# dict

Words: reprehensible
Meaning:
adj  formal   reprehensible behaviour is very bad and deserves criticism//  --I find their behaviour morally reprehensible .//


Words: represent
Meaning:
W1S2   v   ----------//\n   1 speak for somebody:\n   2 in court:\n   3 be something:\n   4 government:\n   5 sign:\n   6 symbol:\n   7 sports:\n   8 be represented:\n   9 describe:\n  10 art:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: representer, from  Latin repraesentare, from  praesentare;   PRESENT2]//\n  1 SPEAK FOR SOMEBODY:   [T] to officially speak or take action for another person or group of people//  --Mr Kobayashi was chosen to represent the company at the conference.//\n  2 IN COURT:   [T] to speak officially for someone in a court of law//  represent yourself//  --She decided to represent herself (=speak for herself without a lawyer) during the trial.//\n  3 BE SOMETHING:   [linking verb] to form or be something//    amount to//  --European orders represented 30 percent of our sales last year.//  represent a change/an advance/an increase etc //  --This treatment represents a significant advance in the field of cancer research.//\n  4 GOVERNMENT:   [T] to have been elected to a parliament, council etc by the people in a particular area//  --He represents the Congressional District of Illinois.//\n  5 SIGN:   [T] to be a sign or mark that means something//   stand for//  --Brown areas represent deserts on the map.//\n  6 SYMBOL:   [T] to be a symbol of something//   symbolize//  --He hated the school and everything it represented.//\n  7 SPORTS:   [T] if you represent your country, school, town etc in a sport, you take part in a sports event for that country etc//  --Her greatest ambition was to represent her country at the Olympics.//\n  8  be represented:  if a group, organization, area etc is represented at an event, people from it are at the event//  --All the local clubs were represented in the parade.//\n  9 DESCRIBE:   [T] to describe someone or something in a particular way, especially in a way that is not true//   portray//    depict//  represent sb/sth as sth//  --The article represents the millionaire as a simple family man.//  --He had represented himself as an employee in order to gain access to the files.//\n  10 ART:   [T] if a painting, statue, piece of music etc represents something or someone, it shows them//  --Paintings representing religious themes were common in medieval times.//


Words: representation
Meaning:
W2S3   n \n  1 [U] when you have someone to speak, vote, or make decisions for you:  --Minority groups need more effective parliamentary representation.//  --There has been a decline in union representation in the auto industry.//    proportional representation//\n  2 [C] a painting, sign, description etc that shows something:  representation of//  --The clock in the painting is a symbolic representation of the passage of time.//\n  3 [U] the act of representing someone or something:  representation of//  --She received praise for her effective representation of Garcia during the trial.//\n  4 [C usually plural]  formal  especially BrE a formal complaint or statement:  representation about//  --A group of students made representations to the college about the poor standard of the accommodation.//\n  5  make false representations:   law to describe or explain something in a way that you know is not true//


Words: representational
Meaning:
adj   a representational painting or style of art shows things as they actually appear in real life//   figurative//


Words: representative
Meaning:
adj \n  1 typical of a particular group or thing:  representative of//  --The latest incident is representative of a wider trend.//\n  2 including examples of all the different types of something in a group:  --The pollsters asked a representative sample of New York residents for their opinions.//\n  3 a representative system of government allows people to vote for other people to represent them in the government:  --a representative democracy//\nrepresentative 2 W2S3 n [C] \n  1 someone who has been chosen to speak, vote, or make decisions for someone else:   delegate//  --a union representative//  representative of//  --an elected representative of the people//\n  2  Representative:  a member of the House of Representatives, the Lower House of Congress in the United States//


Words: repress
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reprimere  ’to press back’, from  premere;   PRESS2]//\n  1 to stop yourself from doing something you want to do:  --Brenda repressed the urge to shout at him.//  --I repressed a smile.//\n  2 if someone represses upsetting feelings, memories etc, they do not allow themselves to express or think about them:  --He had long ago repressed the painful memories of his childhood.//\n  3 to control a group of people by force:    suppress, oppress//  --The police were widely criticized for their role in repressing the protest movement.//


