# dict

Words: radial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: radialis, from  Latin radius;   RADIUS]//  arranged in a circular shape with bars or lines coming from the centre//  --radial roads leading out of the city centre//


Words: radial tyre
Meaning:
BrE  radial tire AmE n [C]   a car tyre with wires inside the rubber that go completely around the wheel to make it stronger and safer//


Words: radiance
Meaning:
n [U]  literary \n  1 great happiness that shows in someone’s face and makes them look attractive:  --a young face full of radiance//\n  2 a soft gentle light:  --the moon’s radiance//


Words: radiant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present pasticiple of  radiare;   RADIATE]//\n  1 full of happiness and love, in a way that shows in your face and makes you look attractive:  --She looked radiant in a white silk dress.//  --a radiant smile //  radiant with//  --They were both radiant with happiness.//\n  2 [only before noun]  literary very bright:  --a lovely day with clear blue skies and radiant sun//\n  3 [only before noun]  technical radiant heat or energy is sent out in the form of waves:  -- radiantly adv //  --She looked radiantly beautiful.//


Words: radiate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  radiare, from  radius;   RADIUS]//\n  1 [I and T] if someone radiates a feeling, or if it radiates from them, it is very easy to see that this is how they feel:  --He radiated calm confidence.//  radiate from//  --Kindness radiated from her.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition, T] if something radiates light or heat, or if light or heat radiates from something, the light or heat is sent out in all directions:  --The log fire radiated a warm cosy glow.//  radiate from//  --Heat radiated from the glowing coals.//\n  3 [I always + adverb/preposition] if things radiate from a central point, they spread out in different directions from that point:  radiate out/from//  --There were tiny lines radiating from the corners of her eyes.//


Words: radiation
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful to living things:  --An accident at the power station could result in large amounts of radiation being released.//  --a lethal dose of radiation//\n  2 energy in the form of heat or light that is sent out as waves that you cannot see:  --Sun creams work by blocking harmful ultraviolet radiation.//


Words: radiator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a thin metal container that is fastened to a wall and through which hot water passes to provide heat for a room:\n  2 the part of a car or aircraft which stops the engine from getting too hot:


Words: radical
Meaning:
W3   adj   ----------//\n   1 change/difference:\n   2 opinions:\n   3 people:\n   4 good:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: radicalis, from  Latin radix  ’root’]//\n  1 CHANGE/DIFFERENCE:  a radical change or difference is very big and important//  --They are proposing radical changes to the way the company is run.//  --a radical reform of the tax system//  --There are radical differences between the two organizations.//\n  2 OPINIONS:  radical ideas are very new and different, and are against what most people think or believe//    conservative//  --He has put forward some very radical ideas .//  --I was shocked by her radical views.//  --a radical approach to education//\n  3 PEOPLE:  someone who is radical has ideas that are very new and different, and against what most people think or believe//  --a radical left-wing politician//  --a radical feminist//\n  4 GOOD:   AmE  informal very good or enjoyable//  --That was one radical party last night!//  -- radically/-kli/ adv //  --a radically different method of production//  --a radically new approach to the problem//\nradical 2 n [C]   someone who has new and different ideas, especially someone who wants complete social and political change//    conservative//  --radicals on the extreme left wing of the party//  -- radicalism n  [U] //


Words: radicalize
Meaning:
also  radicalise BrE   v [T]   to make people accept new and different ideas, especially ideas about complete social and political change//


Words: radicchio
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Italian; Origin: Latin radicula, from  radix;   RADICAL1]//  a type of plant used in salads that is red and has a bitter taste//


Words: radio
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: radiotelegraphy  (19-21 centuries), from  radio- +  telegraphy]//\n  1 :  a)  [C] a piece of electronic equipment which you use to listen to programmes that are broadcast, such as music and news//  turn/switch the radio on/off //  --I sat down and turned on the radio.//  b)  [U] programmes that are broadcast on the radio//  --I don’t really listen to the radio very much.//  on the radio//  --Did you hear the interview with the Prime Minister on the radio this morning?//  radio programme/show //  --He’s got his own radio show now.//  local/national radio //  --She works for a local radio station.//\n  2 :  a)  [C] a piece of electronic equipment, for example on a plane or ship, which can send and receive spoken messages//  over the radio//  --We received a call for help over the ship’s radio.//  b)  [U] when messages are sent or received in this way//  by radio//  --We should be able to reach them by radio.//  --We’ve lost radio contact with the plane.//\nRadio 1   a BBC radio station which broadcasts mostly  pop music and is listened to mostly by young people//\nradio 2 v [I and T]   to send a message using a radio//  radio for//  --The ship radioed for help.//  radio sb for sth//  --We radioed London for permission to land.//\nRadio 2   a BBC radio station which broadcasts popular music and entertainment programmes. Unlike Radio 1, Radio 2 does not play the most recent music, and it is listened to especially by older people.//\nRadio 3   a BBC radio station which broadcasts mostly  classical music//\nRadio 4   a BBC radio station which broadcasts programmes on news and politics, as well as plays and arts programmes//\nRadio 5 Live   a BBC radio station which broadcasts news and sports programmes 24 hours a day//


Words: Radio City Music Hall
Meaning:
a large theatre in New York City, where concerts, film  festivals, the  Tony Awards ceremony, and shows with lots of singing and dancing take place//


Words: radio telescope
Meaning:
n [C]   a piece of equipment that collects radio waves from space and is used to find stars and other objects in space//


Words: Radio Times
Meaning:
The   a British weekly magazine that gives the times and details of television and radio programmes, as well as articles about programmes, actors, etc//


Words: radio-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: French; Origin: Latin radius;   RADIUS]//   technical using radio waves//  --radiopaging (=calling people by radio) //


Words: radio-telephone
Meaning:
n [C]   a telephone that works by sending and receiving radio signals and can be used in a car, boat etc//


Words: radioactive
Meaning:
adj   a radioactive substance is dangerous because it contains radiation (=a form of energy that can harm living things) //  --the problem of how to dispose of radioactive waste //  --a consignment of highly radioactive plutonium//


Words: radioactive dating
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE   a scientific method of calculating the age of a very old object by measuring the amount of a certain substance in it//  British Equivalent:  carbon dating//


Words: radioactive waste
Meaning:
n [U]   harmful radioactive substances that remain after energy has been produced in a nuclear reactor//


Words: radioactivity
Meaning:
n [U]   the sending out of radiation (=a form of energy)  when the nucleus (=central part)  of an atom has broken apart//  --the discovery of radioactivity//  --high levels of radioactivity//


Words: radiogram
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a piece of furniture, popular in the 1950s, which contained a radio and a record player//


Words: radiographer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose job is to take X-ray photographs of the inside of people’s bodies, or who treats people for illnesses using an X-ray machine//


Words: radiotherapy
Meaning:
n [U]   the treatment of illnesses using radiation//    radiation therapy//  -- radiotherapist n  [C] //


Words: radish
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1000-1100; Language: Latin; Origin: radix  ’root, radish’]//  a small vegetable whose red or white root is eaten raw and has a strong spicy taste//


Words: radium
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin radius;   RADIUS]//  a white metal that is radioactive and is used in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. It is a chemical element: symbol Ra//


Words: radius
Meaning:
n   plural  radii /-dia[hA366]/ [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’ray, radius’]//\n  1 the distance from the centre to the edge of a circle, or a line drawn from the centre to the edge:    diameter//\n  2 an area that covers a particular distance in all directions from a central point:  --The shock of the explosion was felt over a radius of forty miles.//  within a 10-mile/200-metre etc radius //  --There are more than a dozen golf courses within a 15-mile radius of St Andrews.//\n  3  technical the outer bone of the lower part of your arm:


Words: Radley
Meaning:
Boo   a character in the book  To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) by Harper Lee. He is locked in the house by his father as a punishment, and is never allowed out. Because the people in the town never see him, they believe many strange stories about him, and think that he comes out at night to hunt and eat  squirrels.//


Words: radon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: radium]//  a radioactive gas that is used in the treatment of diseases such as cancer. It is a chemical element: symbol Rn//


Words: raffia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Malagasy; Origin: rafia]//  a soft substance like string that comes from the leaves of a palm tree and is used for making baskets, hats, mats etc//


Words: raffish
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: riffraff]//  behaving or dressing in way which is not respected by many people but which is still confident and attractive//  --an interesting character with a raffish air//  -- raffishly adv //  -- raffishness n  [U] //


Words: raffle
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rafle  ’game played with dice’]//  a competition or game in which people buy numbered tickets and can win prizes//  --a woman selling raffle tickets //\nraffle 2  also raffle off  v [T]   to offer something as a prize in a raffle//


Words: Raffles
Meaning:
a jewel thief who was also a gentleman in the book The Amateur Cracksman (1899). Raffles also played cricket for England. //


Words: Raffles Hotel
Meaning:
a famous old hotel in Singapore, in a beautiful 19th century building. It is a popular place for wealthy people to stay, and is named after Sir Stamford Raffles, who brought Singapore under British control in 1819.//


Words: raft
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1, 3-4; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: raptr  ’large piece of wood, rafter’]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: raff  ’mixture of things’ (17-19 centuries), influenced by   RAFT1]//\n  1 a flat floating structure, usually made of pieces of wood tied together, used as a boat:\n  2  a raft of sth:  a large number of things//  --The company has launched a whole raft of new software products.//\n  3 a flat floating structure that you can sit on, jump from etc when you are swimming:\n  4 a small flat rubber boat filled with air, used for example if a boat sinks:


Words: rafter
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]fter]//  one of the large sloping pieces of wood that form the structure of a roof//  --The club was packed to the rafters  (=very full) .//


Words: rag
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 cloth:\n   2 newspaper:\n   3 in rags:\n   4 from rags to riches:\n   5 music:\n   6 students’ event:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-4,6; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: r[hA177]gg  ’rough hairiness’]//  [Sense: 5; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: ragtime]//\n  1 CLOTH:   [U and C] a small piece of old cloth, for example one used for cleaning things//  --He wiped his boots dry with an old rag.//  --an oily rag//\n  2 NEWSPAPER:   [C]  informal a newspaper, especially one that you think is not particularly important or of good quality//  --He writes for the local rag .//\n  3  in rags:  wearing old torn clothes//  --Children in rags begged money from the tourists.//\n  4  from rags to riches:  becoming very rich after starting your life very poor//  --He likes to tell people of his rise from rags to riches.//    rags-to-riches//\n  5 MUSIC:   [C] a piece of ragtime music//\n  6 STUDENTS’ EVENT:   [C]  BrE an event organized by students every year in order to make money for people who are poor, sick etc//  --rag week//    glad rags at glad(7)//    like a red rag to a bull at red1 (5)//    lose your rag at lose(11)//\nrag 2   past tense and past participle  ragged present participle  ragging  v [T] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Origin unknown]//   BrE  old-fashioned to laugh at someone or play tricks on them//   tease//


Words: rag trade
Meaning:
n   the rag trade//   BrE  informal the business of making and selling clothes, especially women’s clothes//   the fashion industry//


Words: rag-and-bone-man plural
Meaning:
rag-and-bone-men  n [C]    BrE a man who goes around the streets buying and collecting old clothes and other things that people no longer want//


Words: raga
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Sanskrit; Origin: ’color, musical color’]//\n  1 a piece of Indian music based on an ancient pattern of notes:\n  2 one of the ancient patterns of notes that are used in Indian music:


Words: ragamuffin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: Ragamoffyn, evil spirit in the 14th-century poem Piers Plowman by William Langland]//   literary a dirty young child wearing torn clothes//


Words: ragbag
Meaning:
n [singular]  British English   a mixture of very different things that do not seem to fit together well//  ragbag of//  --a ragbag of leftover bits of food//


Words: rage
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin rabies  ’anger, wildness’, from  rabere  ’to be wild with anger’]//\n  1 a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger:  --Sobbing with rage, Carol was taken to the hospital.//  in a rage//  --Sam became quite frightening when he was in a rage.//  cry/scream/roar etc of rage //  --Just then, she heard Mr Evan’s bellow of rage.//  red/dark/purple with rage //  --His face was red with rage.//  trembling/shaking with rage //  --Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage.//  seething/incandescent with rage (=as angry as a person can possibly be) //  --Animal rights supporters were incandescent with rage.//  --Richens was 17 when he flew into a rage and stabbed another teenager.//\n  2  be all the rage:   informal to be very popular or fashionable//  --DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ’Titanic’.//\n  3  rage for sth:  a situation in which something is very popular or fashionable//  --the rage for mobile phones//\nrage 2 v \n  1 [I and T]  written to feel very angry about something and show this in the way you behave or speak:  rage at/against//  --He was sorry he had raged at her earlier.//  --’How was I to know!’ Jenny raged.//\n  2 [I] if something such as a battle, a disagreement, or a storm rages, it continues with great violence or strong emotions:  --Civil war has been raging in the country for years.//  --A debate is raging about what form pensions should take.//  --Outside, a storm was raging.//  rage on//  --The battle raged on (=continued) .//\n  3 [I] if a fire or illness rages, it spreads fast and is hard to control:  --The fire raged for twelve hours and fifteen people died.//  --A great cholera epidemic raged across Europe in 1831.//\n  4 [I]  informal to have fun with a group of people in a wild and uncontrolled way:  --We couldn’t wait to go out and rage.//


Words: ragged
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 clothes etc:\n   2 people:\n   3 uneven:\n   4 not regular:\n   5 tired:\n   6 be on the ragged edge:  ----------//\n  1 CLOTHES ETC:   also raggedy /r[zB024]g[hA369]di/ especially AmE //  torn and in bad condition//  --the ragged blankets on the bed//  --a raggedy hat//\n  2 PEOPLE:  wearing clothes that are old and torn//  --Crowds of ragged children played among the rocks.//\n  3 UNEVEN:   also raggedy //  having a rough uneven edge or surface//  --The old photograph looked a little ragged at the edges.//  --a ragged hole//  --raggedy hair//\n  4 NOT REGULAR:  not regular or together//  --The crowd gave a ragged cheer.//  --ragged breathing//\n  5 TIRED:   informal tired after using a lot of effort//  --He looked ragged, so I told him to go to bed.//  --He ran United’s defence ragged  (=made them do a lot of work) .//\n  6  be on the ragged edge:   AmE  informal to be feeling very tired or upset//  -- raggedly adv //  --raggedly dressed//  --She was breathing raggedly.//  -- raggedness n  [U] //


Words: Raggedy Ann
Meaning:
trademark   a type of  rag doll (=doll made from cloth)  which is a popular children’s toy in the US. She has a large round face, red circles on her cheeks, and hair made from pieces of red wool. The male doll that looks like this is her brother, Raggedy Andy.//


Words: raging
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 very great and hard to control:  --a raging appetite//  --I was in a raging temper.//\n  2 continuing strongly and showing no signs of ending:  --a raging debate//  --raging inflation//  --The show was a raging success.//\n  3 a raging headache etc is very painful:  --Richard developed a raging headache and had to lie down.//  --a raging fever (=a very high body temperature) //\n  4 continuing or moving with great natural force:  --a raging storm//  --a raging sea//  --The fire had become a raging blaze.//


Words: raglan
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Lord  Raglan (1788-1855), English soldier]//  if a coat,  sweater etc has raglan sleeves, the sleeves are joined with a sloping line from the arm to the neck//


Words: ragout
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: rago[hA17C]t, from  rago[hA17C]ter  ’to bring back the taste’]//  a mixture of vegetables and meat boiled together//   stew//


Words: rags-to-riches
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a rags-to-riches story is about someone who becomes very rich after starting life very poor//


Words: ragtag
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: rag +  tag]//   informal a ragtag group is not tidy or properly organized//  --a ragtag fighting force//


Words: ragtime
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  ragged +  time]//  a type of music and dancing that has a strong beat and was popular in the US in the early part of the 20th century//


Words: raid
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Scottish English; Origin: Old English rad  ’ride, raid’;   ROAD]//\n  1 a short attack on a place by soldiers, planes, or ships, intended to cause damage but not take control:  --a bombing raid//  --an air raid warning siren//  raid on/against//  --The colonel led a successful raid against a rebel base.//  launch/carry out/stage a raid //  --The army launched several cross-border raids last night.//    air raid//\n  2 a surprise visit made to a place by the police to search for something illegal:  --a police raid//  --an FBI raid//  raid on//  --Four people were arrested during a raid on a house in London.//  --a dawn raid  (=one made very early in the morning) //\n  3 an attack by criminals on a building where they believe they can steal money or drugs:  --a bank raid//  raid on//  --an armed raid on a shop in Glasgow//    ram-raiding//\n  4  technical an attempt by a company to buy enough shares in another company to take control of it:\nraid 2 v [T] \n  1 if police raid a place, they make a surprise visit to search for something illegal:  --Police found illegal weapons when they raided five homes yesterday.//\n  2 to make a sudden military attack on a place:  --air bases on the mainland from which the island could be raided//  raiding party (=a group taking part in an attack) //\n  3 to go into a place and steal things:  --A gang of thieves raided three homes in the area.//\n  4 to go to a place that has supplies of food or drink and take some because you are hungry:  --Peter went into the kitchen to raid the fridge.//


Words: raider
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who goes into a place and steals things//  --an armed raider//  --Masked raiders carried out a bank robbery today.//


Words: rail
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: reille  ’bar’, from  Latin regula  ’ruler’, from  regere  ’to keep straight’]//\n  1 [U] the railway system:    train//  --the American rail system //  --a high-speed rail network //  --Passengers want a better rail service .//  --the Channel Tunnel and its rail links with London//  by rail//  --We continued our journey by rail.//  --I need to buy a rail ticket .//  --cheap rail fares //\n  2 [C] one of the two long metal tracks fastened to the ground that trains move along:\n  3 [C] a bar that is fastened along or around something, especially to stop you from going somewhere or from falling:  --Several passengers were leaning against the ship’s rail.//    guardrail,  handrail//\n  4 [C] a bar that you use to hang things on:  --a towel rail //  --a curtain rail //\n  5  go off the rails:   informal to start behaving in a strange or socially unacceptable way//  --At 17 he suddenly went off the rails and started stealing.//\n  6  back on the rails:  happening or functioning normally again//  --The coach was credited with putting the team back on the rails.//\nrail 2 v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: railler  ’to make fun of’, from  Late Latin ragere  ’to make the sound of a horse’]//\n  1 [T] to enclose or separate an area with rails:    cordon off//  rail sth off/in//  --The police railed off the area where the accident happened.//\n  2 [I and T]  formal to complain angrily about something, especially something that you think is very unfair:  rail against/at//  --Consumers rail against the way companies fix prices.//


Words: rail trail
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a path that used to be a railway track but that has been covered with a hard surface for people to walk, run, or ride bicycles on//


Words: railcard
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a small card that allows you to travel by train at a lower price than the usual price//  --a student railcard//


Words: railing
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  also  railings:   [plural] a metal fence that is made of a series of upright bars//  --a small park surrounded by railings//\n  2 one of the bars in some railings:


Words: raillery
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: raillerie, from  railler;   RAIL2]//   formal friendly joking about someone//  --affectionate raillery//


Words: railroad
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   sleeper//  a railway or the railway//  --The supplies were sent on the railroad.//  --a railroad station//\nrailroad 2 v [T]   to force or persuade someone do something without giving them enough time to think about it//  railroad sb into doing sth//  --The workers were railroaded into signing the agreement.//


Words: railway
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a system of tracks along which trains run, or a system of trains//  American Equivalent:  railroad//  --a railway company//


Words: Railway Children
Meaning:
The   (1970) a British film, based on the book by E. Nesbit, about three children at the beginning of the 20th century and the adventures they have around the railway near their home//


Words: railway line
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   sleeper//\n  1 one of the two metal tracks fixed to the ground that trains move along:  American Equivalent:  railroad track, train track//\n  2 a part of the railway system that connects two places:  American Equivalent:  railroad line//  --an old disused railway line//


Words: railway station
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a place where trains stop for passengers to get on and off//   train station//  American Equivalent:  railroad station//  --I’ll meet you outside the main railway station.//


Words: raiment
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: arrayment  (14-19 centuries), from   ARRAY2]//   literary clothes//


Words: rain
Meaning:
n   [Language: Old English; Origin: regn]//\n  1 [U] water that falls in small drops from clouds in the sky:  --a night of wind and rain//  in the rain//  --I left my bicycle out in the rain.//  heavy/torrential/pouring rain (=a lot of rain) //  --There will be heavy rain in most parts of the country.//  --The light rain had stopped.//  --a heavy shower of rain //  --An inch of rain fell in an hour.//  --As the first drops of rain fell, they ran for cover.//  -- It was pouring with rain  (=it was raining very hard) and Laura only had a thin dress on.//  -- It looks like rain  (=there are dark rain clouds) , so let’s go inside.//    acid rain,  rain drop,  rainy//\n  2  the rains:  heavy rain that falls during a particular period in the year in tropical countries//   monsoon//  --Last year, the rains came on time in April.//\n  3  rain of sth:  a large number of things falling or moving through the air together//  --The archers sent a rain of arrows towards the enemy.//\n  4  (come) rain or shine:   spoken whatever happens or whatever the weather is like//  --Don’t worry. We’ll be there - rain or shine.//  -- rainless adj //    right as rain at right1 (9)//\nrain 2 v \n  1  it rains:  if it rains, drops of water fall from clouds in the sky//  --Outside it was still raining.//  --It’s starting to rain.//  rain heavily/hard //  --It must have rained quite hard last night.//  it’s raining cats and dogs  spoken  (=it is raining very hard) //\n  2  rain (down) blows/blows rain down:  if you rain blows onto someone, you hit them many times//  --She attacked the man, raining blows on his head and shoulders.//\n  3  it never rains but it pours:   spoken used to say that as soon as one thing goes wrong, a lot of other things go wrong as well//  rain down phr v//  to fall in large quantities//  rain down on//  --Bombs rained down on the city.//  be rained off phr v//  if an event or activity is rained off or rained out, it has to stop because there is too much rain//  --The match was rained off.//


Words: rain check
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  take a rain check (on sth):   informal  especially AmE used to say that you will do something in the future but not now//  --’Care for a drink?’ ’I’ll take a rain check, thanks.’//\n  2  AmE a ticket for an outdoor event, such as a sports game, that you can use again if it rains and the action stops:


Words: rain forest rainforest
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a tropical forest with tall trees that are very close together, growing in an area where it rains a lot//  --the destruction of the rain forest//


Words: rainbow
Meaning:
n [C]   a large curve of different colours that can appear in the sky when there is both sun and rain//


Words: Rainbow Warrior
Meaning:
a ship belonging to the organization  Greenpeace, used for getting information about activities harmful to the environment and trying to prevent them //


Words: rainfall
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the amount of rain that falls on an area in a particular period of time//  --We’ve had a long period of low rainfall.//  --The city has received only half its average rainfall of four inches.//


Words: Rainier
Meaning:
Mount   a mountain in the west of the state of Washington, US, the highest mountain in the  Cascade Range//


Words: rainy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a rainy period of time is one when it rains a lot:  --a cold rainy day in October//  --I hate rainy weather .//  --the rainy season //\n  2  save sth for a rainy day:  to save something, especially money, for a time when you will need it//


Words: raise
Meaning:
W1S2   v [T]   ----------//\n   1 move higher:\n   2 increase:\n   3 collect money:\n   4 improve:\n   5 start a subject:\n   6 cause a reaction:\n   7 move eyes or face:\n   8 move upright:\n   9 children:\n  10 raise a smile:\n  11 animals or plants:\n  12 collect people:\n  13 raise your eyebrows:\n  14 raise eyebrows:\n  15 raise your voice:\n  16 raise your glass:\n  17 raise the alarm:\n  18 raise the spectre of something:\n  19 raise its (ugly) head:\n  20 card game:\n  21 raise hell:\n  22 raise hell/Cain:\n  23 raise the roof:\n  24 speak to somebody:\n  25 wake somebody:\n  26 dead person:\n  27 raise a siege/embargo:\n  28 build:\n  29 raise 2/4/10 etc to the power of 2/3/4 etc:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: reisa]//\n  1 MOVE HIGHER:  to move or lift something to a higher position, place, or level//  --Can you raise the torch so I can see?//  --William raised his hat and smiled at her.//  -- Raise your hand if you know the right answer.//\n  2 INCREASE:  to increase an amount, number, or level//  → lower//  --Many shops have raised their prices.//  --The university is working to raise the number of students from state schools.//  --a campaign to raise awareness of meningitis//  --Dr Hayward intends to raise the museum’s profile  (=make it more well-known) .//\n  3 COLLECT MONEY:  to collect money that you can use to do a particular job or help people//  --The Trust hopes to raise $1 million to buy land.//  --They are raising funds to help needy youngsters.//  --a concert to raise money for charity//    fundraising//\n  4 IMPROVE:  to improve the quality or standard of something//  --Changing the law cannot raise standards.//  --The team need to raise their game.//\n  5 START A SUBJECT:  to begin to talk or write about a subject that you want to be considered or a question that you think should be answered//   bring up//  --He did not raise the subject again.//  --I’d like to raise the issue of publicity.//  --Betty raised the important question of who will be in charge.//\n  6 CAUSE A REACTION:  to cause a particular emotion or reaction//  --This attack raises fears of increased violence against foreigners.//  --The way the research was carried out raises doubts about the results.//\n  7 MOVE EYES OR FACE:  to move your eyes, head, or face so that you are looking up//  → lower//  --Albert raised his eyes and stared at Ruth.//  --’No,’ he said without raising his head.//\n  8 MOVE UPRIGHT:   also raise up //  to move or lift yourself into an upright position//  → lower//  raise yourself//  --Adele raised herself from the pillows.//  --He raised himself up on one elbow to watch.//\n  9 CHILDREN:   especially AmE to look after your children and help them grow//  British Equivalent:  bring up//  --Stan’s dad died, leaving his mother to raise three sons alone.//  --It was time for Dean to settle down and raise a family .//  --Anne married a Jew, despite being raised a Catholic.//  --The new generation was the first to be raised on processed food.//  --Camus was born and raised in Algeria.//\n  10  raise a smile:  to smile when you are not feeling happy, or to make someone smile when they are not feeling happy//  --I couldn’t raise a smile.//\n  11 ANIMALS OR PLANTS:  to look after animals or grow plants so that they can be sold or used as food//  --He raised cattle in Nebraska when he was young.//  --Jim retired to raise raspberries.//\n  12 COLLECT PEOPLE:  to collect together a large group of people, especially soldiers//  --The rebels quickly raised an army.//\n  13  raise your eyebrows:  to show surprise, doubt, disapproval etc by moving your eyebrows upwards//  --Blanche raised her eyebrows in surprise.//\n  14  raise eyebrows:  if something raises eyebrows, it surprises people//  --The band’s new sound will raise some eyebrows.//\n  15  raise your voice:  to speak loudly or shout because you are angry//  --He’s never raised his voice to me.//  --I could hear raised voices in the next room.//\n  16  raise your glass:   spoken to celebrate someone’s happiness or success by holding up your glass and drinking from it//  --Ladies and gentlemen, will you raise your glasses to the bride and groom.//\n  17  raise the alarm:   British English to warn people about a danger so that they can take action//  --Sam stayed with his injured friend while a passing motorist raised the alarm.//\n  18  raise the spectre of sth:   literary to make people feel afraid that something frightening might soon happen//  --The violence has raised the spectre of civil war.//\n  19  raise its (ugly) head:  if a question or problem raises its head, it appears and has to be dealt with//  --Another problem then raised its ugly head.//\n  20 CARD GAME:  to make a higher bid than an opponent in a card game//  --I’ll raise you $100.//\n  21  raise hell:   informal to complain in a very angry way about something you think is not acceptable//  --I’ll raise hell with whoever is responsible for this mess.//\n  22  raise hell/Cain:   especially AmE to behave in a wild, noisy way that upsets other people//  --The kids next door were raising hell last night.//\n  23  raise the roof:  to make a very loud noise when singing, celebrating etc//\n  24 SPEAK TO SOMEBODY:  to speak to someone on a piece of radio equipment//   contact, get//  --They finally managed to raise him at Miller’s sheep farm.//\n  25 WAKE SOMEBODY:   literary to wake someone who is difficult to wake//  --Try as he might he could not raise her.//\n  26 DEAD PERSON:   old use to make someone who has died live again//  --Jesus raised Lazarus from the grave.//\n  27  raise a siege/embargo:   formal to allow goods to go in and out of a place again after they have been stopped by force or by a law//\n  28 BUILD:   formal to build something such as a monument//   erect//\n  29  raise 2/4/10 etc to the power of 2/3/4 etc:   technical to multiply a number by itself a particular number of times//  --2 raised to the power of 3 is 8.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: raise, rise  //  When  raise is a verb, it must have an object. It is a fairly formal way to say ’lift something up’ or ’move something up’ : Raise your right hand. |  He raised the box above his head. //  It is not formal when it means ’make something increase’ : We will have to raise our fees. //  When  rise  is a verb, it does not have an object. It is a fairly formal way to say ’move up’ : Smoke rose into the sky. It is also a formal way to say ’get up’ or ’stand up’, used mainly in literary writing| He rose to greet me. //  It is not formal when it means ’increase’ : Prices are rising rapidly. //  In British English,  raise  is never a noun. Use  rise : He asked for a pay rise. |  There has been a rise in unemployment. //  In American English, a  raise is an increase in pay : She offered me a raise. //  ----------//\nraise 2 n [C]    AmE an increase in the money you earn//  British Equivalent:  rise//


Words: raisin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: ’grape’, from  Latin racemus  ’bunch of grapes’]//  a dried grape//


Words: raison d’etre
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’reason of being’]//  the reason why something exists, why someone does something etc//  --Commerce was the town’s raison d’etre.//


Words: Raj
Meaning:
n   the (British) Raj//  the rule of the British government in India before India became independent in 1947//


Words: rajah
Meaning:
raja/r[hA35A][hA359]d[hA360][hA353]/ n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Hindi; Origin: raja, from  Sanskrit rajan  ’king’]//  the king or ruler of an Indian state//


Words: rake
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1-2; Origin: Old English racu]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Origin unknown]//\n  1 [C] a gardening tool with a row of metal teeth at the end of a long handle, used for making soil level, gathering up dead leaves etc:  --a garden rake//\n  2 [C]  old-fashioned a man who has many sexual relationships, drinks too much alcohol etc:\n  3 [singular] the angle of a slope:  --the rake of the stage//\nrake 2 v \n  1 [I and T] to move a rake across a surface in order to make the soil level, gather dead leaves etc:  rake sth over/up//  --She raked the soil over to loosen the weeds.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition] to search a place very carefully for something:  rake through/around//  --I’ve been raking through my drawers looking for those tickets.//\n  3 [T] to point something such as a gun, camera, or strong light, and keep moving across an area:   sweep//  --The searchlight raked the open ground around the prison.//  rake sth with sth //  --They raked the room with gunfire.//\n  4 [T] to push a stick backwards and forwards in a fire in order to remove ashes:\n  5  rake over the past/old coals:  to keep talking about something that happened in the past that people would prefer you not to mention//\n  6  rake your fingers (through sth):  to pull your fingers through something or across a surface//  --Ken raked his fingers through his hair.//  rake in [rake sth → in] phr v//  to earn a lot of money without trying very hard//  --Lou’s been raking in the dollars since he opened his business.//  --If someone opened a burger bar, they’d really rake it in .//  rake up [rake sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to talk about something from the past that people would prefer you not to mention:   dredge up//  --It upsets Dad when that story is raked up again.//\n  2  also rake sth → together :  to collect things or people together for a purpose, but with difficulty//  --They could only rake up $300.//


Words: rake-off
Meaning:
n [C]    informal a dishonest share of profits//    cut//  --The taxi driver gets a rake-off from the hotel.//


Words: rakish
Meaning:
adj   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  rake  ’to slope backward’ (17-21 centuries); because of the sloping masts of pirate ships.]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  RAKE12]//\n  1 if a man looks rakish, or wears rakish clothes, he dresses nicely and looks confident and relaxed:   stylish//  --a rakish uniform//\n  2  at a rakish angle:  if you wear a hat at a rakish angle, you do not wear it straight, and this makes you look relaxed and confident//\n  3  old-fashioned a rakish man has a lot of sexual relationships, wastes money, and drinks too much alcohol:  -- rakishly adv //


Words: Raleigh
Meaning:
the capital city of the US state of  North Carolina//\n Sir Walter   (?1552-1618) an English  explorer who made several journeys to North and South America and later wrote books about them. He is the person who first brought potatoes and  tobacco to Britain.//


Words: rally
Meaning:
n   plural  rallies  [C] //\n  1 a large public meeting, especially one that is held outdoors to support a political idea, protest etc:  --About 1,000 people attended the rally in Hyde Park.//  --We decided to hold a rally to put pressure on the government.//  --a mass rally  (=large rally) in support of the pay claim//  political/election/peace etc rally //  --He was shot dead while addressing an election rally.//    pep rally//\n  2 a car race on public roads:  --a rally driver //\n  3 an occasion when something, especially the value of shares, becomes stronger again after a period of weakness or defeat:  --a late rally in the Tokyo stock market//\n  4 a continuous series of hits of the ball between players in a game such as tennis:\nrally 2 v   past tense and past participle  rallied present participle  rallying third person singular  rallies //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: rallier  ’to reunite’, from  Old French alier;   ALLY2]//\n  1 [I and T] to come together, or to bring people together, to support an idea, a political party etc:  rally to//  --Fellow Republicans rallied to the President’s defense.//  rally to do sth//  --Surely the local business community could have rallied to raise the cash.//  --an attempt to rally support for the party//\n  2 [I] to become stronger again after a period of weakness or defeat:    recover//  --After a shaky start, he rallied and won the title in style.//  --The Tokyo stock market rallied later in the day.//  rally around () [rally around (sb)] phr v//  if a group of people rally round, they all try to help you when you are in a difficult situation//  --Her friends all rallied round when she was ill.//


Words: rallying cry
Meaning:
n [singular]   a word or phrase used to unite people in support of an idea//  --’Land and Liberty’ was the rallying cry of revolutionary Mexico.//


Words: rallying point
Meaning:
n [singular]   an idea, event, person etc that makes people come together to support something they believe in//  rallying point for//  --a rallying point for the struggle against apartheid//


Words: RAM
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   random access memory the part of a computer that acts as a temporary store for information so that it can be used immediately//    ROM//  --a model with 128 MB of RAM//


Words: ram
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rammed present participle  ramming //  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from   RAM2]//\n  1 [I and T] to run or drive into something very hard:  --In the latest raid, thieves used his van to ram a police car.//  ram into//  --He lost control of his truck and rammed into a van, killing two people.//\n  2 [T always + adverb/preposition] to push something into a position, using great force:  --First, you’ll have to ram the posts into the ground.//  --I rammed my foot down on the brake.//\n  3  ram sth down sb’s throat:  to try to make someone accept an idea or opinion by repeating it many times, especially when they are not interested//\n  4  ram sth home:  to make sure someone fully understands something by emphasizing it and by providing a lot of examples, proof etc//  --a police video ramming home the dangers of driving fast in fog//\nram 2 n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: ramm]//\n  1 an adult male sheep:    ewe//\n  2 a battering ram:\n  3 a machine that hits something again and again to force it into a position:


Words: ram-raiding
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE  informal the crime of driving a car into a shop window in order to steal goods from the shop//  -- ram-raid n  [C] //  --a ram-raid on a jeweller’s shop//  -- ram-raider n  [C] //


Words: Ramadan
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Arabic; Origin: ramad  ’dryness’]//  the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which Muslims do not eat or drink anything during the day while it is light//


Words: Ramakrishna
Meaning:
(1834-86) an Indian  Hindu religious man who said that all religions are of equal value because they are all different ways of understanding the same God//


Words: Rambert Dance Company
Meaning:
the  the Ballet Rambert  a  ballet company based in London, which usually performs modern ballet. It is named after Marie Rambert, the dancer and teacher who started the company in 1930.//


Words: ramble
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  roam]//\n  1 to talk for a long time in a way that does not seem clearly organized, so that other people find it difficult to understand you:  --She’s getting old and she tends to ramble a bit.//\n  2 [always + adverb/preposition]  BrE to go on a walk in the countryside for pleasure:    hike//  --There’s plenty to discover as you ramble around this little island.//\n  3 a plant that rambles grows in all directions:  ramble on phr v//  to talk or write for a long time in a way that other people find boring//   go on//  ramble on about//  --My father kept rambling on about the war.//\nramble 2 n [C]  BrE \n  1 a walk in the countryside for pleasure:    hike//  --I quite like the idea of going for a ramble one weekend.//\n  2 a speech or piece of writing that is very long and does not seem to be clearly organized:  --In a ten-page ramble, Barre explains why he wrote the book.//


Words: rambler
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE someone who goes for walks in the countryside for pleasure:\n  2 a plant, especially a rose, that grows in all directions:


Words: Ramblers’ Association
Meaning:
the   a British organization which supports people who want to walk for pleasure, and makes sure that public  footpaths are kept open and in good repair//


Words: rambling
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 a rambling building has an irregular shape and covers a large area:  --a rambling old farmhouse//\n  2 rambling speech or writing is very long and does not seem to have any clear organization or purpose:  --a long rambling letter//\nrambling 2 n [U]  BrE   the activity of going for walks in the countryside for pleasure//


Words: ramblings
Meaning:
n [plural]   speech or writing that goes on for a long time and does not seem to have any clear organization or purpose//  --He refused to listen to their mad ramblings.//


Words: Rambo
Meaning:
a character played by Sylvester  Stallone in several US films, called  First Blood,  Rambo: First Blood II etc. Rambo was a strong, very violent soldier who fought against the US’s enemies, especially the  Communists. His name is often used to describe anyone who thinks fighting and violence are the only ways of settling disagreements.//


Words: rambunctious
Meaning:
adj  AmE   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  rumbustious  ’rambunctious’ (18-21 centuries)]//  noisy, full of energy, and behaving in a way that cannot be controlled//  --three rambunctious kids//


Words: ramekin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: ramequin, from  Low German ramken, from  ram  ’cream’]//  a small dish in which food for one person can be baked and served//


Words: ramification
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  formal   an additional result of something you do, which may not have been clear when you first decided to do it//    implications//  --an agreement which was to have significant ramifications for British politics//  ramification of//  --the practical ramifications of taking on a new job//  legal/political/economic etc ramifications //  --the environmental ramifications of the road-building program//


Words: ramp
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: rampe, from  ramper;   RAMPANT]//\n  1 a slope that has been built to connect two places that are at different levels:  --Ramps are needed at exits and entrances for wheelchair users.//\n  2  AmE a road for driving onto or off a large main road:  British Equivalent:  slip road//  --Take the Lake Drive ramp at Charles Street.//  off-/on-ramp //  --They missed the off-ramp to Manhattan.//\nramp 2 v   ramp up [ramp sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to try to persuade people that a company’s shares are worth more than they really are:  --To ramp up a share price during a takeover bid is unacceptable.//\n  2 if a company ramps up an activity, it increases it:  --Producers can quickly ramp up production.//  -- ramp-up n  [C usually singular] //


Words: rampage
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  ramp  ’to act or move wildly’ (14-21 centuries), from  French ramper;   RAMPANT]//  to rush about in groups, acting in a wild or violent way//  rampage through//  --Drunken football fans rampaged through the streets.//\nrampage 2 n   on the rampage//  rushing about in a wild and violent way, often causing damage//  --gangs of youths on the rampage//  --Rioters went on the rampage through the town.//


Words: rampant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: , present participle of  ramper  ’to climb, crawl’]//\n  1 if something bad, such as crime or disease, is rampant, there is a lot of it and it is very difficult to control:    rife, widespread//  --Pickpocketing is rampant in the downtown area.//  --The country has high unemployment and rampant inflation .//\n  2 a plant that is rampant grows and spreads quickly, in a way that is difficult to control:  -- rampantly adv //


Words: rampart
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: rempart, from  remparer  ’to strengthen’]//  a wide pile of earth or a stone wall built to protect a castle or city in the past//


Words: Rampton
Meaning:
a special British hospital for people who are considered to be violent and extremely dangerous. It is not actually a prison, but its patients are guarded very strictly.//


Words: ramrod
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  straight/stiff as a ramrod:  sitting or standing with your back straight and your body stiff//\n  2 a stick for cleaning a gun or pushing gunpowder into an old-fashioned gun:


Words: Ramsey
Meaning:
Sir Alf   (1922-99) an English football player and team manager, who was the manager of the English national team that won the  World Cup in 1966//


Words: ramshackle
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: ransack]//  a ramshackle building or vehicle is in bad condition and in need of repair//   tumbledown//  --a ramshackle old cottage//


