concentrated liquid or substance has been made stronger by removing water from it:  --concentrated orange juice//  --a concentrated cream detergent//\n  2 [only before noun] showing a lot of effort or determination:  --He made a concentrated effort to improve his work.//


Words: concentration
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [U] the ability to think about something carefully or for a long time:    concentrate//  --She needed all her powers of concentration to stop herself from slipping on the icy road.//  --Lack of concentration was a real problem.//  --I lost my concentration and fell asleep.//\n  2 [U] a process in which you put a lot of attention, energy etc into a particular activity:    concentrate//  concentration on (doing) sth//  --concentration on your health//  --concentration on providing quality value and service//\n  3 [U and C] a large amount of something in a particular place or among particular people:    concentrate//  concentration of//  --the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere//  --the concentration of power in the hands of a few//  --the effect on trees of high concentrations of sulphur dioxide around industrial areas//  --people with blood alcohol concentrations above the limit//\n  4 [C]  technical the amount of a substance contained in a liquid:    concentrate//  high/low concentrations //  --Additives are expensive but are used in very low concentrations.//  concentration of//  --allowable concentrations of pesticides in drinking water//


Words: concentration camp
Meaning:
n [C]   a prison where political prisoners and other people who are not soldiers are kept and treated cruelly, especially during a war//


Words: concentric
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: concentricus, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  centrum  ’center’]//  having the same centre//    eccentric//  --concentric circles//


Words: concept
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: conceptum, from the past participle of  concipere;   CONCEIVE]//  an idea of how something is, or how something should be done//  concept of//  --the concept of total patient care//  --the concept of infinite space//  concept that//  --the concept that we are citizens of one world//  --a new concept in business travel//  --our basic concepts of decent human behaviour//  --It’s very simple, once you grasp the concept .//


Words: conception
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin conceptio, from  concipere;   CONCEIVE]//\n  1 [U and C] an idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something:    concept//  conception of//  --the conception of parliamentary democracy//  --changing conceptions of the world//  have (no) conception of sth//  --They have no conception of what women really feel and want.//\n  2 [U] a process in which someone forms a plan or idea:    conceive//  --the original conception of the book//\n  3 [U and C] the process by which a woman or female animal becomes pregnant, or the time when this happens:    conceive//  --the moment of conception//


Words: conceptual
Meaning:
adj  formal   dealing with ideas, or based on them//  --the conceptual framework of the play//  -- conceptually adv //


Words: conceptual art
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   art in which the main aim of the artist is to show an idea, rather than to represent actual things or people//


Words: conceptualize
Meaning:
also  conceptualise BrE   v [I and T]   to form an idea//  --How do older people conceptualize their health?//  -- conceptualization/k[hA353]nsept[hA35D]u[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -l[hA353]-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: concern
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 worry:\n   2 something important:\n   3 feeling for somebody:\n   4 somebody’s concern:\n   5 not somebody’s concern/none of somebody’s concern:\n   6 business:  ----------//\n  1 WORRY:  a)  [U] a feeling of worry about something important//  --The recent rise in crime is a matter of considerable public concern.//  concern for//  --our concern for human rights//  concern about/over/with//  --the rise of concern about the environment//  --the growing concern over inflation//  --concern with worsening law and order//  concern that//  --increased concern that the war could continue for a long time//  be a cause for concern/cause concern //  --The activities of the far right have been a cause for concern for a while now.//  --In her last days the poet expressed concern for her father.//  b)  [C] something that worries you//  --One of the concerns that people have is the side effects of treatment.//  --Education remains the electorate’s main concern.//  --the concerns expressed by parents//\n  2 SOMETHING IMPORTANT:   [U and C] something that is important to you or that involves you//  --His main concern is to be able to provide for his family.//  concern for//  --The consumer has become a major concern for this government.//  of concern to sb//  --topics of concern to television viewers//\n  3 FEELING FOR SOMEBODY:   [singular, U] a feeling of wanting someone to be happy and healthy//  --He was moved by her obvious concern.//  concern for//  --parents’ loving concern for their children//\n  4  sb’s concern:  if something is your concern, you are responsible for it//  --The money side of the business is your concern.//\n  5  not sb’s concern/none of sb’s concern:  if something is not your concern, you are not interested in it and you do not need to worry about it or become involved in it//  --His affairs were none of her concern.//\n  6 BUSINESS:   [C] a business or company//  --The restaurant is a family concern.//  --We will continue to run the company as a going concern  (=a business that is financially successful) .//\nconcern 2 W3 v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: concerner, from  Late Latin concernere  ’to mix together’, from  Latin com- (  COM-) +  cernere  ’to sift’]//\n  1 [not in passive] if a story, book, report etc concerns someone or something, it is about them:  --This study concerns couples’ expectations of marriage.//  --The report concerns the drug traffic on the Mexican-US border.//\n  2 to make someone feel worried or upset:  --Issues like food additives do concern me.//\n  3 [not in passive] if an activity, situation, rule etc concerns you, it affects you or involves you:  --The tax changes will concern large corporations rather than small businesses.//\n  4  concern yourself with/about sth:   formal to become involved in something because you are interested in it or because it worries you//  --He told them not to concern themselves about him.//  --He loved his wife, and concerned himself with her needs and desires.//\n  5  to whom it may concern:  an expression written at the beginning of a formal letter when you do not know the name of the person you want to communicate with//