Words: repressed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having feelings or desires that you do not allow yourself to express or think about, especially sexual feelings:   frustrated//  --a repressed middle-aged woman//\n  2 repressed feelings or desires are ones which you do not allow yourself to express or think about:  --repressed anger//


Words: repression
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 when someone does not allow themselves to express feelings or desires which they are ashamed of, especially sexual ones - used when you think someone should express these feelings:  -- sexual repression //  repression of//  --the repression of desire//\n  2 cruel and severe control of a large group of people:    suppression, oppression//  repression of//  --brutal repression of members of the Communist party//


Words: repressive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a repressive government or law controls people in a cruel and severe way:   oppressive//  --a repressive regime//  --repressive measures//\n  2 not allowing the expression of feelings or desires, especially sexual ones:  -- repressively adv //  -- repressiveness n  [U] //


Words: reprieve
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a delay before something bad happens or continues to happen:    respite//  reprieve from//  --Shoppers will get a temporary reprieve from the new sales tax.//\n  2 an official order stopping the killing of a prisoner as a punishment:  give/grant sb a reprieve //  --The US Supreme Court voted against granting Smith a reprieve (=against giving him one) .//\nreprieve 2 v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French repris, past participle of  reprendre;   REPRISE]//\n  1 to officially stop a prisoner from being killed as a punishment:\n  2 to change a decision to close a factory, school etc or get rid of something:


Words: reprimand
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: reprimande, from  Latin, from  reprimere;   REPRESS]//  to tell someone officially that something they have done is very wrong//    scold, tell off//  reprimand sb for (doing) sth//  --The military court reprimanded him for failing to do his duty.//  -- reprimand n  [C] //  --a severe reprimand //


Words: reprint
Meaning:
v [T]   to print a book, story, newspaper article etc again//\nreprint 2   n [C] \n  1 an occasion when more copies of a book are printed because all the copies of it have been sold:\n  2 a book that is printed again:


Words: reprisal
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reprisaille, from  Old Italian, from  riprendere  ’to take back’]//  something violent or harmful which you do to punish someone for something bad they have done to you//    revenge, retaliation//  --They didn’t tell the police for fear of reprisal .//  reprisal against//  --There were reprisals against unarmed civilians.//  in reprisal (for sth)//  --Alfred was shot in reprisal for the killing of a rival gang member.//


Words: reprise
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: French; Origin: , from the past participle of  reprendre  ’to take back’, from  prendre  ’to take’]//  when all or part of something, especially a piece of music, is repeated//\nreprise 2 v [T]   to act the same part again, play the same tune again etc//


Words: reproach
Meaning:
n  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: reproche, from  reprochier  ’to reproach’, from  Vulgar Latin repropiare, from  Latin prope  ’near’]//\n  1 [U] criticism, blame, or disapproval:  --’You don’t need me,’ she said quietly, without reproach.//\n  2 [C] a remark that expresses criticism, blame, or disapproval:  --He argued that the reproaches were unfair.//\n  3  above/beyond reproach:  impossible to criticize//   perfect//  --His behaviour throughout this affair has been beyond reproach.//\n  4  a reproach to sb/sth:  something that should make a person, society etc feel bad or ashamed//  --These derelict houses are a reproach to the city.//\nreproach 2 v [T] \n  1  formal to blame or criticize someone in a way that shows you are disappointed at what they have done:  reproach sb for/with sth//  --He publicly reproached his son for his behavior.//\n  2  reproach yourself:  to feel guilty about something that you think you are responsible for//  reproach yourself for/with//  --You’ve got nothing to reproach yourself for - it was his own decision.//


Words: reproachful
Meaning:
adj   a reproachful look, remark etc shows that you are criticizing someone or blaming them//  --She gave her daughter a reproachful glance.//  -- reproachfully adv //