Words: ranch
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Mexican Spanish; Origin: rancho, from  Spanish,  ’camp, small building, small farm’, from  French ranger  ’to put in a row’]//\n  1 a very large farm in the western US and Canada where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred:\n  2 a ranch house:


Words: ranch house
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  AmE a house built on one level, usually with a roof that does not slope very much:    bungalow//\n  2 a house on a ranch in which the rancher lives:


Words: rancid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: rancidus, from  rancere  ’to have decayed, smell bad’]//  oily or fatty food that is rancid smells or tastes unpleasant because it is no longer fresh//  --rancid butter//


Words: rancour
Meaning:
BrE  rancor AmE   n [U]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin, from  Latin rancere;   RANCID]//   formal a feeling of hatred and anger towards someone you cannot forgive because they harmed you in the past//    resentment//  without rancour//  --He spoke openly about the war without a trace of rancour.//


Words: rand
Meaning:
n   plural  rand  [C] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  The  Rand, gold-mining area of South Africa]//  the standard unit of money in South Africa//


Words: random
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: randon  ’great speed or force’, from  randir  ’to run’]//\n  1 happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim, or pattern:  --The company has introduced random drug testing of its employees.//  --A few random shots were fired.//  --We looked at a random sample of 120 families.//  --a random selection of women who were in the shop//\n  2  at random:  without any definite plan, aim, or pattern//  choose/select/pick sth at random //  --The gang picked their victims at random.//  -- randomly adv //  --seven randomly chosen numbers//  -- randomness n  [U] //


Words: randomize
Meaning:
also  randomise BrE   v [T]  technical   to choose things in a way that is not carefully controlled or planned in order to do a scientific test//  --The numbers have been randomized.//  --a randomized trial of a new drug//


Words: randy
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: randy  ’rude and loud’ (17-19 centuries), from  rand  ’to talk angrily and complainingly’, an old  Scottish English form of  rant]//  full of sexual desire//   horny//  --She was feeling very randy .//


Words: range
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 variety of things/people:\n   2 limits:\n   3 products:\n   4 distance:\n   5 music:\n   6 mountains/hills:\n   7 place for shooting:\n   8 ability:\n   9 land:\n  10 cooking:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: renge, from  rengier;   RANGE2]//\n  1 VARIETY OF THINGS/PEOPLE:   [C usually singular] a number of people or things that are all different, but are all of the same general type//  range of//  --a range of services//  --The drug is effective against a range of bacteria.//  wide/broad/whole/full range of sth //  --students from a wide range of backgrounds//  --They give advice on a whole range of subjects.//  narrow/limited range of sth //  --A fairly narrow range of people are responsible for key decisions.//\n  2 LIMITS:   [C] the limits within which amounts, quantities, ages etc vary//  age/price/temperature etc range //  --toys suitable for children in the pre-school age range//  --a temperature range of 72-85[hA13B]//  in/within a ... range//  --Your blood pressure’s well within the normal range.//  in the range (of) sth to sth//  --a salary in the range of $25,000 to $30,000//  --Even the cheapest property was out of our price range  (=too expensive for us) .//\n  3 PRODUCTS:   [C] a set of similar products made by a particular company or available in a particular shop//  range of//  --a new range of kitchenware//  --A company from Darlington has just launched its latest range of fashion jewellery.//  --The watches in this range are priced at [hA124]24.50.//  --We have a very large product range .//    mid-range,  top-of-the-range//\n  4 DISTANCE:  a)  [U and C] the distance over which a particular weapon can hit things//  range of//  --missiles with a range of 3000 km//  within range (of sth)//  --We waited until the enemy was within range.//  out of/beyond range (of sth)//  --I ducked down to get out of range of the gunshots.//  at close/short/point-blank range (=from very close) //  --Both men had been shot at point-blank range .//    long-range,  short-range//  b)  [U and C] the distance within which something can be seen or heard//  within range (of sth)//  --a handsome man who drew admiring glances from any female within range//  --any spot within range of your radio signal//  out of/beyond range (of sth)//  --Joan hoped that the others were out of range of her mother’s voice.//  --One way to see birds at close range is to attract them into your own garden.//  c)  [C] the distance which a vehicle such as an aircraft can travel before it needs more  fuel etc//  range of//  --The plane has a range of 3,600 miles.//\n  5 MUSIC:   [C usually singular] all the musical notes that a particular singer or musical instrument can make//  --His vocal range is amazing.//\n  6 MOUNTAINS/HILLS:   [C] a group of mountains or hills, usually in a line//  --a land of high mountain ranges and deep valleys//  range of mountains/hills //  --the longest range of hills in the Lake District//\n  7 PLACE FOR SHOOTING:   [C] an area of land where you can practise shooting or where weapons can be tested//  --a rifle range //  --the police shooting range //\n  8 ABILITY:   [U and C] the number of different things that someone, especially an actor or actress, does well//  --an actor of extraordinary range and intensity//\n  9 LAND:   [U and C]  AmE a large area of land covered with grass, on which cattle are kept//\n  10 COOKING:   [C] //  a)  AmE a cooker//  b)  BrE a large piece of kitchen equipment in which you make a fire and use this heat to cook food//    stove//  --a coal-fired kitchen range //    free-range//\nrange 2 W3 v   ----------//\n   1 include:\n   2 deal with many subjects:\n   3 move around:\n   4 range yourself with/against somebody/something:\n   5 arrange:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rengier, from  renc,  reng;   RANK1]//\n  1 INCLUDE:   [I always + adverb/preposition] //  a) to include a variety of different things or people in addition to those mentioned//  range from sth to sth//  --The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents.//  b) if prices, levels, temperatures etc range from one amount to another, they include both those amounts and anything in between//  range from sth to sth//  --There were 120 students whose ages ranged from 10 to 18.//  range between sth and sth//  --The population of these cities ranges between 3 and 5 million.//  range in age/size/price etc //  --The shoes range in price from $25 to $100.//\n  2 DEAL WITH MANY SUBJECTS:   [I] to deal with a wide range of subjects or ideas in a book, speech, conversation etc//  range over//  --The conversation had ranged over a variety of topics, from sport to current affairs.//  --The discussion ranged widely .//\n  3 MOVE AROUND:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move around in an area without aiming for a particular place//   wander//  range over/through//  --Cattle ranged over the pastures in search of food.//\n  4  range yourself with/against sb/sth:   formal to publicly state your agreement with, or opposition to, a particular group’s beliefs and ideas//  --individuals who had ranged themselves against the authorities//\n  5 ARRANGE:   BrE  [T always + adverb/preposition]  formal to put things in a particular order or position//  --In the dining room, team photographs were ranged along the wall.//


Words: Range Rover
Meaning:
trademark   a type of large car made in the UK. Range Rovers are strongly built, like  Land Rovers, so they can be driven on rough ground, but they are more comfortable.//


Words: ranger
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone whose job is to look after a forest or area of countryside:  --a park ranger//\n  2  also  ranger guide:  a girl who belongs to a part of the Guide Association in Britain, for girls between the ages of 14 and 19//


Words: Rangers
Meaning:
a Scottish football team based in Glasgow, officially called Glasgow Rangers, whose supporters are mainly Protestant. There is much competition between Rangers and  Celtic, the other main Glasgow football team, whose supporters are mainly Roman Catholic.//


Words: rank
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 position in army/organization:\n   2 the ranks:\n   3 break ranks:\n   4 line:\n   5 pull rank (on somebody):\n   6 quality:\n   7 social class:\n   8 taxi:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: renc,  reng  ’line, place, row’]//\n  1 POSITION IN ARMY/ORGANIZATION:   [U and C] the position or level that someone holds in an organization, especially in the police or the army, navy etc//  rank of//  --officers below the rank of Colonel//  --He held  (=had) the rank of Chief Inspector.//  rise to/be promoted to/attain the rank of sth //  --During the war Harold had risen to the rank of major.//  high/senior/low/junior rank //  --an officer of junior rank//  --He was sentenced to prison and stripped of his rank  (=had his rank taken from him) .//\n  2  the ranks:  a) the people who belong to a particular organization or group//  in/within ... ranks//  --There were splits in the party ranks on this issue.//  --The Democrats now face opposition from within their own ranks.//  the ranks of//  --Most are recruited from the ranks of people who studied Latin and Greek at university.//  --That summer I left school and joined the ranks of  (=became one of) the unemployed.//  b) all the members of the army, navy etc who are not officers//  --He rose from the ranks to become a Field Marshal (=he became an officer after starting as an ordinary soldier) .//\n  3  break ranks:  to behave in a way which is different from other members of a group, especially when they expect your support//  break ranks with//  --He was the first to break ranks with Ceausescu and publicly criticise his policies.//\n  4 LINE:   [C] a rank of people or things is a line or row of them//  rank of//  --Silently, ranks of police edged closer to the crowds.//  --Everyone lines up in ranks, all facing the instructor.//  rank after rank/rank upon rank (=a lot of things or people in a row) //  --On the shelves were rank after rank of liquor bottles.//\n  5  pull rank (on sb):   informal to use your authority over someone to make them do what you want, especially unfairly//  --You may just have to pull rank and tell them.//\n  6 QUALITY:   [singular] the degree to which something or someone is of high quality//  --While none of these pictures is of the first rank  (=of the highest quality) , some are of interest.//\n  7 SOCIAL CLASS:   [U and C] someone’s position in society//  --people of all ranks in society//  --He came from a family of rank  (=one from a high social class) .//\n  8 TAXI:   [C]  also  taxi rank//  a place where taxis wait in a line to be hired//  --I called a taxi from the rank outside.//    close ranks at close1 (17)//\nrank 2 v \n  1 :  a)  [I always + adverb/preposition, not in progressive] to have a particular position in a list of people or things that have been put in order of quality or importance//  rank as/among//  --Today’s match ranks as one of the most exciting games that these two have ever played.//  --We rank among the safest countries in the world.//  rank with/alongside//   (=be of the same importance or quality) //  --Cuvier wanted to turn natural history into a science that would rank with physics and chemistry.//  rank high/low //  --He ranked high among the pioneers of 20th century chemical technology.//  b)  [T] to decide the position of someone or something on a list based on quality or importance//  be ranked fourth/number one etc //  --Agassi was at that time ranked sixth in the world.//  --It is not always easy to rank the students in order of ability.//\n  2 [T]  AmE to have a higher rank than someone else:   outrank//  --A general ranks a captain.//\n  3 [T] to arrange objects in a line or row:  --There were several pairs of riding boots ranked neatly in the hall.//\nrank 3 adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: ranc]//\n  1 if something is rank, it has a very strong unpleasant smell:  rank smell/odour //  --the rank odour of sweat and urine//\n  2 [only before noun] used to emphasize a bad or undesirable quality:   total//  --an example of this government’s rank stupidity//  --They make us look like rank amateurs  (=not at all good or professional) .//\n  3 rank plants are too thick and have spread everywhere:  --rank grass and weeds//


Words: rank and file
Meaning:
n   the rank and file//  the ordinary members of an organization rather than the leaders//  --The rank and file of the party had lost confidence in the leadership.//  -- rank-and-file adj  [only before noun] //  --the rank-and-file members of the trade union//


Words: ranking
Meaning:
n [C]   a position on a scale that shows how good someone or something is when compared with others//  --She is now fifth in the world rankings .//\nranking 2 adj [only before noun]  especially  AmE   a ranking person has a high, or the highest, position in an organization or is one of the best at an activity//  --the panel’s ranking Democrat, William Clay//  --He’s the ship’s ranking officer  (=the one with the highest rank) .//


Words: rankle
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: draoncler,  raoncler, from  draoncle,  raoncle  ’sore place’, from  Latin dracunculus, from  draco  ’dragon’]//  if something rankles, you still remember it angrily because it upset you or annoyed you a lot//  --His comments still rankled.//


Words: ransack
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: rannsaka, from  rann  ’house’ +  -saka  ’to search’]//\n  1 to go through a place, stealing things and causing damage:  --The whole flat had been ransacked.//\n  2 to search a place very thoroughly, often making it untidy:  ransack sth for sth//  --She ransacked the wardrobe for something to wear.//


Words: ransom
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ran[hA168]on, from  Latin redemptio;   REDEMPTION]//\n  1 an amount of money that is paid to free someone who is held as a prisoner:  --The kidnappers were demanding a ransom of $250,000.//  --The government refused to pay the ransom .//  ransom demand/note //  --There has still been no ransom demand.//  --He’s got the ransom money .//\n  2  hold sb for ransom:   also hold sb to ransom  BrE //  to keep someone prisoner until money is paid//  --His daughter was kidnapped and held for ransom.//\n  3  hold sb to ransom:   BrE to put someone in a situation where they have no choice and are forced to agree to your demands//  --He has accused the nurses of holding the government to ransom by threatening to strike.//\nransom 2 v [T]   to pay an amount of money so that someone who is being held as a prisoner is set free//  --They were all ransomed and returned unharmed.//


Words: Ransome
Meaning:
Arthur   (1884-1967) a British writer who wrote adventure stories about sailing for children, especially  Swallows and Amazons//


Words: rant
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  Dutch ranten]//  to talk or complain in a loud excited and rather confused way because you feel strongly about something//  rant about//  --She was still ranting about the unfairness of it all.//  --Why don’t you stop ranting and raving for a minute and listen?//  -- rant n  [C] //  --a 15-minute rant about the evils of modern society//


Words: rantings
Meaning:
n [plural]   a long speech in which someone complains about something in a loud excited and rather confused way//


Words: rap
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 music:\n   2 knock:\n   3 crime:\n   4 take the rap (for something):\n   5 beat the rap:\n   6 a rap on/over the knuckles:\n   7 a bum/bad rap:  ----------//  [Sense: 1; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  repartee]//  [Sense: 2-7; Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from the sound]//\n  1 MUSIC:   [U and C]  also  rap music//  a type of popular music in which the words of a song are not sung, but spoken in time to music with a steady beat//  --a popular rap song//\n  2 KNOCK:   [C] a series of quick sharp hits or knocks//    tap//  --She was woken by a sharp rap on the door.//\n  3 CRIME:   [C]  AmE  informal a statement by the police saying that someone is responsible for a serious crime//   charge//  murder/robbery etc rap //  --The kid’s been cited twice on drunk-driving raps.//    rap sheet//\n  4  take the rap (for sth):  to be blamed or punished for a mistake or crime, especially unfairly//  --Bo was left to take the rap for Victor’s murder.//\n  5  beat the rap:   AmE  informal to avoid being punished for a crime//\n  6  a rap on/over the knuckles:  a)  informal a punishment or criticism that is not very severe//  --The New York Post received an official rap over the knuckles for the way it reported the story.//  b) if someone gives a child a rap on the knuckles, they hit them on the back of their hand as a punishment//\n  7  a bum/bad rap:   especially AmE  informal unfair treatment or punishment//  --Cleveland always gets a bum rap in the press.//\nrap 2 v   past tense and past participle  rapped present participle  rapping //  ----------//\n   1 hit:\n   2 music:\n   3 criticize:\n   4 say:\n   5 rap somebody on/over the knuckles:  ----------//\n  1 HIT:   [I and T] to hit or knock something quickly several times//    tap//  --She rapped the table with her pen.//  rap on/at//  --Angrily she rapped on his window.//\n  2 MUSIC:   [I] to say the words of a rap song//\n  3 CRITICIZE:   [T] to criticize someone angrily - used especially in news reports//   slam//  --a film rapped by critics for its excessive violence//\n  4 SAY:   also rap out //   [T] to say something loudly, suddenly, and in a way that sounds angry//  --’Come on,’ he rapped impatiently.//\n  5  rap sb on/over the knuckles:   also rap sb’s knuckles //  a) to punish or criticize someone for something, but not very severely//  --He had his knuckles rapped sharply for meddling in foreign policy.//  b) to punish a child by hitting them on the back of their hand//


Words: rapacious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: rapax, from  rapere;   RAPE1]//  always wanting more money, goods etc than you need or have a right to//   greedy//  --rapacious landlords//  -- rapaciously adv //  -- rapacity/r[hA353]p[zB024]s[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: rape
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: rapere  ’to seize’]//  to force someone to have sex, especially by using violence//  --She had been raped and stabbed.//\nrape 2 n   [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  RAPE1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: rapa]//\n  1 [U and C] the crime of forcing someone to have sex, especially by using violence:  --Police are investigating a series of violent rapes in the town.//  --He was arrested and charged with rape.//  --He always denied that he was guilty of rape.//  --a rape victim //  --the gang rape of a 17-year-old girl//  --He was convicted of attempted rape .//\n  2 [U]  also  oilseed rape:   BrE a European plant with yellow flowers, grown as animal food and for its oil//  American Equivalent:  canola//\n  3  the rape of sth:  the unnecessary destruction of something, especially the environment//  --companies which profit from the rape of the Earth//\nRaphael 1   in the Christian religion, an  archangel (=a spirit of the highest rank who lives with God in Heaven) //\nRaphael 2   (1483-1520) an Italian painter and  architect (=someone who designs buildings) , and one of the most important artists of the  Renaissance, who painted mostly religious subjects. His full name in Italian is Raffaello Sanzio.//


Words: rapid
Meaning:
W3   adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: rapidus  ’seizing, sweeping away’, from  rapere;   RAPE1]//  happening or done very quickly and in a very short time//    fast, quick//  --The patient made a rapid recovery.//  rapid growth/expansion/development/increase //  --rapid population growth//  --a period of rapid decline //  --He fired three times in rapid succession  (=one after another) .//  -- rapidity/r[hA353]p[hA366]d[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //  --Their debts mounted with alarming rapidity.//


Words: rapid-fire
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 rapid-fire questions, jokes etc are said quickly, one after another:\n  2 a rapid-fire gun fires shots quickly, one after another:


Words: rapid-response
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 relating to a person or group of people whose job is to react quickly to a dangerous or important situation, such as a military attack, and find a solution to the problem:  rapid-response forces/team/unit etc //\n  2 relating to something which allows someone to react quickly to information they have received:  --a rapid-response system//  -- rapid response n  [U] //


Words: rapidly
Meaning:
adv   very quickly and in a very short time//  --The disease was spreading more rapidly than expected.//  rapidly growing/changing/expanding etc //  --the rapidly changing world of technology//


Words: rapids
Meaning:
n [plural]   part of a river where the water looks white because it is moving very fast over rocks//


Words: rapier
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: rapi[hA169]re]//  a long thin sword with two sharp edges//


Words: rapist
Meaning:
n [C]   a person who has raped someone (=forced them to have sex, especially using violence) //  --She later found out that he was a convicted rapist.//


Words: rappel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rappelled present participle  rappelling  [I]  AmE //  [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: rappeler  ’to bring back to yourself’]//  to go down a cliff or rock by sliding down a rope and touching the rock or cliff with your feet//  British Equivalent:  abseil//  -- rappel n  [C] //


Words: rapport
Meaning:
n [singular, U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: rapporter  ’to carry back, report’]//  friendly agreement and understanding between people//    relationship//  rapport with/between//  --He had an excellent rapport with his patients.//  establish/build up/develop (a) rapport //  --He always found he could build up a good rapport with children.//


Words: rapprochement
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: rapprocher  ’to bring together’]//  the establishment of a good relationship between two countries or groups of people, after a period of unfriendly relations//  rapprochement between/with//  --I hope for a rapprochement between our two countries.//


Words: rapt
Meaning:
adj  written   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: raptus, past participle of  rapere;   RAPE1]//  so interested in something that you do not notice anything else//  --They listened with rapt attention .//  --the rapt expression on his face//


Words: rapture
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: rapt]//\n  1  literary great excitement and happiness:  --The boys gazed up at him in rapture.//\n  2  be in raptures/go into raptures:   BrE  formal to express or feel great pleasure and happiness about something//  be in raptures/go into raptures over/about/at//  --She went into raptures about the climate, the food, the spring flowers.//


Words: rapturous
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   expressing great happiness or admiration - used especially in news reports//  --She was greeted with rapturous applause .//  rapturous reception/welcome //  --He was given a rapturous welcome.//  -- rapturously adv //


Words: Rapunzel
Meaning:
a character in a  fairy tale who is kept prisoner at the top of a high tower. She is set free when she lets her very long hair hang down the side of the tower and a  handsome prince climbs up her hair, using it like a rope, and saves her.//


Words: rare
Meaning:
W2S3   adj   comparative  rarer superlative  rarest //  [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: rarus]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin: rear  ’lightly cooked’ (15-19 centuries), from  Old English hrer]//\n  1 not seen or found very often, or not happening very often:  → common//    unusual//  --This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.//  --I only saw Helen on the rare occasions when I went into her shop.//  it is rare (for sb/sth) to do sth//  --It is rare to find such an interesting group of people.//  --It is very rare for her to miss a day at school.//\n  2 meat that is rare has only been cooked for a short time and is still red:    underdone, well-done//  --I like my steak rare.//\n  3 [only before noun]  BrE  old-fashioned very good or surprising:  --We had a rare old time at the party.//


Words: rarefied
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 a rarefied place, organization, or type of activity is only available to or understood by a small group of people - used to show disapproval:  --the rarefied atmosphere of academia//\n  2 rarefied air is the air in high places, which has less oxygen than usual:


Words: rarely
Meaning:
W2   adv   not often//  → frequently//  --She very rarely complains.//  --This method is rarely used in modern laboratories.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: rarely, seldom, hardly, scarcely //  Rarely  and  seldom  both mean ’not often’.  Seldom is more formal or literary : People rarely ask questions.| She was seldom seen in public. |  The disease is rarely fatal.  //  Hardly  and  scarcely both mean ’almost not’ or ’only just’. For example, if you hardly had time to do something, you almost did not have time.  Scarcely  is more formal or literary : I hardly had time to ask her name.| We had scarcely arrived when he asked us to leave.  //  Hardly  and  scarcely can also be used with ’ever’ to mean ’not often, almost never’, with ’any’ to mean ’very few, almost none’ etc : I’ve got hardly any money left.|  Hardly anyone agreed with her.  //  In speech, it is usual to say that you  hardly ever do something, rather than that you rarely do it : I hardly ever go to the cinema. //  ----------//


Words: raring
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  REAR2]//\n  1  raring to go:  very eager to start an activity//  --They woke up early and were raring to go.//\n  2  raring to do sth:   BrE very eager to do something//  --The children were raring to get outdoors.//


Words: rarity
Meaning:
n   plural  rarities //\n  1  be a rarity:  to not happen or exist very often//  --Visitors were a rarity in the village.//\n  2 [C] something that is valuable or interesting because it is rare:  --Some of these plants are national rarities.//\n  3 [U] the quality of being rare:  --Such stamps are expensive because of their rarity.//


Words: rascal
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rascaille  ’noisy crowd’]//\n  1 a child who behaves badly but whom you still like:\n  2  old-fashioned a dishonest man:   scoundrel//


Words: rash
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from an unrecorded  Old English r[zB024]sc]//  if you are rash, you do things too quickly, without thinking carefully about whether they are sensible or not//    foolish//  --Please Jessie, don’t do anything rash.//  --Don’t go making any rash decisions about your future!//  -- It was rather rash of you to lend them your car.//  -- rashly adv //  --I rashly agreed to look after the children.//  -- rashness n  [U] //\nrash 2 n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Early  French rache  ’small pieces of loose skin’, from  Latin radere;   RAZE]//\n  1 a lot of red spots on someone’s skin, caused by an illness:  --She had a nasty rash on her arm.//  come/break out in a rash (=get a rash) //  --My mother comes out in a rash if she eats seafood.//  nappy  BrE //  /diaper  AmE  //  rash //  --Most babies get nappy rash at some stage.//  --a heat rash  (=a rash caused by heat) //\n  2  rash of sth:   informal a large number of unpleasant events, changes etc within a short time//   spate of something//  --There’s been a rash of car thefts in the city centre.//


Words: rasp
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rasper]//\n  1 [I and T] to make a rough unpleasant sound:  --my father’s rasping voice//  --’Stop!’ he rasped.//\n  2 [T] to rub a surface with something rough:\nrasp 2 n \n  1 [singular] a rough unpleasant sound:  rasp of//  --the harsh rasp of her breathing//\n  2 [C] a metal tool with a rough surface that is used for shaping wood or metal:


Words: raspberry
Meaning:
n   plural  raspberries  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: rasp  ’raspberry’ (16-20 centuries) +  berry;]//  [Sense: 2; Origin: raspberry tart =  fart]//\n  1 a soft sweet red berry, or the bush that this berry grows on:  --a bowl of fresh raspberries//  --raspberry jam//\n  2  informal a rude sound that you make by putting your tongue out and blowing:  blow a raspberry  also //  give a raspberry  AmE //  --She blew a raspberry at him as he drove off.//


Words: Rasputin
Meaning:
Grigori   (1872-1916) a Russian who claimed to be a holy man, and who had a lot of power in the Russian government because of his influence over Alexandra, the wife of the Tsar (=ruler)  Nicholas II. He was famous especially for the fact that, when he was murdered by his enemies, they had great difficulty in killing him.//


Words: Rastafarian
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Ras Tafari, title of Haile Selassie (1892-1975), Emperor of Ethiopia]//  someone who believes in a religion that is popular in Jamaica, which has Haile Selassie as its religious leader, and has the belief that one day black people will return to Africa//  -- Rastafarian adj //  -- Rastafarianism n  [U] //


Words: rat
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]t]//\n  1 an animal that looks like a large mouse with a long tail:\n  2  spoken someone who has been disloyal to you or deceived you:  --But you promised to help us, you rat!//\n  3  look like a drowned rat:  to look very wet and uncomfortable//\n  4  (like) rats leaving the sinking ship:  used to describe people who leave a company, organization etc when it is in trouble//    rat race,  rats//    smell a rat at smell2 (7)//\nrat 2   past tense and past participle  ratted present participle  ratting  v [I]  informal //\n  1 if someone rats on you, they tell someone in authority about something wrong that you have done:   grass on//  rat on//  --They’ll kill you if they find out you’ve ratted on them!//\n  2  BrE to not do what you had promised to do:   go back on, renege on//  rat on//  --He accused the government of ratting on its promises to the disabled.//  rat out [rat sb → out] //  if someone rats you out, they are disloyal to you, especially by telling someone in authority about something wrong that you have done//  --You can’t rat out your teammates.//


Words: rat race
Meaning:
n   the rat race//  the unpleasant situation experienced by people working in big cities, when they continuously compete for success and have a lot of stress in their lives//  get out of/quit the rat race //  --the story of a couple who quit the rat race//


Words: rat run
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a quiet street that drivers use as a quick way of getting to a place, rather than using a main road//  --The road has become a rat run for traffic avoiding the town centre.//


Words: rat-a-tat
Meaning:
also rat-a-tat-tat  n [singular]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  From the sound]//  the sound of knocking, especially on a door//


Words: ratchet
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: rochet, from  Old French rocquet  ’point of a spear’]//  a machine part consisting of a wheel or bar with teeth on it, which allows movement in only one direction//\nratchet 2 v   ratchet up phr v//  to increase something by a small amount, especially after a series of increases, or to increase in this way//  ratchet sth → up//  --Raising the minimum wage would ratchet up real incomes in general.//  --The debate will ratchet up a notch on Wednesday when the Commission publishes its report.//


Words: rate
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 number:\n   2 money:\n   3 speed:\n   4 at any rate:\n   5 at this rate:\n   6 first-rate/second-rate/third-rate:\n   7 at a rate of knots:\n   8 rates:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Medieval Latin rata, from  Latin pro rata parte  ’according to a fixed part’, from  ratus, past participle of  reri  ’to calculate’]//\n  1 NUMBER:  the number of times something happens, or the number of examples of something within a certain period//  birth/unemployment/crime etc rate //  --Australia’s unemployment rate rose to 6.5% in February.//  --a rapid increase in the divorce rate//  high/low rate of sth //  --areas with high rates of crime//  success/failure rate (=the number of times that something succeeds or fails) //  --It’s a new technique and the failure rate is quite high.//  --Immediately his heart rate  (=the number of beats per minute) increased.//  at a rate of sth//  --Asylum seekers were entering Britain at a rate of 1,600 per day.//    birthrate,  death rate//\n  2 MONEY:  a charge or payment that is set according to a standard scale//  at (a) ... rate//  --people who pay tax at the highest rate//  at a rate of sth//  --They only pay tax at a rate of 5%.//  interest/exchange/mortgage etc rate //  --another reduction in the mortgage rate//  rate of pay/tax/interest etc //  --Nurses are demanding higher rates of pay.//  special/reduced/lower rate //  --Some hotels offer special rates for children.//  hourly/weekly rate (=the amount someone is paid per hour or week) //  --What’s the hourly rate for cleaning?//  --$20 an hour is the going rate  (=the usual amount paid) for private tuition.//    base rate,  cut-rate at cut-price,  exchange rate,  interest rate,  prime rate//\n  3 SPEED:  the speed at which something happens over a period of time//  rate of//  --an attempt to slow down the rate of economic growth //  at (a) ... rate//  --Children learn at different rates.//  --Our money was running out at an alarming rate .//  at a rate of sth//  --Iceland is getting wider at a rate of about 0.5 cm per year.//\n  4  at any rate:   spoken //  a) used when you are stating one definite fact in a situation that is uncertain or unsatisfactory//   anyway//  --They’ve had technical problems - at any rate that’s what they told me.//  b) used to introduce a statement that is more important than what was said before//   anyway//  --Well, at any rate, the next meeting will be on Wednesday.//\n  5  at this rate:   spoken used to say what will happen if things continue to happen in the same way as now//  --At this rate we won’t ever be able to afford a holiday.//\n  6  first-rate/second-rate/third-rate:  of good, bad, or very bad quality//  --a cheap third-rate motel//\n  7  at a rate of knots:   BrE  informal very quickly//  --Jack’s getting through the ironing at a rate of knots!//\n  8  rates [plural] a local tax, paid before 1990 by owners of buildings in Britain:\nrate 2 v \n  1 :  a)  [T] to think that someone or something has a particular quality, value, or standard//  --The company seems to rate him very highly  (=think he is very good) .//  be rated (as) sth//  --Rhodes is currently rated the top junior player in the country.//  b)  [I] to be considered as having a particular quality, value, or standard//  rate as//  --That rates as one of the best meals I’ve ever had.//\n  2 [T]  BrE  informal if you rate someone or something, you think they are very good:  --I never rated him.//\n  3  rate sb’s chances (of doing sth):   BrE  spoken if you do not rate someone’s chances of achieving something, you do not think that it is likely that they will achieve it//  --I don’t rate your chances of getting a ticket for the Leeds game.//  --How do you rate your chances tomorrow (=do you think you will be successful?) ?//\n  4 [T]  informal  especially AmE to deserve something:  --They rate a big thank-you for all their hard work.//  --a local incident that didn’t rate a mention in the national press//\n  5  be rated G/U/PG/X etc:  if a film is rated G, U etc, it is officially judged to be suitable or unsuitable for people of a particular age to see//    X-rated//


Words: rate of return
Meaning:
n [singular]   a company’s profit for a year, expressed as a percentage of the money that the company has spent during the year//


Words: rather
Meaning:
predeterminer, adv   [Language: Old English; Origin: hrathor  ’more quickly’]//\n  1 fairly or to some degree:  --I was rather surprised to see him with his ex-wife.//  --He was limping rather badly.//  --My own position is rather different .//  --Abigail’s always been rather a difficult child. BrE//  --Isn’t it rather late (=a little too late) to start changing all the arrangements?//  --Actually I rather like the new style of architecture. BrE//  --It was a nice house, but rather too small for a family of four. BrE//  --The task proved to be rather more difficult than I had expected. BrE//\n  2  would rather:  used to say that you would prefer to do or have something//  --I’d rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.//  --We could eat later if you would rather do that.//  --’I think you’d better ask her.’ ’ I’d rather not  (=I do not want to) .’//  would rather ... than ...//  --I’d rather die than apologize to Helen.//  --I’d rather you didn’t go out alone (=I do not want you to go) .//\n  3  rather than:  instead of//  --I think you’d call it a lecture rather than a talk.//  --Rather than go straight on to university why not get some work experience first?//  --Bryson decided to quit rather than accept the new rules.//\n  4  or rather:  used before correcting something that you have said, or giving more specific information//  --We all went in Vic’s car, or rather his father’s.//\n  5  not ... but rather ...:  used to say that one thing is not true but a different thing is true//  --The problem is not their lack of funding, but rather their lack of planning.//\n  6  rather you/him/her/them than me:   spoken used to say that you are glad that you are not going to be doing something that someone else will be doing//\n  7  Rather!:   BrE  spoken  old-fashioned used to agree with someone//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: rather, fairly, quite, pretty //  Rather, fairly, quite,  and  pretty  are all used to say that something is true to some degree, but not completely or extremely : She’s rather shy. |  You should find the test fairly easy.|  It took quite a long time (NOT a quite long time).| His English is pretty good. //  Rather  is fairly formal but can be used in spoken English, especially British English. In American English it is more usual to use  pretty . In both American and British English,  pretty  is more usual in speech than in writing. //  Quite can also be used in front of an adjective or adverb, and in British English a verb, to mean ’completely’. This is a fairly formal use : You are quite wrong. | I quite understand your feelings. //  ----------//


Words: ratify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  ratified present participle  ratifying third person singular  ratifies  [T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: ratifier, from  Medieval Latin ratificare, from  Latin ratus;   RATE1]//  to make a written agreement official by signing it//  ratify a treaty/an agreement/a decision etc //  --We hope that the republics will be willing to ratify the treaty.//  -- ratification/r[zB024]t[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --an attempt to delay ratification of the treaty//


Words: rating
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a level on a scale that shows how good, important, popular etc someone or something is:  --By the end of the year the Prime Minister’s approval rating  (=how many people agreed with his policies) had fallen as low as 12 percent.//    credit rating//\n  2  the ratings:  a list that shows which films, television programmes etc are the most popular//  --CBS will end the series if it continues to drop in the ratings.//\n  3 [singular] a letter that shows whether or not a film is suitable for children:  --’The Godfather’ had an X-rating when it was first shown.//\n  4 [C]  BrE a sailor in the navy who is not an officer:


Words: ratio
Meaning:
W3S3   n   plural  ratios  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: ’calculation, reason’, from  ratus;   RATE1]//  a relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers showing how much bigger one amount is than the other//    proportion//  the ratio of sth to sth//  --The ratio of nursing staff to doctors is 2:1.//  ratio between//  --the ratio between profits and incomes//


Words: ration
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Latin ratio;   RATIO]//\n  1 [U and C] a fixed amount of something that people are allowed to have when there is not enough, for example during a war:  food/clothes/meat etc ration //  --the weekly meat ration//  --a coal ration of 4 kg a month//  on ration//  --Even wool was on ration in the war.//\n  2  rations [plural] a fixed amount of food given to a soldier or member of a group:  --emergency food rations//  --The prisoners were queuing for their meagre rations  (=small rations) .//  --We were on short rations  (=given a smaller amount than usual) .//\n  3 [singular] an amount of something that you think is reasonable or normal:  ration of//  --holidaymakers who like a generous ration of open-air activity//\nration 2 v [T] \n  1 [usually passive] to control the supply of something because there is not enough:  --Fuel was rationed during the war.//\n  2 to allow someone only a small amount of something:  --the need to ration health care resources//  --diets which ration fat//  ration sb/sth to sth//  --He rationed himself to 4 cigarettes a day.//  --I try to ration the children’s television viewing to an hour a day.//


Words: rational
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: rationalis, from  ratio;   RATIO]//\n  1 rational thoughts, decisions etc are based on reasons rather than emotions:  → irrational//  --Parents need to be fully informed so they can make a rational decision.//  --I’m sure there’s a rational explanation for all this.//  --It’s impossible to have a rational conversation with him.//\n  2 a rational person is able to think calmly and sensibly:  → irrational//  --Culley was quite rational at the time of her baby’s death.//\n  3  formal able to make sensible judgments:  --Man is a rational animal.//  -- rationally adv //  --We were too shocked to think rationally .//  -- rationality/r[zB024][hA35D][hA353]n[zB024]l[hA369]lti/ n  [U] //


Words: rationale
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin rationalis;   RATIONAL]//   formal the reasons for a decision, belief etc//  rationale behind/for/of//  --The rationale behind the changes is not at all evident.//  --The rationale for using this teaching method is to encourage student confidence.//


Words: rationalism
Meaning:
n [U]    technical the belief that your actions should be based on scientific thinking rather than emotions or religious beliefs//  --philosophers who accept scientific rationalism//


Words: rationalist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who bases their actions on rationalism//  -- rationalistrationalistic /r[zB024][hA35D][hA368]n[hA353]l[hA366]st[hA366]k[hA36B]///   adj //


Words: rationalize
Meaning:
also  rationalise BrE   v [I and T] \n  1 if you rationalize behaviour that is wrong, you invent an explanation for it so that it does not seem as bad:  --When he fouls up, Glen always finds a way to rationalize what he’s done.//\n  2  BrE to make a business more effective by removing unnecessary workers, equipment etc:  --Our systems will be rationalized over the coming months.//  -- rationalization/r[zB024][hA35D][hA368]n[hA353]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -l[hA353]-/ n  [U and C] //  --a major rationalization of the aircraft industry//


Words: rationing
Meaning:
n [U]   when the amount of food, petrol etc that people are allowed to have is limited by the government//  fuel/clothes/food etc rationing //  --News of bread rationing created panic buying.//


Words: rats’ tails
Meaning:
n  BrE   in rats’ tails//  if your hair is in rats’ tails, it hangs down in separate pieces because it is wet or dirty//


Words: rattan
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Malay; Origin: rotan]//  the plant used to make wicker furniture//  --rattan chairs//


Words: Rattigan
Meaning:
Sir Terence   (1911-77) a British writer of plays including  The Winslow Boy,  The Browning Version, and  Separate Tables//


Words: rattle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Middle Low German ratelen]//\n  1 [I and T] if you rattle something, or if it rattles, it shakes and makes a quick series of short sounds:  --Dan banged on her door and rattled the handle.//  --The window rattled in the wind.//  --Bottles rattled as he stacked the beer crates. see usage note  shake1 //\n  2 [I] if a vehicle rattles somewhere, it travels there while making a rattling sound:  rattle along/past/over etc//  --The cart rattled along the stony road.//  --An old blue van rattled into view.//\n  3 [T]  informal to make someone lose confidence or become nervous:  --His mocking smile rattled her more than his anger.//  --It was hard not to get rattled when the work piled up.//  --His confidence was rattled by the accident.//\n  4  rattle sb’s cage:   spoken  informal to annoy someone - used humorously//  --Who rattled your cage?//  rattle around phr v//  to live in a building that is much too big for you//  rattle around in//  --Dad and I rattled around miserably in the house after Mum died.//  rattle off [rattle sth → off] phr v//  to say several pieces of information or a list quickly and easily from memory//  --An officer rattled off some statistics about the aid program.//  rattle on phr v//  to talk quickly for a long time about boring things//   go on//  rattle on about//  --Nancy would rattle on for hours about her grandchildren.//  rattle through [rattle through sth] phr v//  to do something quickly because you want to finish it//  rattle up [rattle up sth] phr v//  if a sports player rattles up a number of points, they get that number of points very quickly//  --The West Indies had rattled up 411 for 5 when rain stopped play.//\nrattle 2 n \n  1 [U and C] a short repeated sound, made when something shakes:  --They listened anxiously to every rattle and creak in the house.//  rattle of//  --the rattle of chains//  --the faint rattle of distant gunfire//    death rattle//  2 [C] a baby’s toy that makes a noise when it is shaken//\n  3 [C]  BrE an object that people shake to make a loud noise and show excitement or encouragement, for example at ceremonies or sports games:


Words: ratty
Meaning:
adj \n  1  BrE  informal becoming annoyed quickly or easily:   irritable//  --I feel guilty about getting ratty with the children.//\n  2  AmE  informal dirty and in bad condition:    shabby//  --a ratty old sofa//  --ratty hair//


Words: raucous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: raucus]//\n  1 sounding unpleasantly loud:  --He burst into raucous laughter .//  --raucous cheers//\n  2 impolite, noisy, and violent:  --A group of raucous students spilled out of the bar.//  --The atmosphere became increasingly raucous.//  -- raucously adv //


Words: raunchy
Meaning:
adj  informal   intended to be sexually exciting, in a way that seems immoral or shocking//    sexy//  --a raunchy magazine//  --The show was quite raunchy.//


Words: ravage
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: ravager, from  ravage  ’destruction’, from  ravir;   RAVISH]//  to damage something very badly//  --a country ravaged by civil war//  --His health was gradually ravaged by drink and drugs.//


Words: ravages
Meaning:
n  literary   the ravages of sth//  the damage caused by something//  --a building that has survived the ravages of time //  --the ravages of war//