Words: reprobate
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reprobare;   REPROVE]//   formal someone who behaves in an immoral way - often used humorously//  -- reprobate adj //


Words: reproduce
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] if an animal or plant reproduces, or reproduces itself, it produces young plants or animals:  --The turtles return to the coast to reproduce.//\n  2 [T] to make a photograph or printed copy of something:  --Klimt’s artwork is reproduced in this exquisite collector’s book.//\n  3 [T] to make something happen in the same way as it happened before:   repeat//    copy//  --British scientists have so far been unable to reproduce these results.//\n  4 [T] to make something that is just like something else:    copy//  --With a good set of speakers, you can reproduce the orchestra’s sound in your own home.//  -- reproducible adj //


Words: reproduction
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the act or process of producing babies, young animals, or plants:  --Scientists studied the reproduction, diet, and health of the dolphins.//  -- sexual reproduction //\n  2 [U] the act of producing a copy of a book, picture, piece of music etc:  reproduction of//  --Unauthorized reproduction of this publication is strictly forbidden.//\n  3 [C] a copy of a work of art, piece of furniture etc:  reproduction of//  --a reproduction of Vincent Van Gogh’s ’Sunflowers’//  reproduction furniture/chairs etc //  --a reproduction Louis XIV table//


Words: reproductive
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 relating to the process of producing babies, young animals, or plants:  --the human reproductive system //  --reproductive organs//\n  2 relating to the copying of books, pictures, music etc:


Words: reproof
Meaning:
n  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reprove, from  reprover;   REPROVE]//\n  1 [U] blame or disapproval:  --She greeted me with a look of cold reproof.//\n  2 [C] a remark that blames or criticizes someone:  --a mild reproof//


Words: reprove
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reprover, from  Late Latin reprobare  ’to disapprove’, from  Latin probare;   PROBE2]//   formal to criticize someone for something that they have done//   tell off//  reprove sb for (doing) sth//  --Employees were reproved for smoking in the building’s restrooms.//


Words: reptile
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin reptilis  ’creeping’, from  Latin repere  ’to creep’]//\n  1 a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies:\n  2  informal someone who is unpleasant or cannot be trusted:  -- reptilian/rept[hA366]li[hA353]n/ adj //


Words: republic
Meaning:
W2 Republic   n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: republique, from  Latin respublica, from  res  ’thing’ +  publica  ’public’]//  a country governed by elected representatives of the people, and led by a president, not a king or queen//    democracy, monarchy//  --the former Federal Republic of Germany//  --Nine republics took part in the referendum.//


Words: Republic of Ireland
Meaning:
the Ireland, the Irish Republic, Eire, Southern Ireland   a country that forms the larger part of the island of Ireland, and which is a member of the  EU. Population: 3,841,000 (2001). Capital: Dublin. It was formerly ruled by the British, but it became an independent country in 1921 , when Ireland was divided into Northern Ireland (which remained as part of the UK) and the Irish Free State, which later became the Republic of Ireland. Ireland is mainly a Roman Catholic country. Its official languages are Irish Gaelic and English. Traditionally, Ireland’s main industry was farming, but it has developed new industries.//    Ireland//    Northern Ireland//


Words: republican
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who believes in government by elected representatives only, with no king or queen:\n  2  Republican:  a member or supporter of the Republican Party in the US//    Democrat//\n  3  Republican:  someone from Northern Ireland who believes that Northern Ireland should become part of the Republic of Ireland, not the United Kingdom//    loyalist//  -- republicanism n  [U] //\nrepublican 2 adj   relating to or supporting a system of government that is not led by a king or queen//    democratic//


Words: Republicanism
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the principles and policies of the US Republican Party:\n  2 the principles and policies of those groups in Northern Ireland, especially the political party Sinn Fein, who want Northern Ireland to leave the UK and become part of the Republic of Ireland:


Words: repudiate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  repudiare  ’to end a marriage’, from  repudium  ’divorce’]//\n  1 to refuse to accept or continue with something:   reject//  --He repudiated all offers of friendship.//\n  2 to state or show that something is not true or correct:  --The book repudiates the racist stereotypes about black women.//  -- repudiation/r[hA366]pju[hA359]die[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: repugnant
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Latin, present participle of  repugnare  ’to fight against’]//  very unpleasant and offensive//   repellent//  deeply/utterly/wholly etc repugnant //  --I find his political ideas totally repugnant.//  repugnant to//  --Animal experiments are morally repugnant to many people.//


Words: repulse
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  repellere;   REPEL]//\n  1 if something or someone repulses you, you think that they are extremely unpleasant:   disgust//  --The very thought of his cold clammy hands repulsed me.//\n  2 to fight someone and successfully stop their attack on you:  --Government troops repulsed an attack by rebel forces.//\n  3 to refuse an offer of friendship or help in a way that is rude:  -- repulse n  [singular] //


Words: repulsion
Meaning:
n \n  1 [singular,U] a feeling that you want to avoid something or move away from it, because it is extremely unpleasant:   revulsion//  --I felt a mixture of amazement and repulsion.//\n  2 [U]  technical the electric or magnetic force by which one object pushes another one away from it:


Words: repulsive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 extremely unpleasant, in a way that almost makes you feel sick:   revolting, disgusting//  --Many people find slugs repulsive.//\n  2  technical repulsive forces push objects away from each other:  -- repulsively adv //  -- repulsiveness n  [U] //


Words: repurpose
Meaning:
v [T]   if something such as equipment, a building, or a document is repurposed, it is used in a new way that is different from its original use, without having to be changed very much//    adapt//  --We put a lot of material up on our website simply by repurposing our existing catalog.//


Words: reputable
Meaning:
adj   respected for being honest or for doing good work//   reliable//  → disreputable//  reputable firm/company //  --If you have a burglar alarm fitted, make sure it is done by a reputable company.//


Words: reputation
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   the opinion that people have about someone or something because of what has happened in the past//  reputation for//  --Judge Kelso has a reputation for being strict but fair.//  reputation as//  --In her last job she acquired a reputation as a troublemaker.//  earn/gain/establish a reputation as sth //  --His approach had won him a reputation as a tough manager.//  a good/bad reputation //  --a hotel with a good reputation for its food//  --The service at Heron Lodge failed to live up to its reputation  (=be as good or bad as people say it is) .//


Words: repute
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: repute  ’to believe, consider’;   REPUTED]//  reputation//  of good/high/international etc repute //  --a man of high repute//  of (some) repute (=having a good reputation) //  --a hotel of some repute//


Words: reputed
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: repute  ’to believe, consider’, from  French reputer, from  Latin reputare  ’to think over’, from  putare  ’to think’]//  according to what some people say, but not definitely//  be reputed to be/do sth//  --She is reputed to be extremely wealthy.//  --the reputed leader of the Crips gang//  --The painting was sold for a reputed $3 million.//


Words: reputedly
Meaning:
adv [sentence adverb]   according to what some people say//   reportedly//    allegedly//  --The committee had reputedly spent over $3000 on ’business entertainment’.//


Words: request
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: requeste, from  Vulgar Latin, from  requaerere;   REQUIRE]//\n  1 a polite or formal demand for something:  request for//  --They have made an urgent request for international aid.//  request that//  --Anderson repeated his request that we postpone the meeting.//  at sb’s request//   (=because someone asked for it to be done) //  --The study was done at the request of the Chairman.//  on request//   (=if you ask for it) //  --Further details will be sent on request.//  by request//  --There were no flowers at the funeral, by request.//\n  2 a piece of music that is played on the radio because someone has asked for it:\nrequest 2 S3 v [T]    formal to ask for something in a polite or formal way//  --To request more information, please call our toll free number.//  --You have to request permission if you want to take any photographs.//  request that//  --The prosecution has requested that all charges against Hodgkins are dropped.//  request sb to do sth//  --All club members are requested to attend the annual meeting.//  request sth from sb//  --The Police Committee requested a grant from the Government to cover the extra expense.//


Words: requiem
Meaning:
n  also requiem mass  [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: requies  ’rest’]//\n  1 a Christian ceremony in which prayers are said for someone who has died:\n  2 a piece of music written for a requiem:


Words: require
Meaning:
v [T not in progressive]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: requerre, from  Vulgar Latin requaerere  ’to try to find, need’, from  Latin requirere, from  quaerere  ’to ask’]//\n  1 to need something:  --Campbell’s broken leg will probably require surgery.//  --What’s required is a complete reorganization of the system.//  --Most house plants require regular watering.//\n  2 if you are required to do or have something, a law or rule says you must do it or have it:  be required to do sth//  --You are required by law to wear a seat belt.//  require that//  --Regulations require that students attend at least 90% of the lectures.//  --The bill failed to get the required number of votes.//


Words: requirement
Meaning:
n [C usually plural] \n  1 something that someone needs or asks for:  --The refugees’ main requirements are food and shelter.//  requirement of//  --Potatoes can provide one-third of our daily requirement of vitamin C.//  meet/fulfil/satisfy a requirement (=have or do what is necessary) //  --The new computer system will meet all our requirements.//  surplus to requirements  BrE  (=more than is needed) //  --The increase in gas-fired power stations means traditional coal ones are becoming surplus to requirements.//\n  2 something that must be done because of a law or rule:  --If you are installing a new bathroom, it has to meet the requirements of the Building Regulations.//  --Two measures have been introduced as legal requirements .//\n  3 something, especially good examination results, that a college, employer etc says you must have in order to do something:  requirement for//  --English 4 is a requirement for English majors.//  --To find out about entry requirements for students, write to the college admissions board.//  --The minimum requirement for the post was a degree in engineering.//


Words: requisite
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  requirere;   REQUIRE]//  needed for a particular purpose//   necessary, required//  --He lacks the requisite qualifications.//\nrequisite 2 n [C usually plural]    formal something that is needed for a particular purpose//  requisite of/for//  --He lacked the moral requisites for marriage.//    prerequisite//


Words: requisition
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: requisitio, from  Latin requirere;   REQUIRE]//  if someone in authority, especially the army, requisitions a building, vehicle, or food, they officially demand to have it during an emergency such as a war//   commandeer//  --The building was requisitioned as a military hospital for the duration of the war.//  -- requisition n  [U and C] //


Words: requite
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: quite  ’to pay up’ (13-19 centuries), from  Old French quiter;   QUIT]//   formal to give or do something in return for something done or given to you//


Words: rerun
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a film or television programme that is being shown again on television:   repeat//  --We watched a rerun of ’I Love Lucy.’//\n  2 something that happens in the same way as something that happened before:   repeat//  --The government wants to avoid a rerun of last year’s crisis.//\nrerun 2   v   past tense  reran /-r[zB024]n/past participle  rerun present participle  rerunning  [T] //\n  1 to show a film or television programme again on television:   repeat//\n  2 to do something in the same way as before:   repeat//\n  3 to arrange for a race or competition to be held again:   repeat//


Words: reschedule
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to arrange for something to happen at a different time from the one that was previously planned:  reschedule sth for sth//  --The press conference had to be rescheduled for March 19.//\n  2  technical to arrange for a debt to be paid back later than was previously agreed:  -- rescheduling n  [singular,U] //


Words: rescind
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: rescindere, from  scindere  ’to cut’]//  to officially end a law, or change a decision or agreement//