Words: rave
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: raver  ’to wander, talk wildly’]//\n  1  rave about/over sth:  to talk about something you enjoy or admire in an excited way//   enthuse//  --Now I understand why travelers rave about Lapland.//  --The customers were raving over our homemade chili.//\n  2 to talk in an angry, uncontrolled, or crazy way:  rave at//  --He started raving at me//  rave on//   BrE //  --Lisa raved on about how awful it all was.//  --He was still ranting and raving the next morning.//\nrave 2 n [C] \n  1 a big event where people dance to loud music with a strong beat and often take drugs:  --an all-night rave//  --rave music//  --rave parties//    raver//\n  2 strong praise for a new play, book etc:  --The play got raves from the critics.//\nrave 3 adj   rave reviews/notices/reports//  strong praise for a new play, book etc, especially in a newspaper or magazine//  win/receive/earn rave reviews //  --The performance earned them rave reviews from critics.//


Words: raven
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hr[zB024]fn]//  a large shiny black bird//\nraven 2 adj [only before noun]  literary   raven hair is black and shiny//


Words: ravening
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Present participle of  raven  ’to take away by force, eat eagerly’ (15-20 centuries), from  Old French raviner, from  Latin rapere;   RAPE1]//  ravening animals are hungry and dangerous//  --a pack of ravening wolves//


Words: ravenous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: ravineux, from  Latin rapere;   RAPE1]//  very hungry//    starving//  --I’m absolutely ravenous.//  --a ravenous appetite//  -- ravenously adv //  --I was ravenously hungry .//


Words: raver
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal \n  1 someone who goes to a rave:  --Police believe many of the ravers were on drugs.//\n  2 someone who has an exciting social life and goes to a lot of parties:


Words: ravine
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: ’violent rushing, ravine’, from  Latin rapina;   RAPINE]//  a deep narrow valley with steep sides//   gorge//


Words: raving
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  informal \n  1 talking or behaving in a crazy way:  --a raving lunatic //\n  2  especially BrE used to emphasize that someone or something has a lot of a particular quality:  --She was no raving beauty , but at least she looked smart.//\nraving 2 adv   (stark) raving mad/bonkers//   informal completely crazy//


Words: ravioli
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: ’small turnips’]//  small pasta squares filled with meat or cheese//


Words: ravish
Meaning:
v [T]  literary   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: French; Origin: ravir, from  Latin rapere;   RAPE1]//\n  1 to force a woman to have sex:   rape//\n  2 to badly harm something:  --a landscape ravished by drought//


Words: ravishing
Meaning:
adj  literary   very beautiful//   stunning//  --She looked ravishing.//  --a ravishing smile//  -- ravishingly adv //


Words: raw
Meaning:
W3   adj   ----------//\n   1 food:\n   2 substances:\n   3 information:\n   4 emotions:\n   5 body:\n   6 inexperienced:\n   7 touch/hit a raw nerve:\n   8 raw deal:\n   9 weather:\n  10 art:\n  11 raw talent:\n  12 raw edge:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: hreaw]//\n  1 FOOD:  not cooked//  --raw meat//  --grated raw carrots//  --Cabbage can be eaten raw.//\n  2 SUBSTANCES:  raw substances are in a natural state and not treated or prepared for use//    refined//  --raw silk//  --In its raw state, cocoa is very bitter.//  --Raw sewage had been dumped in the river.//  --The cost of our  raw materials  has risen significantly.//\n  3 INFORMATION:  raw information is collected but not organized, examined, or developed//  --software to convert raw data into usable information//  --His time here provided the raw material for his novel.//  --Warhol used everyday items as the raw ingredients of his art.//\n  4 EMOTIONS:  raw feelings are strong and natural, but not fully controlled//  --raw passion//  --Linda didn’t want to see Roy while her emotions were still raw.//  --It took raw courage to admit she was wrong.//\n  5 BODY:  if a part of your body is raw, the skin there is red and painful//  --The skin on my feet was rubbed raw.//\n  6 INEXPERIENCED:  not experienced or not fully trained//  --Most of our soldiers are raw recruits.//\n  7  touch/hit a raw nerve:  to upset someone by something you say//  --Seeing his face, Joanne realized she’d touched a raw nerve.//\n  8  raw deal:  unfair treatment//  --Customers are getting a raw deal and are rightly angry.//\n  9 WEATHER:  very cold//  --She shivered in the raw morning air.//\n  10 ART:  music, art, language etc that is raw is simple, direct, and powerful, but not fully developed//  --Her voice has a raw poetic beauty.//  --His early sketches are raw and unpretentious.//\n  11  raw talent:  someone with raw talent is naturally good at something, but has not developed their ability yet//  --He has the raw talent to become a star.//\n  12  raw edge:  the edge of a piece of material before it has been sewn//  --Turn over the raw edges and stitch.//  -- rawness n  [U] //\nraw 2 n \n  1  in the raw:  a) seen in a way that does not hide cruelty and violence//  --He went on the streets to experience life in the raw .//  --It was my first exposure to India in the raw.//  b)  informal not wearing any clothes//   in the nude//  --sunbathing in the raw//\n  2  catch/touch sb on the raw:   BrE to say or do something that upsets someone//  --She flinched, caught on the raw by his question.//


Words: Ray
Meaning:
James Earl   (1928-98) a US man accused of killing Rev. Martin Luther King in 1968 and sentenced to 99 years in prison//\n Man   (1890-1976) a US artist and photographer, who was one of the leaders of the  Dada and  surrealist movements//\n Satyajit   (1921-92) an Indian film  director whose work is well-known and respected all over the world. His films include  Pather Panchali (1955) and  The Chess Players (1977).//


Words: ray
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1-5; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rai, from  Latin radius;   RADIUS]//  [Sense: 6; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: raie, from  Latin raia]//\n  1 a straight narrow beam of light from the sun or moon:  --The room darkened as a cloud hid the sun’s rays.//  ray of//  --Rays of light filtered through the trees.//\n  2 a beam of heat, electricity, or other form of energy:    cosmic ray,  gamma ray,  x-ray1 //\n  3  a ray of hope/light etc:  something that provides a small amount of hope or happiness in a difficult situation//  --a treatment that offers a ray of hope for cancer sufferers//\n  4  a ray of sunshine:  someone who is happy and makes a difficult situation seem better//\n  5  catch some/a few rays:   informal to sit or lie in the sun//  --Let’s go out and catch a few rays.//\n  6 a large flat sea fish with a long pointed tail:


Words: Ray-Ban
Meaning:
trademark   a type of  sunglasses. The most typical Ray-Bans have fairly thick black frames and very dark  lenses.//


Words: rayon
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  RAY]//  [Origin:]//  a smooth artificial cloth used for making clothes//  --a rayon shirt//


Words: raze
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: raser, from  Latin radere  ’to scrape, shave’]//  to completely destroy a town or building//  --In 1162 Milan was razed to the ground by imperial troops.//


Words: razor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: raseor, from  raser;   RAZE]//\n  1 a tool with a sharp blade, used to remove hair from your skin:    shaver//  --an electric razor//  --a disposable razor//\n  2  be on a razor/razor’s edge:   BrE to be in a difficult position where a mistake could be dangerous//  --Politically we are on a razor edge.//


Words: razor-sharp
Meaning:
adj \n  1 very sharp:  --razor-sharp teeth//\n  2 intelligent and able to think quickly:  --He has a razor-sharp mind.//


Words: razor-thin
Meaning:
adj  AmE   razor-thin victory/margin//  in an election, a razor-thin victory is won by only a small number of votes//


Words: razz
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  RASPBERRY2]//   AmE  informal to make jokes that insult or embarrass someone//   tease//  --Eddie was razzed by his teammates after the game.//


Words: razzle
Meaning:
n   be/go (out) on the razzle//   BrE  spoken  informal to go somewhere such as a party, bar etc to enjoy yourself//


Words: razzmatazz
Meaning:
also razzle-dazzle  [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  razzle-dazzle]//  noisy exciting activity that is intended to attract people’s attention//  --the razzmatazz of showbusiness//


Words: RDA
Meaning:
n [singular]   recommended daily allowance the amount of substances such as vitamins that you should have every day//


Words: re
Meaning:
prep  written  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: ’on the matter’, from  res  ’thing, matter’]//  used in business letters to introduce the subject//  --re your enquiry of the 19th October//\nre 2   n [singular]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin]//  the second note in a musical scale//    solfa//


Words: re-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Old French; Origin: Latin,  ’back, again’]//\n  1 again:  --They’re rebroadcasting the play.//\n  2 again in a better way:  --She asked me to redo the essay.//\n  3 back to a former state:  --After years of separation they were finally reunited.//


Words: re-chip
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  re-chipped present participle  re-chipping  [T] //  to put a new computer chip into a piece of electronic equipment such as a mobile phone or a computer games machine so that you can use software that you are not supposed to use, or use a service that you have not paid for//


Words: re-educate
Meaning:
v [T]   to teach someone to think or behave in a different way//  --Young criminals must be re-educated.//  -- re-education/ri[hA359]edj[hA36A]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -d[hA360][hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: re-elect
Meaning:
v [T]   to elect someone again//  --Morris was re-elected for a third term.//  -- re-election/-lek[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //  --Barnes is seeking re-election .//


Words: re-enact
Meaning:
v [T]   to perform the actions of a story, crime etc that happened in the past//  --At the church, children re-enacted the Christmas story.//  -- re-enactment n  [C] //  --a re-enactment of the crime//


Words: re-entry
Meaning:
n   plural  re-entries  [U and C] //\n  1 when someone starts being involved in something again or enters a place again:  re-entry into//  --America’s successful re-entry into the Japanese auto market//\n  2 when a spacecraft enters the earth’s atmosphere again:  --The satellite burned up on re-entry.//  -- re-enter v  [I and T] //


Words: re-form
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to start to exist again or to make something start to exist again//  --At the end of the year, the company re-formed.//


Words: re-present
Meaning:
v [T]   to give, offer, or send something again, especially an official document//  --The phone company re-presented the bill for payment.//


Words: re-release
Meaning:
v [T]   if a CD, record, or film is re-released, it is produced and sold or shown for a second time, usually with small changes//  -- re-release/ri[hA359] r[hA366]li[hA359]s/ n  [C] //


Words: re-route
Meaning:
v [T]   to send vehicles, planes, telephone calls etc to a different place from the one where they were originally going//   redirect//


Words: reach
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 development:\n   2 rate/amount:\n   3 succeed:\n   4 touch:\n   5 length/height:\n   6 arrive:\n   7 speak to somebody:\n   8 be seen/heard:\n   9 information:\n  10 communicate:\n  11 reach for the stars:  Phrasal verbs//   reach out to somebody//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]can]//\n  1 DEVELOPMENT:   [T] if someone or something reaches a particular point in their development, they get to that point//  reach the point/level/stage etc //  --I had reached the point where I was earning a good salary.//  --The kids have reached the age when they can care for themselves.//\n  2 RATE/AMOUNT:   [T] if something reaches a particular rate, amount etc, it increases until it is at that rate or amount//  --By 2008, that figure is expected to reach 7 million.//  --wind speeds reaching up to 180 mph//  --Prices rose steadily to reach record levels .//\n  3 SUCCEED:   [T] to successfully agree on something with other people//  reach a decision/agreement etc //  --The theatre has reached an agreement with striking actors.//  --It took the jury three days to reach a verdict .//  --The talks will continue until a conclusion is reached .//\n  4 TOUCH:  a)  [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to move your arm in order to touch or lift something with your hand//  --She reached into her bag and produced a business card.//  --He reached down to help her to her feet.//  reach for//  --Kelly reached for his gun.//  --Luisa reached out her hand to stroke the cat.//  b)  [I,T not in progressive] to touch something by stretching out your arm//  --It’s no good - I can’t reach.//  --She’s too small to reach the table.//  c)  [T] to get something from a high place by stretching up your arm//  reach sth down//  --She fell while reaching down a vase from the top shelf.//\n  5 LENGTH/HEIGHT:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T not in progressive] to be big enough, long enough etc to get to a particular point//  --The phone lead isn’t long enough to reach the bedroom.//  --a skirt that reaches halfway down her legs//  reach as far as sth/reach down to sth//  --Her hair reaches down to her waist.//\n  6 ARRIVE:   [T] to arrive at a place//  --We reached London late at night.//  --The pyramids can be reached by public transport.//\n  7 SPEAK TO SOMEBODY:   [T] if you reach someone, you succeed in speaking to them on the telephone//   contact//  --I can probably reach him on his mobile.//\n  8 BE SEEN/HEARD:   [T] if a message, television programme etc reaches a lot of people, they hear it or see it//  --Cable TV reaches a huge audience .//\n  9 INFORMATION:   [T] if information reaches you, you hear about it//  --The news reached us in Lahore.//\n  10 COMMUNICATE:   [T] to succeed in making someone understand or accept what you tell them//   get through to//  --I just can’t seem to reach Ed anymore.//\n  11  reach for the stars:  to aim for something that is very difficult to achieve//  reach out to [reach out to sb] phr v//  to show people that you are interested in them and want to listen to them//  --So far, his administration has failed to reach out to hardline Republicans.//\nreach 2 n \n  1 [singular,U] the distance that you can stretch out your arm to touch something:  out of/beyond (sb’s) reach//  --Keep chemicals out of the reach of children.//  within reach (of sb)//  --Keep a glass of water within reach.//\n  2 [singular,U]  within (easy) reach of sth:  close to a place//  --The tourist attractions are within easy reach of the hotel.//\n  3 the limit of someone’s power or ability to do something:  beyond the reach of sb//  --He lives in Paraguay, well beyond the reach of the British authorities.//\n  4  reaches [plural] :  a) the parts of a place that are furthest from the centre//  the further/outer reaches of sth //  --the further reaches of the jungle//  b) the straight part of a river between two bends//  --the upper reaches of the Nile//\n  5  the higher/lower reaches of sth:  the high or low levels of an organization or system//  --They lingered in the lower reaches of the Football League.//


Words: react
Meaning:
W3S3   v [I]   ----------//\n   1 behaviour/feelings:\n   2 chemicals:\n   3 prices:\n   4 become ill:  Phrasal verbs//   react against something//  ----------//\n  1 BEHAVIOUR/FEELINGS:  to behave in a particular way or show a particular emotion because of something that has happened or been said//    respond//  react to//  --How did Wilson react to your idea?//  --He reacted angrily to the suggestion that he had lied.//  --She reacted very badly  (=was very upset) when her parents split up.//  --You have to react quickly to circumstances.//  react by doing sth//  --The government reacted by declaring all strikes illegal.//    overreact//\n  2 CHEMICALS:   technical if a chemical substance reacts, it changes when it is mixed with another chemical substance//  react with//  --The calcium reacts with sulphur in the atmosphere.//\n  3 PRICES:  if prices or financial markets react to something that happens, they increase or decrease in value because of it//  react to//  --Oil prices reacted sharply  (=reacted a lot) to news of the crisis in the Middle East.//  --The market reacted favourably to the announcement.//\n  4 BECOME ILL:  to become ill when a chemical or drug goes into your body, or when you eat a particular kind of food//    respond//  react to//  --Quite a lot of children react badly to antibiotics.//  react against [react against sth] phr v//  to show that you dislike someone else’s ideas or ways of doing something, by deliberately doing the opposite//  --He reacted strongly against his religious upbringing.//


Words: reaction
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 to a situation/event:\n   2 moving quickly:\n   3 to food/drugs:\n   4 science:\n   5 change:\n   6 against change:  ----------//\n  1 TO A SITUATION/EVENT:   [U and C] something that you feel or do because of something that has happened or been said//    response//  --What was Jeff’s reaction when you told him about the job?//  reaction to//  --the government’s reaction to the fuel crisis//  bring/provoke/produce a reaction //  --The news brought an angry reaction from unions.//  sb’s first/immediate reaction //  --His first reaction was to deny everything.//  instinctive/gut reaction (=what you immediately feel before you have time to think) //  --My gut reaction was not to trust him.//  --There were mixed reactions  (=different people reacting in different ways) to the strike.//  in reaction to sth//  --An emergency fund was set up in reaction to the famine.//\n  2 MOVING QUICKLY:   reactions [plural] your ability to move quickly when something dangerous happens suddenly//  --a skilled driver with very quick reactions //\n  3 TO FOOD/DRUGS:   [C] if you have a reaction to a drug or to something you have eaten, it makes you ill//  reaction to//  --a reaction to the immunization//  have/suffer a reaction //  --She had a severe allergic reaction to the drug.//  cause/bring on/trigger a reaction //  --Certain foods are more likely than others to cause allergic reactions .//\n  4 SCIENCE:   [U and C] //  a) a chemical change that happens when two or more substances are mixed together//  --a chemical reaction in the soil//  b) a physical force that is the result of an equally strong physical force in the opposite direction//\n  5 CHANGE:   [singular] a change in people’s attitudes, behaviour, fashions etc that happens because they disapprove of the way in which things were done in the past//  reaction against//  --a reaction against the traditional values of the nineteenth century//\n  6 AGAINST CHANGE:   [U]  formal strong and unreasonable opposition to all social and political changes//  --The revolutionary movement was crushed by the forces of reaction .//    chain reaction//


Words: reactionary
Meaning:
adj   very strongly opposed to any social or political change - used to show disapproval//  --reactionary attitudes//\nreactionary 2   plural  reactionaries  n [C] //  someone who strongly opposes any social or political change - used to show disapproval//


Words: reactive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 reacting to events or situations rather than starting or doing new things yourself:  --a reactive foreign policy//\n  2  technical a reactive substance changes when it is mixed with another substance:  --a highly reactive chemical//


Words: read
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  read /red///  ----------//\n   1 words/books:\n   2 find information:\n   3 read and speak:\n   4 music/maps etc:\n   5 computer:\n   6 understand something in a particular way:\n   7 have words on:\n   8 style of writing:\n   9 read something as/for something:\n  10 measuring:\n  11 at university:\n  12 take it as read (that):\n  13 take something as read:\n  14 read between the lines:\n  15 read somebody’s mind/thoughts:\n  16 can read somebody like a book:\n  17 read somebody’s palm:\n  18 read somebody’s lips:\n  19 read my lips:\n  20 do you read me?:\n  21 well-read/widely-read:  Phrasal verbs//   read something → back//   read for something//   read something into something//   read something → out//   read something → through/over//   read up on something//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]dan]//\n  1 WORDS/BOOKS:   [I and T] to look at written words and understand what they mean//  --I can’t read your writing.//  --She picked up the letter and read it.//  --Read the instructions carefully before you start.//  --children who are just learning to read and write//  --Her books are quite widely read  (=read by a lot of people) .//  --When I was young, I  read every one of his books  from cover to cover . (=read all of something because you are very interested ) //\n  2 FIND INFORMATION:   [I,T not in progressive] to find out information from books, newspapers etc//  --You can’t believe everything you read in the papers.//  read about//  --Did you read about what happened to that guy in Florida?//  read of//  --I was shocked when I read of his death.//  read (that)//  --I read last week that the disease is on the increase.//\n  3 READ AND SPEAK:   [I and T] to say the words in a book, newspaper etc so that people can hear them//  read sb sth//  --Daddy, will you read me a story?//  read (sth) to sb//  --Our mother reads to us every evening.//  --Teachers should read more poetry to children.//  --He glanced at the letter and began to read it aloud .//\n  4 MUSIC/MAPS ETC:   [T] to look at signs or pictures and understand what they mean//  --He plays the violin very well but can’t actually read music.//  --Are you any good at map reading?//\n  5 COMPUTER:   [T]  technical if a computer can read a disk, it can take the information that is on the disk and put it into its memory//\n  6 UNDERSTAND SOMETHING IN A PARTICULAR WAY:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to understand a situation, remark etc in one of several possible ways//   interpret//  --I wasn’t sure how to read his silence.//  read sth as sth//  --She shook her head, and I read this as a refusal.//  --The poem can be read as a protest against war.//  read sth well/accurately (=understand something correctly) //  --He had accurately read the mood of the nation.//\n  7 HAVE WORDS ON:   [T not in progressive] used to say what words are on a sign, in a letter etc//   say//  --A sign on the outer door read: ’No Entry’.//\n  8 STYLE OF WRITING:   [I] if something reads well, badly etc, it has been written well, badly etc//  --I think in general the report reads well .//\n  9  read sth as/for sth:  to replace one word or number with another one, usually with the correct one//  --Please read [hA124]50 as [hA124]15.//  --For ’November’ (=instead of November) on line 6, read ’September’.//\n  10 MEASURING:   [T] //  a) to look at the number or amount shown on a measuring instrument//  --Someone should be coming to read the gas meter.//  b) if a measuring instrument reads a particular number, it shows that number//  --The thermometer read 46 degrees.//\n  11 AT UNIVERSITY:   [I and T]  BrE to study a subject at a university//  --I read history at Cambridge.//  read for//  --He wants to read for a law degree.//\n  12  take it as read (that):   especially  BrE to feel certain that something is true although no one has told you it is true//   assume//  --You can take it as read that we will support the project.//\n  13  take sth as read:  to accept that a report or statement is correct without reading it or discussing it//  --We’ll take the secretary’s report as read.//\n  14  read between the lines:  to guess someone’s real feelings from something they say or write, when they do not tell you directly//  --Reading between the lines, I’d say Robert’s not very happy.//\n  15  read sb’s mind/thoughts:  to guess what someone else is thinking//  --’Want some coffee?’ ’You read my mind.’//\n  16  can read sb like a book:  if you can read someone like a book, you know them so well that you immediately know what they are thinking or feeling//\n  17  read sb’s palm:  to look carefully at someone’s hand, in order to find out about their future//\n  18  read sb’s lips:  to understand what someone is saying by watching the way their lips move. People who cannot hear do this.//    lip-read//\n  19  read my lips:   spoken used to tell someone that you really mean what you are saying//  --Read my lips: I will not let you down.//\n  20  do you read me?:   spoken used to ask someone whether they can hear you when you are speaking to them by radio//\n  21  well-read/widely-read:  someone who is well-read has read a lot of books and knows a lot about many subjects//  --She is intelligent and extremely well-read.//    reading//    read (sb) the riot act at riot1 (4)//  read back [read sth → back] phr v//  to read out loud something that you have just written down//  read something → back to//  --Can you read that last bit back to me?//  read for [read for sth] phr v//  to say some of the words that are said by a particular character in a play, as a test of your ability to act//  read into [read sth into sth] phr v//  to think that a situation, action etc has a meaning or importance that it does not really have//  --It was only a casual remark. I think you’re reading too much into it.//  read out [read sth → out] phr v//  to read and say words that are written down, so that people can hear//  --Why don’t you read out the name of the winner?//  read something → out to//  --He read the last few sentences out to me.//  read through/over [read sth → through/over] phr v//  to read something carefully from beginning to end in order to check details or find mistakes//   check over/through//  --Read the contract over carefully before you sign it.//  --Spend a couple of minutes just reading through your essay.//  read up on [read up on sth] phr v//  to read a lot about something because you will need to know about it//  --You’ll enjoy traveling more if you read up on the history of the countries you’ll be visiting.//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: read //  to read parts of something: dip into,  flick/leaf through,  browse through //  to read something quickly: skim,  scan //  to read something carefully: pore over,  scrutinize //  to read something long and boring: plough through (BrE) plow through (AmE),  wade through //  clear enough to read: legible //  not clear enough to read: illegible //  someone who is unable to read: illiterate //  someone who likes reading very much: bookworm //  ----------//\nread 2 n [singular]  informal \n  1  BrE if you have a read, you spend time reading:  --I sat down to have a nice quiet read .//  read of//  --I had a quick read of the report before I left.//\n  2  a good read:  something that you enjoy reading//  --I thought his last book was a really good read.//


Words: read-out
Meaning:
n [C]   information that is produced by a computer and shown on a screen//    printout//  --a read-out of all the sales figures//


Words: readable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 interesting and enjoyable to read, and easy to understand:  → unreadable//  very/highly/eminently readable //  --The book is informative and highly readable.//\n  2 writing or print that is readable is clear and easy to read:   legible//  -- readability/ri[hA359]d[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //    machine-readable//


Words: Reader
Meaning:
The   a weekly US newspaper printed in Chicago, containing news about many subjects, but especially about entertainment//


Words: reader
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 somebody who reads:\n   2 of a newspaper/magazine:\n   3 book:\n   4 teacher:  ----------//\n  1 SOMEBODY WHO READS:  someone who reads books, or who reads in a particular way//  --The book will appeal to young readers.//  --I’ve always been an avid reader  (=someone who reads a lot) .//  reader of//  --He’s a great reader of crime fiction.//  a fast/slow reader //\n  2 OF A NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE:  someone who reads a particular newspaper or magazine regularly//  --The newspaper gradually lost readers during the 1980s.//\n  3 BOOK:  an easy book for children who are learning to read or for people who are learning a foreign language//\n  4 TEACHER:   Reader//  an important teacher in a British university//  Reader in//  --a Reader in Sociology at Bristol University//    mind reader,  newsreader//


Words: Reader’s Digest
Meaning:
a magazine containing short articles and stories on many different subjects, which is produced in many different languages and in separate  editions in the UK and the US//


Words: readership
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 all the people who read a particular newspaper or magazine regularly:  readership of//  --a magazine with a readership of 60,000//  --They are hoping that the paper will have quite a wide readership .//\n  2 the job that a Reader has in a British university:  --a readership in linguistics//


Words: readily
Meaning:
W3   adv \n  1 quickly and easily:  --Boats are readily available to visitors.//  --The information is readily accessible on the Internet.//\n  2 quickly, willingly, and without complaining:  --Jack readily agreed to help.//


Words: readiness
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] when you are prepared for something, or when something is ready to be used:  in readiness (for sth)//  --They stacked the firewood in readiness for the evening campfire.//\n  2 [singular, U] willingness to do something:  readiness to do sth//  --He stressed the government’s readiness to take tough action against terrorists.//


Words: reading
Meaning:
W2   n   ----------//\n   1 activity/skill:\n   2 books:\n   3 act of reading:\n   4 understanding:\n   5 to a group:\n   6 make (for) interesting/fascinating/compelling etc reading:\n   7 measurement:\n   8 in parliament:  ----------//\n  1 ACTIVITY/SKILL:   [U] the activity or skill of understanding written words//  --She loves reading.//  --Reading is taught using a combination of several methods.//\n  2 BOOKS:   [U] books and other things that you can read//  --Her main reading seems to be mystery novels.//  --a bit of light reading  (=things that are easy and enjoyable to read) for my holiday//  --There’s a list of further reading  (=other things you can read) at the end of each chapter.//  --a supply of interesting reading material //\n  3 ACT OF READING:   [singular] when you read something//  --The book is quite difficult on first reading .//  --a close reading of the text (=when you read it very carefully) //\n  4 UNDERSTANDING:   [C] your way of understanding what a particular statement, situation, event etc means//   interpretation//  reading of//  --What’s your reading of the government’s response to this crisis?//\n  5 TO A GROUP:   [C] //  a) an occasion when a piece of literature is read to a group of people//  --a poetry reading at the bookstore//  b) a piece of writing, especially from the Bible, that is read to a group of people//  --The first reading is from Corinthians I, Chapter 3.//\n  6  make (for) interesting/fascinating/compelling etc reading:  to be interesting etc to read//  --Your report made fascinating reading.//\n  7 MEASUREMENT:   [C] a number or amount shown on a measuring instrument//  --We take temperature readings every two hours.//\n  8 IN PARLIAMENT:   [C] one of the occasions in the British Parliament or the US Congress when a suggested new law is discussed//  --the second reading of the Industrial Relations Bill//


Words: readjust
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I] to get used to a new situation, job, or way of life:  --It takes time to readjust after a divorce.//  readjust to//  --Former soldiers often struggle to readjust to life outside the army.//\n  2 [T] to make a small change to something or to its position:  --He readjusted his glasses.//  --We may need to readjust these figures slightly.//  -- readjustment n  [U and C] //


Words: ready
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 prepared:\n   2 for immediate use:\n   3 have something ready:\n   4 be/feel ready for something:\n   5 be ready to do something:\n   6 willing:\n   7 quick:\n   8 ready money/cash:\n   9 ready, steady, go!:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]de  ’prepared’]//\n  1 PREPARED:   [not before noun] if you are ready, you are prepared for what you are going to do//  --Come on. Aren’t you ready yet?//  --When the doorbell rang he was ready and waiting .//  ready to do sth//  --Everything’s packed, and we’re ready to leave.//  ready for//  --I don’t feel that I’m ready for my driving test yet.//  --I felt strong, fit, and ready for anything .//  ready with//  --At the end of the lecture, I was ready with questions.//  --Why does it take you so long to get ready to go out?//  make ready (=prepare to start doing something) //  --We made ready for our journey home.//  when you’re ready (=said to tell someone that you are ready for them to start doing something) //  ready when you are (=said to tell someone that you are ready to do what you have arranged to do together) //    prepare//\n  2 FOR IMMEDIATE USE:   [not before noun] if something is ready, someone has prepared it and you can use it immediately//  --When will supper be ready?//  ready to use/eat etc //  --The computer is now set up and ready to use.//  ready for//  --Is everything ready for the exhibition?//  --I’ve got to get a room ready for our guests.//\n  3  have sth ready:  to have something near you so that you can use it if you need to//  --I had my calculator ready.//\n  4  be/feel ready for sth:   spoken to need or want something as soon as possible//  --I’m really ready for a vacation.//\n  5  be ready to do sth:   informal to be likely to do something soon//  --She looked ready to burst into tears.//\n  6 WILLING:   [not before noun] very willing to do something//  ready to do sth//  --He was always ready to help us.//  --She was ready and willing to work hard.//\n  7 QUICK:   [only before noun] available or coming without delay//  --They need to have ready access to police files.//  --a ready supply of drink//  --I had no ready answer to his question.//  --an intelligent man with a ready wit //\n  8  ready money/cash:  money that you can spend immediately//  --The company is short of ready cash.//\n  9  ready, steady, go!:   BrE get ready, get set, go!  AmE  spoken used to tell people to start a race//    readily,  readiness//    rough and ready at rough1 (15)//\nready 2   past tense and past participle  readied present participle  readying third person singular  readies  v [T] //   formal to make something or someone ready for something//   prepare//  ready sb/sth for sth//  --I tried to ready him for the bad news.//\nready 3 n \n  1  at the ready:  available to be used immediately//  --Soldiers stood around with weapons at the ready.//\n  2  the readies:   BrE  informal money that you can use immediately//  --I’m getting a new car as soon as I can scrape together the readies.//\nready 4 adv   ready cooked/prepared etc//  already cooked, prepared etc by someone else//  --They seem to live on ready cooked meals.//


Words: ready-made
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 ready-made food or goods are already prepared or made, and ready for you to use immediately:  --a ready-made spaghetti sauce//\n  2 ready-made ideas or reasons are provided for you, so that you do not have to think of them yourself:  --The rain gave us a ready-made excuse to stay at home.//


Words: ready-to-wear
Meaning:
adj  old-fashioned   ready-to-wear clothes are made in standard sizes, not made specially to fit one person//


Words: reaffirm
Meaning:
v [T]   to formally state an opinion, belief, or intention again, especially when someone has questioned you or expressed a doubt//   reiterate//  --The party reaffirmed its commitment to nuclear disarmament.//  reaffirm that//  --The government has reaffirmed that education is a top priority.//  -- reaffirmation/ri[hA359][zB024]f[hA353]me[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -f[hA353]r-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: Reagan
Meaning:
Ronald   (1911- ) a US politician in the  Republican Party who was President of the US from 1981 to 1989. He reduced taxes, increased military spending, and improved the US’s political relationship with the USSR by meeting President Gorbachev. He was called ’The Great Communicator’ because of his ability to make speeches in a friendly and sincere way that made people trust him. Before Reagan became president he was a film actor and the Governor of California from 1967 to 1975.//


Words: Reaganomics
Meaning:
the economic policies of the US government during the time when Ronald Reagan was president (1981-89), especially the policy of reducing taxes and reducing government spending on  welfare (=help for poor people, people without jobs etc) //


Words: reagent
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: , present participle of  reagere  ’to react’, from  Latin agere  ’to act’]//  a substance that shows that another substance in a compound exists, by causing a chemical reaction//


Words: real
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 important:\n   2 not artificial:\n   3 not imaginary:\n   4 the real world:\n   5 true:\n   6 feelings:\n   7 right qualities:\n   8 for emphasis:\n   9 for real:\n  10 are you for real?:\n  11 get real!:\n  12 keep it real:\n  13 money:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin realis  ’of things (in law)’, from  Latin res  ’thing’]//\n  1 IMPORTANT:  something that is real exists and is important//  --There is a real danger that the disease might spread.//  --We need to tackle the real problems of unemployment and poverty.//  --There is no real reason to worry.//\n  2 NOT ARTIFICIAL:  something that is real is actually what it seems to be and not false or artificial//  → fake//  --a coat made of real fur//  --She had never seen a real live elephant before.//  --Artificial flowers can sometimes look better than the real thing .//\n  3 NOT IMAGINARY:  something that is real actually exists and is not just imagined//  --The children know that Santa Claus isn’t a real person.//  --Dreams can sometimes seem very real.//  --Things don’t happen quite that easily in real life .//\n  4  the real world:  used to talk about the difficult experience of living and working with other people, rather than being protected at home, at school, or at college//  --the shock of leaving university and going out into the real world//\n  5 TRUE:   [only before noun] actual and true, not invented//  --That’s not her real name.//  --What was the real reason you quit your job?//\n  6 FEELINGS:  a real feeling or emotion is one that you actually experience and is strong//   genuine//  --There was a look of real hatred in her eyes.//  --I got a real sense of achievement when my work was first published.//\n  7 RIGHT QUALITIES:   [only before noun] a real thing has all the qualities you expect something of that type to have//  --I remember my first real job.//  --Simon was her first real boyfriend.//\n  8  spoken FOR EMPHASIS:   [only before noun] used to emphasize how stupid, beautiful, terrible etc someone or something is//  --Thanks - you’ve been a real help.//  --The house was a real mess.//\n  9  spoken  for real:  seriously, not just pretending//  --After two trial runs we did it for real.//\n  10  spoken  are you for real?:   AmE used when you are very surprised or shocked by what someone has done or said//\n  11  spoken  get real!:  used to tell someone that they are being very silly or unreasonable//\n  12  spoken  keep it real:  to behave in an honest way and not pretend to be different from how you really are//\n  13 MONEY:   [only before noun] a real increase or decrease in an amount of money is one you calculate by including the general decrease in the value of money over a period of time//  --a real increase of 6% in average wages//  --The average value of salaries has fallen in real terms  (=calculated in this way) .//\nreal 2 adv  AmE  spoken   very//  --He’s real cute.//  --It was real nice to see you again.//


Words: real estate
Meaning:
n [U]  especially  AmE \n  1 property in the form of land or houses:  --a fall in the value of real estate//\n  2 the business of selling houses or land:


Words: real estate agent
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   someone whose job is to sell houses or land for other people//  British Equivalent:  estate agent//


Words: Real IRA
Meaning:
the   a group that in 1998 exploded a bomb in the town of Omagh in Northern Ireland, which killed 28 people and injured more than 200. The Real IRA was formed in 1997 by members of the IRA who disagreed with the peace process.//


Words: Real Madrid
Meaning:
a Spanish football club which was started in 1902. It is the most successful club in Europe, and has won the European Cup nine times, the UEFA Cup twice, and the World Club Cup twice. Among its famous players were Alfredo Di Stefano and Ferenc Puskas.//


Words: real-life
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   actually happening in life, not invented in a book//  --a real-life drama//  --real-life problems//


Words: real-time
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    technical a real-time computer system deals with information as fast as it receives it//  --a real-time operating system//  -- real time n  [U] //  --The images are created in real time.//


Words: realign
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to change the way in which something is organized:   reorganize//  --The company is planning to realign its sales operations.//\n  2  realign yourself with sb:  to begin to support and work together with someone again//  --They have tried to realign themselves with the communists.//\n  3 to change the position of something slightly so that it is in the correct position in relation to something else:  --You’ll have to realign your text columns.//


Words: realignment
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 when something is changed and organized in a different way:   reorganization//  realignment of//  --a realignment of the company’s management structure//\n  2 when people stop supporting one group and start to support and work together with a different group:  realignment of//  --There is now a need for a realignment of political parties.//\n  3 when the parts of something are arranged so that they return to their correct positions in relation to each other:  --the realignment of several major roads//


Words: realism
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the ability to accept and deal with difficult situations in a practical way, based on what is possible rather than what you would like to happen:  --He has hope, but also a scientist’s sense of realism.//\n  2 the quality of being or seeming real:  --the realism of the horses on the carousel//\n  3  also Realism :  the style of art and literature in which things, especially unpleasant things, are shown or described as they really are in life//    idealism, romanticism//  --the tough realism of his early works//


Words: realist
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who accepts that things are not always perfect, and deals with problems or difficult situations in a practical way:  --She had always been a realist, not a dreamer.//\n  2 a writer, painter etc who shows or describes things, especially unpleasant things, as they really are in life:


Words: realistic
Meaning:
S3   adj \n  1 judging and dealing with situations in a practical way according to what is actually possible rather than what you would like to happen:  → unrealistic//  it is not realistic to do sth//  --It’s just not realistic to expect a promotion so soon.//  realistic about//  --You need to be realistic about the amount you can do in a day.//\n  2 a realistic aim or hope is one that it is possible to achieve:  → unrealistic//  --Is this a realistic target?//  --I don’t think they have a realistic chance of winning.//\n  3 realistic pictures or stories show things as they are in real life:  --a realistic portrayal of life in Victorian Britain//


Words: realistically
Meaning:
adv \n  1 if you think about something realistically, you think about it in a practical way and according to what is actually possible:  --You can’t realistically expect to win the whole competition.//  [sentence adverb] //  --Realistically, we’re not going to get this finished this week.//\n  2 if you describe or show something realistically, you describe or show it as it is in real life:  --realistically painted toy soldiers//  --The novel realistically depicts immigrant life at the beginning of the last century//


Words: reality
Meaning:
n   plural  realities //\n  1 [U and C] what actually happens or is true, not what is imagined or thought:  --the distinction between fantasy and reality//  --TV is used as an escape from reality .//  --I think the government has lost touch with reality  (=no longer understands what is real or true) .//  --political realities//  harsh/grim/stark reality //  --Millions of people live with the harsh realities of unemployment.//  the reality is that//  --The reality is that young people will not go into teaching until salaries are higher.//  --The paperless office may one day become a reality .//\n  2  in reality:  used to say that something is different from what people think//  --In reality, violent crimes are still extremely rare.//\n  3 [U] the fact that something exists or is happening:  --She had never accepted the reality of her pregnancy.//    virtual reality//


Words: reality check
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  informal   an occasion when you consider the facts of a situation, as opposed to what you would like or what you have imagined//  --It’s time for a reality check. The Bears aren’t as good a team as you think.//


Words: realizable
Meaning:
also  realisable BrE   adj \n  1 possible to achieve:   achievable//  --Is this a realizable goal?//\n  2 in a form that can be changed into money easily:  --the company’s realizable assets//


Words: realization
Meaning:
also  realisation BrE   n [singular, U] \n  1 when you understand something that you had not understood before:  realization of//  --I was shocked by the realization of what I had done.//  realization that//  --the realization that she might never recover from her illness//  --There is a growing realization that we must manage the earth’s resources more carefully.//\n  2  formal when you achieve something that you had planned or hoped for:   achievement//  realization of//  --the realization of his dreams//\n  3  technical when you change something into money by selling it:  --the realization of assets//


Words: realize
Meaning:
also  realise BrE   v [T not usually in progressive]   ----------//\n   1 understand:\n   2 achieve:\n   3 somebody’s worst fears were realized:\n   4 money:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: realiser, from  Old French real;   REAL1]//\n  1 UNDERSTAND:  to know and understand something, or suddenly begin to understand it//  realize (that)//  --I suddenly realized that the boy was crying.//  --Do you realize you’re an hour late?//  realize who/what/how etc//  --I’m sorry, I didn’t realize who you were.//  --It took us a while to realize the extent of the tragedy.//  --It was only later that I realized my mistake.//\n  2 ACHIEVE:   formal to achieve something that you were hoping to achieve//  --She never realized her ambition of winning an Olympic gold medal.//  --a young singer who has not yet realized her full potential  (=achieved as much as she can achieve) //\n  3  sb’s worst fears were realized:  used to say that the thing that you were most afraid of has actually happened//  --His worst fears were realized when he heard that Chris had been arrested.//\n  4 MONEY:  a)  formal to obtain or earn an amount of money//  --The campaign realized $5000.//  --We realized a small profit on the sale of the house.//  b)  realize an asset//   technical to change something that you own into money by selling it//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: realize, recognize //  If you  realize  a fact, you know and understand it, or begin to understand it : Do you realize how dangerous this is? |  I realized that the job was going to take longer than I thought. //  If you  recognize  a fact or problem, you accept that it exists : We recognize that many students need extra help. |  The government does not recognize the need for more funding. //  !! Realize   is not followed by ’about’ or ’of’ : She already had a boyfriend, but I didn’t realize this (NOT didn’t realize about this). //  ----------//


Words: really
Meaning:
adv   ----------//\n   1 very:\n   2 the real situation:\n   3 definitely:\n   4 not true:\n   5 :\n   6 not really:\n   7 should/ought really:\n   8 really and truly:  ----------//\n  1 VERY:  very//   extremely//  --a really good film//  --It was really cold last night.//  --He walks really slowly.//  --I’m really, really sorry.//\n  2 THE REAL SITUATION:  used when you are talking about what actually happened or is true, rather than what people might wrongly think//  --Why don’t you tell us what really happened?//  --Oliver’s not really her brother.//  --I never know what he’s really thinking.//  --She seems unfriendly at first, but she’s really very nice.//\n  3  spoken DEFINITELY:  used to emphasize something you are saying//  --We really need that extra money.//  --I really don’t mind.//  --I’m absolutely fine, Dad - really.//\n  4  spoken NOT TRUE:  used in questions when you are asking someone if something is true and suggesting that you think it is not true//   honestly//  --Do you really think she’s doing this for your benefit?//  --Do you really expect me to believe that?//\n  5  spoken :  a)  really?//  used to show that you are surprised by what someone has said//  --’He’s Canadian.’ ’Really?’//  b)  really?//  used in conversation to show that you are listening to or interested in what the other person is saying//  --’We had a great time in Florida.’ ’Really? How lovely.’//  c)  AmE used to show that you agree with someone//  --’Glen can be such a jerk.’ ’Yeah, really!’//  d)  especially BrE used to show that you are angry or disapprove of something//  --Really, Larry, you might have told me!//\n  6  spoken  not really:  used to say ’no’ or ’not’ in a less strong way//  --’Do you want to come along?’ ’Not really.’//  --I don’t really know what he’s doing now.//\n  7  spoken  should/ought really:  used to say what someone should do, especially when they are probably not going to do it//  --You should really go and see a doctor.//\n  8  spoken  really and truly:   also really, truly  AmE used to emphasize a statement or opinion//  --He was really and truly a brilliant comedian.//


Words: realm
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: realme, from  Latin regimen;   REGIMEN]//\n  1  written a general area of knowledge, activity, or thought:  --the spiritual realm//  realm of//  --an idea that belongs in the realm of science fiction//\n  2  within the realms of possibility:   also not beyond the realm(s) of possibility //  used, often humorously, to say that something is possible even though you think it is not very likely//  --I suppose it’s not beyond the realms of possibility.//\n  3  literary a country ruled by a king or queen:


Words: realpolitik
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: German; Origin: ’practical politics’]//  politics based on practical situations and needs rather than on moral principles or ideas//


Words: Realtor
Meaning:
realtor/r[hA366][hA353]lt[hA353], -t[hA350][hA359] $ -[hA353]r, -[hA350][hA359]r/ n [C]  trademark  AmE   a real estate agent//


Words: ream
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: raime, from  Arabic rizmah  ’things tied together’]//\n  1  reams [plural]  informal a large amount of writing on paper:  reams of//  --reams of notes//\n  2  technical a standard amount of paper, 500 pieces in the US or 480 pieces in Britain:\nream 2 v [T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old English reman  ’to open up, make wider’]//   AmE  informal to treat someone badly, especially by cheating//


Words: reap
Meaning:
v   [Language: Old English; Origin: reopan]//\n  1 [T] to get something, especially something good, as a result of what you have done:  reap the benefit/reward/profit (of sth) //  --Those who do take risks often reap the rewards.//\n  2  you reap what you sow:  used to say that if you do bad things, bad things will happen to you, and if you do good things, good things will happen to you//\n  3 [I and T]  old-fashioned to cut and collect a crop of grain:    harvest//  -- reaper n  [C] //    Grim Reaper//


Words: reappear
Meaning:
v [I]   to appear again after not being seen for some time//  --In March, his cancer reappeared.//  --Many of these ideas reappear in his later books.//  -- reappearance n  [U and C] //


Words: reappraise
Meaning:
v [T]   to examine something again in order to consider whether you should change it or your opinion of it//   reassess//  --People began to reappraise their values.//  -- reappraisal n  [U and C] //


Words: rear
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  rear- (in words such as  rearguard)]//\n  1  formal  the rear:  the back part of an object, vehicle, or building, or a position at the back of an object or area//  → front//  at/to the rear (of sth)//  --a garden at the rear of the house//  --The hotel overlooks the river to the rear.//  in the rear (of sth)//  --a passenger travelling in the rear of a car//\n  2 [C]  also rear end :   informal the part of your body which you sit on//   bottom//\n  3  bring up the rear:  to be at the back of a line of people or in a race//  --Carole was left to bring up the rear.//\nrear 2 v   [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]ran]//\n  1 [T] to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown:   raise//  --It’s a good place to rear young children.//  --The birds have been successfully reared in captivity.//\n  2  also rear up :   [I] if an animal rears, it rises up to stand on its back legs//    buck//  --The horse reared and threw me off.//\n  3  also rear up :   [I] if something rears up, it appears in front of you and often seems to be leaning over you in a threatening way//  --A large rock, almost 200 feet high, reared up in front of them.//\n  4  be reared on sth:  to be given a particular kind of food, books, entertainment etc regularly while you are a child//  --children reared on TV and video games//\n  5  rear its ugly head:  if a problem or difficult situation rears its ugly head, it appears and is impossible to ignore//  --The problem of drug-taking in sport has reared its ugly head again.//\nrear 3 adj [only before noun]   at or near the back of something, especially a vehicle//  → front//  --the rear door of the car//  --Knock at the rear entrance.//


Words: rearguard
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reregarde, from  rere  ’behind’ (from  Latin retro-) +  garde  ’guard’]//\n  1  fight a rearguard action:  a) to make a determined effort to prevent a change that you think is bad, although it seems too late to stop it//  --They have been fighting a rearguard action to stop a supermarket being built on the land.//  b) if an army fights a rearguard action, it defends itself at the back against an enemy that is chasing it//\n  2 [singular] the group of soldiers who defend the back of an army against an enemy that is chasing it:


Words: rearm
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to obtain weapons again or provide someone else with new weapons//  --They returned to base to rearm.//  -- rearmament n  [U] //


Words: rearrange
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to change the position or order of things:  --She set about rearranging the furniture in the living room.//\n  2 to change the time of a meeting etc:  --My secretary will phone to rearrange the appointment.//  -- rearrangement n  [U and C] //


Words: reason
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 cause:\n   2 good or fair:\n   3 all the more reason why/to do something:\n   4 good judgment:\n   5 within reason:\n   6 go/be beyond (all) reason:\n   7 ability to think:\n   8 no reason:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: raison, from  Latin ratio;   RATIO]//\n  1 CAUSE:   [C] why someone decides to do something, or the cause or explanation for something that happens//  --The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.//  --We’d like to know the  reason why  she didn’t accept the job.//  --People give many different  reasons for  wanting to change jobs.//  --They must have had a good reason to  do it.//  reason behind//  --He explained the reasons behind the decision.//  --He wouldn’t give the reasons for his decision.//  -- For some reason or other , he couldn’t come that day.//  --She wants to change her job for purely personal reasons .//  --I kept the photos for sentimental reasons .//  --She didn’t answer for the simple reason that she couldn’t think of anything to say.//  -- For obvious reasons , we’ve changed all the names.//  --The tower is closed for reasons of safety.//  -- For reasons best known to herself , she’s sold the house and left the country.//  --There is no reason whatsoever to doubt her story.//  --’Why did you tell him?’ ’Oh, I had my reasons .’//  --I see no reason why it shouldn’t work. see usage note  cause1 //\n  2 GOOD OR FAIR:   [U] a fact that makes it right or fair for someone to do something//  (no) reason to do sth//  --There is no reason to panic.//  --She has reason to feel guilty.//  --We have reason to believe that the goods were stolen.//  --I know I’m late, but that’s no reason to shout at me.//  --Under the circumstances, we had every reason  (=had very good reasons) to be suspicious.//  with (good) reason//   (=based on something sensible) //  --Natalie was alarmed by the news, and with reason.//\n  3  all the more reason why/to do sth:   spoken used to say that what has just been mentioned is an additional reason for doing what you have suggested//  --But surely that’s all the more reason to act quickly.//\n  4 GOOD JUDGMENT:   [U] sensible judgment and understanding//   sense//  --There’s reason in what he says.//  --They’re not prepared to listen to reason  (=be persuaded by someone’s sensible advice) .//  --There’s no way of making my father see reason  (=accept advice and make a sensible decision) .//\n  5  within reason:  within sensible limits//  --You can go anywhere you want, within reason.//\n  6  go/be beyond (all) reason:  to be more than is acceptable or reasonable//  --Their demands go beyond all reason.//\n  7 ABILITY TO THINK:   [U] the ability to think, understand, and form judgments that are based on facts//  --the human power of reason //  lose your reason  old-fashioned  (=become mentally ill) //\n  8  no reason:   spoken used when someone asks you why you are doing something and you do not want to tell them//  --’Why d’you want to go that way?’ ’Oh, no reason.’//    no rhyme or reason at rhyme1 (4)//    it stands to reason at stand1 (32)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  reason (that) //  reason why //  reason for (doing) something //  reason to do something //  a good reason //  a compelling reason (=a reason that persuades you) //  give a reason (for something) //  for some reason (or other/or another)  (=for a reason that you do not know) //  for personal reasons //  for sentimental reasons  (=because of your feelings, not for practical reasons) //  for the simple reason (that) //  for obvious reasons //  for reasons of something //  for reasons best known to himself/themselves etc  (=used when someone does something surprising) //  no/any reason whatsoever //  have your reasons  (=have a secret reason for doing something) //  see no reason why/to do something //  by reason of something formal (=because of something) //  GRAMMAR //  !! Reason  is never followed by  of  or  because . //  You can talk about the  reason for something, the  reason that  something happens , or the  reason why something happens : Can you explain the reasons for (NOT reasons of) your decision?| The main reason why/that (NOT reason because) I’m writing is to invite you to stay. //  You can also leave out  why  or  that : I like children, and that’s the reason I became a teacher. //  !! Reason is not usually followed by  against . When you are giving reasons why something is bad, use argument against : An important argument against (NOT reason against) capital punishment is the possibility of error. //  ----------//\nreason 2 v \n  1 [T] to form a particular judgment about a situation after carefully considering the facts:  reason (that)//  --They reasoned that other businesses would soon copy the idea.//\n  2 [I] to think and make judgments:  --the ability to reason//  reason out [reason sth → out] phr v//  to find an explanation or solution to a problem, by thinking of all the possibilities//   work out//  reason with [reason with sb] phr v//  to talk to someone in an attempt to persuade them to be more sensible//  --I tried to reason with her.//


Words: reasonable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 fair and sensible:  → unreasonable//  --a reasonable request//  -- Be reasonable - you can’t expect her to do all the work on her own!//  --I thought it was a  perfectly reasonable   (=completely reasonable) question.//  it is reasonable to do sth//  --It seems reasonable to assume they’ve been tested.//  --He had reasonable grounds  (=good reasons but no proof) for believing the law had been broken.//  a reasonable explanation/excuse //  --It sounded like a  reasonable enough  excuse to me.//\n  2 fairly good, but not especially good:   average//  --She has a reasonable chance of doing well in the exam.//\n  3 a reasonable amount is fairly large:  --I’ve got a reasonable amount of money saved.//\n  4 reasonable prices are not too high:   fair//  --good food at a reasonable price//\n  5  beyond (a) reasonable doubt:   law if something is proved beyond reasonable doubt, it is shown to be almost certainly true//  -- reasonableness n  [U] //


Words: reasonably
Meaning:
W3S2   adv \n  1 [+ adjective/adverb] quite or to a satisfactory degree, but not completely:  --The car is in reasonably good condition.//  --He’s doing reasonably well at school.//\n  2 in a way that is right or fair:  --He can’t reasonably be expected to have known that.//\n  3 in a sensible way:  --Despite her anger, she had behaved very reasonably.//


Words: reasoned
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   based on careful thought, and therefore sensible//   logical//  --reasoned argument//


Words: reasoning
Meaning:
n [U]   a process of thinking carefully about something in order to make a judgment//  scientific/logical/legal reasoning //  reasoning behind//  --What is the reasoning behind this decision?//


Words: reassemble
Meaning:
v \n  1 [T] to bring together the different parts of something to make a whole again, after they have been separated:  --The equipment had to be dismantled and reassembled at each new location.//\n  2 [I] if a group of people reassemble, they meet together again after a period apart:  --Parliament reassembled after a seven-week break.//


Words: reassert
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1  reassert your authority/power/control:  to do or say something to make your position stronger after a period when it seemed weak//  --The Prime Minister aimed to reassert his authority.//\n  2 to state a fact or opinion again, often more strongly or more clearly:  --He used the opportunity to reassert his position on energy policy.//\n  3  reassert itself:  if something reasserts itself, it returns or becomes stronger after a period when it was missing or weak//  --At last, common sense had reasserted itself.//


Words: reassess
Meaning:
v [T]   to think about something again carefully in order to decide whether to change your opinion or judgment about it//   reappraise//  --This has caused us to reassess the way we approach our planning.//  -- reassessment n  [U and C] //


Words: reassurance
Meaning:
n   [U and C] something that is said or done which makes someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem//  --Parents are looking for reassurance about their children’s safety.//  give/offer/provide reassurance //  --They are offering practical help and reassurance.//  reassurance that//  --We have been given reassurances that the water is safe to drink.//


Words: reassure
Meaning:
v [T]   to make someone feel calmer and less worried or frightened about a problem or situation//  --Teachers reassured anxious parents.//  reassure sb (that)//  --He tried to reassure me that my mother would be okay.//


Words: reassuring
Meaning:
adj   making you feel less worried or frightened//  --a reassuring smile//  it is reassuring (for sb) to do sth//  --It’s reassuring to know that problems are rare.//  -- reassuringly adv //


Words: rebate
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: rebate  ’to make a rebate’ (15-21 centuries), from  Old French rabattre  ’to beat down again’]//  an amount of money that is paid back to you when you have paid too much tax, rent etc//  --You may be entitled to a tax rebate.//


Words: rebel
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: rebel  ’rebellious’ (13-21 centuries), from  Old French rebelle, from  Latin, from  bellum  ’war’]//\n  1 someone who opposes or fights against people in authority:  --Anti-government rebels attacked the town.//  rebel forces/soldiers //  --the rebel leader//\n  2 someone who refuses to do things in the normal way, or in the way that other people want them to:  --Alex has always been a bit of a rebel.//\nrebel 2   v   past tense and past participle  rebelled present participle  rebelling  [I] //\n  1 to oppose or fight against someone in authority or against an idea or situation which you do not agree with:  rebel against//  --teenage boys rebelling against their parents//\n  2  written if your stomach, legs, mind etc rebel, you cannot do or believe something you think you should:  --He knew he ought to eat, but his stomach rebelled.//


Words: Rebel Without a Cause
Meaning:
(1955) a US film in which James  Dean appeared as a  teenager from a  middle class family who gets into trouble with the police. As a result of this performance Dean became the most typical example of a young  rebel (=someone who refuses to behave in the way that society expects) .//


Words: rebellion
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 an organized attempt to change the government or leader of a country, using violence:    coup, revolution//  --an armed rebellion//  rebellion against//  --a rebellion against the military regime//  in rebellion//  --The Bretons rose in rebellion against the King.//  suppress/crush a rebellion (=use violence to stop it) //\n  2 when someone opposes or fights against people in authority or ideas which they do not agree with:  --a rebellion by right-wing members of the party//  rebellion against//  --rebellion against traditional values//


Words: rebellious
Meaning:
adj \n  1 deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behaviour:  --rebellious teenagers//  --He’s always had a rebellious streak  (=a tendency to rebel) .//\n  2 fighting against the government of your own country:  --rebellious minorities//  -- rebelliously adv //  -- rebelliousness n  [U] //


Words: rebirth
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular]  formal when an important idea, feeling, or organization becomes strong or popular again:  rebirth of//  --a rebirth of nationalism in the region//\n  2 [U] when something or someone becomes alive again after dying:  --the cycle of birth, death and rebirth//


Words: reborn
Meaning:
v  literary   be reborn//  a) to become active or popular again//  --In the past decade, the city has been reborn.//  b) to be born again, especially according to some beliefs, ancient stories etc//


Words: rebound
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I] if a ball or other moving object rebounds, it moves quickly back away from something it has just hit:    ricochet//  rebound off//  --His shot on goal rebounded off the post.//\n  2 [I] if prices, values etc rebound, they increase again after decreasing:   recover//  --Share prices rebounded today after last week’s losses.//\n  3 [I and T] to catch a basketball after a player has tried but failed to get a point:  rebound on/upon [rebound on/upon sb] phr v//  if something bad or unpleasant you have done rebounds on you, it has a bad effect on you//   backfire//\nrebound 2   n \n  1  on the rebound:  a) someone who is on the rebound is upset or confused because their romantic relationship has just ended//  --He first met me when I was on the rebound, after splitting up with Mark.//  b) a ball that is on the rebound has just hit something and is moving back through the air//  --I caught the ball on the rebound.//  c) something that is on the rebound is starting to increase or improve again//  --The market seems to be on the rebound.//\n  2 [C]  technical an act of catching a basketball after a player has tried but failed to get a point:


Words: rebuff
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  French rebuffer, from  Old Italian ribuffare  ’to criticize angrily’]//   formal an unkind or unfriendly answer to a friendly suggestion or offer of help//   snub//  --He received a humiliating rebuff from his manager.//  -- rebuff v  [T] //  --He rebuffed all her suggestions.//


Words: rebuild
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rebuilt /-b[hA366]lt/ [T] //\n  1 to build something again, after it has been damaged or destroyed:  --The church was completely rebuilt in the last century.//\n  2 to make something strong and successful again:  --The first priority is to rebuild the area’s manufacturing industry.//  --We try to help them rebuild their lives  (=live normally again after something bad has happened) .//


Words: rebuke
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old North French; Origin: rebuker, from  bukier  ’to hit, cut down’]//   formal to speak to someone severely about something they have done wrong//   reprimand//  rebuke sb for doing sth//  --Members of the jury were sharply rebuked for speaking to the press.//  -- rebuke n  [U and C] //  --a rebuke from the President//


Words: rebut
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rebutted present participle  rebutting  [T] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: reboter, from  boter;   BUTT2]//   formal to prove that a statement or a charge made against you is false//   refute//  -- rebuttal n  [U and C] //  --his firm rebuttal of the accusations//


Words: recalcitrant
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , present participle of  recalcitrare  ’to refuse to obey’, from  Latin calcitrare  ’to kick’, from  calx  ’heel’]//  refusing to do what you are told to do, even after you have been punished//   unruly//  --a recalcitrant pupil//  -- recalcitrance n  [U] //


Words: recall
Meaning:
W2S3   v   ----------//\n   1 remember something:\n   2 person:\n   3 product:\n   4 computer:\n   5 be similar to something:\n   6 politics:  ----------//\n  1 REMEMBER SOMETHING:   [I,T not in progressive] to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past//  --You don’t happen to recall his name, do you?//  recall (that)//  --I seem to recall I’ve met him before somewhere.//  recall doing sth//  --I don’t recall seeing any cars parked outside.//  recall what/how/where etc//  --I can’t recall who gave me the information.//  -- As I recall , it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.//\n  2 PERSON:   [T] to officially tell someone to come back to a place or group//  recall sb to sth//  --Cole was recalled to the squad to replace the injured Quinn.//  recall sb from sth//  --The Ambassador was recalled from Washington.//\n  3 PRODUCT:   [T] if a company recalls one of its products, it asks people who have bought it to return it because there may be something wrong with it//  --The cars had to be recalled due to an engine fault.//\n  4 COMPUTER:   [T] to bring information back onto the screen of a computer//\n  5 BE SIMILAR TO SOMETHING:   [T] if something recalls something else, it makes you think of it because it is very similar//  --The furnishings recall the 1960s.//\n  6 POLITICS:   [T]  AmE to vote to remove someone from their political position//\nrecall 2   n   ----------//\n   1 memory:\n   2 order to return:\n   3 beyond recall:\n   4 product:\n   5 politics:  ----------//\n  1 MEMORY:   [U] the ability to remember something that you have learned or experienced//  --A child’s recall is usually accurate.//  --He had total recall  (=remembered everything) of every play in the game.//\n  2 ORDER TO RETURN:   [singular, U] an official order telling someone to return to a place, especially before they expected to//  recall of//  --the recall of their ambassador//\n  3  beyond recall:  impossible to bring back or remember//\n  4 PRODUCT:   [C] when a company asks people to return a product they have bought because there may be something wrong with it//\n  5 POLITICS:   [singular, U]  AmE a vote to remove someone from their political position, or the act of being removed by a vote//  recall of//  --the recall of four city council members//


Words: recant
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: recantare, from  cantare  ’to sing’]//   formal to say publicly that you no longer have a political or religious belief that you had before//  -- recantation/ri[hA359]k[zB024]nte[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: recap
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  recapped present participle  recapping  [I and T] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: recapitulate]//  to repeat the main points of something that has just been said//  --Let me just recap what’s been discussed so far.//  recap on//  --to recap on the previous lecture//  -- recap/ri[hA359]k[zB024]p/ n  [C] //


Words: recapitulate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  recapitulare  ’to restate by headings’, from  Latin capitulum  ’division of a book’]//   formal to repeat the main points of something that has just been said//   recap//  -- recapitulation/ri[hA359]k[hA353]p[hA366]t[hA35D][hA36A]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: recapture
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to bring back the same feelings or qualities that you experienced in the past:  --The film really recaptures the atmosphere of those days.//\n  2 to catch a prisoner or animal that has escaped:  --He was recaptured after nearly two weeks on the run.//\n  3 to take control of a place again by fighting for it:   retake//  --an attempt to recapture the city//  -- recapture n  [U] //


Words: recast
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  recast  [T] //\n  1 to give something a new shape or a new form of organization:  --an attempt to recast the statement in less formal language//\n  2 to give parts in a play or film to different actors:  -- recasting n  [U and C] //


Words: recce
Meaning:
n [U and C]  BrE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: reconnaissance]//   informal  reconnaissance//  --a quick recce of the area//  -- recce v  [I and T] //


Words: recede
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: recedere, from  cedere  ’to go’]//\n  1 if something you can see or hear recedes, it gets further and further away until it disappears:  recede into//  --footsteps receding into the distance//\n  2 if a memory, feeling, or possibility recedes, it gradually goes away:  --The pain in his head gradually receded.//\n  3 if water recedes, it moves back from an area that it was covering:  --The flood waters finally began to recede in November.//\n  4 if your hair recedes, you gradually lose the hair at the front of your head:  --He was in his mid-forties, with a receding hairline .//\n  5  receding chin:  a chin that slopes backwards//


Words: receipt
Meaning:
S2   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old North French; Origin: receite, from  Medieval Latin recepta, from  Latin recipere;   RECEIVE]//\n  1 [C] a piece of paper that you are given which shows that you have paid for something:  --Keep your receipt in case you want to bring it back.//  receipt for//  --Make sure you get receipts for everything.//  --Can you give me a receipt?//\n  2 [U]  formal when someone receives something:  receipt of//  --the closing date for receipt of applications//  on/upon receipt of sth//  --The booking will be made on receipt of a deposit.//  be in receipt of sth (=to have received something) //\n  3  receipts [plural]  technical the money that a business, bank, or government receives:  --total revenue receipts of $18.4 million//


Words: receivable
Meaning:
adj   needing or waiting to be paid//  --the company’s accounts receivable  (=sales that have been made but not yet paid for) //


Words: receive
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 be given something:\n   2 be sent something:\n   3 treatment:\n   4 reaction to something:\n   5 be on/at the receiving end (of something):\n   6 receive an injury/blow:\n   7 people:\n   8 by radio:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old North French; Origin: receivre, from  Latin recipere, from  capere  ’to take’]//\n  1 BE GIVEN SOMETHING:  to be given something//   get//  --All the children will receive a small gift.//  receive sth from sb//  --She received an honorary degree from Harvard.//  receive attention/affection/support //  --She received no support from her parents.//  receive payment/money/a pension etc //  --They will be entitled to receive unemployment benefit.//  receive a prize/award/gift etc //  --He went up to receive his award from the mayor.//  receive education/training //  --16- to 18-year-olds receiving full-time education//  --Lee received 324 votes  (=324 people voted for him) .//\n  2 BE SENT SOMETHING:   formal to get a letter, message, or telephone call, or something which someone has sent you//  receive sth from sb//  --He received a letter from his insurance company.//  --If you would like to receive further information , return the attached form.//  --We have received numerous complaints about the noise.//\n  3 TREATMENT:   formal if you receive a particular type of medical treatment, it is done to you//  --He received hospital treatment for a cut over his eye.//\n  4 REACTION TO SOMETHING:   [usually passive] to react in a particular way to a suggestion, idea, performance etc//    reception//  --The film was well received by critics (=they said it was good) .//  --He received the news in silence.//\n  5  be on/at the receiving end (of sth):  to be the person who is affected by someone else’s actions, usually in an unpleasant way//  --She found herself on the receiving end of racist abuse.//\n  6  receive an injury/blow:   formal to be injured or hit//\n  7 PEOPLE:   formal to officially accept someone as a guest or member of a group//  receive guests/visitors //  --She isn’t well enough to receive visitors yet.//  receive sb into sth//  --She was later received into the Church.//\n  8 BY RADIO:  a) if a radio or television receives radio waves or other signals, it makes them become sounds or pictures//  b) to be able to hear a radio message that someone is sending//  --Receiving you loud and clear!’//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  In spoken English it is more usual to use get. //  ----------//


Words: received
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    formal accepted or considered to be correct by most people//  received opinion/wisdom etc (=the opinion most people have) //  --The received wisdom is that he will retire within the next year.//


Words: receiver
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 telephone:\n   2 business:\n   3 stolen property:\n   4 radio:\n   5 American football:  ----------//\n  1 TELEPHONE:  the part of a telephone that you hold next to your mouth and ear//    handset//  pick up/lift the receiver //  --She picked up the receiver and dialled his number.//  put down/replace the receiver //\n  2 BUSINESS:   BrE someone who is officially in charge of a business or company that is bankrupt//  an official/administrative receiver //  --The business is in the hands of the receivers .//\n  3 STOLEN PROPERTY:  someone who buys and sells stolen property//\n  4 RADIO:   formal a radio or television, or other equipment which receives signals//  --a satellite receiver//\n  5 AMERICAN FOOTBALL:  a player in American football who is in a position to catch the ball//


Words: receivership
Meaning:
n [U]   if a business is in receivership, it is controlled by an official receiver because it has no money//  --The company went into receivership with massive debts.//


Words: recent
Meaning:
W1S2   adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Latin recens  ’fresh, recent’]//  having happened or started only a short time ago//  --Irving’s most recent book//  --recent research into the causes of cancer//  in recent years/months/times etc //  --The situation has improved in recent years.//  --the recent past//


Words: recently
Meaning:
adv   not long ago//  --He has recently been promoted to Assistant Manager.//  --a recently published biography//  --Jerry lived in Cairo until quite recently .//  -- More recently , he’s appeared in a number of British films.//


Words: receptacle
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: receptaculum, from  receptare  ’to receive’, from  recipere;   RECEIVE]//  a container for putting things in//  --a trash receptacle//


Words: reception
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 welcome/reaction:\n   2 hotel/office:\n   3 party:\n   4 signals:\n   5 football:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: Latin receptio, from  recipere;   RECEIVE]//\n  1 WELCOME/REACTION:   [C usually singular] a particular type of welcome for someone, or a particular type of reaction to their ideas, work etc//    receive//  --She was unsure of her reception after everything that had happened.//  a warm/good/enthusiastic reception //  --The delegates gave him a warm reception .//  a hostile/cool/frosty reception //  --His ideas met with a hostile reception.//  receive/have/get/meet with a ... reception //  --He got a great reception from the crowd.//  --The plans received a mixed reception from unions (=some people liked it, others did not) .//\n  2 HOTEL/OFFICE:   [U] //  a) the desk or office where visitors arriving in a hotel or large organization go first//  --Please leave your key at the reception desk .//  --I asked the man at reception.//  b)  BrE the area around or in front of this desk or office//   lobby//  --I’ll wait for you in reception.//  --the reception area //\n  3 PARTY:   [C] a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome someone//  --It’s an ideal location for a wedding reception .//  --The occasion was marked by a civic reception .//\n  4 SIGNALS:   [U] the act of receiving radio, television, or other signals, or the quality of signals you receive//  --listeners complaining about poor reception //\n  5 FOOTBALL:   [C] the act of catching the ball in American football//


Words: reception centre
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a place where people who have no home, especially people who have had to leave their homes, can go for food, help etc and to stay for a short time//


Words: reception room
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a room in a private house that is not a kitchen, bedroom, or bathroom - used by people who sell houses//


Words: receptionist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose job is to welcome and deal with people arriving in a hotel or office building, visiting a doctor etc//


Words: receptive
Meaning:
adj   willing to consider new ideas or listen to someone else’s opinions//  --You might find them in a more receptive mood tomorrow.//  --a receptive audience //  receptive to//  --a workforce that is receptive to new ideas//  -- receptiveness also receptivity /ri[hA359]sept[hA366]v[hA369]ti///   n  [U] //


Words: receptor
Meaning:
n [C]   a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways//


Words: recess
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: recessus, from the past participle of  recedere;   RECEDE]//\n  1 [U and C] a time during the day or year when no work is done, especially in parliament, law courts etc:  --Parliament’s summer recess//\n  2 [U]  AmE a short period of time between lessons at a school when children can go outdoors and play:  British Equivalent:  break//  --Her favorite things at school are music and recess.//\n  3 [C] a space in the wall of a room, especially for shelves, cupboards etc:   alcove//\n  4  the recesses of sth:  the inner hidden parts of something//  --the deep recesses of the cave//  --fears hidden away in the darker recesses of her mind//\nrecess 2   v [I]    especially AmE if a government, law court etc recesses, it officially stops work for a period of time//


Words: recessed
Meaning:
adj   fitted into a part of a wall that is further back than the rest of the wall//  --a recessed bookshelf//


Words: recession
Meaning:
W3S2   n [U and C]   a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity etc in a country than usual//  --the economic recession of the early 1980s//  --There is deep recession in the UK.//  into/out of recession//  --attempts to pull the country out of recession//


Words: recessive
Meaning:
adj  technical   a recessive gene is passed to children from their parents only if both parents have the gene//  → dominant//


Words: recharge
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to put a new supply of electricity into a battery:\n  2  recharge your batteries:   informal to get back your strength and energy again//  --I’m going to spend a week in the mountains to recharge my batteries.//  -- rechargeable adj //  -- rechargeable batteries //


Words: recherche
Meaning:
adj  formal   a recherche subject, idea, word etc is uncommon and has been chosen to make people admire your knowledge//


Words: recidivist
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: recidiviste, from  recidiver  ’to go back to bad behavior’, from  Latin recidere, from  cadere  ’to fall’]//  a criminal who starts doing illegal things again, even after he or she has been punished//  -- recidivism n  [U] //


Words: recipe
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: ’take!’, from  recipere;   RECEIVE]//\n  1 a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food:  recipe for//  --a recipe for tomato soup//  --a recipe book //\n  2  be a recipe for sth:  to be likely to cause a particular result, often a bad one//  --She said that five small boys on skis was a recipe for disaster , not a holiday.//


Words: recipient
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  recipere;   RECEIVE]//  someone who receives something//  recipient of//  --the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize//


Words: reciprocal
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: reciprocus  ’returning the same way’, from  re-  ’back’ +  pro-  ’forward’]//  a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other//    mutual//  --He spoke of the necessity for a reciprocal relationship that would be useful for all sides.//  --Such treaties provide reciprocal rights and obligations.//  -- reciprocally/-kli/ adv //


Words: reciprocate
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T]  formal to do or give something, because something similar has been done or given to you:  --When he spoke I was expected to reciprocate with some remark of my own.//\n  2 [T] to feel the same about someone as they feel about you:  --It was a hopeless love that could not possibly be reciprocated.//  -- reciprocation/r[hA366]s[hA366]pr[hA353]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: reciprocity
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   a situation in which two people, groups, or countries give each other similar kinds of help or special rights//


Words: recital
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a performance of music or poetry, usually given by one performer:  --a piano recital//  recital of//  --a recital of classical favourites//\n  2  formal a spoken description of a series of events:  recital of//  --a long recital of her adventures//


Words: recitation
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 an act of saying a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned, for people to listen to:  --recitations from the great poets//\n  2 a spoken description of an event or a series of events:  recitation of//  --He went into a recitation of his life from the earliest years.//


Words: recitative
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: recitativo, from  recitare, from  Latin;   RECITE]//   technical a speech set to music that is sung by one person and continues the story of an opera (=musical play)  between the songs//


Words: recite
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: reciter, from  Latin recitare, from  citare;   CITE]//\n  1 [I and T] to say a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned, for people to listen to:  --She recited a poem that she had learnt at school.//\n  2 [T] to tell someone a series or list of things:  --Len recited the breakfast menu - cereal, bacon and eggs, and toast.//  -- reciter n  [C] //


Words: reckless
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: recceleas]//  not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions//  --He was accused of causing death by reckless driving .//  --a reckless disregard for safety//  --He dashed into the burning house with reckless abandon  (=without caring about the danger) .//  -- recklessly adv //  -- recklessness n  [U] //


Words: reckon
Meaning:
W3S2   v [T not in progressive]   [Language: Old English; Origin: gerecenian  ’to tell, explain’]//\n  1  spoken  especially BrE to think or suppose something:  reckon (that)//  --Do you reckon he’ll agree to see us?//  --The police reckon that whoever killed Dad was with him earlier that day.//  --’There’s nothing we can do about it.’ ’You reckon (=used to express doubt or disagreement) ?’//\n  2 to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactly:  reckon (that)//  --We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around $9 billion a year in lost output.//  reckon sth to be sth//  --The average selling price for flats in the area was reckoned to be around [hA124]11,000.//\n  3 [usually passive] to think that someone or something is a particular kind of person or thing:  be reckoned to be sth//  --The Lowsons were reckoned to be very good farmers.//  --Moving house is reckoned to be nearly as stressful as divorce.//  be reckoned as sth//  --An earthquake of magnitude 7 is reckoned as a major quake.//\n  4  formal to calculate an amount:  --The expression ’full moon’ means the fourteenth day of the moon reckoned from its first appearance.//  reckon on [reckon on sth] phr v//  to expect something to happen, when you are making plans//  --We were reckoning on a profit of about half a million a year.//  reckon on doing sth//  --I was reckoning on getting at least 60% of the votes.//  reckon up [reckon sth → up] phr v//  to add up amounts, costs etc in order to get a total//   calculate//  --Pat was reckoning up the cost of everything in her mind.//  reckon with / [reckon with sb/sth] phr v//\n  1  sb/sth to be reckoned with:  someone or something that is powerful and must be regarded seriously as a possible opponent, competitor, danger etc//  --Barcelona will be a force to be reckoned with this season.//  --The principal was certainly a woman to be reckoned with.//\n  2  not reckon with sb/sth:  to not consider a possible problem when you are making plans//  --I had not reckoned with the excitement in the popular press.//\n  3  have sb/sth to reckon with:  to have to deal with someone or something powerful//  --Any invader would have the military might of NATO to reckon with.//  reckon without / [reckon without sb/sth] phr v//  if you are reckoning without something, you do not expect it and are not prepared for it//  --They doubted that Fiona could finish the course, but they reckoned without her determination.//


Words: reckoning
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] calculation that is based on a careful guess rather than on exact knowledge:  by sb’s reckoning//  --By my reckoning, we have 12,000 clients.//\n  2 [C usually singular, U] a time when you are judged or punished for your actions, or when they have results that affect you:  --We know that you will not forget their crimes when their day of reckoning comes.//  --In the final reckoning , the president failed to achieve his major goals.//\n  3  in/into/out of the reckoning:   BrE among or not among those who are likely to win or be successful, especially in sport//  --He had a knee injury, which put him out of the reckoning.//    dead reckoning//


Words: reclaim
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to get back an amount of money that you have paid:   claim back//  --You may be entitled to reclaim some tax.//\n  2 to make an area of desert, wet land etc suitable for farming or building:  --Large areas of land will be reclaimed for a new airport.//\n  3 to get back something that you have lost or that has been taken away from you:  --I want to reclaim the championship that I lost in 1999.//\n  4 to obtain useful products from waste material:    recycle//  --You can reclaim old boards and use them as shelves.//  -- reclamation/rekl[hA353]me[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --land reclamation//


Words: recline
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: recliner, from  Latin reclinare, from  clinare  ’to bend’]//\n  1 [I]  formal to lie or lean back in a relaxed way:  recline in/on//  --I spent Sunday reclining in a deck chair.//  --A solitary figure was reclining on the grass.//\n  2 [I and T] if you recline a seat, or if it reclines, you lower the back of the seat so that you can lean back in it:  reclining seat/chair //


Words: recluse
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: reclus  ’shut up’, from  Late Latin recludere  ’to shut up’]//  someone who chooses to live alone, and does not like seeing or talking to other people//  --She became a recluse after her two sons were murdered.//  -- reclusive/r[hA366]klu[hA359]s[hA366]v/ adj //


Words: recognition
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [singular, U] the act of realizing and accepting that something is true or important:  recognition of//  --Don’s recognition of the importance of Suzy in his life//  recognition that//  --There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak.//  formal/official recognition //  --official recognition of the need for jail reform//\n  2 [singular, U] public respect and thanks for someone’s work or achievements:  --He has achieved recognition and respect as a scientist.//  --The importance of voluntary organizations in the economy still needs to be given recognition .//  in recognition of sth//  --He was presented with a gold watch in recognition of his service to the company.//\n  3 [U] the act of knowing someone or something because you have known or learned about them in the past:  --He stared at her, but there was no sign of recognition .//  change beyond/out of all recognition (=change completely) //  --The bakery business has changed beyond all recognition in the last 10 years.//\n  4 [U] the act of officially accepting that an organization, government, person etc has legal or official authority:  recognition of//  --the recognition of Latvia as an independent state//  international/diplomatic recognition //  --the government’s failure to achieve international recognition//\n  5  speech recognition:  the ability of a computer to recognize speech//  --speech recognition systems//


Words: recognize
Meaning:
also  recognise BrE   v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reconoistre, from  Latin recognoscere, from  cognoscere  ’to know’]//\n  1 [not in progressive] to know who someone is or what something is, because you have seen, heard, experienced, or learned about them in the past:  --I didn’t recognize you in your uniform.//  --It was malaria, but Dr Lee hadn’t recognized the symptoms. see usage note  realize//\n  2 to officially accept that an organization, government, document etc has legal or official authority:  --British medical qualifications are recognized in Canada.//  recognize sth as sth//  --The World Health Organization has recognized alcoholism as a disease since 1951.//\n  3 to accept or admit that something is true:  recognize (that)//  --One must recognise that homesickness is natural.//  recognize what/how/who etc//  --It is important to recognize how little we know about this disease. see usage note  realize//\n  4 [usually in passive] if something is recognized by people, they realize that it is important or very good:  --Alexander tried to get his work recognized by the medical profession.//  be recognized as sth//  --Lawrence’s novel was eventually recognized as a work of genius.//  --a recognized authority on Roman pottery//\n  5 to officially and publicly thank someone for something they have done, by giving them a special honour:  --He was recognized for having saved many lives.//  -- recognizable/rek[hA353]gna[hA366]z[hA353]b[hA368]l, -k[hA353]n- rek[hA353]gna[hA366]-/ adj //  --His face was instantly recognizable .//  -- recognizably adv //


Words: recoil
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: reculer, from  cul  ’ass’]//\n  1 to move back suddenly and quickly from something you do not like or are afraid of:  recoil from/at//  --She recoiled from his touch as if she had been slapped.//\n  2 to feel such a strong dislike of a particular situation that you want to avoid it:  recoil from/at//  --He recoils from everything in life that demands hard work.//  --We recoil in horror from the thought of subjecting someone to extreme pain.//\n  3 if a gun recoils, it moves backwards very quickly after it has been fired:  -- recoil/ri[hA359]k[hA350][hA366]l/ n  [singular, U] //  --The recoil of the gun sent him flying backwards.//