Words: rescue
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rescourre, from  escourre  ’to shake out’, from  Latin excutere]//  to save someone or something from a situation of danger or harm//  --Survivors of the crash were rescued by helicopter.//  rescue sb/sth from sb/sth//  --She died trying to rescue her children from the blaze.//  -- rescuer n  [C] //\nrescue 2 n [U and C]   1 when someone or something is rescued from danger//  --a daring rescue at sea//  rescue of//  --Storms delayed the rescue of the crash victims.//  --Rescue workers arrived at the scene two hours later.//  rescue mission/operation //  --The rescue operation proved successful.//\n  2  come to the/sb’s rescue:  a) to save someone who is in a dangerous situation//  --A lifeboat came to the yachtsman’s rescue.//  b) to help someone who is having problems or difficulties//  --Carol’s brother came to the rescue and sent her $1000.//


Words: research
Meaning:
W1S2   n [U]    also plural  researches  formal //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: recerche, from  recerchier  ’to find out about something thoroughly’, from  cerchier;   SEARCH2]//\n  1 serious study of a subject, in order to discover new facts or test new ideas:  research into/on//  --research into the causes of cancer//  scientific/medical/historical etc research //  --a research team//  do/conduct/undertake research //  --I’m still doing research for my thesis.//  --Gould was helped in his researches by local naturalists.//\n  2 the activity of finding information about something that you are interested in or need to know about:  --It’s a good idea to do some research before you buy a house.//   investigation//    market research//\nresearch 2   v [I and T] \n  1 to study a subject in detail, especially in order to discover new facts or test new ideas:    investigate//  --He’s been researching material for a documentary.//  research into//  --Ten years ago I began researching into the role of women in trade unions.//\n  2 to get all the necessary facts and information for something:  --This book has been very well researched.//  -- researcher n  [C] //


Words: resell
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  resold /s[hA353][hA35E]ld $ -so[hA35E]ld/ [T] //  to sell something that you have bought//    resale//  --The retailer resells the goods at a higher price.//


Words: resemblance
Meaning:
n [U and C]   if there is a resemblance between two people or things, they are similar, especially in the way they look//    similarity//  resemblance between//  --The resemblance between Susan and her sister was remarkable.//  bear a (close/striking/uncanny etc) resemblance to sb/sth (=look like) //  --Tina bears a striking resemblance to her mother.//  bear little/no resemblance to sb/sth //  --What happens in the film bears little resemblance to what actually happened.//


Words: resemble
Meaning:
v [T not in progressive or passive]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: resembler, from  sembler  ’to be like, seem’, from  Latin similare  ’to copy’]//  to look like or be similar to someone or something//  --It’s amazing how closely Brian and Steve resemble each other.//  --He grew up to resemble his father.//


Words: resent
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ressentir  ’to feel strongly about’, from  sentir  ’to feel’, from  Latin sentire]//  to feel angry or upset about a situation or about something that someone has done, especially because you think that it is not fair//  resent (sb) doing sth//  --I resented having to work such long hours.//  bitterly/deeply/strongly resent //  --She bitterly resented his mother’s influence over him.//  --Paul resented the fact that Carol didn’t trust him.//


Words: resentful
Meaning:
adj   feeling angry and upset about something that you think is unfair//   bitter//  resentful of/about/at etc//  --She felt resentful at not being promoted.//  -- resentfully adv //  -- resentfulness n  [U] //


Words: resentment
Meaning:
n [U]   a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair//   bitterness//  resentment at/against/of etc//  --She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion.//  feel/harbour/bear resentment //  --He felt considerable resentment towards Sheila for making him work late.//


Words: reservation
Meaning:
S3   n \n  1 [C] an arrangement which you make so that a place in a hotel, restaurant, plane etc is kept for you at a particular time in the future:    booking//  --a dinner reservation//  --Customers are advised to make seat reservations well in advance.//\n  2 [U and C] a feeling of doubt because you do not agree completely with a plan, idea, or suggestion:  have/express reservations (about sth) //  --I had serious reservations about his appointment as captain.//  --We condemn their actions without reservation  (=completely) .//\n  3 [C] an area of land in the US kept separate for Native Americans to live on:  --a Navajo reservation//\n  4 [C]  AmE an area of land where wild animals can live without being hunted:   reserve//  American Equivalent:  preserve//  --a wildlife reservation//