Words: recollect
Meaning:
v [T]   to be able to remember something//  --All I recollect is a grey sky.//  recollect that//  --She recollected sadly that she and Ben used to laugh a lot.//  recollect how/when/what etc//  --Can you recollect how your brother reacted?//  recollect doing sth//  --I recollect seeing Ryder some years ago in Bonn.//


Words: recollection
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1 [C] something from the past that you remember:  --My earliest recollections are of my mother bending over my cot.//\n  2 [U] an act of remembering something:  have no recollection (of sth) (=not remember) //  --I have no recollection of how I found my way there in the dark.//  to (the best of) my recollection (=used when you are unsure if you remember correctly) //  --To the best of my recollection, she drives a Mercedes.//  --Noone, to my recollection, gave a second thought to the risks involved.//


Words: recommend
Meaning:
W2S3   v [T] \n  1 to advise someone to do something, especially because you have special knowledge of a situation or subject:  recommend (that)//  --I recommend that you get some professional advice.//  --Doctors strongly recommend that fathers should be present at their baby’s birth.//  recommend doing sth//  --I would never recommend using a sunbed on a regular basis.//  --Sleeping tablets are not recommended in this case.//  --It is dangerous to exceed the recommended dose .//\n  2 to say that something or someone is good, or suggest them for a particular purpose or job:  --I recommend the butter chicken - it’s delicious.//  --Can you recommend a good lawyer?//  recommend sth to sb//  --I recommend this book to anyone with an interest in chemistry.//  recommend sth for sth/sb//  --Which type of oil do you recommend for my car?//  recommend sb for sth//  --I have decided to recommend you for the directorship.//  highly/thoroughly recommend //  --The hotel is highly recommended.//\n  3  sth has much/little/nothing to recommend it:  used to say that something has many, few, or no good qualities//  --The town itself has little to recommend it.//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  !! You do not say ’recommend someone something’ : What wine do you recommend (NOT recommend us)?  //  You can  recommend  something  to someone :  I bought this album after a friend recommended it to me.  //  You can  recommend that  someone  do  something or  recommend doing something : I recommend that you see your doctor. | If you go to London, we recommend visiting (NOT recommend you visiting) Tate Modern. //  ----------//


Words: recommendation
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [C] official advice given to someone, especially about what to do:  --We will review the case and make a recommendation to the client.//  recommendation for//  --recommendations for school reform//  recommendation of//  --the main recommendations of the report//  recommendation that//  --We are making no recommendation that children should use Standard English.//  recommendation to do sth//  --a recommendation to replace the existing system//\n  2 [U] a suggestion to someone that they should choose a particular thing or person that you think is very good:  on sb’s recommendation//  --Academic staff are appointed on the recommendation of a committee.//\n  3 [C]  also  letter of recommendation:   especially AmE a formal letter or statement saying that someone would be a suitable person to do a job, take a course of study etc//  --Try to get letters of recommendation from bosses and colleagues.//


Words: recompense
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: recompenser, from  Latin compensare;   COMPENSATE]//   formal to give someone a payment for trouble or losses that you have caused them, or a reward for their efforts to help you//   compensate//  recompense sb for sth//  --The charge recompenses the bank for the costs involved.//\nrecompense 2 n [singular, U]    formal something that you give to someone for trouble or losses that you have caused them, or as a reward for their help//   compensation//  recompense for//  --financial recompense for the victims of violence//


Words: reconcile
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: reconcilier, from  Latin conciliare;   CONCILIATE]//\n  1 [T] if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable:  --The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.//  reconcile sth with sth//  --Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision.//\n  2  be reconciled (with sb):  to have a good relationship again with someone after you have quarrelled with them//  --Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.//  reconcile to [reconcile sb to sth] phr v//  to make someone able to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation//  --He tried to reconcile his father to the idea of the wedding.//  reconcile yourself to sth//  --Henry had more or less reconciled himself to Don’s death.//


Words: reconciliation
Meaning:
n [singular, U] \n  1 a situation in which two people, countries etc become friendly with each other again after quarrelling:  --Her ex-husband had always hoped for a reconciliation.//  reconciliation between/with//  --The meeting failed to achieve a reconciliation between the two groups.//  --his reconciliation with his brother//  --The change of government has brought a new spirit of reconciliation on both sides.//  --The leadership announced a programme of national reconciliation (=an attempt by all sides to end a war or trouble in a country) .//\n  2 the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful:  reconciliation between//  --a reconciliation between environment and development//


Words: recondite
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: reconditus, past participle of  recondere  ’to hide’]//   formal recondite facts or subjects are not known about or understood by many people//   obscure//


Words: recondition
Meaning:
v [T]   to repair something, especially an old machine, so that it works like a new one//  --a reconditioned engine//


Words: reconnaissance
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: reconna[hA16F]tre, from  Latin recognoscere;   RECOGNIZE]//  the military activity of sending soldiers and aircraft to find out about the enemy’s forces//  --reconnaissance aircraft//  --a reconnaissance mission//  --wartime roles such as observation and reconnaissance//


Words: reconnoitre
Meaning:
BrE  reconnoiter AmE   v [I and T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Early  French reconno[hA16F]tre, from  Old French reconoistre;   RECOGNIZE]//\n  1 to try to find out the position and size of your enemy’s army, for example by flying planes over land where their soldiers are:\n  2 to find out information about an area:  --All morning, the world’s top cyclists have been reconnoitring the course.//


Words: reconsider
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to think again about something in order to decide if you should change your opinion or do something different//  --He should reconsider his decision to resign.//  --We want you to come. Please reconsider.//  -- reconsideration/ri[hA359]k[hA353]ns[hA366]d[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: reconstitute
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to form an organization or a group again in a different way:  --The committees will be reconstituted after the election.//  reconstitute sth as sth//  --In 1832 the firm was reconstituted as Mills and Co.//\n  2 to change dried food back to its original form by adding water to it:  --reconstituted milk//  -- reconstitution/ri[hA359]k[hA361]nst[hA369]tju[hA359][hA35D][hA368]n $ -k[hA35A][hA359]nst[hA369]tu[hA359]-/ n  [U] //


Words: reconstruct
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to produce a complete description or copy of an event by collecting together pieces of information:  --Police were reconstructing the movements of the murdered couple.//\n  2 to build something again after it has been destroyed or damaged:  --The task ahead is to reconstruct the building.//


Words: Reconstruction
Meaning:
(1865-77) the period of American history after the Civil War when the southern states, under government and military control, rejoined the US. Slavery was ended, black people were given the right to vote, and a few universities were established for black people. Many white southerners strongly opposed these measures and some formed the Ku Klux Klan.//


Words: reconstruction
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the work that is done to repair the damage to a city, industry etc, especially after a war:  reconstruction of//  --the reconstruction of Western Europe after the war//\n  2 [C usually singular] a description or copy of an event or a place, which you produce by collecting information about it:  reconstruction of//  --Detectives want to stage a reconstruction of events.//  --a reconstruction of a Roman villa//


Words: reconstructive
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a reconstructive operation is one done to make a part of someone’s body the right shape, for example after a bad injury or a previous operation//  --He’s recovering well from reconstructive surgery on his nose.//


Words: reconvene
Meaning:
v [I and T]   if a meeting, a court etc reconvenes, or if you reconvene it, it meets again after a break//


Words: record
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 information:\n   2 highest/best ever:\n   3 music:\n   4 past activities:\n   5 criminal record:\n   6 in record time:\n   7 off the record:\n   8 be/go on (the) record as saying (that):\n   9 for the record:\n  10 set/put the record straight:  ----------//\n  1 INFORMATION:   [C] information about something that is written down or stored on computer, film etc so that it can be looked at in the future//  record of//  -- Keep a record of everything you spend.//  --The fact that they have had the test will be noted on their medical records .//  -- historical records going back almost 80 years//  --He had no written records to draw upon.//  --This month has been the wettest  on record .//  --Only employees have access to bank records .//  --a politician who has  gone on record  as opposing the bill//\n  2 HIGHEST/BEST EVER:   [C] the fastest speed, longest distance, highest or lowest level etc that has ever been achieved or reached, especially in sport//  --As a student, he  broke  the Scottish  record  for the 100 metres. //  -- The Americans  set a  new world  record  in the sprint relay. //  --Lewis equalled  the old world record of 9.93 seconds. //  -- British exports in 1991 were at  an all-time record . //  -- A  record number  of people have been thrown out of their homes. //\n  3 MUSIC:   [C] a round flat piece of plastic with a hole in the middle that music and sound are stored on//    vinyl//  --I spent a lot of time listening to records .//  --My dad’s got a huge record collection .//  --a major British record company //    record player//\n  4 PAST ACTIVITIES:   [singular] the facts about how successful, good, bad etc someone or something has been in the past//  record of/in (doing) sth//  --Chemistry graduates have a good record in finding employment.//  --the company’s track record in improving conditions//  record on//  --Mr Davis defended the government’s record on unemployment (=what they have done about unemployment) .//\n  5  criminal record:  a list made by the police of someone’s crimes//  --a criminal record that included convictions involving drugs//\n  6  in record time:  very quickly//  --She was out of bed and ready for school in record time that morning.//\n  7  off the record:  if you say something off the record, you do not want people to repeat what you say, for example in newspapers or meetings//  --May I talk to you, strictly off the record?//\n  8  be/go on (the) record as saying (that):  to say something publicly or officially, so that it may be written down and repeated//  --She is on record as saying that teachers are under too much pressure.//\n  9  for the record:   spoken used to tell someone that what you are saying should be remembered or written down//  --For the record, the police never charged me.//\n  10  set/put the record straight:  to tell people the truth about something, because you want to be sure that they understand what the truth really is//  --I would like to set the record straight on a few points.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  keep a record //  medical/dental records //  school records //  historical records //  a written record //  record keeping  (=the activity of keeping records) //  the biggest/lowest/highest etc on record //  place/put something on record  (=include something in the official records) //  be on record (=when something you have said is written down) //  go on record (=say something to be written down) //  access to records (=the right to see a record) //  a record shows something (=something is written in a record) //  COLLOCATES for sense 2 //  break/beat a record //  hold a record //  set a record //  smash a record  (=beat a record easily) //  equal a record //  tie a record American English (=equal a record) //  an all-time record //  a world record //  an Olympic record //  a record number/level/time //  a record high //  ----------//\nrecord 2 W2S3   v   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: recorder  ’to bring to mind’, from  Latin recordari, from  cor  ’heart’]//\n  1 [T] to write information down or store it in a computer or on film so that it can be looked at in the future:  --Her husband made her record every penny she spent.//  record that//  --He recorded that the operation was successful.//  --In 1892 it is recorded that the weather became so cold that the river froze over.//  --The coroner recorded a verdict of accidental death.//\n  2 [I and T] to store music, sound, television programmes etc on tape or discs so that people can listen to them or watch them again:  --The group has just recorded a new album.//  --Is the machine still recording?//  --I’ll record the film and we can all watch it later.//\n  3 [T] if an instrument records the size, speed, temperature etc of something, it measures it and keeps that information:  --Wind speeds of up to 100 mph have been recorded.//


Words: record-breaking
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a record-breaking number, level, performance, or person is the highest, lowest, biggest, best etc of its type that has ever happened or existed//  --his record-breaking flight across the Atlantic//  -- record-breaker n  [C] //


Words: record-holder
Meaning:
n [C]   the person who has achieved the fastest speed, the longest distance etc in a sport//  --the world long-jump record-holder//


Words: recorded delivery
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   if you send a letter or package by recorded delivery, you send it using a service which records that it has been sent and delivered//  American Equivalent:  certified mail//


Words: recorder
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  cassette recorder/tape recorder/video recorder etc:  a piece of electrical equipment that records music, films etc//    flight recorder//\n  2 a simple wooden or plastic musical instrument like a tube with holes in it, which you play by blowing into it and covering different holes with your fingers to change the notes:\n  3 a judge in a city court, in some areas of Britain and the US:


Words: recording
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [C] music, speech, or images that have been stored on tape or discs:  recording of//  --Have you heard the new recording of Mozart’s Requiem?//  --a video recording of the interview//\n  2 [U] the act of storing sound or images on tape or discs:  recording studio/equipment etc (=a studio etc used for recording music) //


Words: recount
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old North French; Origin: reconter, from  conter  ’to tell, count’]//   formal to tell someone a story or describe a series of events//  recount how/what//  --Alan recounted how he and Joyce had met.//\nrecount 2   n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: re- +  count]//  a second count of votes that happens in an election because the result was very close//  -- recount/ri[hA359]ka[hA35E]nt/ v  [T] //


Words: recoup
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: recouper  ’to cut back’, from  couper  ’to cut’]//  to get back an amount of money you have lost or spent//   recover//  --The movie will have to be a huge hit to recoup its cost.//  --He was desperate to try and recoup his losses.//


Words: recourse
Meaning:
n [singular, U]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: recours, from  Latin, from  recurrere;   RECUR]//  something that you do to achieve something or deal with a situation, or the act of doing it//  --We may conclude that he never had recourse to this simple experiment.//  without recourse to sth//   (=without using or doing something) //  --a way of solving disputes without recourse to courts of law//  --Surgery may be the only recourse.//


Words: recover
Meaning:
W2   v   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: recovrer, from  Latin recuperare;   RECUPERATE]//\n  1 [I] to get better after an illness, accident, shock etc:  --After a few days of fever, she began to recover.//  recover from//  --He’s in hospital, recovering from a heart attack.//\n  2 [I] to return to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty:  --The tourist industry is recovering to pre-war levels.//  recover from//  --Yesterday morning shares seemed to recover from Monday’s collapse.//\n  3 [T] to get back something that was taken from you, lost, or almost destroyed:  --Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered.//  recover sth from sth//  --Two bodies were recovered from the wreckage.//\n  4 [T] to get back an amount of money that you have spent or lost:   recoup//  --He was entitled to recover damages from the defendants.//\n  5 [T] to get back an ability, a sense, or control over your feelings, movements etc after a period without it:   regain//  --It was some hours before she recovered consciousness .//  --Once she stumbled, but somehow she recovered her balance and carried on running.//  recover yourself//  --He recovered himself enough to speak calmly.//  -- recoverable adj //


Words: recovery
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [singular, U] the process of getting better after an illness, injury etc:  make a full/good/remarkable etc recovery //  --Doctors expect him to make a full recovery.//  recovery from//  --Ann made a quick recovery from her operation.//\n  2 [singular, U] the process of returning to a normal condition after a period of trouble or difficulty:  --Hopes of economic recovery are fading.//\n  3 [U] when you get something back that has been taken or lost:  recovery of//  --the recovery of the stolen money//


Words: recreate
Meaning:
v [T]   to make something from the past exist again in a new form or be experienced again//   recapture//  --You can never recreate the feeling of winning for the first time.//


Words: recreation
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: recreation, from  Latin, from  recreare  ’to make new, refresh’]//  an activity that you do for pleasure or amusement//    hobby, pastime, leisure//  --His only recreations are drinking beer and watching football.//  --the provision of recreation facilities  (=places or equipment for people to use to enjoy themselves) //  recreation ground/area/room //  --a recreation area for children to play in//  -- recreational adj //  --recreational activities//


Words: recreation room
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a public room, for example in a hospital, used for social activities or games:\n  2  AmE a room in a private house, where you can relax, play games etc:  British Equivalent:  games room//


Words: recrimination
Meaning:
n [C usually plural, U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: recriminatio, from  recriminare, from  Latin criminari  ’to accuse’]//  when you blame or criticize someone for something that has happened//  --Bitter accusations and recriminations followed the disaster.//


Words: recruit
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job etc:  --We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.//  --Many government officials were recruited from private industry.//\n  2 [I and T] to get people to join the army, navy etc:    conscript//  --Most of the men in the village were recruited that day.//\n  3 [T] to persuade someone to do something for you:  recruit sb to do sth//  --I recruited three of my friends to help me move.//  -- recruiter n  [C] //  -- recruitment n  [U] //\nrecruit 2 n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: recrute  ’new growth, new soldiers’, from  Old French recroistre  ’to grow up again’]//\n  1 someone who has just joined the army, navy, or air force:    conscript//  new/raw/fresh recruit (=one who is completely untrained) //  --Drill sergeants have eight weeks to turn fresh recruits into soldiers.//\n  2 someone who has recently joined an organization, team, group of people etc:  --New recruits are sent to the Atlanta office for training.//


Words: rectangle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: rectangulus  ’having a right angle’, from  Latin rectus  ’right’ +  angulus  ’angle’]//  a shape that has four straight sides, two of which are usually longer than the other two, and four 90[hA131] angles at the corners//    square//


Words: rectify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rectified present participle  rectifying third person singular  rectifies  [T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: rectifier, from  Medieval Latin rectificare, from  Latin rectus  ’right, straight’]//   formal to correct something that is wrong//   put right//  --I did my best to rectify the situation, but the damage was already done.//  -- rectification/rekt[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: rectilinear
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: rectilineus, from  Latin rectus  ’straight’ +  linea  ’line’]//  consisting of straight lines//


Words: rectitude
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: Late Latin rectitudo, from  Latin rectus;   RECTIFY]//  behaviour that is honest and morally correct//


Words: rector
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: ’governor, ruler’, from  regere;   REGENT]//\n  1 a priest in some Christian churches who is responsible for a particular area, group etc:    vicar//\n  2 the person in charge of certain colleges and schools:


Words: rectum
Meaning:
n   plural  rectums  or  recta /-t[hA353]/ [C]  medical //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: rectum intestinum  ’straight intestine’]//  the lowest part of your bowels//


Words: recumbent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  recumbere  ’to lie down’]//  lying down on your back or side//


Words: recuperate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  recuperare, from  capere  ’to take’]//\n  1 [I] to get better again after an illness or injury:   recover//  recuperate from//  --Coles is recuperating from a sprained ankle.//\n  2 [T]  especially BrE to get back money that you have spent or lost in business:   recoup, recover//  --We’ve recuperated our losses.//\n  3 [I] to return to a more normal condition after a difficult time:   recover//  --Winston proposed several ways for the industry to recuperate.//  -- recuperation/r[hA366]kju[hA359]p[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n, -ku[hA359]-/ n  [U] //


Words: recuperative
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   recuperative powers, abilities etc help someone or something get better again, especially after an illness//  --a recuperative vacation//


Words: recur
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  recurred present participle  recurring  [I] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: recurrere  ’to run back’, from  currere  ’to run’]//\n  1 if something, especially something bad or unpleasant, recurs, it happens again:  --There is a danger that the disease may recur.//  --Love is a recurring theme in the book.//  recurring dream/nightmare //\n  2  technical if a number or numbers after a decimal point recur, they are repeated for ever in the same order:


Words: recurrence
Meaning:
n [C usually singular, U]  formal   an occasion when something that has happened before happens again//  recurrence of//  --after the recurrence of a back problem//  --Measures must be taken to stop a recurrence of last night’s violence.//


Words: recurrent
Meaning:
adj   happening or appearing several times//  --recurrent minor illnesses//  --Political revolution is a recurrent theme in Riley’s books.//  -- recurrently adv //


Words: recyclable
Meaning:
adj   used materials or substances that are recyclable can be recycled//  --recyclable cardboard packaging//  -- recyclable n  [C usually plural]  AmE //


Words: recycle
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to put used objects or materials through a special process so that they can be used again:  --We take all our bottles to be recycled.//  --packaging made of recycled paper //\n  2 [T] to use something such as an idea, writing etc again instead of developing something new:  --The fashion world just keeps recycling old ideas.//


Words: recycling
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the process of treating used objects or materials so that they can be used again:  --Recycling is important to help protect our environment.//\n  2 [singular]  AmE  informal things that are to be recycled:  --Don’t forget to take out the recycling.//


Words: red
Meaning:
adj   comparative  redder superlative  reddest //  ----------//\n   1 colour:\n   2 hair:\n   3 face:\n   4 wine:\n   5 like a red rag to a bull:\n   6 roll out the red carpet/give somebody the red carpet treatment:\n   7 not one red cent:\n   8 politics:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: read]//\n  1 COLOUR:  having the colour of blood//  --We painted the door bright red .//  --a red balloon//    blood-red,  cherry red at cherry(3),  scarlet//\n  2 HAIR:  hair that is red has an orange-brown colour//\n  3 FACE:  if you go red, your face becomes a bright pink colour, especially because you are embarrassed or angry//  go/turn red //  --Every time you mention his name, she goes bright red.//\n  4 WINE:  red wine is a red or purple colour//    white//\n  5  like a red rag to a bull:   BrE  also like waving a red flag in front of a bull  AmE //  very likely to make someone angry or upset//  --Just mentioning his ex-wife’s name was like a red rag to a bull.//\n  6  roll out the red carpet/give sb the red carpet treatment:  to give special treatment to an important visitor//\n  7  not one red cent:   AmE  informal used to emphasize that you mean no money at all//  --I wouldn’t give him one red cent for that car.//\n  8 POLITICS:   informal  communist or extremely left-wing political views - used to show disapproval//  -- redness n  [U] //    paint the town red at paint2 (5)//\nred 2 n \n  1 [U and C] the colour of blood:  --I like the way the artist uses red in this painting.//  --the reds and yellows of the trees//  --The corrections were marked in red (=in red ink) .//\n  2 [U and C] red wine:    white//  --a nice bottle of red//\n  3  be in the red:   informal to owe more money than you have//  → be in the black//    overdrawn//  --This is the airline’s fourth straight year in the red.//\n  4 [C]  informal someone who has communist or very left-wing political opinions - used especially in the past to show disapproval:    see red at see1 (35)//


Words: red alert n [C usually singular
Meaning:
U]   a warning that there is very great danger//  be (put/placed) on red alert //  --All the hospitals are on red alert.//


Words: Red Army
Meaning:
the   the army of the former Soviet Union. This was its official name from 1918 until 1946, but people still used the name Red Army after that//


Words: Red Arrows
Meaning:
the   a team of specially trained pilots in the British air force, who fly small  fighter planes and do  aerobatics (=special tricks and movements in the air)  to entertain people//


Words: Red Berets
Meaning:
the   a popular name for the  parachute division of the British army. They are called this because of the red  berets (=soft hats)  that are part of their uniform.//


Words: red blood cell
Meaning:
also red corpuscle  n [C]   one of the cells in your blood that carry oxygen to every part of your body//    white blood cell//


Words: red card
Meaning:
n [C]   a red card held up by the referee in a football match, to show that a player has done something against the rules and will not be allowed to play for the rest of the game//    yellow card//


Words: Red China
Meaning:
old-fashioned   a name for the People’s Republic of  China, used especially by western politicians when talking about its Communist government//


Words: Red Crescent
Meaning:
n   the Red Crescent//  an organization in Muslim countries that helps people who are suffering as a result of war, floods, disease etc//


Words: Red Cross
Meaning:
n   the Red Cross//  an international organization that helps people who are suffering as a result of war, floods, disease etc//


Words: Red Devils
Meaning:
the   a special British army team who give public performances of  skydiving (=jumping from an aircraft and making patterns in the air before the  parachutes open)//


Words: Red Ensign
Meaning:
the   the flag of the British Merchant Navy, a red flag with the Union Jack in the top left corner//


Words: red eye
Meaning:
n   take the red eye//   AmE  informal to take a journey in a plane that continues all night//  --I took the red eye to LA.//


Words: Red Guard
Meaning:
a member of the group of young people, mostly students, who supported  Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution in China between 1966 and 1976. During this period, most schools were closed and the Red Guard sent many thousands of educated people to work on the land.//


Words: red herring
Meaning:
n [C]   a fact or idea that is not important but is introduced to take your attention away from the points that are important//


Words: Red Nose Day
Meaning:
a day every year on which a lot of money is collected in Britain for people who need help in the UK and other countries. Red Nose Day is organized by the  charity organization  Comic Relief, and people often wear plastic red noses or put them on the front of their cars to show their support.//


Words: red pepper
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a red vegetable which you can eat raw or use in cooking:  --stuffed red peppers//\n  2 [U] a spicy red powder used in cooking:   cayenne pepper//


Words: Red River
Meaning:
the Red River//  a long river in the south of the US, which forms part of the border between the states of Oklahoma and Texas//


Words: Red Scare
Meaning:
the   a series of actions by the US government in 1919-20, against people who were believed to be Communists. Many US workers went on  strike (=stopped working to protest about their conditions)  and the government was worried that there might be a  revolution. Because of this, many people were  arrested and many foreigners were forced to leave the country.//


Words: Red Sea
Meaning:
the Red Sea//  a sea which separates Egypt, the Sudan, and Ethiopia from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. It is joined to the Mediterranean Sea by the  Suez Canal, and is used by many ships. According to the story in the Old Testament of the Bible, God made a path for  Moses and the  Israelites through the Red Sea, by separating it into two parts, so that they could walk across the ground and escape from Egypt, where they had been prisoners.//


Words: Red Square
Meaning:
the large  square (=a broad, open area in a town)  in the centre of Moscow, famous especially for the military processions that took place there on  May Day when Moscow was the capital of the  Soviet Union. The buildings in Red Square include St Basil’s Cathedral and the Tomb of Lenin.//


Words: red tape
Meaning:
n [U]   official rules that seem unnecessary and prevent things from being done quickly and easily//  --a procedure surrounded by bureaucracy and red tape//  --The new rules should help cut the red tape for farmers.//


Words: red-blooded
Meaning:
adj   red-blooded male/Englishman/American etc//  used to emphasize that someone has all of the qualities that a typical man, Englishman etc is supposed to have - used humorously//


Words: red-faced
Meaning:
adj   embarrassed or ashamed//  --Red-faced officials ordered an investigation into the cause of the accident.//


Words: red-handed
Meaning:
adj   catch sb red-handed//  to catch someone at the moment when they are doing something wrong//  --Earl was caught red-handed taking the money.//


Words: red-hot
Meaning:
adj \n  1 :  a) metal or rock that is red-hot is so hot that it shines red//  --The poker glowed red-hot in the fire.//  b)  informal very hot//  --Be careful with those plates - they’re red-hot.//\n  2  informal extremely active, exciting, or interesting:  --a red-hot news story//  --The Braves have been red-hot in the last few games.//\n  3 a red-hot feeling is very strong:  --red-hot anger//\n  4  red-hot favourite:   BrE the team or person who most people believe will win a competition//


Words: red-letter day
Meaning:
n [C]    informal a day that you will always remember because something special happened that made you very happy//


Words: red-top
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal   a British newspaper that has its name in red at the top of the front page. Red-tops have a lot of readers, but are not considered to be as serious as other newspapers.//    tabloid//


Words: redbrick
Meaning:
adj   a redbrick university is one of the British universities built in the late 19th or early 20th century, rather than an older university//    Oxbridge//


Words: Redding
Meaning:
Otis   (1941-67) a US  soul singer and songwriter, who died in a plane crash. His songs include  My Girl and  (Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay.//


Words: redecorate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to change the way a room looks by painting it, changing the curtains etc//  -- redecoration/ri[hA359]dek[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: redeem
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   ----------//\n   1 improve something:\n   2 redeem yourself:\n   3 get money for something:\n   4 religion:\n   5 redeem a promise/pledge:\n   6 get something back:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: redimer, from  Latin redimere, from  emere  ’to take, buy’]//\n  1 IMPROVE SOMETHING:  to make something less bad//   make up for//  --Olivier’s performance redeemed an otherwise second-rate play.//  redeeming quality/feature etc (=the one good thing about an unpleasant person or thing) //  --The hotel had a single redeeming feature - it was cheap.//\n  2  redeem yourself:  to do something that will improve what other people think of you, after you have behaved badly or failed//  --He spent the rest of the game trying to redeem himself after a first-minute mistake.//\n  3 GET MONEY FOR SOMETHING:  to exchange a piece of paper representing an amount of money for that amount of money or for goods equal in cost to that amount of money//  --You can redeem the coupon at any store.//\n  4 RELIGION:  to free someone from the power of evil, especially in the Christian religion//    redeemer//\n  5  redeem a promise/pledge:   formal to do what you promised to do//  --The government found itself unable to redeem its election pledges.//\n  6 GET SOMETHING BACK:  to buy back something which you left with someone you borrowed money from//  redeem sth from sth//  --He finally redeemed his watch from the pawnbroker.//


Words: redemption
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: redemption, from  Latin redemptio, from  redimere;   REDEEM]//\n  1 the state of being freed from the power of evil, believed by Christians to be made possible by Jesus Christ:\n  2 the act of exchanging a piece of paper worth a particular amount of money for money, goods, or services:\n  3  past/beyond redemption:  too bad to be saved, repaired, or improved//\n  4  technical the exchange of shares, bonds etc for money:  -- redemptive/-t[hA366]v/ adj //


Words: redeploy
Meaning:
v [T]   to move someone or something to a different place or job//  --There are plans to redeploy 200 employees in the next six months.//  -- redeployment n  [U] //


Words: redevelop
Meaning:
v [T]   to make an area more modern by putting in new buildings or changing or repairing the old ones//  --The old docks are being redeveloped as a business park.//


Words: redevelopment
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the act of redeveloping an area, especially in a city//  --redevelopment of the city’s downtown area//


Words: redial
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  redialled present participle  redialling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  redialed present participle  redialing  AmE  [I and T] //  to dial a telephone number again//


Words: redirect
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to use something for a different purpose:  --She was good at redirecting the children’s energy into something useful.//\n  2 to send something in a different direction:  --The flight was redirected to Cleveland.//\n  3  BrE to send someone’s letters to their new address from an address that they have left:   forward//  -- redirection/-rek[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: redistribute
Meaning:
v [T]   to give something to each member of a group so that it is divided up in a different way from before//  redistribute income/wealth/resources etc //  --a programme to redistribute wealth from the rich to the poor//


Words: redistribution
Meaning:
n [U]   the act of redistributing something, especially money or land//  redistribution of//  --a major redistribution of land//


Words: redneck
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  informal   a person who lives in a country area of the US, is uneducated, and has strong unreasonable opinions - used in order to show disapproval//  --a redneck bar//


Words: redo
Meaning:
v   past tense  redid /-d[hA366]d/past participle  redone /-d[hA356]n/third person singular  redoes /-d[hA356]z/ [T] //\n  1 to do something again:  --You’ll have to redo this piece of work.//\n  2 to change the way a room is decorated:  --We’re having the kitchen redone.//


Words: redolent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  redolere  ’to send out a smell’, from  olere  ’to smell’]//\n  1  formal making you think of something:   reminiscent//  redolent of//  --a style redolent of the sixties//\n  2  literary smelling strongly of something:  redolent of/with//  --The bar was redolent with the smell of stale cigarette smoke.//


Words: redouble
Meaning:
v   redouble your efforts//  to greatly increase your effort as you try to do something//  --Both sides redoubled their efforts to end the war.//


Words: redoubt
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   a small hidden place, for example where soldiers hide themselves when they are fighting//


Words: redoubtable
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: redouter  ’to fear’, from  douter  ’to doubt’]//  someone who is redoubtable is a person you respect or fear//  --He had never met a more redoubtable fighter.//


Words: redound
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: redonder  ’to flow back’, from  Latin redundare, from  unda  ’wave’]//  redound to sb’s credit/honour etc//   formal to improve people’s opinion of someone//


Words: redress
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: redrecier, from  drecier  ’to make straight’]//  to correct something that is wrong or unfair//  --Little could be done to redress the situation .//  --Affirmative action was meant to redress the balance  (=make the situation fair) for minorities.//\nredress 2   n [U]  formal   money that someone pays you because they have caused you harm or damaged your property//   compensation//  --The only hope of redress is in a lawsuit.//


Words: reduce
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: reducere  ’to lead back’, from  ducere  ’to lead’]//\n  1 [T] to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price:   cut//    reduction//  --The governor announced a new plan to reduce crime.//  --The helmet law should reduce injuries in motorcycle accidents.//  --Small businesses will need to reduce costs in order to survive.//  reduce sth by sth//  --The workforce has been reduced by half.//  reduce sth (from sth) to sth//  --All the shirts were reduced to [hA124]10.//  --The new bridge should reduce travelling time from 50 minutes to 15 minutes.//\n  2 [I and T] if you reduce a liquid, or if it reduces, you boil it so that there is less of it:\n  3 [I]  especially AmE to become thinner by losing weight:    diet//\n  4  be in reduced circumstances:   old-fashioned to be poorer than you were before//  reduce to [reduce sb/sth to sth] phr v//\n  1  reduce sb to tears/silence etc:  to make someone cry, be silent etc//  --She was reduced to tears in front of her students.//\n  2  reduce sb to doing sth:  to make someone do something they would rather not do, especially when it involves behaving or living in a way that is not as good as before//  --Eventually Charlotte was reduced to begging on the streets.//\n  3  reduce sth to ashes/rubble/ruins:  to destroy something, especially a building, completely//  --A massive earthquake reduced the city to rubble.//\n  4 to change something into a shorter simpler form:  --Many jobs can be reduced to a few simple points.//


Words: reducible
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  formal   able to be considered simply as something//  reducible to//  --Things do not happen according to plan, and they are not reducible to tidy models.//


Words: reduction
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [U and C] a decrease in the size, price, or amount of something, or the act of decreasing something//  --strategies for noise reduction//  reduction in//  --a slight reduction in the price of oil//  reduction of//  --the reduction of interest rates//  reduction on//  --substantial reductions on children’s clothes//  --The company promised they would make no staff reductions for at least two years.//


Words: reductionism
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   when someone tries to explain complicated ideas or systems in very simple terms - often used to show disapproval//  -- reductionist adj //


Words: redundancy
Meaning:
S2   n   plural  redundancies //\n  1 [U and C]  BrE a situation in which someone has to leave their job, because they are no longer needed:   layoff//  --The closure of the export department resulted in over 100 redundancies.//  --Two thousand workers now face redundancy.//  --An employee is not eligible for a redundancy payment unless he has been with the company for two years.//  voluntary/compulsory redundancy //  --We were offered a [hA124]3,000 cash bonus to take voluntary redundancy.//\n  2 [U] when something is not used because something similar or the same already exists:


Words: redundancy pay
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   money you get from your employer when you are made redundant//  American Equivalent:  severance pay//


Words: redundant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  redundare;   REDOUND]//\n  1  BrE if you are redundant, your employer no longer has a job for you:  --Seventy factory workers were made redundant in the resulting cuts.//  make a job/position etc redundant //  --As the economy weakens, more and more jobs will be made redundant.//\n  2 not necessary because something else means or does the same thing:  --the removal of redundant information//


Words: Reed
Meaning:
Sir Carol   (1906-76) a British film  director, whose films include  The Third Man (1949),  Our Man in Havana (1959), and the musical film  Oliver! (1968)//


Words: reed
Meaning:
n   [Language: Old English; Origin: hreod]//\n  1 [U and C] a type of tall plant like grass that grows in wet places:  --Reeds grew in clumps all along the river bank.//\n  2 [C] a thin piece of wood that is attached to a musical instrument such as an oboe or clarinet, and that produces a sound when you blow over it:


Words: reedy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a voice that is reedy is high and unpleasant to listen to:\n  2 a place that is reedy has a lot of reeds growing there:


Words: reef
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Dutch; Origin: rif]//  a line of sharp rocks, often made of coral, or a raised area of sand near the surface of the sea//  --a proposal to protect several miles of thousand-year-old coral reef //\nreef 2  also reef in  v [T]  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: reef  ’part of a sail tied up’ (14-21 centuries), from  Old Norse rif]//  to tie up part of a sail in order to make it smaller//


Words: reef knot
Meaning:
n [C]  especially BrE   a double knot that cannot come undone easily//  American Equivalent:  square knot//


Words: reefer
Meaning:
n [C]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from   REEF2 (in the sense  ’to roll something up’), or perhaps from  Mexican Spanish grifo  ’(someone who smokes) marijuana’]//  a cigarette containing the drug marijuana//   joint//


Words: reek
Meaning:
v [I]   [Language: Old English; Origin: reocan]//  to have a strong bad smell//   stink//  --This room absolutely reeks.//  reek of//  --He reeked of sweat.//  -- reek n  [singular] //  --the reek of cigarettes and beer//  reek of [reek of sth] phr v//  to seem very clearly to have a particular quality or be connected with something bad//  --The whole business reeks of dishonesty.//


Words: reel
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 to be confused or shocked by a situation:  --Norman’s brain was reeling, but he did his best to appear calm.//  reel from//  --The party is still reeling from its recent election defeat.//\n  2  also reel back :  to step backwards suddenly and almost fall over, especially after being hit or getting a shock//  --Diane reeled back in amazement.//  --The force of the punch sent him reeling against the wall.//\n  3 [always + adverb/preposition] to walk in an unsteady way and almost fall over, as if you are drunk:  --Andy reeled away from the bar and knocked over his stool.//\n  4 to seem to go around and around:  --The room reeled before my eyes and I fainted.//  reel in [reel sb/sth → in] phr v//\n  1 to wind the reel on a fishing rod so that a fish caught on the line comes towards you:  --It took almost an hour to reel the fish in.//\n  2 to get or attract a large number of people or things:   pull in//  --The programme reels in more than 13 million viewers a show.//  reel off [reel sth → off] phr v//\n  1 to repeat a lot of information quickly and easily:  --Jack reeled off a list of names.//\n  2  informal to do something again and again:  --The Yankees reeled off 14 straight wins.//\nreel 2 n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hreol]//\n  1 :  a) a round object onto which film, wire, a special string for fishing etc can be wound//  --a cotton reel//  --a fishing rod and reel//  b) the amount that one of these objects will hold//  --a reel of film//\n  2 one of the parts of a cinema film that is contained on a reel:  --the final reel//\n  3 a quick folk dance, especially one from Scotland or Ireland, or the music for this:


Words: reengineer
Meaning:
also  re-engineer/ri[hA359]end[hA360][hA369]n[hA366][hA353] $ -n[hA366]r/ v [T] \n  1 to change the structure of an activity, organization etc so that it performs better:  --They reengineered the department, and cut nearly 400 jobs.//\n  2 to improve the design of a product:  --Radio networks are being reengineered to give digital operation.//  -- reengineering n  [U] //


Words: reeve
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: gerefa]//\n  1 the official who is in charge of the town governments in some Canadian provinces:\n  2 an English law officer in the past:


Words: refectory
Meaning:
n   plural  refectories  [C]  BrE //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: refectorium, from  Latin refectus, past participle of  reficere  ’to put back in good condition’]//  a large room in a school, college etc where meals are served and eaten//  American Equivalent:  cafeteria//


Words: refer
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  referred present participle  referring //  refer to / [refer to sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: referre  ’to bring back, report, refer’, from  ferre  ’to carry’]//\n  1 to mention or speak about someone or something:  --We agreed never to refer to the matter again.//  --Although she didn’t mention any names, everyone knew who she was referring to.//  refer to somebody/something as//  --He likes to be referred to as ’Doctor Khee’.//  refer to somebody/something by//  --The hospital now refers to patients by name, not case number.//\n  2 to look at a book, map, piece of paper etc for information:  --He gave the speech without referring to his notes.//\n  3 if a statement, number, report etc refers to someone or something, it is about that person or thing:  --The figures refer to our sales in Europe.//\n  4  refer sb/sth to sb:  to send someone or something to a person or organization to be helped or dealt with//  --My doctor is referring me to a dermatologist.//  --My complaint was referred to the manufacturers.//\n  5  refer sb to sth:   formal to tell someone where to find information//  --Readers are referred to the bibliography for further information.//


Words: referee
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who makes sure that the rules of a sport such as football, basketball, or boxing, are followed:    umpire//\n  2  BrE someone who provides information about you when you are trying to get a job:  --His headmaster agreed to act as his referee.//\n  3 someone who is asked to settle a disagreement:\n  4 someone who judges an article or research idea before it is published or money is provided for it:\nreferee 2   past tense and past participle  refereed present participle  refereeing  v [I and T] //  to be the referee of a game//


Words: reference
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] part of something you say or write in which you mention a person or thing:  reference to//  --There is no direct reference to her own childhood in the novel.//  --The article made no reference to previous research on the subject.//  --The governor made only a passing reference to the problem of unemployment (=he mentioned it quickly) .//\n  2 [U] the act of looking at something for information:  for easy/quick reference //  --A vocabulary index is included for easy reference.//  --Keep their price list on file for future reference  (=so that it can be looked at in the future) .//  --The book will become a standard work of reference  (=a book that people look at for information) .//\n  3  reference point:   also point/frame of reference //  a) an idea, fact, event etc that you already know, which helps you understand or make a judgment about another situation//  --Lee’s case will be the reference point for lawyers in tomorrow’s trial.//  --She used her work experience as a frame of reference for her teaching.//  b) something that you can see that helps you to know where you are when you are travelling in an area//\n  4  in/with reference to sth:   formal used to say what you are writing or talking about, especially in business letters//  --I am writing to you in reference to the job opening in your department.//\n  5 [C] :  a)  also letter of reference //  a letter containing information about you that is written by someone who knows you well, and is usually intended for a new employer//  --We will need references from your former employers.//  b) a person who provides information about your character and abilities//   referee//  --Ask your teacher to act as one of your references.//\n  6 [C] a book, article etc from which information has been obtained:  --a comprehensive list of references//\n  7 [C] a number that tells you where you can find the information you want in a book, on a map etc:  --a list of towns, each with a map reference //    cross-reference//    terms of reference at term1 (10)//\nreference 2 v [T]  written   to mention another book, article etc that contains information connected with the subject you are writing about//  --The book does not reference anything written in the last 10 years.//


Words: reference library
Meaning:
n [C]   a public library or a room in a library, that contains books that you can read but not take away//    lending library//


Words: referendum
Meaning:
n   plural  referenda /-d[hA353]/ or  referendums  [U and C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin referre;   REFER]//  when people vote in order to make a decision about a particular subject, rather than voting for a person//  referendum on//  --a referendum on independence//  --The city council agreed to hold a referendum on the issue in November.//


Words: referral
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   when someone sends someone or something to another person to be helped or dealt with//  referral to//  --The doctor will give you a referral to a specialist in your area.//  --Only 39 percent of patients were seen within four weeks of referral.//


Words: refill
Meaning:
v [T]   to fill something again//  --The waitress refilled our coffee cups.//  -- refillable adj //  --a refillable lighter//\nrefill 2   n [C] \n  1 a container filled with a particular substance, such as ink or petrol, that you use to fill or replace an empty container, or the substance itself:  --a refill for his pen//\n  2 another drink of the same kind:  --Would you like a refill?//  --a free refill//


Words: refine
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to improve a method, plan, system etc by gradually making slight changes to it:  --Car makers are constantly refining their designs.//\n  2 to make a substance purer using an industrial process:  --oil refining//


Words: refined
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [usually before noun] a substance that is refined has been made pure by an industrial process:    raw, crude//  → unrefined//  refined sugar/oil/petroleum //\n  2 someone who is refined is polite and seems to be well-educated or to belong to a high social class - sometimes used humorously:  --a refined way of speaking//\n  3 a method or process that is refined has been improved to make it more effective:    sophisticated//  --Laser surgery has become much more refined over the last decade.//


Words: refinement
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] an improvement, usually a small one, to something:  --The new model has a number of refinements.//\n  2 [C] something which is an improved version of an existing product, system etc:  refinement of//  --The new theory is a refinement of Corbin’s theory of personality development.//\n  3 [U] the process of improving something:  --Some further refinement is needed.//\n  4 [U] the process of making a substance more pure:  --sugar refinement//  refinement of//  --the refinement of cocaine//\n  5 [U] the quality of being polite and well-educated, in a way that is typical of someone from a high social class:  --a woman of great refinement//


Words: refinery
Meaning:
n   plural  refineries  [C] //  a factory where something such as oil or sugar is made purer//  oil/petroleum/sugar refinery //


Words: refit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  refitted present participle  refitting  [I and T] //  to make a ship, aircraft, building etc ready to be used again, by doing repairs and putting in new machinery//  --The ship was completely refitted five years ago.//  -- refit/ri[hA359]f[hA366]t/ n  [U and C] //


Words: reflation
Meaning:
n [U]    technical the process of increasing the amount of money being used in a country in order to increase trade//    inflation, deflation//  -- reflate/ri[hA359]fle[hA366]t/ v  [I and T] //  -- reflationary adj //


Words: reflect
Meaning:
W1S2   v   reflection//  ----------//\n   1 image:\n   2 be a sign of something:\n   3 light/heat/sound:\n   4 think about something:  Phrasal verbs//   reflect on/upon somebody/something//  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: reflectere  ’to bend back’, from  flectere  ’to bend’]//\n  1 IMAGE:   [T usually passive] if a person or a thing is reflected in a mirror, glass, or water, you can see an image of the person or thing on the surface of the mirror, glass, or water//  be reflected in sth//  --She could see her face reflected in the car’s windshield.//\n  2 BE A SIGN OF SOMETHING:   [T not usually in progressive] to show or be a sign of a particular situation or feeling//  --The drop in consumer spending reflects concern about the economy.//  be reflected in sth//  --The increasing racial diversity of the US is reflected in the latest census statistics.//  reflect who/what/how etc//  --How much you’re paid reflects how important you are to the company you work for.//\n  3 LIGHT/HEAT/SOUND:  a)  [T] if a surface reflects light, heat, or sound, it sends back the light etc that reaches it//  --Wear something white - it reflects the heat.//  b)  [I always + adverb/preposition] if light, heat, or sound reflects off something it reaches, it comes back from it//\n  4 THINK ABOUT SOMETHING:   [I and T] to think carefully about something, or to say something that you have been thinking about//  reflect on//  --He had time to reflect on his successes and failures.//  reflect that//  --Moe reflected that he had never seen Sherry so happy.//  reflect on/upon / [reflect on/upon sb/sth] phr v//  to influence people’s opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way//  --If my children are rude, that reflects on me as a parent.//


Words: reflected glory
Meaning:
n [U]   respect or admiration that is given to someone, not because of what they are or what they have done, but because of what someone they know has done//  --I certainly don’t want to bask in any reflected glory .//


Words: reflection
Meaning:
W3S3   n   reflection//\n  1 [C] an image that you can see in a mirror, glass, or water:  --Can you see your reflection in the glass?//\n  2 [U and C] careful thought, or an idea or opinion based on this:  -- A moment’s reflection will show the stupidity of this argument.//  on/upon reflection//  --At first I disagreed, but on reflection (=after thinking carefully about it) , I realized she was right.//\n  3 [C] something that shows what something else is like, or that is a sign of a particular situation:  reflection of//  --His speech was an accurate reflection of the public mood.//  be a reflection on sb/sth (=show how good or bad someone or something is) //  --On some level, a student’s grades are a reflection on the teacher.//\n  4 [U] the action or process of light, heat, or sound being thrown back from a surface:


Words: reflective
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a reflective surface reflects light:  --Stick reflective tape on your school bag.//\n  2 thinking quietly about something:  --She was in a reflective mood.//\n  3 showing that something is true about a situation:  reflective of//  --TV is reflective of society’s more liberal views on sex.//


Words: reflector
Meaning:
n [C]   tire, lock, spoke, reflector, tyre, pedal, handlebars//\n  1 a small piece of plastic that is fastened to a bicycle or to a piece of clothing, so that it can be seen more easily at night. All bikes sold in the UK must be fitted with reflectors.:\n  2 a surface that reflects light:


Words: reflex
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reflectere;   REFLECT]//\n  1  reflexes [plural] :  a) the natural ability to react quickly and well to sudden situations//  have good/quick/slow reflexes //  --A tennis player needs to have very quick reflexes.//  b) a sudden uncontrolled movement that your muscles make as a natural reaction to a physical effect//  --Doctor Mulholland tested Jennifer’s reflexes  (=especially by hitting her knee with a special rubber hammer) .//\n  2  reflex action:  something that you do without thinking, as a reaction to a situation//


Words: reflexive
Meaning:
adj  technical   a reflexive verb or pronoun shows that the action in a sentence affects the person or thing that does the action. In the sentence ’I enjoyed myself’, ’myself’ is reflexive//  -- reflexive n  [C] //  -- reflexively adv //


Words: reflexology
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of alternative medicine in which areas of the feet are touched or rubbed in order to cure medical problems in other parts of the body//


Words: reforestation
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice of planting trees in an area where they were previously cut down, in order to grow them for industrial use or to improve the environment//  → deforestation//


Words: reform
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reformer, from  Latin reformare, from  formare  ’to form’]//\n  1 [T] to improve a system, law, organization etc by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way:  --plans to radically reform the tax system//\n  2 [I and T] to change your behaviour and become a better person, or to make someone do this:  --Greeley says he’s a genuinely reformed character .//  --a reformed criminal//\nreform 2 W2 n [U and C]   a change or changes made to a system or organization in order to improve it//  reform of//  --a reform of the legal system//  economic/political/educational reform //  --The government announced a much-needed programme of economic reform.//  -- Reforms were made to revive the economy.//  far-reaching/sweeping/radical reforms //  --The Prime Minister is calling for sweeping reforms of the NHS.//


Words: reform school
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a special school where young people who have broken the law are sent//  --If you’re not careful, you’ll end up in reform school.//


Words: reformat
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  reformatted present participle  reformatting  [T] //  if you reformat a document, you change the way it is organized or arranged, for example the amount of space between lines//  --The first seven books will all be condensed and reformatted for electronic reading.//


Words: reformation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C]  formal when something is completely changed in order to improve it:\n  2  the Reformation:  the religious changes in Europe in the 16th century, that resulted in the Protestant churches being established//


Words: reformist
Meaning:
adj   wanting to change systems or situations, especially in politics//  --the reformist wing of the party//  -- reformist n  [C] //


Words: refract
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  refringere  ’to break open’, from  frangere  ’to break’]//   technical if glass or water refracts light, the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water//  -- refraction/r[hA366]fr[zB024]k[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: refractory
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: refractarius, from  refragari  ’to oppose’]//\n  1  formal deliberately not obeying someone in authority and being difficult to deal with or control:   unruly//\n  2  medical a refractory disease or illness is hard to treat or cure:


Words: refrain
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: refrener, from  Latin refrenare, from  frenum  ’bridle’]//  to not do something that you want to do//    abstain//  refrain from (doing) sth//  --Please refrain from smoking in this area.//\nrefrain 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: refraindre  ’to make sound’, from  Latin refringere;   REFRACT]//\n  1 part of a song or poem that is repeated, especially at the end of each verse:    chorus//\n  2  formal a remark or idea that is often repeated:  --Our proposal met with the constant refrain that the company could not afford it.//


Words: refresh
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: refreschir, from  freis  ’fresh’]//\n  1 [T] to make someone feel less tired or less hot:  --A shower will refresh you.//  refresh yourself (with sth)//  --He refreshed himself with a glass of iced tea.//\n  2  refresh sb’s memory:  to make someone remember something//  --I looked at the map to refresh my memory of the route.//\n  3  refresh sb’s drink:   AmE to add more of an alcoholic drink to someone’s glass//  British Equivalent:  top somebody up//  --Can I refresh your drink?//\n  4 [I and T]  technical if you refresh your computer screen while you are connected to the Internet, you make the screen show any new information that has arrived since you first began looking at it:   update//  -- refreshed adj //  --Jen returned from vacation feeling relaxed and refreshed.//


Words: refresher course
Meaning:
also refresher   n [C]   a training course, usually a short one, that teaches you about new developments in a particular subject or skill, especially one that you need for your job//


Words: refreshing
Meaning:
adj \n  1 making you feel less tired or less hot:  --a refreshing drink//  --The breeze felt refreshing.//\n  2 pleasantly different from what is familiar and boring:  --It made a refreshing change to talk to someone new.//  -- refreshingly adv //


Words: refreshment
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1  refreshments [plural] small amounts of food and drink that are provided at a meeting, sports event etc:  --Refreshments will be served after the meeting.//\n  2 [U] food and drink in general:  --We worked all day without refreshment.//  liquid refreshment (=alcoholic drink - used humorously) //  --I was in need of some liquid refreshment.//\n  3 [U] the experience of being made to feel less tired or hot:


Words: refried beans
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Translation of  Spanish frijoles refritos]//  a Mexican dish in which beans that have already been cooked are crushed and then fried with spices//


Words: refrigerate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  refrigerare, from  frigerare  ’to make cold’]//  to make something such as food or liquid cold in a refrigerator in order to preserve it//  --Refrigerate the mixture overnight.//  -- refrigeration/r[hA366]fr[hA366]d[hA360][hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: refrigerator
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  formal  or  AmE a large piece of electrical kitchen equipment, shaped like a cupboard, used for keeping food and drink cool//   fridge//    freezer//


Words: refuel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  refuelled present participle  refuelling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  refueled present participle  refueling  AmE //\n  1 [I and T] to fill a plane or vehicle with fuel before continuing a journey:  --The plane was refuelled in Dubai.//\n  2 [T] to make feelings, emotions, or ideas stronger:  --The attack refuelled fears of war.//


Words: refuge
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin refugium, from  refugere  ’to run away’, from  fugere;   FUGITIVE2]//\n  1 [U] shelter or protection from someone or something:  take/seek refuge (in sth) //  --During the frequent air-raids, people took refuge in their cellars.//\n  2 [C] a place that provides shelter, or protection from danger:  --a wildlife refuge //  refuge from//  --A huge oak tree provided a refuge from the storm.//  refuge for//  --a refuge for battered wives//


Words: refugee
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: refugie, past participle of  refugier  ’to take refuge’, from  Latin refugium;   REFUGE]//  someone who has been forced to leave their country, especially during a war, or for political or religious reasons//  --Refugees were streaming across the border.//  -- refugee camps //


Words: refund
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an amount of money that is given back to you if you are not satisfied with the goods or services that you have paid for:  --They refused to give me a refund .//  --Return your purchase within 14 days for a full refund .//  --You should go down there and demand a refund.//\n  2  tax refund:  money that you get back from the government when it has taken too much money in taxes from your salary//\nrefund 2   v [T]   to give someone their money back, especially because they are not satisfied with the goods or services they have paid for//    reimburse//  --I took the radio back, and they refunded my money .//


Words: refurbish
Meaning:
v [T]  especially BrE   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: furbish  ’to clean up’ (13-21 centuries), from  Old French forbir]//\n  1 to decorate and repair something such as a building or office in order to improve its appearance:    renovate//  --The Grand Hotel has been completely refurbished.//\n  2 to change and improve a plan, idea, or skill:  -- refurbishment n  [U and C] //


Words: refusal
Meaning:
n [U and C]   when you say firmly that you will not do, give, or accept something//  refusal to do sth//  --His refusal to pay the fine got him into even more trouble.//  flat/blunt/point-blank refusal (=an immediate direct refusal) //  --His request was met with a blunt refusal.//  refusal of//  --They couldn’t understand her refusal of a scholarship to Yale.//


Words: refuse
Meaning:
W1S2   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: refuser, from  Latin refundere  ’to pour back’]//\n  1 [I] to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do:  --She asked him to leave, but he refused.//  refuse to do sth//  --I absolutely refuse to take part in anything that’s illegal.//  flatly refuse/refuse point-blank (to do sth) (=refuse immediately and directly without giving a reason) //  --Mom flatly refused to go back into the hospital.//  --When he offered all that money, I could hardly refuse  (=could not refuse) , could I?//\n  2 [I and T] to say no to something that you have been offered:   turn down//  --She refused a second piece of cake.//  --The offer seemed too good to refuse .//\n  3 [T] to not give or allow someone something that they want, especially when they have asked for it officially:  refuse sb sth//  --She was refused a work permit.//\nrefuse 2   n [U]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: refus, from  refuser;   REFUSE1]//  waste material that has been thrown away//  British Equivalent:  rubbishAmerican Equivalent:  trash, garbage//  --a refuse dump//  household/domestic refuse //  --refuse collection//


Words: refute
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: refutare, from  -futare  ’to hit’]//\n  1 to prove that a statement or idea is not correct:   rebut//  refute a hypothesis/a claim/an idea etc //  --an attempt to refute Darwin’s theories//\n  2 to say that a statement is wrong or unfair:   deny//  refute an allegation/a suggestion etc //  --She refuted any allegations of malpractice.//  -- refutable adj //  -- refutation/refj[hA35E]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: reg.
Meaning:
also  reg BrE  \n  1 the written abbreviation of registration :\n  2  L reg./M reg. etc:   BrE used to show what year a car was first registered, based on the first letter of its number plate//  --a Y reg. BMW//


Words: regain
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to get something back, especially an ability or quality, that you have lost:   recover//  --The family never quite regained its former influence.//  --He somehow managed to regain his balance .//  --Government forces have regained control of the city.//  --When she regained consciousness  (=woke up after being unconscious) , she was lying on the floor.//  --He looked stunned, but he soon regained his composure  (=became calm again) .//  --The doctors don’t know if he will ever regain the use of his legs.//\n  2  literary to reach a place again:


Words: regal
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin regalis, from  rex  ’king’]//  typical of a king or queen, suitable for a king or queen, or similar to a king or queen in behaviour, looks etc//  --a ceremony of regal splendour//  --James watched with regal detachment.//  -- regally adv //


Words: regale
Meaning:
v   regale with [regale sb with sth] phr v//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: regaler, from  Old French gale  ’pleasure, fun’]//  to entertain someone by telling them about something//  --Bailey regaled the customers with tales of our exploits.//


Words: regalia
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Latin, from  regalis;   REGAL]//  traditional clothes and decorations, used at official ceremonies//  --the royal regalia (=worn by a king or queen) //  --a pipe band in full regalia  (=wearing all their traditional clothes, decorations etc) //


Words: Regan
Meaning:
one of King Lear’s daughters in the play  King Lear by William  Shakespeare. She and her sister  Goneril pretend to love their father to make him give them his land, but then treat him very cruelly. Goneril finally kills her with poison.//    Cordelia//


Words: regard
Meaning:
S3   n   ----------//\n   1 admiration/respect:\n   2 attention/consideration:\n   3 with/in regard to something:\n   4 in this/that regard:\n   5 regards:\n   6 :  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: regarder;   REGARD2]//\n  1 ADMIRATION/RESPECT:   [U] respect and admiration for someone or something//  regard for//  --Jan’s regard for his great talent//  --Burt had high regard for his old law professor, Dr. Finch (=he respected him a lot) .//  --The voters hold her in high regard  (=respect or admire her) .//  --Teachers are held in low regard in this society (=are not respected or admired) .//\n  2 ATTENTION/CONSIDERATION:   [U]  formal attention or consideration that is shown towards someone or something//  regard for//  --She has no regard for other people’s feelings.//  pay/show regard //  --One must show proper regard for the law.//  little/no/scant regard (for sb/sth) //  --The present administration has demonstrated little regard for environmental issues.//  --All students must have access to quality education without regard to wealth or class.//\n  3  with/in regard to sth:   formal relating to a particular subject//  --US foreign policy with regard to Cuba//\n  4  in this/that regard:   formal relating to something you have just mentioned//  --The company’s problems, in this regard, are certainly not unique.//\n  5  regards [plural] good wishes - used when sending your good wishes to someone or when ending a short letter or message:  --My husband sends his regards .//  --Hope to see you soon. Regards, Chris//  (with) kind/best regards (=used to end a letter in a friendly but rather formal way) //\n  6 [singular]  literary a long look without moving your eyes:\nregard 2 W1S2 v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: regarder  ’to look back at, regard’, from  garder  ’to guard, look at’]//\n  1 [not in progressive] to think about someone or something in a particular way:  regard sb/sth as sth//  --Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful and immoral.//  --Edith was widely regarded as  (=considered by many people to be) eccentric.//  --His work is highly regarded  (=regarded as very good) by art experts.//\n  2  formal to look at someone or something, in a particular way:  --She stood back and regarded him coldly.//\n  3  as regards sth:   formal relating to a particular subject - use this when you want to talk or write about a particular subject//  --As regards a cure for the disease, very few advances have been made.//


Words: regarding
Meaning:
S3   prep  formal   a word used especially in letters or speeches to introduce the subject you are writing or talking about//   concerning, with regard to//  --Regarding your recent inquiry, I have enclosed a copy of our new brochure.//


Words: regardless
Meaning:
adv \n  1 without being affected or influenced by something:  regardless of//  --The law requires equal treatment for all, regardless of race, religion, or sex.//\n  2 if you continue doing something regardless, you do it in spite of difficulties or other people telling you not to:  carry on/go on regardless  BrE  (=continue what you are doing) //  --You get a lot of criticism, but you just have to carry on regardless.//


Words: regatta
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: regattare  ’to compete’]//  a sports event at which there are races for rowing boats or sailing boats//


Words: Regency
Meaning:
adj   Regency buildings, furniture etc are from or in the style of the period 1811-1820 in Britain//


Words: regency
Meaning:
n   plural  regencies  [U and C] //  a period of government by a regent (=person who governs instead of a king or queen) //


Words: regenerate
Meaning:
v \n  1 [T]  formal to make something develop and grow strong again:  --efforts to regenerate the US economy//  --The Marshall Plan sought to regenerate the shattered Europe of 1947.//\n  2 [I and T]  technical to grow again, or make something grow again:  --Small nodules form as the liver cells regenerate.//  -- regenerative/-n[hA368]r[hA353]t[hA366]v/ adj //  --a regenerative process//  -- regeneration/r[hA366]d[hA360]en[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --a new strategy for urban regeneration //


Words: regent
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  regere  ’to rule’]//  someone who governs instead of a king or queen, because the king or queen is ill, absent, or still a child//  -- regent adj  [only after noun] //  --the Prince Regent//


Words: Regent Street
Meaning:
a street in central London that runs from  Regent’s Park to  Piccadilly Circus and crosses Oxford Street, and is a popular place for shopping//


Words: Regent’s Park
Meaning:
a park in northwest London. It is the home of London Zoo and has an open-air theatre where plays by Shakespeare are performed in the summer.//


Words: reggae
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Jamaican English; Origin: rege  ’rags’]//  a kind of popular music originally from Jamaica, with a strong regular beat//


Words: regicide
Meaning:
n  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: rex  ’king’ +  English -icide]//\n  1 [U] the crime of killing a king or queen:\n  2 [C] someone who kills a king or queen:


Words: regime
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: regime, from  Latin regimen;   REGIMEN]//\n  1 a government, especially one that was not elected fairly or that you disapprove of for some other reason:  --The regime got rid of most of its opponents.//  military/totalitarian/fascist regime //  brutal/oppressive/corrupt regime //\n  2 a particular system - used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced:  under a regime//  --Under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for disease.//\n  3 a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health:   regimen//  --a dietary regime//


Words: regimen
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: regere;   REGENT]//   formal a special plan of food, exercise etc that is intended to improve your health//   regime//  regimen of//  --a regimen of morning stretching exercises//  --Patients maintain a strict dietary regimen.//


Words: regiment
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin regimentum, from  Latin regere;   REGENT]//\n  1 a large group of soldiers, usually consisting of several battalions:\n  2 a large number of people, animals, or things:  regiment of//  --a regiment of ants//  -- regimental/red[hA360][hA369]mentl[hA36B]/ adj //  --the regimental commander//\nregiment 2   v [T usually passive]   to organize and control people firmly and usually too strictly//  --the regimented routine of boarding school//  -- regimentation/red[hA360][hA369]mente[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: region
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin regio, from  regere;   REGENT]//\n  1 a large area of a country or of the world, usually without exact limits:   area//  --efforts to bring peace to the region//  region of//  --the Choco region of Columbia//  coastal/border/central etc region //  --Flooding is likely in some coastal regions of the Northeast during the early part of the week.//\n  2 a particular part of someone’s body:   area//  --the lower back region//  region of//  --a region of the brain//\n  3  (somewhere) in the region of sth:  used to describe an amount of time, money etc without being exact//  --a grant somewhere in the region of [hA124]2,500//\n  4  the regions:   BrE the parts of a country that are away from the capital city//  --a government policy to relocate jobs from the capital to the regions//


Words: regional
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   relating to a particular region or area//    local//  --local and regional government//  --regional variations in farming practice//  --a slight regional accent//  -- regionally adv //  --goods sold locally and regionally//


Words: regionalism
Meaning:
n [U]   loyalty to a particular region of a country and the desire for it to be more independent politically//


Words: register
Meaning:
W3S3   n   ----------//\n   1 official list:\n   2 language style:\n   3 music:\n   4 machine:\n   5 heating control:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: registre, from  Medieval Latin registrum, from  Latin regerere  ’to bring back’]//\n  1 OFFICIAL LIST:   [C] an official list of names of people, companies etc, or a book that has this list//  register of//  --the official register of births, deaths, and marriages//  --Have you signed the hotel register ?//  --Police want a national register of DNA samples.//  the electoral register (=official list of voters) //  call/take the register  BrE  old-fashioned  (=say the names of the students in a class, to check who is there) //\n  2 LANGUAGE STYLE:   [U and C]  technical the words, style, and grammar used by speakers and writers in a particular situation or in a particular type of writing//  formal/informal register //  --letters written in a formal register//\n  3 MUSIC:   [C]  technical the range of musical notes that someone’s voice or a musical instrument can reach//  the upper/middle/lower register //  --the upper register of the cello//\n  4 MACHINE:   [C] a cash register//\n  5 HEATING CONTROL:   [C]  AmE a movable metal plate that controls the flow of air in a heating or cooling system//   vent//\nregister 2 W3 v   ----------//\n   1 on a list:\n   2 state your opinion:\n   3 realize:\n   4 measurement:\n   5 show a feeling:\n   6 mail:  ----------//\n  1 ON A LIST:   [I and T] to put someone’s or something’s name on an official list//  --The tanker is registered in Rotterdam.//  register for//  --How many students have registered for English classes?//  register with//  --You must bring your insurance card with you when you register with a dentist or doctor.//  register a birth/death/marriage //  --The baby’s birth was registered this morning.//  be registered (as) unemployed/disabled etc  BrE  (=be on an official list of a particular group) //\n  2 STATE YOUR OPINION:   [T]  formal to officially state your opinion about something so that everyone knows what you think or feel//  --The delegation registered a formal protest with US embassy officials Wednesday.//\n  3 REALIZE:   [I usually in negatives, T] if something registers, or if you register it, you realize or notice it, and then remember it//  --She had told me her name before, but I guess it didn’t register.//  --I’d been standing there for several minutes before he registered my presence.//\n  4 MEASUREMENT:   [I and T] if an instrument registers an amount or if something registers on it, the instrument shows that amount//  --The thermometer registered 98.6[hA131].//  --The earthquake registered 7.2 on the Richter scale.//\n  5 SHOW A FEELING:   [T]  formal to show or express a feeling//  --Her face registered shock and anger.//\n  6 MAIL:   [T]  BrE to send a package, letter etc by registered post//  --Did you register the parcel?//


Words: registered office
Meaning:
n [C]   the office of a company in Britain, to which all letters and official documents must be sent//


Words: registered post
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE a way of insuring something that you send by post in case it gets lost or damaged//  American Equivalent:  certified mail//


Words: registrar
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is in charge of official records of births, marriages, and deaths:\n  2 an official of a college or university who deals with the running of the college:\n  3  BrE a hospital doctor who has finished his or her training but is of a lower rank than a consultant:


Words: registration
Meaning:
S3   n \n  1 [U] the act of recording names and details on an official list:  registration of//  --the registration of motor vehicles//  --Student registration (=for a course of study) starts the first week in September.//  --The registration fee is $75.//\n  2 [C]  AmE an official piece of paper containing details about a motor vehicle and the name of its owner:  --May I see your license and registration , ma’am?//


Words: registration number
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE the official set of numbers and letters shown on the front and back of a vehicle on the number plate//


Words: registry
Meaning:
n   plural  registries  [C] //\n  1 a place where information used by an organization is kept, especially official records or lists:\n  2  BrE  technical used when saying where something, especially a ship, is officially  registered:  --the registry of the vessel//


Words: registry office
Meaning:
n [C]   a local government building in Britain where you can get married, and where births, marriages, and deaths are officially recorded//


Words: regress
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  regredi  ’to go back’]//   technical to go back to an earlier and worse condition, or to a less developed way of behaving//  → progress//  --The patient had regressed to a state of childish dependency.//


Words: regression
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 the act of returning to an earlier condition that is worse or less developed:  → progression//\n  2  technical the act of thinking or behaving as you did at an earlier time of your life, such as when you were a child:


Words: regressive
Meaning:
adj   returning to an earlier, less advanced state, or causing something to do this - used to show disapproval//  → progressive//  --Many considered the changes to the welfare laws a regressive step.//


Words: regret
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  regretted present participle  regretting  [T] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: regreter]//\n  1 to feel sorry about something you have done and wish you had not done it:  --I’ve never regretted the decision.//  --Don’t do anything you might regret.//  regret doing sth//  --I now regret leaving school so young.//  regret (that)//  --He was beginning to regret that he’d come along.//  bitterly/deeply/greatly regret //  --It was a stupid thing to do and I bitterly regret it.//  --If we don’t act now, we’ll live to regret it  (=we’ll regret it in the future) .//\n  2 [not in progressive]  formal used in official letters or statements when saying that you are sorry or sad about something:  --We regret any inconvenience caused to our customers.//  regret (that)//  --I regret that I will be unable to attend.//  regret to say/inform/tell //  --I regret to inform you that your contract will not be renewed.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: regret, be sorry //  Regret  is very formal when it is used to apologize : I deeply regret causing you offence. //  It is more usual to say you  are sorry : I’m sorry if I hurt your feelings. //  If you  regret  doing something, you wish you had not done it : Do you regret resigning from your job? |  I asked him to join us, then regretted it.  //  You can say you  are sorry about something that you wish you had not done, or something that is not your fault : I was sorry that she decided not to come back. //  You can say that you  are sorry to  say something or  regret to say something before giving bad news : I am sorry to tell you that you failed the test.| We regret to inform you that no trains will run today. //  ----------//\nregret 2 n \n  1 [C usually plural, U] sadness that you feel about something, especially because you wish it had not happened:  regret about//  --I have no regrets about leaving.//  great/deep regret //  --She has already expressed deep regret for what happened.//  with regret//  --I decided with some regret that it was time to move on.//  --It is with great regret that I must decline your offer.//  to sb’s regret//  --I lost touch with her, much to my regret.//\n  2  give/send your regrets:   formal to say that you are unable to go to a meeting, accept an invitation etc//  --My father was ill and had to send his regrets.//


Words: regretful
Meaning:
adj   someone who is regretful feels sorry or disappointed//  --She apologized and sounded genuinely regretful.//


Words: regretfully
Meaning:
adv \n  1 feeling sad because you do not want to do what you are doing:  --’I must go,’ he said regretfully.//\n  2 [sentence adverb]  formal used to talk about a situation that you wish was different or that you are sorry about:   regrettably//  --Regretfully, we do not have time to continue this discussion now.//


Words: regrettable
Meaning:
adj   something that is regrettable is unpleasant, and you wish things could be different//   unfortunate//  --This was a very regrettable error.//  it is regrettable that//  --It’s regrettable that classical music receives so little attention.//


Words: regrettably
Meaning:
adv   used to talk about a situation that you wish was different or that you are sorry about//   regretfully//  [sentence adverb] //  --Regrettably, he will not be able to come.//


Words: regroup
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to form a group again in order to be more effective, or to make people do this:  --The Allies regrouped and launched a new attack.//  --The Russians retreated, needing to regroup their forces.//\n  2 [I]  AmE to stop and think about something, so that you can start to do something again in a better way:  --I paused for a minute to regroup.//


Words: regular
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 every hour/day/week etc:\n   2 often:\n   3 usual:\n   4 equal distance:\n   5 ordinary:\n   6 normal size:\n   7 shape:\n   8 grammar:\n   9 emphasizing:\n  10 regular army/troops/soldier:\n  11 be/keep regular:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reguler, from  Latin regularis, from  regula  ’edge for drawing straight lines, rule’, from  regere;   REGENT]//\n  1 EVERY HOUR/DAY/WEEK ETC:  happening every hour, every week, every month etc, usually with the same amount of time in between//  → irregular//  --The company holds regular meetings with employees.//  --His breathing was slow and regular.//  --Trains will run at regular intervals from 11am to 4pm.//  --We hear from him on a regular basis .//  --He phones us every Sunday at six, regular as clockwork  (=always at the same time) .//  --a regular job  (=a job that you do during normal working hours) //\n  2 OFTEN:   [only before noun] happening or doing something very often//  → irregular//  --a regular occurrence//  --Regular exercise helps keep your weight down.//  regular customer/visitor //  --He’s one of the bar’s regular customers.//  --Penn Station was in regular use  (=people used it often) until the 1960s.//\n  3 USUAL:   [only before noun]  especially AmE normal or usual//  --He has returned to his regular duties.//  --Our regular opening hours are 10 am to 7pm.//\n  4 EQUAL DISTANCE:  with the same amount of space between each thing and the next//  → irregular//  --The pipes were placed at regular intervals .//  --a carpet with a regular pattern of flowers//\n  5 ORDINARY:   especially AmE ordinary, without any special feature or qualities//  --a regular type of guy//\n  6 NORMAL SIZE:   [only before noun]  especially AmE of a normal or standard size//  --a regular Coke//\n  7 SHAPE:  evenly shaped with parts or sides of equal size//  --a regular hexagon//  --He’s very handsome, with strong regular features  (=an evenly shaped face) .//\n  8 GRAMMAR:   technical a regular verb changes its forms in the same way as most verbs, for example its past tense and past participle end in ’ed’. The verb ’dance’ is regular, but the verb ’be’ is not//  → irregular//\n  9 EMPHASIZING:   [only before noun]  BrE  informal used to emphasize what you think someone is like//   real//  --He’s a regular little dictator!//\n  10  regular army/troops/soldier:  a regular army etc is permanent, and exists whether there is a war or not//\n  11  be/keep regular:   informal //  a) to get rid of waste from your bowels often enough to be healthy//  b) a woman who is regular has her menstrual period at the same time each month//\nregular 2 n \n  1 [C]  informal someone who often goes to the same bar, restaurant etc or who takes part in an activity very often:  --The barman knows all the regulars by name.//\n  2 [C] a soldier whose permanent job is in the army:\n  3 [U]  AmE petrol that contains lead:


Words: regularity
Meaning:
n   plural  regularities //\n  1 [U] when the same thing keeps happening often, especially with the same amount of time between each occasion when it happens:  --Climate change is disrupting the regularity of the seasons.//  with alarming/increasing etc regularity //  --Our team kept losing with monotonous regularity (=in a way that seems boring or annoying) .//\n  2 [U and C] when something is arranged in an even way:  --the regularity of his features//


Words: regularize
Meaning:
also  regularise BrE   v [T]   to make a situation that has existed for some time legal or official//  -- regularization/regj[hA36A]l[hA353]ra[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -r[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: regularly
Meaning:
W3S3   adv \n  1 at the same time each day, week, month etc:  --We meet regularly, once a month.//\n  2 often:  --I see them pretty regularly.//  --It’s important to exercise regularly.//\n  3 evenly arranged or shaped:  --The plants are regularly spaced.//  --regularly shaped crystals//


Words: regulate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  regulare, from  Latin regula;   REGULAR1]//\n  1 to control an activity or process, especially by rules:  --strict rules regulating the use of chemicals in food//\n  2 to make a machine or your body work at a particular speed, temperature etc:  --People sweat to regulate their body heat.//


Words: regulation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] an official rule or order:  --There seem to be so many rules and regulations these days.//  regulation on//  --new regulations on imports//  --regulations governing the safety of toys//  building/planning/fire/health regulations //  --The local authority is introducing new planning regulations.//  --All companies must comply with the regulations .//  under ... regulations//  --Under the new regulations, all staff must have safety training.//\n  2 [U] control over something, especially by rules:  regulation of//  --the regulation of public spending//\nregulation 2 adj [only before noun]   used or worn because of official rules//  --The girls were all wearing regulation shoes.//


Words: regulator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an instrument for controlling the temperature, speed etc of something:  --a heat regulator//\n  2 someone who makes sure that a system operates properly or fairly:  --traffic safety regulators//


Words: regulatory
Meaning:
adj  formal   a regulatory authority has the official power to control an activity and to make sure that it is done in a satisfactory way//  regulatory body/authority/agency //  --New drugs have been approved by the regulatory authority.//


Words: regurgitate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  regurgitare, from  Latin gurges  ’whirlpool’]//\n  1 to bring food that you have already swallowed, back into your mouth:    vomit//  --Some birds and animals regurgitate food to feed their young.//\n  2 to repeat facts, ideas etc that you have read or heard without thinking about them yourself - used to show disapproval:  --She tries to get students to think critically, not just regurgitate facts.//  -- regurgitation/r[hA366]g[hA362][hA359]d[hA360][hA366]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -[hA362][hA359]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: rehab
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: rehabilitation]//  the process of curing someone who has an alcohol or drugs problem//  --a rehab program//  in rehab//  --I spent three months in rehab.//


Words: rehabilitate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  rehabilitare, from  Latin habilitas  ’ability’]//\n  1 to help someone to live a healthy, useful, or active life again after they have been seriously ill or in prison:  --a special unit for rehabilitating stroke patients//\n  2 to make people think that someone or something is good again after a period when people had a bad opinion of them:  --The Prime Minister seems to be trying to rehabilitate the former defence secretary.//\n  3 to improve a building or area so that it returns to the good condition it was in before:    renovate//  --A lot of the older houses have now been rehabilitated.//  -- rehabilitation/ri[hA359]h[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --the rehabilitation of mentally ill patients//


Words: rehash
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  HASH2]//\n  1 to use the same ideas again in a new form that is not really different or better - used to show disapproval:  --He simply rehashed the same story.//\n  2 to repeat something that was discussed earlier, especially in an annoying way:  --This issue has been rehashed so many times already.//  -- rehash/ri[hA359]h[zB024][hA35D]/ n  [C] //  --It was just a rehash of last year’s show.//


Words: rehearsal
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a time when all the people in a play, concert etc practise before a public performance:  rehearsal for/of//  --a rehearsal for ’Romeo and Juliet’//  in rehearsal//  --The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.//    dress rehearsal//\n  2 [C] a time when all the people involved in a big event practise it together before it happens:  --a wedding rehearsal//


Words: rehearse
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rehercier, from  herce  ’farm tool for breaking up soil’;   HEARSE]//\n  1 [I and T] to practise or make people practise something such as a play or concert in order to prepare for a public performance:  --I think we need to rehearse the first scene again.//  rehearse for//  --The band was rehearsing for their world tour.//\n  2 [T] to practise something that you plan to say to someone:  --She had carefully rehearsed her resignation speech.//\n  3 [T]  formal to repeat an opinion that has often been expressed before:


Words: rehome
Meaning:
v [T]   to arrange for a pet to have a new owner and home, especially a pet that has been looked after in a shelter//  --The kittens have been rehomed.//


Words: rehouse
Meaning:
v [T]   to put someone in a new or better home//  --All flood victims will be rehoused as soon as possible.//


Words: reign
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: regne, from  Latin regnum, from  rex  ’king’]//\n  1 the period when someone is king, queen, or emperor:  reign of//  --changes that took place during Charlemagne’s reign//  --the reign of James I//\n  2 the period when someone is in charge of an organization, team etc:  --during his reign at the Education Department//\n  3 a period during which something is the most powerful or most important feature of a place:  reign of//  --the reign of Stalinism in Russia//\n  4  reign of terror:  a period when a ruler or a government kills many of their political opponents//\nreign 2 v [I] \n  1 to rule a nation or group of nations as their king, queen, or emperor:  --George VI reigned from 1936 to 1952.//  reign over//  --Pharaohs reigned over Egypt for centuries.//\n  2  literary if a feeling or quality reigns, it exists strongly for a period of time:  --For several minutes confusion reigned .//  -- Silence reigned while we waited for news.//\n  3  reigning champion:  the most recent winner of a competition//  --Can he defeat the reigning Wimbledon champion?//\n  4  reign supreme:  if someone or something reigns supreme, they are the most important part of a situation or time//  --It was a time when romance reigned supreme.//


Words: reimburse
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: imburse  ’to pay’ (16-19 centuries), from  Old French borser  ’to get money’]//   formal to pay money back to someone when their money has been spent or lost//  reimburse sb for sth//  --The company will reimburse you for travel expenses.//  -- reimbursement n  [U and C] //


Words: rein
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rene, from  Latin retinere;   RETAIN]//\n  1 [C usually plural] a long narrow band of leather that is fastened around a horse’s head in order to control it:    bridle//\n  2  give (full/free) rein to sth:  to allow an emotion or feeling to be expressed freely//  --He gave free rein to his imagination.//\n  3  give sb (a) free rein:  to give someone complete freedom to do a job in whatever way they choose//\n  4  keep a tight rein on sb/sth:  to control something strictly//  --The finance director keeps a tight rein on spending.//\n  5  take/hand over the reins:  to take or give someone control over an organization or country//  --Owens will officially take over the reins in a few weeks.//\nrein 2 v   rein in [rein sth → in] phr v//\n  1 to start to control a situation more strictly:  --The government is reigning in public expenditure.//\n  2 to make a horse go more slowly by pulling on the reins:


Words: reincarnation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the belief that after someone dies their soul lives again in another body:\n  2 [C] the person or animal that contains the soul of a dead person or animal:  reincarnation of//  --She thinks she is a reincarnation of Cleopatra.//


Words: reindeer
Meaning:
n   plural  reindeer  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: hreinn  ’reindeer’ +  English deer]//  a large deer with long wide antlers (=horns) , that lives in cold northern areas//