Words: reserve
Meaning:
W3   v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reserver, from  Latin reservare  ’to keep back’, from  servare  ’to keep’]//\n  1 to arrange for a place in a hotel, restaurant, plane etc to be kept for you to use at a particular time in the future:    book//  reserve sth for sb/sth//  --I’d like to reserve a table for two.//  --Do you have to reserve tickets in advance?//\n  2 to keep something so that it can be used by a particular person or for a particular purpose:   set aside//  reserve sth for sb/sth//  --A separate room is reserved for smokers.//  --reserved parking spaces//\n  3  especially written to keep part of something for use at a later time during a process - used especially when describing how to cook something:   keep, save//  --Reserve a little of the mixture to sprinkle over the top of the pie.//\n  4 to use or show something only in one particular situation:  reserve sth for sb/sth//  --She spoke in a tone of voice she usually reserved for dealing with officials.//\n  5  reserve the right to do sth:   formal if you reserve the right to do something, you will do it if you think it is necessary - used especially in notices or official documents//  --The management reserves the right to refuse admission.//\n  6  reserve (your) judgment (on sth):   spoken to not give your opinion about something until a later time when you have more information//\nreserve 2 n   ----------//\n   1 supply:\n   2 in reserve:\n   3 personal quality:\n   4 player:\n   5 team:\n   6 military:\n   7 for animals/plants:\n   8 for native americans:\n   9 price:  ----------//\n  1 SUPPLY:   [C usually plural] a supply of something kept to be used if it is needed//  --$10 million in cash reserves//  --oil reserves//  reserve of//  --Somehow Debbie maintained an inner reserve of strength.//\n  2  in reserve:  ready to be used if needed//  --We always keep some money in reserve , just in case.//\n  3 PERSONAL QUALITY:   [U] a quality in someone’s character that makes them not like expressing their emotions or talking about their problems//    shyness//  --She overcame her own natural reserve .//\n  4 PLAYER:   [C] an extra player who plays in a team if one of the other players is injured or ill//    substitute//\n  5 TEAM:   the reserves//   BrE a team that plays when the usual team cannot do so//\n  6 MILITARY:   the reserve//   also the reserves //  an extra military force that a country has in addition to its usual army, navy etc which can be used if needed//    reservist//\n  7 FOR ANIMALS/PLANTS:   [C]  BrE an area of land where wild animals and plants are protected//  American Equivalent:  reservation//  American Equivalent:  preserve//  --a wildlife reserve //    nature reserve//\n  8 FOR NATIVE AMERICANS:   [C] a reservation//\n  9 PRICE:   [C]  also  reserve price//  a price below which something will not be sold, especially in an auction//


Words: reserved
Meaning:
adj   unwilling to express your emotions or talk about your problems//    shy//  --Ellen was a shy, reserved girl.//


Words: reservoir
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: reservoir, from  Old French reserver;   RESERVE1]//\n  1 a lake, especially an artificial one, where water is stored before it is supplied to people’s houses:\n  2 a large amount of something that is available and has not yet been used:  reservoir of//  --She found she had reservoirs of unexpected strength.//\n  3  technical a part of a machine or engine where a liquid is kept before it is used:


Words: reset
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  reset present participle  resetting  [T] //\n  1 to change a clock, control, machine etc so that it shows a different time or number, or is ready to be used again:\n  2 to put a broken bone back into its correct place so that it grows back together correctly:\n  3 to restart a computer without switching the power off:    reboot//\n  4 to put a jewel into a new piece of jewellery:  -- reset/ri[hA359]set/ n  [U and C] //\nreset 2   adj   reset button/switch//  a control that is used to make a machine or instrument ready to work again//