Words: reinforce
Meaning:
W3   v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: inforce  (14-17 centuries), from  enforce]//\n  1 to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and make it stronger:  --The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and dumb.//\n  2 to make part of a building, structure, piece of clothing etc stronger:\n  3 to make a group of people, especially an army, stronger by adding people, equipment etc:


Words: reinforcement
Meaning:
n \n  1  reinforcements [plural] more soldiers, police etc who are sent to a battle, fight etc to make their group stronger:  --The police called for reinforcements .//\n  2  positive/negative reinforcement:  positive reinforcement is when you give someone praise or rewards for their behaviour or work, so they want to continue doing well. Negative reinforcement is when you give someone punishments or criticism when their behaviour or work is bad, so that they want to improve to avoid punishments again//  --We need to give students plenty of positive reinforcement .//\n  3 [U] the act of making something stronger:  --The bridge needs some structural reinforcement.//


Words: reinstate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: instate  ’to put in a position’ (17-21 centuries)]//\n  1 if someone is reinstated, they are officially given back their job after it was taken away:\n  2 to make something such as a law, system, or rule exist again:  --California reinstated the death penalty in 1977.//  -- reinstatement n  [U and C] //


Words: reinsure
Meaning:
v [T]  technical   to share the insurance of something between two or more companies, so that there is less risk for each//  -- reinsurance n  [U] //  -- reinsurer n  [C] //


Words: reintroduce
Meaning:
v [T]   to start using something again or bring something back to an area after it had not been used or had not existed there for some time//   bring back//  --plans to reintroduce a capital-gains tax on securities//  -- reintroduction/-d[hA356]k[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: reinvent
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make changes to an idea, method, system etc in order to improve it or make it more modern:   reform//  --plans to reinvent the American educational system//\n  2  reinvent yourself:  to do something differently from before, especially in order to improve or change the way people think of you//  --Bowie has constantly reinvented himself during his long career.//\n  3  reinvent the wheel:   informal to waste time trying to find a way to do something when someone else has already discovered the best way to do it//


Words: reinvest
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to use money you have earned from investments to buy additional investments//  reinvest sth in sth//  --She reinvested the dividends in mutual funds.//  -- reinvestment n  [U] //


Words: reissue
Meaning:
v [T]   to produce a record, book etc again, after it has not been available for some time//  --an early jazz record reissued on CD//  -- reissue n  [C] //


Words: reiterate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reiterare  ’to repeat’, from  iterare  ’to say again’, from  iterum  ’again’]//   formal to repeat a statement or opinion in order to make your meaning as clear as possible//   restate//  --Let me reiterate the most important points.//  reiterate that//  --Lawyers reiterated that there was no direct evidence against Mr Evans.//  -- reiteration/ri[hA359][hA366]t[hA353]re[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //  --a reiteration of his previous statement//


Words: Reith
Meaning:
Lord   (1889-1971) a British  administrator who was the first general manager of the  BBC (1922-27) and its first  director-general (1927-38). He had a great influence on the development of broadcasting in the UK, expected high standards, and believed that radio and television should ’educate, inform and entertain’.//


Words: Reith lectures
Meaning:
the  n [plural]   a yearly set of talks broadcast on the BBC, given by a person who is very knowledgeable about an important subject//


Words: reject
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 offer/suggestion/idea:\n   2 not choose somebody:\n   3 product:\n   4 not love somebody:\n   5 organ:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reicere  ’to throw back’]//\n  1 OFFER/SUGGESTION/IDEA:  to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something//  → accept//  --Sarah rejected her brother’s offer of help.//  reject sth as sth//  --Gibson rejected the idea as ’absurd’.//  --Dexter flatly rejected  (=completely rejected) calls for his resignation.//  --His proposal was rejected outright  (=completely rejected) .//\n  2 NOT CHOOSE SOMEBODY:  to not choose someone for a job, course of study etc//  → accept//  --It’s obvious why his application was rejected.//\n  3 PRODUCT:  to throw away something that has just been made, because its quality is not good enough//  --If inspectors find a defective can, the batch is rejected.//\n  4 NOT LOVE SOMEBODY:  to refuse to give someone any love or attention//  --Children feel abandoned or rejected if they don’t see their parents regularly.//\n  5 ORGAN:  if your body rejects an organ, after a transplant operation, it does not accept that organ//\nreject 2   n [C] \n  1 a product that has been rejected because there is something wrong with it:  --a shop selling cheap rejects//\n  2 someone who is not accepted or liked by another person, or by other people:  --They felt that they were society’s rejects.//


Words: rejection
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the act of not accepting, believing in, or agreeing with something:  → acceptance//  rejection of//  --What are the reasons for his rejection of the theory?//\n  2 [U and C] the act of not accepting someone for a job, school etc:  → acceptance//  --They sent me a rejection letter.//\n  3 [U] a situation in which someone stops giving you love or attention:  --He was left with a feeling of rejection and loss.//


Words: rejig
Meaning:
AmE   past tense and past participle  rejigged present participle  rejigging  [T]  informal //  to arrange or organize something in a different way//   reorganize//  --plans to rejig the schedule//


Words: rejoice
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rejoir, from  Latin gaudere  ’to rejoice’]//\n  1  literary to feel or show that you are very happy:  rejoice at/over/in//  --His family rejoiced at the news.//  --We rejoiced in our good fortune.//\n  2  rejoice in the name/title (of) sth:   BrE to have a name or title that is silly or amusing//  --He rejoices in the name of Pigg.//


Words: rejoicing
Meaning:
n [U]  also rejoicings  [plural]    literary a situation in which a lot of people are very happy because they have had good news//  rejoicing at/over//  --There was great rejoicing at the victory.//


Words: rejoin
Meaning:
v [T]   to go back to a group of people, organization etc that you were with before//  --She rejoined her friends in the lounge.//  --In 1938 he rejoined the Socialists.//\nrejoin 2   v [T]  literary   to say something in reply, especially rudely or angrily//   retort//  --’I don’t care!’ she rejoined.//


Words: rejoinder
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: rejoindre;   REJOIN2]//   formal a reply, especially a rude one//  --He tried to think of a snappy rejoinder.//


Words: rejuvenate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: juvenis  ’young’]//\n  1 to make something work much better or become much better again:  --plans to rejuvenate the inner city areas//\n  2 [usually passive] to make someone look or feel young and strong again:  --I came back from holiday feeling rejuvenated.//  -- rejuvenation/r[hA366]d[hA360]u[hA359]v[hA353]ne[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [singular, U] //


Words: rekindle
Meaning:
v [T]   to make someone have a particular feeling, thought etc again//   reawaken//  --The trial has rekindled painful memories of the war.//


Words: relapse
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 to become ill again after you have seemed to improve:  relapse into//  --We were afraid he might relapse into a coma.//\n  2 to start to behave badly again:  relapse into//  --Clara soon relapsed into her old ways.//\nrelapse 2   n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  relabi  ’to slide back’]//  when someone becomes ill again after having seemed to improve//  --She had a relapse and died soon after.//


Words: Relate
Meaning:
a British organization which helps those who have problems with relationships, especially marriage. It used to be called the Marriage Guidance Council.//


Words: relate
Meaning:
W1S2   v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  referre;   REFER]//\n  1 [I] if two things relate, they are connected in some way:   connect//  --I don’t understand how the two ideas relate.//  relate to//  --The charges of fraud relate to events that took place over ten years ago.//\n  2 [T] if you relate two different things, you show how they are connected:  relate sth to sth//  --The report seeks to relate the rise in crime to an increase in unemployment.//\n  3 [T]  formal to tell someone about events that have happened to you or to someone else:  relate sth to sb//  --He later related the whole story to me.//\n  4 [I] to feel that you understand someone’s problem, situation etc:  relate to//  --Laurie finds it difficult to relate to children.//  --I know he feels upset, and I can relate to that.//


Words: related
Meaning:
W3S2   adj \n  1 things that are related are connected in some way:  --Police now believe that the three crimes could be related.//  --the problem of drug abuse and other related issues//  related to//  --He suffers with memory loss related to his disease.//  closely/directly/strongly etc related //  --Education levels are strongly related to income.//  drug-/pollution-/stress-related etc //  --people suffering from tobacco-related illnesses//\n  2 [not before noun] connected by a family relationship:  --Are you two related?//  related to//  --I might be related to him.//\n  3 animals, plants, languages etc that are related belong to the same group:  --Dolphins and porpoises are closely related.//


Words: relation
Meaning:
W1S2   n   ----------//\n   1 between people/countries:\n   2 in relation to something:\n   3 connection:\n   4 family:\n   5 have (sexual) relations (with somebody):  ----------//\n  1 BETWEEN PEOPLE/COUNTRIES:   relations [plural] //  a) official connections between countries, companies, organizations etc//  --Relations between the two countries have improved recently.//  diplomatic/international etc relations //  --Canada and Britain have established diplomatic relations with North Korea.//  relations with//  --Britain threatened to break off diplomatic relations with the regime.//  --The union has close relations with the Labour Party.//  b) the way in which people or groups of people behave towards each other//  relations between//  --Relations between workers and management are generally good.//  --measures to improve race relations  (=relations between people of different races) //    public relations,  industrial relations,  race relations//\n  2  in relation to sth:   formal //  a) used to talk about something that is connected with or compared with the thing you are talking about//  --Women’s earnings are still low in relation to men’s.//  b)  formal concerning//  --latest developments in relation to the disease//\n  3 CONNECTION:   [U and C] a connection between two or more things//   relationship//  relation between//  --the relation between prices and wages//  --The price the meat is sold for bears no relation to  (=is not connected to) the price the farmer receives.//\n  4 FAMILY:   [C] a member of your family//   relative//  --We have relations in Canada and Scotland.//  relation of/to//  --What relation are you to Jessica?//  close/distant relation //  --Steve is a distant relation of my wife.//    blood relation//    poor relation at poor(11)//\n  5  have (sexual) relations (with sb):   old-fashioned to have sex with someone//


Words: relationship
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] the way in which two people or two groups feel about each other and behave towards each other:  relationship with//  --I have quite a good relationship with my parents.//  --She has a close relationship with her daughter.//  relationship between//  --the special relationship between Britain and the US//  personal/family/social etc relationships //  --a study of doctor-patient relationships//  --They’ve established a better working relationship .//  --I had a sort of love-hate relationship with my brother (=we loved and hated each other at the same time) .//\n  2 [U and C] the way in which two or more things are connected and affect each other:  relationship between//  --the relationship between poor housing and health problems//  relationship to//  --He’s studying politics and its relationship to the media.//  --The lessons bear little relationship  (=they are not connected) to the children’s actual needs.//\n  3 [C] a situation in which two people spend time together or live together, and have romantic or sexual feelings for each other:  --He’s never had a sexual relationship before.//  relationship with//  --She doesn’t really want a relationship with me.//  in a relationship//  --Are you in a relationship right now?//\n  4 [U] the way in which you are related to someone in your family:  relationship to//  --’What’s your relationship to Sue?’ ’She’s my cousin.’//


Words: relative
Meaning:
W3S3   n [C]   a member of your family//   relation//  --a gathering of friends and relatives//  a close/distant relative //  --Her boyfriend is a distant relative of mine.//\nrelative 2 W2 adj \n  1 having a particular quality when compared with something else:  --The relative merits of both approaches have to be considered.//  --her opponent’s relative lack of experience//  --You may think you’re poor, but it’s all relative  (=you are not poor compared to some people) .//\n  2  relative to sth:   formal connected with a particular subject//  --facts relative to this issue//


Words: relative clause
Meaning:
n [C]    technical a part of a sentence that has a verb in it, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by ’who’, ’which’, ’where’ etc, for example the phrase ’who lives next door’ in the sentence ’The man who lives next door is a doctor.’//


Words: relative pronoun
Meaning:
n [C]    technical a pronoun such as ’who’, ’which’, or ’that’ by which a relative clause is connected to the rest of the sentence//


Words: relatively
Meaning:
adv \n  1 something that is relatively small, easy etc is fairly small, easy etc compared to other things:  --The system is relatively easy to use.//  --E-commerce is a relatively recent phenomenon.//\n  2  relatively speaking:  used when comparing something with all similar things//  --Relatively speaking, land prices are still pretty cheap here.//


Words: relativism
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   the belief in  philosophy that nothing is absolutely true and that things can only be judged in comparison with one another//


Words: relativity
Meaning:
n [U]   the relationship in physics between time, space, and movement according to Einstein’s theory//


Words: relaunch
Meaning:
n [C]   a new effort to sell a product that is already on sale//  -- relaunch/ri[hA359]l[hA350][hA359]nt[hA35D] $ -l[hA361][hA359]nt[hA35D]/ v  [T] //  --The product is being relaunched with a new name.//


Words: relax
Meaning:
W3S3   v   ----------//\n   1 rest:\n   2 become calm:\n   3 muscle:\n   4 rules/laws:\n   5 relax your hold/grip:\n   6 relax your concentration/vigilance etc:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: relaxare  ’to loosen’, from  laxus  ’loose’]//\n  1 REST:   [I and T] to rest or do something that is enjoyable, especially after you have been working//  --I just want to sit down and relax.//  --What Robyn needed was a drink to relax her.//  --A hot bath should help to relax you.//\n  2 BECOME CALM:   [I and T] to become quiet and calm after you have been upset or nervous, or to make someone do this//  --Once out of danger, he started to relax.//  --Relax! Everything’s fine.//\n  3 MUSCLE:   [I and T] if you relax a part of your body or it relaxes, it becomes less stiff or less tight//  --Gentle exercise can relax stiff shoulder muscles.//\n  4 RULES/LAWS:   [T] to make a rule or law less strict//  relax rules/regulations/controls //  --Hughes believes that immigration controls should not be relaxed.//\n  5  relax your hold/grip:  a) to hold something less tightly than before//  relax your hold/grip on//  --He relaxed his grip on my arm.//  b) to become less strict in the way you control something//  relax your hold/grip on//  --The party has no intention of relaxing its hold on the country.//\n  6  relax your concentration/vigilance etc:  to reduce the amount of attention you give to something//


Words: relaxation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a way of resting and enjoying yourself:  --I play the piano for relaxation.//  --Meditation allows you to enter a state of deep relaxation .//\n  2 [U] the process of making rules on the control of something less strict:  relaxation of//  --a relaxation of government regulations//


Words: relaxed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 feeling calm, comfortable, and not worried or annoyed:  --Gail was lying in the sun looking very relaxed and happy.//  relaxed about//  --I feel more relaxed about my career than I used to.//\n  2 a situation that is relaxed is comfortable and informal:  --There’s a very relaxed atmosphere in the school.//\n  3 not strict, or not feeling that you have to do something in the way that other people think you should do it:  a relaxed attitude/manner/style etc //  --She has a fairly relaxed approach to housework.//


Words: relay
Meaning:
n \n  1  in relays:  if people do something in relays, several small groups of them do it, one group after another, so that the activity is continuous//\n  2 [C] a relay race:  --the 100 metres relay//\n  3 [U and C] a piece of electrical equipment that receives radio or television signals and sends them on:\nrelay 2   v   past tense and past participle  relayed  [T] //\n  1 to pass a message from one person or place to another:   pass on//  relay sth to sb//  --He quickly relayed this news to the other members of staff.//\n  2 if radio or television signals are relayed, they are received and sent, especially so that they can be heard on the radio or seen on television:  --The broadcasts were relayed by satellite.//\nrelay 3   v   past tense and past participle  relaid  [T] //  to lay something on the ground again because it was not done well enough before//  --The carpet will have to be relaid.//


Words: relay race
Meaning:
n [C]   a running or swimming race between two or more teams in which each member of the team takes part one after another//


Words: release
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 let somebody go:\n   2 make public:\n   3 film/record:\n   4 stop holding/drop:\n   5 feelings:\n   6 chemical:\n   7 from a duty:\n   8 machinery:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: relessier, from  Latin relaxare;   RELAX]//\n  1 LET SOMEBODY GO:  to let someone go free, after having kept them somewhere//    free, discharge//  --Police arrested several men, who were later released.//  --The bears are eventually released into the wild.//  release sb from sth//  --He was released from the hospital yesterday.//\n  2 MAKE PUBLIC:  to let news or official information be known and printed//   publish//  --The new trade figures have just been released.//\n  3 FILM/RECORD:  to make a CD, video, film etc available for people to buy or see//  --A version of the game for Mac computers will be released in February.//\n  4 STOP HOLDING/DROP:  to stop holding or drop something//  --Thousands of bombs were released over Dresden.//  release your grip/hold (on sb/sth) //  --The sudden noise made him release his hold on her arm.//\n  5 FEELINGS:  to express or get rid of feelings such as anger or worry//  --Physical exercise is a good way of releasing stress.//\n  6 CHEMICAL:  to let a substance flow out//  release sth into sth//  --Oil was released into the sea.//\n  7 FROM A DUTY:  to allow someone not to do their duty or work//  --Because of rising costs, the company released 10% of their workforce.//  release sb from sth//  --Williams asked to be released from her contract.//\n  8 MACHINERY:  to allow part of a piece of machinery or equipment to move from the position in which it is fastened or held//  --Release the handbrake first.//\nrelease 2 W3S2 n   ----------//\n   1 from prison:\n   2 record/film:\n   3 feelings:\n   4 chemicals:\n   5 official statement:\n   6 machine:  ----------//\n  1 FROM PRISON:   [singular, U] when someone is officially allowed to go free, after being kept somewhere//  --Before release, the sea lions are fitted with electronic tracking devices.//  release from//  --Simon has obtained early release from prison.//\n  2 RECORD/FILM:  a)  [C] a new CD, video, film etc that is available to buy or see//  --the band’s latest release//  b)  be on (general) release//  if a film is on release, you can go see it in a cinema//  --The film is on general release.//\n  3 FEELINGS:   [singular, U] //  a) freedom to show or express your feelings//  --Playing an instrument can be a form of emotional release.//  b) a feeling that you are free from the worry or pain that you have been suffering//  --treatment that will bring a release from pain//\n  4 CHEMICALS:   [U] when a chemical, gas etc is allowed to flow out of its usual container//  release into//  --the release of toxic waste into the rivers//\n  5 OFFICIAL STATEMENT:   [U and C] an official statement, report etc that is made available to be printed or broadcast, or the act of making it available//   publication//  --October 22nd is the date set for the report’s release.//    press release//\n  6 MACHINE:   [C] a handle, button etc that can be pressed to allow part of a machine to move//


Words: relegate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  relegare  ’to send back to do a job’]//\n  1  formal to give someone or something a less important position than before:  relegate sb/sth to sth//  --Women tended to be relegated to typing and filing jobs.//\n  2  BrE if a sports team is relegated, it is moved into a lower division:  → promote//  relegate sth/sb to sth//  --We were relegated to the Fourth Division last year.//  -- relegation/rel[hA369]ge[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: relent
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: lentare  ’to bend’]//  to change your attitude and become less strict or cruel towards someone//   give in//  --At last her father relented and came to visit her.//


Words: relentless
Meaning:
adj \n  1 strict, cruel, or determined, without ever stopping:  --her relentless determination to succeed//  --a regime that was relentless in its persecution of dissidents//\n  2 something bad that is relentless continues without ever stopping or getting less severe:   endless//  --the relentless crying of a small baby//  --a family facing relentless financial problems//  -- relentlessly adv //  --He questioned her relentlessly.//


Words: relevant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  relevare  ’to raise up’]//  directly relating to the subject or problem being discussed or considered//  → irrelevant//  --Relevant documents were presented in court.//  --We received all the relevant information.//  relevant to//  --What experience do you have that is relevant to this position?//  -- relevance also relevancy //   n  [U] //  -- relevantly adv //


Words: reliable
Meaning:
adj   someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or depended on//   dependable//    rely//  --a birth control method that is cheap and reliable//  --Miller was a quiet and reliable man.//  -- reliably adv //  -- reliability/r[hA366]la[hA366][hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: reliance
Meaning:
n   [singular, U] when someone or something is dependent on someone or something else//   dependence//  reliance on/upon//  --the country’s reliance on imported oil//  --the country’s heavy reliance on trade//


Words: reliant
Meaning:
adj   dependent on someone or something//  reliant on/upon//  --Most companies are now reliant on computer technology.//    self-reliant//


Words: relic
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: relique, from  Latin reliquiae  ’things left behind’, from  relinquere;   RELINQUISH]//\n  1 an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or that has lived on from a past time:  --Roman relics found in a field//  relic of//  --the books and photos, relics of Rob’s university days//  --Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time.//\n  2 a part of the body or clothing of a holy person which is kept after their death because it is thought to be holy:


Words: relief
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 comfort:\n   2 reduction of pain:\n   3 help:\n   4 replacement:\n   5 decoration:\n   6 bring/throw something into relief:\n   7 light/comic relief:\n   8 money:\n   9 war:\n  10 map:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: relever;   RELIEVE]//\n  1 COMFORT:   [singular, U] a feeling of comfort when something frightening, worrying, or painful has ended or has not happened//    relieve//  --I felt a huge surge of relief and happiness.//  with relief//  --He watched with relief as the girl nodded.//  in relief//  --He laughed in relief.//  --No one was hurt, and we all breathed a sigh of relief .//  it is a relief to see/have/know etc sth //  --I hate to say it, but it was a relief to have him out of the house.//  to sb’s relief//  --To my relief, they spoke English.//  what a relief/that’s a relief //  --The doctor said it was just the flu. What a relief!//\n  2 REDUCTION OF PAIN:   [U] when something reduces someone’s pain or unhappy feelings//  --Marijuana can provide pain relief for some cancer patients.//  relief of//  --the relief of suffering//  relief from//  --The cool room provided relief from the terrible heat outdoors.//\n  3 HELP:   [U] money, food, clothes etc given to people who are poor or hungry//  --money raised for the relief effort //  disaster/famine/flood etc relief //  --famine relief for victims of the drought//\n  4 REPLACEMENT:   [U] a person or group of people that replaces another one and does their work after they have finished//  --the relief for the military guard//  --a relief driver//\n  5 DECORATION:   [U and C] a way of decorating wood, stone etc with a shape or figure that is raised above the surface, or the decoration itself//    bas relief//  in relief//  --figures carved in relief//\n  6  bring/throw sth into relief:   also stand out in relief //  to make something very noticeable, or to be very noticeable//  sharp/stark relief //  --The tree stood out in stark relief against the snow.//  --The article throws into sharp relief the differences between the two theories.//\n  7  light/comic relief:  a funny moment during a serious film, book, or situation//  --a moment of comic relief//\n  8 MONEY:   [U]  old-fashioned  especially AmE money given by the government to help people who are poor, old, unemployed etc//   welfare//  on relief//  --families on relief during the Depression//\n  9 WAR:   [U]  formal the act of freeing a town when it has been surrounded by an enemy//  relief of//  --the relief of Mafeking//\n  10 MAP:   in relief//  if you show a part of the Earth’s surface in relief, you show the differences in height between different parts of it//    tax relief//


Words: relief map
Meaning:
n [C]   a map that shows the different heights of mountains, valleys etc by printing them in a different colour or by raising some parts//


Words: relief road
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a road that vehicles use to avoid heavy traffic, usually built for this purpose//  --an eastern relief road for city traffic//


Words: relieve
Meaning:
S3   v [T]   ----------//\n   1 pain:\n   2 problem:\n   3 replace somebody:\n   4 relieve yourself:\n   5 boring:\n   6 war:  Phrasal verbs//   relieve somebody of something//  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: relever  ’to raise, relieve’, from  Latin relevare, from  levare  ’to raise’]//\n  1 PAIN:  to reduce someone’s pain or unpleasant feelings//    relief//  --Drugs helped to relieve the pain.//  relieve tension/pressure/stress etc //  --Some people eat for comfort, to relieve their anxieties.//\n  2 PROBLEM:  to make a problem less difficult or serious//  --programs aimed at relieving unemployment//\n  3 REPLACE SOMEBODY:  to replace someone when they have completed their duty or when they need a rest//  --The guard will be relieved at midnight.//\n  4  relieve yourself:  a polite expression meaning to urinate - often used humorously//\n  5 BORING:  to make something less dull and boring//  --a plain wall relieved by flecks of blue and yellow//  relieve the boredom/monotony //  --The books helped relieve the boredom of waiting.//\n  6 WAR:   formal to free a town which an enemy has surrounded//  relieve of [relieve sb of sth] phr v//\n  1  formal to help someone by taking something from them, especially a job they do not want to do or something heavy that they are carrying:  --A secretary was hired to relieve her of some of the administrative work.//  --He rose and relieved her of her bags.//\n  2  relieve sb of their post/duties/command etc:   formal to take away someone’s job because they have done something wrong//  --After the defeat General Meyer was relieved of his command.//\n  3 to steal something from someone - used humorously:  --A couple of guys relieved him of his wallet.//


Words: relieved
Meaning:
adj   feeling happy because you are no longer worried about something//    relief//  greatly/immensely/extremely etc relieved //  --She looked immensely relieved when she heard the news.//  relieved to see/hear/know sth //  --His mother was relieved to see him happy again.//  relieved (that)//  --I felt relieved that Ben would be there.//  --A relieved smile spread over his face.//


Words: religion
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Latin; Origin: religio, probably from  religare;   RELY]//\n  1 [U] a belief in one or more gods:  --The U.S. Constitution promises freedom of religion.//  --a course on philosophy and religion//\n  2 [C] a particular system of this belief and all the ceremonies and duties that are related to it:  --people  of different religions //  --the Islamic religion//  --The tribe practised a religion that mixed native beliefs and Christianity.//\n  3  find/get religion:  to suddenly become interested in religion in a way that seems strange to other people//  --Miller found religion in prison.//\n  4  sth is (like) a religion:  used when saying that something is very important to someone and they are extremely interested in it and spend a lot of time doing it, watching it etc//  --Football was a religion in my family.//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: religion //  faith one of the world’s main religions, for example Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, or Christianity //  church a Christian religious group, for example the Catholic Church //  sect a religious group that is part of a larger religious group but has slightly different beliefs, for example a Buddhist sect  //  cult an extreme religious group that is not part of an established religion //  faith community a group of people living in the same area, who have a particular religion //  secular not relating to religion or any religious group //  See also:  religious, devout, orthodox, holy, sacred, atheist, agnostic//  ----------//


Words: religious
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to religion in general or to a particular religion:  --I don’t share her religious beliefs .//  --a religious school//  --the dates of major religious observances such as Easter or Christmas//\n  2 believing strongly in your religion and obeying its rules carefully:  --a deeply religious person//  -- religiosity/r[hA366]l[hA366]d[hA360]i[hA361]s[hA369]ti $ -[hA35A][hA359]s-/ n  [U] //


Words: religiously
Meaning:
adv \n  1 if you do something religiously, you are always very careful to do it:  --He exercises religiously every morning.//\n  2 in a way that is related to religion:  --a religiously diverse country//


Words: relinquish
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: relinquir, from  Latin relinquere  ’to leave behind’, from  linquere  ’to leave’]//   formal to let someone else have your position, power, or rights, especially unwillingly//   give up//  --No one wants to relinquish power once they have it.//  relinquish sth to sb//  --Stultz relinquished control to his subordinate.//


Words: reliquary
Meaning:
n   plural  reliquaries  [C]  technical //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: reliquaire, from  Latin reliquiae;   RELIC]//  a container for religious objects that are related to holy people//


Words: relish
Meaning:
v [T]   to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen//  relish the prospect/thought/idea //  --I don’t relish the thought of you walking home alone.//  relish the chance/opportunity //  --He relishes the chance to play Hamlet.//\nrelish 2 n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: reles  ’something left behind’, from  relessier;   RELEASE1]//\n  1 [U] great enjoyment of something:  with relish//  --I ate with great relish , enjoying every bite.//\n  2 [U and C] a thick spicy sauce made from fruits or vegetables, and usually eaten with meat:  --a hot dog with mustard and relish//


Words: relive
Meaning:
v [T]   to remember or imagine something that happened in the past so clearly that you experience the same emotions again//  --The girls watch the tape, eager to relive their victory against UCLA.//


Words: reload
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 to put something into a container again, especially bullets into a gun:\n  2 if you reload a page on the Internet, you ask for the information shown on that page to be sent to your computer again, usually because there has been a problem or because you want the information to be as new as possible:


Words: relocate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   if a person or business relocates, or if they are relocated, they move to a different place//  relocate to//  --A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England.//  relocate in//  --businesses that relocate in depressed areas//  relocate sb/sth to sth//  --The residents were relocated to temporary accommodation while the work was being done.//  -- relocation/ri[hA359]l[hA353][hA35E]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -lo[hA35E]-/ n  [U] //


Words: reluctance
Meaning:
n [singular, U]   when someone is unwilling to do something, or when they do something slowly to show that they are not very willing//  --Wells finally agreed, but with reluctance.//  reluctance to do sth//  --a reluctance to share information//


Words: reluctant
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  reluctari  ’to fight against’]//  slow and unwilling//  --She gave a reluctant smile.//  reluctant to do sth//  --Maddox was reluctant to talk about it.//  -- reluctantly adv //  --Reluctantly, he agreed.//


Words: rely
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  relied present participle  relying third person singular  relies //  rely on/upon / [rely on/upon sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: relier, from  Latin religare  ’to tie back’]//\n  1 to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do:    reliable, reliance//  --I knew I could rely on David.//  rely on sb/sth to do sth//  --Many working women rely on relatives to help take care of their children.//  rely on/upon somebody/something for//  --Many people now rely on the Internet for news.//\n  2 to depend on something in order to continue to live or exist:  --For its income, the company relies heavily on only a few contracts.//  rely on/upon somebody/something for//  --They have to rely on the river for their water.//


Words: REM
Meaning:
a US  rock band popular in the 1980s and 1990s. Their  albums include  Automatic for the People and  Monster.//


Words: REM sleep
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: rapid eye movement]//  rapid eye movement sleep a period during sleep when your eyes move quickly, when you are dreaming//


Words: remain
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: remaindre, from  Latin remanere, from  manere  ’to stay’]//\n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition, linking verb] to continue to be in the same state or condition:  --Please remain seated until all the lights are on.//  --We remained friends.//  --The boy remained silent .//  remain as//  --Despite the job losses, Parker remained as manager.//  remain unclear/unchanged/unanswered etc //  --Many scientists remain unconvinced by the current evidence.//\n  2 [I]  formal to stay in the same place without moving away:   stay//  remain at/in/with etc//  --She was too ill to remain at home.//  --The refugees were allowed to remain in the UK.//\n  3 [I] to continue to exist or be left after others have gone, been used, or been destroyed:  --Little of the original building remains.//  --The score is tied, with fifteen minutes remaining.//  -- What remains of his original art collection is now in the city museum.//\n  4 [I] to be left after other things have been dealt with:  remain to be done//  --Several points remain to be settled.//  -- There remained a few jobs still to be finished.//  -- The fact remains that racism is still a considerable problem.//\n  5  it remains to be seen:  used to say that it is still uncertain whether something will happen or is true//  --It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful.//  ----------//  HINT sense 2 //  In spoken English it is more usual to use stay . //  ----------//


Words: remainder
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: Old French remaindre;   REMAIN]//\n  1  the remainder:  the part of something that is left after everything else has gone or been dealt with//   the rest//  --The remainder must be paid by the end of June.//  the remainder of//  --He spent the remainder of his police career behind a desk.//\n  2 [C] :  a) the number you get when you subtract one number from another number//  b) the number that is left when you divide one number by another number//  --Fifteen divided by four gives you a remainder of 3.//


Words: remaining
Meaning:
W2   adj [only before noun]   the remaining people or things are those that are left when the others have gone, been used, or been dealt with//  --The few remaining guests were in the kitchen.//  --Add the remaining ingredients and simmer for 30 minutes.//  --The only remaining question is whether we can raise the money.//


Words: remains
Meaning:
W3   n [plural] \n  1 the parts of something that are left after the rest has been destroyed or has disappeared:  remains of//  --On the table were the remains of the evening meal.//  --extensive Roman remains (=of ancient buildings) at Arles//\n  2 the body of someone who has died:  --Her remains are buried in Westminster.//


Words: remake
Meaning:
n [C]   a record or film that has the same music or story as one that was made before//  remake of//  --a remake of ’Cape Fear’//\nremake 2   v   past tense and past participle  remade /-me[hA366]d/ [T] //\n  1 to film a story or record a piece of music again:  --It was remade as a musical.//\n  2 to build or make something again:  --She remade her wedding dress to fit her daughter.//


Words: remand
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]  law   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: remander, from  Late Latin remandare  ’to send back word’, from  Latin mandare;   MANDATE1]//\n  1  BrE to send someone back from a court of law, to wait for their trial:  --Smith was remanded in custody  (=kept in prison) until Tuesday.//  --He’s been remanded on bail for a month (=allowed to leave the law court and go home to wait for trial) .//\n  2  AmE to send a case to be dealt with in another court:  --The court remanded the case for trial.//\nremand 2 n [U]  BrE   the period of time that someone spends in prison before their trial//  on remand//  --Evans committed suicide while on remand in Parkhurst prison.//  --remand prisoners//


Words: remark
Meaning:
W3S3   n \n  1 [C] something that you say when you express an opinion or say what you have noticed:   comment//  --The Senator denied making the remark .//  a sexist/critical/personal etc remark //  --He was fired for making racist remarks during an interview.//\n  2  remarks [plural] the things you say in a formal speech:  introductory/opening/concluding remarks //  --the chairman’s introductory remarks//  in sb’s remarks//  --Caldwell, in his remarks, emphasized the need for cooperation.//\nremark 2 v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: remarquer, from  marquer  ’to mark’]//  to say something, especially about something you have just noticed//  --’This house must be very old,’ he remarked.//  remark that//  --Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.//  remark on/upon//  --He remarked on the difference in security measures at the two airports.//


Words: remarkable
Meaning:
W3   adj   unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention or praise//  --She has made remarkable progress.//  --a remarkable coincidence//  remarkable feat/achievement/accomplishment //  --It’s a remarkable achievement for the company.//  it is remarkable that//  --It is remarkable that women did not have the vote until that time.//  remarkable for//  --His drawings are remarkable for their accuracy.//  --He’s a remarkable man .//   see usage note  unusual//


Words: remarkably
Meaning:
adv   in an amount or to a degree that is unusual or surprising//   surprisingly//  [+ adjective/adverb] //  --She plays the violin remarkably well.//  [sentence adverb] //  --Remarkably, all of the passengers survived the crash.//


Words: remarry
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  remarried present participle  remarrying third person singular  remarries  [I and T] //  to marry again//  --Widowed in 1949, Mrs Hayes never remarried.//  -- remarriage/ri[hA359]m[zB024]r[hA366]d[hA360]/ n  [C] //


Words: remaster
Meaning:
v [T]    technical to make a musical recording sound better or a film look better by using a computer to improve the original//  --an album with 15 digitally remastered songs//


Words: rematch
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   when two teams or people compete against each other a second time, especially when there was no clear winner in the first competition//   replay//  --Both teams are preparing for the rematch.//


Words: Rembrandt
Meaning:
(1606-69) a Dutch artist,Rembrandt van Rijn, who is one of the greatest European painters. He painted many portraits (=pictures of people and of himself) , as well as many pictures of religious subjects. He is admired especially for his use of light and shade.//


Words: remedial
Meaning:
adj \n  1  remedial course/class/teacher etc:  a special course etc that helps students who have difficulty learning something//\n  2 intended to improve something that is wrong:  --Some remedial work needs to be done on the foundations.//\n  3 intended to cure a problem with someone’s health:  --remedial mental health therapies//


Words: remedy
Meaning:
W3   n   plural  remedies  [C] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: remedie, from  Latin remedium, from  mederi  ’to heal’]//\n  1 a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better:   solution//  --The problems in our schools do not have a simple remedy.//  remedy for//  --The program is one remedy for discrimination.//\n  2 a medicine to cure an illness or pain that is not very serious:   cure//  cold/cough remedy //  remedy for//  --a remedy for colds//  herbal/natural remedy //  --a natural remedy that helps insomnia//  --a home remedy (=one that you make at home) for sore throats//  --The herb is used as a folk remedy (=a traditional medicine, rather than one a doctor gives you) for a baby’s teething pains.//\n  3  beyond/without remedy:   formal if a situation is beyond remedy, nothing can be done to make it better//  --She felt as if her marital problems were beyond remedy.//\nremedy 2   past tense and past participle  remedied present participle  remedying third person singular  remedies  v [T] //  to deal with a problem or improve a bad situation//   put right//  --To remedy the situation, the water must be chemically treated.//


Words: remember
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 the past:\n   2 information/facts:\n   3 to do/get something:\n   4 keep something in mind:\n   5 honour the dead:\n   6 be remembered for/as something:\n   7 give somebody a present:\n   8 remember me to somebody:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: remembrer, from  Late Latin rememorari, from  Latin memor;   MEMORY]//\n  1 THE PAST:   [I and T] to have a picture or idea in your mind of people, events, places etc from the past//    forget//  --Do you remember Rosa Davies?//  --I  can’t remember  her exact words.//  --I remember you two couldn’t stand each other at first!//  --I remember my father bringing home a huge Christmas tree.//  --I remember meeting her at a party once.//  --I remember it well ; I’d never seen my mother so angry.//  --She  clearly remembers  the excitement as they boarded the train.//  --I  vaguely remember  reading something about it in the paper.//  --They had three children,  if I remember rightly .//  --They’ve lived here for as long as I can remember .//  --No one got drunk as far as I can remember .//\n  2 INFORMATION/FACTS:   [I and T] to bring information or facts that you know into your mind//    forget//  --You left your keys on the table, remember?//  --I can’t remember her phone number.//  remember that//  --I suddenly remembered that I’d left the stove on.//  remember what/how/why etc//  --I called the office, but I don’t remember who I spoke to.//\n  3 TO DO/GET SOMETHING:   [I and T] to not forget something that you must do, get, or bring//  --I hope he remembers the wine.//  remember to do sth//  --Remember to take your P.E. clothes to school.//\n  4 KEEP SOMETHING IN MIND:   [T] to keep a particular fact about a situation in your mind//  --Remember, processed food is usually full of salt and sugar.//  remember that//  --Remember that not everyone has as much money as you.//  it should/must be remembered (that)//  --It should be remembered that a lot of work went into this event.//\n  5 HONOUR THE DEAD:   [T] to think with respect about someone who has died, often in a ceremony//  --On this day we remember the dead of two world wars.//\n  6  be remembered for/as sth:  to be famous for something important that you did in the past//  --He is best remembered for his travel books.//  --Johnson wanted to be remembered as ’the education president.’//\n  7 GIVE SOMEBODY A PRESENT:   [T] to give someone a present on a particular occasion//  --Lilian always remembers me at Christmas.//  remember sb in your will (=arrange for someone to have something of yours after you die) //\n  8  remember me to sb:   spoken used to ask someone to give a greeting from you to someone else//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  can/can’t remember //  remember (that) //  remember (somebody) doing something //  remember something well //  distinctly/vividly/clearly remember  (=remember something well) //  vaguely/dimly/barely remember  (=not remember something well) //  remember something rightly/correctly //  for as long as somebody can remember  (=for a very long time) //  as far as somebody can remember  (=used for telling someone what you remember of a situation) //  WORD CHOICE: remember, remind //  You  remember someone or something from a time in the past : I remember playing there when I was little.| Hello, do you remember me? //  You also  remember information or things that you must do : I can’t remember what time he’s arriving. |  We must remember to close that window. //  You  remind someone about something when you tell them to remember it : Remind me to call Kim tomorrow. |  Thomas reminded us that Dad was still waiting. //  If something or someone  reminds you  of a person or thing, they make you think of them because they are similar : Being on the farm reminded me of my childhood. |  She reminds me of my first girlfriend. //  !!  You can  remind yourself of something, but you cannot  remember yourself of something : I reminded myself of my promise.| He remembered his promise (NOT He remembered him/himself (of) his promise). //  ----------//


Words: remembrance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular, U] when people remember and give honour to someone who has died:  in remembrance of sth//  --a service in remembrance of those killed in the war//  --a Holocaust remembrance//\n  2 [U and C]  formal a memory that you have of a person or event:  remembrance of//  --Trillin’s remembrances of his childhood//


Words: Remembrance Day
Meaning:
n  also Remembrance Sunday   the Sunday nearest to November 11th, when a ceremony is held in Britain to remember people who were killed in the two world wars//


Words: remind
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make someone remember something that they must do:  --Yes, I’ll be there. Thanks for reminding me.//  remind sb about sth//  --The girls constantly had to be reminded about their chores.//  remind sb to do sth//  --Remind me to buy some milk tonight.//  remind sb (that)//  --Mrs Welland reminded her son that they still had several people to see.//  that reminds me (=used when something has just made you remember something you were going to say or do) //  --Oh, that reminds me, I saw Jenny in town today.//  remind yourself//  --I reminded myself to watch them closely.//  --He made a few notes to remind himself of what he wanted to say. see usage note  remember//\n  2 to make someone remember someone that they know or something that happened in the past:  remind sb of sth//  --That song always reminds me of our first date.//  remind sb (of) what/how etc//  --I was reminded how lucky I was. see usage note  remember//\n  3  don’t remind me:   spoken used in a joking way when someone has mentioned something that embarrasses or annoys you//  --’We’ve got a test tomorrow.’ ’Don’t remind me!’//\n  4  let me remind you/may I remind you (that):   spoken formal used to emphasize a warning or criticism//  --Let me remind you that you are expected to arrive on time.//  remind of / [remind sb of sb/sth] phr v//  to seem similar to someone or something else//  --The landscape reminded her of Scotland.//  --Corinne reminds me of myself when I was her age.//


Words: reminder
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 something that makes you notice, remember, or think about something:  reminder of//  --a reminder of the dangers of drinking and driving//  reminder that//  --Occasional bursts of gunfire are a reminder that the rebels are still active.//  constant/painful/vivid etc reminder //  --The damaged church was preserved as a stark reminder of the horrors of war.//  --The drop in stock prices serves as a reminder  (=is a reminder) that investing is a form of gambling.//\n  2 something, for example a letter, that reminds you to do something which you might have forgotten:  --a reminder from the dentist for your check-up//


Words: reminisce
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: reminiscence]//  to talk or think about pleasant events in your past//  reminisce about//  --a group of former students reminiscing about their college days//


Words: reminiscence
Meaning:
n [C,U often plural]   a spoken or written story about events that you remember//    memoir//  reminiscence of/about//  --reminiscences of the war//


Words: reminiscent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  reminisci  ’to remember’]//\n  1  reminiscent of sth:  reminding you of something//  --a style strongly reminiscent of Virginia Woolf’s novels//\n  2  literary thinking about the past:  --Her face wore a reminiscent smile.//


Words: remiss
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  remittere  ’to send back, relax’]//  careless because you did not do something that you ought to have done//   negligent//  remiss in//  --parents who are remiss in their duties//  it was remiss of sb to do sth//  --It was remiss of the social services not to notify the police.//


Words: remission
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a period when a serious illness improves for a time:  in remission//  --The chemotherapy was successful, and she is now in remission.//  --The cancer has gone into remission .//\n  2 [U and C]  BrE a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison:  --He was given six months’ remission for good behaviour.//\n  3 [U]  formal when you allow someone to keep the money they owe you:  --remission of debts//\n  4  the remission of sins:   formal forgiveness from God for the bad things that you have done//


Words: remit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  remitted present participle  remitting  formal //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: remittere  ’to send back’]//\n  1 [I and T] to send a payment:  --Please remit payment by cheque.//\n  2 [T] to free someone from a debt or punishment:    unremitting//  remit to / [remit sth to sb/sth] phr v//  to send a proposal, plan, or problem back to someone for them to make a decision about//  --The court remitted the matter to the agency for reconsideration.//\nremit 2   n [singular, U]    BrE  formal the particular piece of work that someone has been officially asked to deal with//  --the remit of a senior member of staff//  be within/outside sb’s remit //  --Marketing is outside our remit.//


Words: remittance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C]  formal an amount of money that you send to pay for something:\n  2 [U] when you send money:  on remittance of sth//  --We will forward the goods on remittance of [hA124]10.//


Words: remix
Meaning:
n [C]   a different version of a popular song, in which someone has added to or changed the original recording//  --a disco remix//  -- remix/ri[hA359]m[hA366]ks/ v  [T] //  -- remixer n  [C] //


Words: remnant
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: remenant, present participle of  remenoir  ’to remain’, from  Latin remanere;   REMAIN]//\n  1 [usually plural] a small part of something that remains after the rest of it has been used, destroyed, or eaten:  remnant of//  --The remnants of a meal stood on the table.//\n  2 a small piece of cloth left from a larger piece and sold cheaply:


Words: remodel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  remodelled present participle  remodelling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  remodeled present participle  remodeling  AmE  [I and T] //  to change the shape, structure, or appearance of something, especially a building//  --The airport terminals have been extensively remodelled.//  -- remodelling n  [U] //


Words: remonstrate
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  remonstrare, from  Latin monstrare  ’to show’]//  to tell someone that you strongly disapprove of something they have said or done//  remonstrate with//  --The Everton manager remonstrated angrily with the referee.//  -- remonstrative/r[hA366]m[hA361]nstr[hA353]t[hA366]v $ -m[hA35A][hA359]n-/ adj //  -- remonstration/rem[hA353]nstre[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: remorse
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: remors, from  Latin remordere  ’to bite again’]//  a strong feeling of being sorry that you have done something very bad//    regret//  --Throughout the trial, he had shown no remorse .//  remorse for//  --She felt a pang of remorse for what she had done.//  be full of remorse/be filled with remorse //  --Filled with remorse, Dillon decided to resign.//  -- remorseful adj //  -- remorsefully adv //


Words: remorseless
Meaning:
adj \n  1 something bad or threatening that is remorseless continues to happen and seems impossible to stop:   relentless//  --the remorseless winter winds//\n  2 cruel, and not caring how much other people are hurt:   merciless//  --a remorseless murderer//  -- remorselessly adv //


Words: remortgage
Meaning:
v [T]   to borrow money by having a second mortgage on your house, or increasing the one you have//  --We may have to remortgage the house.//


Words: remote
Meaning:
W3   adj   ----------//\n   1 far away:\n   2 not likely:\n   3 time:\n   4 different:\n   5 person:\n   6 not have the remotest idea/interest/intention etc:  ----------//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  removere;   REMOVE]//\n  1 FAR AWAY:  far from towns or other places where people live//   isolated//  --a remote border town//  --a fire in a remote mountain area//\n  2 NOT LIKELY:  if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen//   slight//  remote chance/possibility //  --There’s a remote chance that you can catch him before he leaves.//  --The prospect of peace seems remote.//\n  3 TIME:  far away in time//   distant//  --the remote time when dinosaurs walked the earth//  a remote ancestor (=someone related to you, who lived a long time ago) //\n  4 DIFFERENT:  very different from something//  remote from//  --The Heights was quiet and clean and remote from the busy daily life of the city.//\n  5 PERSON:  unfriendly, and not interested in people//   distant//  --His father was a remote, quiet man.//\n  6  not have the remotest idea/interest/intention etc:   especially  BrE used to emphasize that you do not know something, are not interested in something, do not intend to do something etc//  --He hasn’t the remotest interest in sport.//  not have the remotest idea/interest/intention etc what/where/who etc//  --I haven’t the remotest idea what you mean.//  -- remoteness n  [U] //\nremote 2 n [C]   a remote control//  --Give me the remote.//


Words: remote access
Meaning:
n [U]   a system that allows you to use information on a computer that is far away from your computer//


Words: remote control
Meaning:
n   1 [C] a thing you use for controlling a piece of electrical or electronic equipment without having to touch it, for example for turning a television on or off//   zapper//\n  2 [U] the process of controlling equipment from a distance, using radio or electronic signals:  --a missile guided by remote control//\n  3 [U] a type of computer software that lets you use a particular computer by connecting it to another one that is far away:  -- remote-controlled adj //


Words: remote interrogation
Meaning:
n [U]   the process of calling your own telephone when you are away from your home or office so that you can listen to messages that people have left on your answering machine//


Words: remote working
Meaning:
n [U]   when people do their work at home, using a computer that is connected to the computer system in an office//   homeworking//


Words: remotely
Meaning:
adv \n  1 by only a small amount:   slightly//  --The brew tasted only remotely of beer.//\n  2  not remotely interested/funny/possible etc:  used to emphasize that someone or something is not at all interested, funny etc//  --There was nothing remotely new in this idea.//\n  3 from far away:  --remotely operated vehicles//


Words: remould
Meaning:
BrE  remold AmE   v [T]    formal to change an idea, system, way of thinking etc//  --Mergers have forced organizations to remould themselves.//\nremould 2   n [C]  BrE   an old tyre with a new surface, that you can use again//


Words: removal
Meaning:
S3   n [U and C] \n  1 when something is taken away from, out of, or off the place where it is:    remove//  removal of//  --the removal of rubbish//\n  2 when you get rid of something so that it does not exist any longer:  --stain removal//\n  3 when someone is forced out of an important position or dismissed from a job:  removal from//  --the mayor’s removal from office//\n  4  BrE the process of taking furniture from your old house to your new one:  removal company/man etc //  --The removal men have been in and out all day.//


Words: remove
Meaning:
W1S2   v [T]   ----------//\n   1 take away:\n   2 get rid of:\n   3 from a job:\n   4 clothes:\n   5 be far removed from something:\n   6 cousin once/twice etc removed:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: removoir, from  Latin removere, from  movere  ’to move’]//\n  1 TAKE AWAY:  to take something away from, out of, or off the place where it is//  --Remove the old wallpaper and fill any holes in the walls.//  remove sth from sth//  --Reference books may not be removed from the library.//\n  2 GET RID OF:  to get rid of something so that it does not exist any longer//  --a cleaner that will remove wine stains//  --The college removed rules that prevented women from enrolling.//\n  3 FROM A JOB:  to force someone out of an important position or dismiss them from a job//  remove sb from sth//  --Congress could remove the President from office.//\n  4 CLOTHES:   formal to take off a piece of clothing//  --He removed his hat and gloves.//\n  5  be far removed from sth:  to be very different from something//  --The events in the newspaper article were far removed from reality.//\n  6  cousin once/twice etc removed:  the child, grandchild etc of your cousin, or your cousin’s father, grandfather etc//\nremove 2 n [U and C]  especially BrE  formal   a distance or amount by which two things are separated//  at a remove//  --The X-ray operator works at a safe remove in a separate room.//


Words: remuneration
Meaning:
n [U and C]    formal the pay you give someone for something they have done for you//  --high rates of remuneration//  -- remunerate/r[hA366]mju[hA359]n[hA353]re[hA366]t/ v  [T] //


Words: Renaissance
Meaning:
n \n  1  the Renaissance:  the period of time in Europe between 14th and 17th centuries, when art, literature, philosophy, and scientific ideas became very important and a lot of new art etc was produced//\n  2  Renaissance art/furniture/architecture etc:  art, furniture etc belonging to the Renaissance period//


Words: renaissance
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’rebirth’]//  a new interest in something, especially a particular form of art, music etc, that has not been popular for a long period//  renaissance in//  --a renaissance in wood carving over the last few years//


Words: Renaissance man
Meaning:
[C]   a man or woman who can do many things well, such as writing and painting, and who knows a lot about many different subjects//


Words: renal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: renal, from  Latin renes  ’kidneys’]//   technical relating to the kidneys//  --acute renal failure//


Words: rename
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   to give something a new name//  rename sth sth//  --Myddleton Way was renamed Allende Avenue.//


Words: renascent
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    formal becoming popular, strong, or important again//  --Voters have come back to a renascent Labour Party.//


Words: rend
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rent /rent/ [T]  literary //  [Language: Old English; Origin: rendan]//  to tear or break something violently into pieces//


Words: render
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rendre  ’to give back’, from  Latin reddere]//\n  1 to cause someone or something to be in a particular condition:  render sb/sth impossible/harmless/unconscious etc //  --He was rendered almost speechless by the news.//  --The blow to his head was strong enough to render him unconscious.//\n  2  formal to give something to someone or do something, because it is your duty or because someone expects you to:  --an obligation to render assistance to those in need//  render a decision/opinion/judgment etc //  --It is unlikely that the court will render an opinion before November 5.//  --a bill of $3200 for services rendered  (=for something you have done) //\n  3 to express or present something in a particular way:  render sth as sth//  --She made a sound that in print is rendered as ’harrumph.’//  render sth sth//  --Infrared film renders blue skies a deep black.//  render sth in sth//  --a sculpture rendered in bronze//\n  4  render sth into English/Russian/Chinese etc:   formal to translate something into English, Russian etc//\n  5  technical to spread plaster or cement on the surface of a wall:  --a brick wall that has been rendered and whitewashed//\n  6 to melt the fat of an animal as you cook it:  --Steam the goose to render some of the fat.//


Words: rendering
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] someone’s performance of a play, piece of music etc:   rendition//  rendering of//  --a spirited rendering of the national anthem//\n  2 [C] the way an expression, piece of writing etc is translated or explained, or the way an event, situation etc is described:  accurate/literal etc rendering of sth //  --a faithful rendering of historical events//\n  3 [U and C]  BrE a material made of cement and sand, used on the outside walls of buildings:


Words: rendezvous
Meaning:
n   plural  rendezvous /-vu[hA359]z///  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ’present yourselves!’]//\n  1 [C] an arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place, often secretly:  rendezvous with//  --He made a rendezvous with her in Times Square.//  --plans for a secret rendezvous //\n  2 [C usually singular] a place where two or more people have arranged to meet:  --Boats picked us up at pre-arranged rendezvous.//\n  3 [C] a bar, restaurant etc where people like to meet:  --a popular rendezvous for media people//\nrendezvous 2 v [I] \n  1 to meet someone at a time or place that was arranged earlier:   meet up//  rendezvous with//  --We’ll rendezvous with James in Nicosia.//\n  2 if two spacecraft, aircraft, or military vehicles rendezvous, they meet, for example to move supplies from one to the other:


Words: rendition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Early  French, from  rendre;   RENDER]//\n  1 [C usually singular, U] someone’s performance of a play, piece of music etc:  --He gave a moving rendition of Lennon’s ’Imagine’.//\n  2 [C] a translation of a piece of writing:  rendition of//  --an English rendition of a Greek poem//


Words: renegade
Meaning:
n [C]  literary   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Spanish; Origin: renegado, from  Medieval Latin renegare  ’to say that something is not true’, from  Latin negare;   NEGATE]//  someone who leaves one side in a war, politics etc in order to join the opposing side - used to show disapproval//  --a renegade army unit//


Words: renege
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: renegare;   RENEGADE]//   formal  renege on an agreement/deal/promise etc//  to not do something you have promised or agreed to do//   go back on//  --The fighters had reneged on a pledge to release foreign prisoners.//


Words: renew
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to arrange for an agreement or official document to continue for a further period of time:  renew sb’s contract/licence/membership etc //  --I need to renew my passport this year.//\n  2  formal to begin doing something again after a period of not doing it:   resume//  --Local people have renewed their efforts to save the school.//  --Police renewed their appeal for witnesses.//  renew a friendship/acquaintance etc (=become friendly with someone again) //\n  3 to remove something that is old or broken and put a new one in its place:   replace//  --The window frames need to be renewed.//\n  4  renew a book:  to arrange to borrow a library book for a further period of time//


Words: renewable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if an agreement or official document is renewable, you can make it continue for a further period of time after it ends:  → non-renewable//  --It’s a six-month lease but it’s renewable.//  --a renewable visa//\n  2 [usually before noun] renewable energy replaces itself naturally, or is easily replaced because there is a large supply of it:  -- renewable energy such as solar power//  --an industry based on renewable resources //


Words: renewal
Meaning:
n [singular, U] \n  1 when an activity, situation, or process begins again after a period when it had stopped:  renewal of//  --a renewal of the recent conflict//  --Spring is a time of renewal.//\n  2 when you make an agreement or official document continue for a further period of time after it ends:  renewal of//  --the renewal of our annual licence//  --Mark’s contract comes up for renewal at the end of this year.//\n  3  inner city/urban renewal:  when the poor areas of towns are improved by making new jobs, industries, homes etc//


Words: renewed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] starting again, especially with increased interest or strength:  renewed interest/confidence/enthusiasm etc //  --renewed concern about farming methods//  --The festival went ahead, despite renewed protests.//\n  2 [not before noun] feeling healthy and relaxed again, after feeling ill or tired:


Words: rennet
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  From an unrecorded  ren  ’to thicken a liquid’, from  Old English gerennan]//  a substance used for making milk thicker in order to make cheese//


Words: Reno
Meaning:
a city in Nevada, US, which is a popular place for people to go in order to  gamble.  prostitution is also legal there, and people can get a  divorce more quickly and easily than in other places.//\n Janet   (1938- ) a US lawyer who was the  Attorney General from 1993 until 2001. She was the first woman to have this job.//


Words: Renoir
Meaning:
Auguste   (1841-1919) a French artist who was one of the first  impressionists, and had a bright, colourful style of painting. He is famous especially for his paintings of women.//


Words: renounce
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: renoncer, from  Latin renuntiare, from  nuntiare  ’to report’]//\n  1 if you renounce an official position, title, right etc, you publicly say that you will not keep it any more:   give up//  --Edward renounced his claim to the French throne.//  --She renounced her citizenship.//\n  2 to publicly say or show that you no longer believe in something, or will no longer behave in a particular way:   reject//  --These groups must renounce violence if there is to be progress towards peace.//  --Young people renounced capitalism in favour of peace and love.//


Words: renovate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  renovare, from  novare  ’to make new’]//  to repair a building or old furniture so that it is in good condition again//  --The hotel has been renovated and redecorated.//  -- renovation/ren[hA353]ve[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: renown
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: renon, from  renomer  ’to make famous’, from  nomer  ’to name’]//  when you are famous and a lot of people admire you for a special skill, achievement, or quality//   acclaim//  international/public etc renown //  --He has won world renown for his films.//  --He achieved some renown as a football player.//


Words: renowned
Meaning:
adj   known and admired by a lot of people, especially for a special skill, achievement, or quality//   famous//  renowned for//  --an island renowned for its beauty//  renowned as//  --He’s renowned as a brilliant speaker.//  renowned author/actor/photographer etc //  --a world renowned expert in the field//


Words: rent
Meaning:
W3S2   v \n  1 [I and T] to regularly pay money to live in a house or room that belongs to someone else, or to use something that belongs to someone else:  --Most students rent rooms in their second year.//  --I’d rather have my own house than rent.//  rent sth from sb//  --Some farmers rent their land from the council.//\n  2  also rent out :   [T] to let someone live in a house, room etc that you own, or use your land, in return for money//  British Equivalent:  let//  rent sth (out) to sb//  --She rents out two rooms to students.//\n  3 [T]  especially AmE to pay money for the use of something for a short period of time:  British Equivalent:  hire//  --Will you rent a car while you’re in Spain?//  rent at/for [rent at/for sth] phr v//  if a house rents at or for an amount of money, that is how much you must pay to use it//  --Houses here rent for at least $2,500 a week.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: rent, hire, lease //  Rent is used to talk about paying to live in or use a building that is owned by someone else : We rented an apartment together. //  In American English, you also  rent a car or electrical equipment : The TV is rented. //  In British English, you can use  rent  or  hire , but it is more usual to say that you  hire a car : You can hire a car at the airport. //  Lease is used to talk about renting buildings, cars, or equipment over a long period of time, especially for business use : If you upgrade computers regularly, it may work out cheaper to lease them. //  ----------//\nrent 2 n   [Sense: 1-3; Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: rente, from  Vulgar Latin rendita, from  Latin reddere;   RENDER]//  [Sense: 4; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: rend]//\n  1 [U and C] the money that someone pays regularly to use a room, house etc that belongs to someone else:  --I pay the rent at the beginning of every month.//  high/low/reasonable etc rent //  --Shop rents are extremely high.//  rent of//  --an annual rent of [hA124]8,000//\n  2 [U and C]  especially AmE an amount of money that you pay to use a car, boat etc that belongs to someone else:  --The rent was only $20 an hour.//\n  3  for rent:  available to be rented//  --Luxury villas for rent.//\n  4 [C]  formal a large tear in something made of cloth:  --huge rents in the curtains//\nrent 3 v   the past tense and past participle of rend//


Words: rent strike
Meaning:
n [C]   an occasion when all the people living in a group of houses or apartments refuse to pay their rent, as a protest against something//


Words: rental
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C usually singular, U] the money that you pay to use a car, television, or other machine over a period of time:  car/television/telephone etc rental //  --The price includes accommodation and car rental.//  --Video rental is usually [hA124]3.//  line rental  BrE  (=the money that you pay to use a telephone line) //\n  2 [U and C] an arrangement to rent something for a period of time, or the act of doing this:  rental contract/scheme/service etc //  --Could you sign the rental agreement?//\n  3 [C]  especially AmE something that you rent, especially a house or car:  --companies that provide rentals//


Words: renunciation
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: renuntiatio, from  renuntiare;   RENOUNCE]//   formal when someone makes a formal decision to no longer believe in something, live in a particular way etc//    renounce//  renunciation of//  --Eastern Europe’s renunciation of Communism//


Words: reopen
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 if a theatre, restaurant etc reopens, or if it is reopened, it opens again after a period when it was closed:  --The swimming pool will reopen in May.//\n  2 if you reopen a discussion, law case etc, or if it reopens, you begin it again after it had stopped:  reopen a case/question/debate etc //  --attempts to reopen the issue of the power station’s future//\n  3 if a government reopens the border of their country, or if the border reopens, people are allowed to pass through it again after it had been closed:


Words: reorder
Meaning:
v [I and T] \n  1 to order a product to be supplied again:  --Could you reorder more of this fabric?//\n  2 to change the way that things are ordered or arranged:  --The whole system needs reordering.//


Words: reorganize
Meaning:
also  reorganise BrE   v [I and T]   to arrange or organize something in a new way//  --Our office is being completely reorganized.//  -- reorganization/ri[hA350][hA359]g[hA353]na[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -[hA350][hA359]rg[hA353]n[hA353]-/ n  [U and C] //  --a major reorganization of child care services//


Words: rep
Meaning:
n   [Sense: 1-3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: representative]//  [Sense: 4; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: repertory]//  [Sense: 5; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: reputation]//  [Sense: 6; Date: 1900-2000; Origin: repetition]//\n  1 [C]  informal a sales representative:\n  2 [C] someone who speaks officially for a company, organization, or group of people:   representative//  staff/union/company etc rep //  --You need to speak to the students’ rep.//  -- Safety reps have the right to stop the job when workers are in danger.//\n  3 [C]  AmE a representative:\n  4 [U and C]  repertory, or a repertory theatre or company:  --Most actors start off in rep.//\n  5 [C]  AmE  spoken a reputation:\n  6 [C] one exercise that you do in a series of exercises:   repetition//  --Do 15 reps of each exercise.//


Words: Rep.
Meaning:
1 the written abbreviation of Representative , used before names:  --Rep. Bud Shuster//\n  2 the written abbreviation of Republican :


Words: repair
Meaning:
S3   v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reparer, from  Latin reparare, from  parare  ’to prepare’]//\n  1 to fix something that is damaged, broken, split, or not working properly:  British Equivalent:  mend//  --Dad was up the ladder, repairing the roof.//  --Where can I get my shoes repaired ?//\n  2  formal to do something to remove harm that you have caused:  British Equivalent:  mend//  --Neil tried to repair the damage that his statements had caused.//    irreparable//  repair to [repair to sth] phr v//   old-fashioned to go to a place//  --Shall we repair to the drawing room?//  -- repairer n  [C] //  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: repair, fix, mend //  Repair is slightly more formal than  fix or  mend . You can repair anything that is broken or damaged, or has a hole in it : He repairs old furniture.| It cost too much to get the car repaired.| The roof needs repairing in a few places.  //  In British English,  fix  and  mend  have the same meaning, but people more often use  fix  to talk about repairing a machine, vehicle etc and  mend to talk about repairing holes in clothes, roads, roofs, and fences. //  In American English,  mend  is usually only used to talk about repairing things with holes in them, especially clothes and shoes. //  ----------//\nrepair 2 W3S3 n \n  1 [U and C] something that you do to fix a thing that is damaged, broken, or not working:  repair to//  --repairs to the roads//  make/carry out/do repairs //  --His job is to make minor repairs on all the machines.//  --The church tower is in need of repair .//  structural/housing/motorway etc repairs //  --an extensive programme of building repairs//  beyond repair//  --Many of the paintings were beyond repair (=so damaged that they cannot be mended) .//  under repair//   (=being repaired) //  --Is the bridge still under repair?//  --They did a good repair job on the roof.//\n  2  in good/poor etc repair:  in good or bad condition//  --Garden tools should be kept in good repair .//


Words: reparation
Meaning:
n  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin reparatio, from  Latin reparare;   REPAIR1]//\n  1  reparations [plural] money paid by a defeated country after a war, for all the deaths, damage etc it has caused:  --The government agreed to pay reparations to victims.//\n  2 [U and C] when you give something to someone or do something for them because you have done something wrong to them in the past:  make reparation (to sb) for sth //  --Offenders must make reparation for their crimes through community service.//


Words: repartee
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: repartie, from  repartir  ’to reply’]//  conversation which is fast and full of intelligent and amusing remarks and replies//  --witty repartee//


Words: repatriate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  repatriare, from  Latin patria  ’country you were born in’]//\n  1 to send someone back to their own country:    deport//  --After the war, prisoners were repatriated.//\n  2 to send profits or money you have earned back to your own country:


Words: repay
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  repaid  [T] //\n  1 to pay back money that you have borrowed:  repay a loan/debt etc //  --Your mortgage will be repaid over 25 years.//  repay sb sth//  --I’ll repay you the money you lent me next week.//\n  2 to do something for someone, or give them something, in return for helping you:  repay sb for sth//  --How can we repay him for everything he’s done?//  --I’d like to buy them something to repay all their kindness.//\n  3 if something repays your time, effort etc, it is worth the time or effort you have spent:


Words: repayable
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   money that is repayable at a particular time has to be paid back by that time//  repayable over//  --The loan is repayable over 10 years.//


Words: repayment
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] when you pay back money that you have borrowed:  repayment of//  --the repayment of debt //\n  2 [C usually plural] an amount of money that you pay regularly until you do not owe any more:  --monthly mortgage repayments of [hA124]330//  --Do you worry about meeting  (=paying) your loan repayments? //


Words: repeal
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: repeler, from  apeler;   APPEAL2]//  if a government repeals a law, it officially ends that law//  -- repeal n  [U] //


Words: repeat
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 say again:\n   2 do again:\n   3 learn:\n   4 tell:\n   5 broadcast:\n   6 something doesn’t bear repeating:  Phrasal verbs//   repeat on somebody//  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: repeter, from  Latin repetere, from  petere  ’to go to, try to find’]//\n  1 SAY AGAIN:  to say or write something again//  --Can you repeat your question?//  --Sorry - could you repeat that?//  repeat that//  --Nick patiently repeated that he had to work that day.//  --It is not, I repeat not, my fault.//  --’I promise,’ she repeated.//  repeat yourself//   (=say something that you have said before, usually by mistake) //  --Elderly people tend to repeat themselves.//\n  2 DO AGAIN:  to do something again//  --Repeat the exercises twice a day.//  --We must not repeat the mistakes of the past.//  repeat a class/grade/year (=do the same class at school again the following year) //  --The team are hoping to repeat their success  (=achieve the same good result) of last season.//\n  3 LEARN:  to say something that someone else has just said, especially in order to learn it//  repeat (sth) after sb//  --Repeat after me: amo, amas, amat ...//\n  4 TELL:  to tell someone something that you have heard, especially something secret//  --Here’s what happened, but don’t repeat it.//\n  5 BROADCAST:  to broadcast a television or radio programme again//  --The series will be repeated in the autumn.//\n  6  sth doesn’t bear repeating:  used to say that you do not want to repeat what someone has said, especially because it is rude//  --Her comments don’t bear repeating!//    history repeats itself at history(8)//  repeat on [repeat on sb] phr v//  if food repeats on you, its taste keeps coming back into your mouth after you have eaten it//\nrepeat 2 n [C] \n  1 [usually singular] an event that is very like something that happened before:  repeat of//  --The match was basically a repeat of last year’s game at Wembley.//  --It was a terrible journey - I hope we don’t have a repeat performance  (=have the same thing happen again) on the way home.//\n  2 a television or radio programme that has been broadcast before:  --’Is it a repeat?’ ’No, it’s a new series.’//\n  3  repeat order/prescription:   BrE an order of goods or a prescription of medicine that is the same as one you had before//\n  4  technical the sign that tells a performer to play a piece of music again, or the music that is played again:


Words: repeatable
Meaning:
adj [not usually before noun] \n  1  not repeatable:  too rude to repeat - used about something someone says//   unrepeatable//\n  2 able to be repeated:  --I hope these results are repeatable.//


Words: repeated
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   done or happening again and again//  --repeated calls for change//  --repeated attempts to kill him//


Words: repel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  repelled present participle  repelling //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: repellere, from  pellere  ’to drive’]//\n  1 [T] if something repels you, it is so unpleasant that you do not want to be near it, or it makes you feel ill:    repulsive//  --The smell repelled him.//\n  2 [T] to make someone who is attacking you go away, by fighting them:  --The army was ready to repel an attack.//\n  3 [T] to keep something or someone away from you:  --a lotion that repels mosquitoes//\n  4 [I and T]  technical if two things repel each other, they push each other away with an electrical force:  → attract//  --Two positive charges repel each other.//


Words: repellent
Meaning:
adj   very unpleasant//    repulsive//  --She found him physically repellent.//  repellent to//  --The sight of blood is repellent to some people.//\nrepellent 2  repellant n [U and C]   a substance that keeps insects away//  insect/mosquito/bug etc repellent //


Words: repent
Meaning:
v [I and T]  formal   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: repentir, from  pentir  ’to be sorry’]//  to be sorry for something and wish you had not done it - used especially when considering your actions in a religious way//  repent of//  --He repented of his sins before he died.//


Words: repercussion
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   the effects of an action or event, especially bad effects that continue for some time//    consequence//  repercussion for//  --The collapse of the company had repercussions for the whole industry.//  repercussion on//  --There were serious repercussions on his career.//  repercussion of//  --the repercussions of the crisis//  political/social/economic etc repercussions //


Words: repertoire
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: repertoire, from  Late Latin repertorium;   REPERTORY]//\n  1 all the plays, pieces of music etc that a performer or group knows and can perform:  in sb’s repertoire//  --The group include some techno in their repertoire.//  repertoire of//  --a wide repertoire of songs//\n  2 the total number of things that someone or something is able to do:  --the behavioral repertoire of infants//


Words: repertory
Meaning:
n   plural  repertories //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: repertorium  ’list’, from  Latin reperire  ’to find’]//\n  1 [U] a type of theatre work in which actors perform different plays on different days, instead of doing the same play for a long time:  --a repertory company//\n  2 [C]  formal a repertoire:


Words: repetition
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: repetitio, from  repetere;   REPEAT1]//\n  1 [U] doing or saying the same thing many times:  repetition of//  --The job involved the constant repetition of the same movements.//  --Children used to learn by repetition.//\n  2 [U and C] something that happens again, especially something bad:  repetition of//  --a repetition of the same problem//


Words: repetitious
Meaning:
adj   involving the same actions or using the same words many times, in a way that is boring//  --repetitious work//


Words: repetitive
Meaning:
adj   done many times in the same way, and boring//  repetitive work/tasks/jobs //  --repetitive tasks like washing and ironing//  --The song was dreary and repetitive.//  -- repetitively adv //


Words: repetitive strain injury
Meaning:
n [U]    medical RSI pains in your hands, arms etc caused by doing the same hand movements many times, especially by using a computer keyboard or mouse//


Words: rephrase
Meaning:
v [T]   to say or write something again using different words to express what you mean in a way that is clearer or more acceptable//  --OK. Let me rephrase the question .//


Words: replace
Meaning:
W1S2   v [T] \n  1 to start doing something instead of another person, or start being used instead of another thing:  --I’m replacing Sue on the team.//  --Lectures have replaced the old tutorial system.//\n  2 to remove someone from their job or something from its place, and put a new person or thing there:  --Two of the tyres had to be replaced.//  replace sth with sth//  --They replaced the permanent staff with part-timers.//\n  3 if you replace something that has been broken, stolen etc, you get a new one:    irreplaceable//  --I’ll replace the vase I broke as soon as possible.//\n  4 to put something back where it was before:  --He replaced the book on the shelf.//  -- replaceable adj //


Words: replacement
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U] when you get something that is newer or better than the one you had before:  --Our old car is badly in need of replacement.//  --replacement windows//\n  2  knee/hip/joint replacement:  an artificial knee etc that replaces a damaged one, given to people in a medical operation//\n  3 [C] someone or something that replaces another person or thing:  replacement for//  --It was difficult to find a replacement for Ted.//


Words: replatform
Meaning:
v  BrE   be replatformed//  if a train is replatformed, passengers have to get on it in a different part of the station from the one they were originally told to go to//  --The replatformed 19:47 to Leeds will now leave from platform six.//


Words: replay
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 [usually passive] to play a game again because neither team won the first time:  --The match will be replayed on Wednesday.//\n  2 to show again on television something that has been recorded:  --Highlights of the race were replayed on the news.//\nreplay 2   n [C] \n  1 a game that is played again because neither team won the first time:  --Milan won the semi-final replay 3-0.//\n  2 a part of a game of sport that has been recorded on video tape or film, and that is shown again, especially in order to examine it more clearly:  --You can see on the replay that the goalkeeper was fouled.//    action replay//\n  3  informal something that is done exactly as it was before:  replay of//  --a replay of the same old mistakes//


Words: replenish
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Old French; Origin: replenir, from  plein  ’full’]//   formal to put new supplies into something, or to fill something again//  --More vaccines are needed to replenish our stocks.//  -- replenishment n  [U] //


Words: replete
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  replere  ’to fill up’]//\n  1  formal full of something:  replete with//  --Literature is replete with tales of power.//\n  2  old-fashioned very full of food or drink:


Words: replica
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: ’something repeated’, from  Latin replicare;   REPLY1]//  an exact copy of something, especially a building, a gun, or a work of art//  replica of//  --an exact replica of the Taj Mahal//  --replica guns//


Words: replicate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  replicare;   REPLY1]//\n  1 [T]  formal if you replicate someone’s work, a scientific study etc, you do it again, or try to get the same result again:  --There is a need for further research to replicate these findings.//\n  2 [I and T]  technical if a virus or a molecule replicates, or if it replicates itself, it divides and produces exact copies of itself:  --the ability of DNA to replicate itself//  -- replication/repl[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: reply
Meaning:
W2S3   v   past tense and past participle  replied present participle  replying third person singular  replies //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: replier  ’to fold again’, from  Latin replicare, from  plicare  ’to fold’]//\n  1 [I and T] to answer someone by saying or writing something:  --I asked Clive where he was going, but he didn’t reply.//  --Sorry it took me so long to reply.//  --’Did you see Simon today?’ ’Of course,’ Nathalie replied with a smile.//  reply to//  --Has Ian replied to your letter yet?//  reply that//  --Mills replied that he was staying at his parents’ flat.//\n  2 [I] to react to an action by doing something else:  reply (to sth) with sth//  --The rebel troops replied to government threats with increased violence.//\nreply 2 W3S2   plural  replies  n [C] //\n  1 something that is said, written, or done as a way of replying:   answer//  --I tried calling, but there was no reply.//  reply to//  --We still haven’t received a reply to our letter.//  --Stephen made no reply .//\n  2  in reply (to sth):   formal as a way of replying to something//  --I am writing in reply to your letter of 1st June.//\n  3  without reply:   BrE if a sports team gets a number of points or goals without reply, their opponents do not score//


Words: reply-paid
Meaning:
adj  BrE   a reply-paid envelope is one which you can send back to an organization without a stamp because they have already paid for this//


Words: repo man
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: repossess]//   informal someone whose job is to repossess (=take away)  cars that have not been paid for//


Words: report
Meaning:
W1S2   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reporter  ’to report’, from  Latin reportare, from  portare  ’to carry’]//\n  1 a written or spoken description of a situation or event, giving people the information they need:    account//  report of/on/about//  --Martens gave a report on his sales trip to Korea.//\n  2 a piece of writing in a newspaper about something that is happening, or part of a news programme:    reporter//  --According to recent news reports , two of the victims are Americans.//  report on/of//  --media reports of the food shortages//\n  3 an official document that carefully considers a particular subject:  report on//  --a recent report on child abuse//\n  4 information that something has happened, which may or may not be true:  report of//  --Police received reports of a bomb threat at the airport at 11:28 p.m.//  report that//  --a report that he had been killed//\n  5  BrE a written statement by teachers about a child’s work at school, which is sent to his or her parents:  American Equivalent:  report card//\n  6  BrE someone who works for a particular manager:  --Only Gordon’s direct reports are attending the course.//\n  7  formal the noise of an explosion or shot:  --a loud report//\nreport 2 v   ----------//\n   1 news:\n   2 be reported to be/do something:\n   3 job/work:\n   4 public statement:\n   5 crime/accident:\n   6 complain:\n   7 arrival:\n   8 report sick:  Phrasal verbs//   report back//   report to somebody//  ----------//\n  1 NEWS:   [I and T] to give people information about recent events, especially in newspapers and on television and radio//    reporter//  --This is Gavin Williams, reporting from the United Nations in New York.//  --We aim to report the news as fairly as possible.//  --The incident was widely reported in the national press.//  report on//  --The Times sent her to Bangladesh to report on the floods.//  report that//  --Journalists in Cairo reported that seven people had been shot.//  report doing sth//  --Witnesses reported seeing three people flee the scene.//\n  2  be reported to be/do sth:  used to say that a statement has been made about someone or something, but you do not know if it is true//    allege//  --The stolen necklace is reported to be worth $57,000.//\n  3 JOB/WORK:   [I and T] to tell someone about what has been happening, or what you are doing as part of your job//  report (to sb) on sth//  --I’ve asked him to come back next week and report on his progress.//\n  4 PUBLIC STATEMENT:   [T] to officially give information to the public//  --Doctors have reported a 13% increase in the number of people with heart disease.//\n  5 CRIME/ACCIDENT:   [T] to tell the police or someone in authority that an accident or crime has happened//  --I’d like to report a theft.//  report sth to sb//  --All accidents must be reported to the safety officer.//  report sb/sth missing/injured/killed //  --The plane was reported missing.//\n  6 COMPLAIN:   [T] to complain about someone to people in authority//  report sb for sth//  --Polish referee Ryszard Wojoik reported two Leeds United players for violent conduct.//  report sb to sb//  --Hadley’s drinking problem led co-workers to report him to the supervisor.//\n  7 ARRIVAL:   [I] to go somewhere and officially state that you have arrived//  report to//  --All visitors must report to the site office.//  --All soldiers were required to report for duty  (=arrive and be ready for work) on Friday.//\n  8  report sick:  to officially tell your employers that you cannot come to work because you are ill//  report back phr v//  to give someone information about something that they asked you to find out about//  report back to//  --The committee has 60 days to report back to Congress.//  report back on//  --Students were asked to report back on their results.//  report to [report to sb] phr v//  to be responsible to someone at work and be managed by them//  --He will report to Greg Carr, Boston Technology’s chief executive.//


Words: report card
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a written statement by teachers about a child’s work at school, which is sent to his or her parents//  British Equivalent:  report//


Words: reportage
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: reporter;   REPORT1]//  the reporting or describing of events in newspapers, on television, or on the radio//    reporting//


Words: reported speech
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   in grammar, words that are used to tell what someone says without repeating their actual words. ’She said she didn’t feel well’ is an example of reported speech//   indirect speech//  → direct speech//


Words: reportedly
Meaning:
adv [sentence adverb]   according to what some people say//  --Her husband’s assets are reportedly worth over $15 million.//


Words: reporter
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   someone whose job is to write about news events for a newspaper, or to tell people about them on television or on the radio//    correspondent, journalist//  --a news reporter//


Words: reporting
Meaning:
n [U]   the activity of writing about news events for a newspaper or telling people about them on television or on the radio//    reportage//  --news reporting//


Words: repose
Meaning:
n [U]    formal  or  literary a state of calm or comfortable rest//  in repose//  --His face looked less hard in repose.//\nrepose 2 v [I always + adverb/preposition]  formal  or  literary   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reposer, from  Late Latin repausare, from  pausare  ’to stop’]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: reponere, from  ponere  ’to put’]//\n  1 if something reposes somewhere, it has been put there:\n  2 if someone reposes somewhere, they rest there:\n  3  repose your trust/hope etc in sb:  to trust someone to help you//


Words: repository
Meaning:
n   plural  repositories  [C]  formal //\n  1 a place or container in which large quantities of something are stored:   store//  repository of/for//  --a fire-proof repository for government papers//\n  2 a person or book that has a lot of information:  repository of/for//  --Bob is a repository of football statistics.//


Words: repossess
Meaning:
v [T]   to take back cars, furniture, or property from people who had arranged to pay for them over a long time, but cannot now continue to pay for them//    bailiff, repo man//  --Eventually the bailiffs came to repossess the flat.//  -- repossession/-ze[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