Words: resettle
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to go to live in a new country or area, or to help people do this:  --The tribesmen were forcibly resettled by the government.//\n  2 [T] to start using an area again as a place to live:  --The area was resettled in the latter half of the century.//  -- resettlement n  [U] //


Words: reshuffle
Meaning:
n [C]  especially BrE   when the jobs of people who work in an organization are changed around, especially in a government//   reorganize//  --a Cabinet reshuffle //  -- reshuffle/ri[hA359][hA35D][hA356]f[hA368]l/ v  [T] //


Words: reside
Meaning:
preposition]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: resider, from  Latin residere  ’to sit back, remain, stay’, from  sedere  ’to sit’]//   formal to live in a particular place//  --He spent most of his time in Rutherglen, where his family resided.//  reside in / [reside in sth/sb] phr v//\n  1 to be present in or consist of something:  --Joe’s talent resides in his storytelling abilities.//\n  2  also reside within sth/sb :  if a power, right etc resides in something or someone, it belongs to them//  --Executive power resides in the President.//


Words: residence
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C]  formal a house, especially a large or official one:  --the ambassador’s official residence //\n  2 [U] legal permission to live in a country for a certain period of time:   residency//  --a residence permit//  permanent/temporary residence //  --Jeff has permanent residence in Canada, but is still a US citizen.//\n  3 [U]  formal the state of living in a place:   residency//  --Rome was his main place of residence .//\n  4  artist/writer etc in residence:  an artist etc who has been officially chosen by a college or other institution to work there//\n  5  take up residence:   formal to start living in a place//  --He took up residence in Chicago.//\n  6  in residence:  a)  formal living in a place at a particular time//  --The emperor was in residence at his summer palace.//


Words: residence hall
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a large building where many students live at a university//  American Equivalent:  dormitoryBritish Equivalent:  hall of residence//


Words: residency
Meaning:
n   plural  residencies //\n  1 [U] legal permission to live in a country for a certain period of time:   residence//\n  2 [U and C] when an artist, writer, musician etc does work at a college or other institution for a period of time:   residence//\n  3 [U] the state of living in a place:   residence//\n  4 [U]  especially AmE a period of time when a doctor receives special training in a particular type of medicine, especially at a hospital:


Words: resident
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C] \n  1 someone who lives or stays in a particular place:  --the residents of Westville//\n  2  AmE a doctor working at a hospital where he or she is being trained:  British Equivalent:  registrar//\nresident 2 adj \n  1  formal living in a place:  resident in//  --Many retired British people are now resident in Spain.//\n  2 [only before noun] living or working in a particular place or institution:  --a resident tutor//  --The resident population of mental hospitals has fallen by 20%.//\n  3 [only before noun] belonging to a particular group of people - used humorously:  --He’s our resident expert on computer games.//


Words: residential
Meaning:
W3   adj \n  1 a residential part of a town consists of private houses, with no offices or factories:    suburban//  --a quiet residential neighbourhood//\n  2 relating to homes rather than offices or businesses:    domestic//  --telephone services for residential customers//\n  3  residential course/school etc:   especially BrE if you are on a residential course, you are living in the institution where you are studying//


Words: residential care
Meaning:
n [U]   a system in which people who are old or ill live together in a special house and are looked after by professionals//


Words: residential home
Meaning:
n [C]   a special house in which old or ill people live and are looked after by professionals//   nursing home//


Words: residential treatment facility
Meaning:
also residential treatment center  n [C]  formal  especially AmE   a place that gives treatment to people with mental problems or problems with drugs or alcohol//


Words: residents’ association
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a group of people who meet to discuss the problems and needs of the area where they live//


Words: residual
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    formal remaining after a process, event etc is finished//  --the residual effects of drug treatment//  residual income (=the money left from what you earn after you have paid your taxes) //


Words: residuary
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE  law   relating to all the money and property that remains after a person has died, and after any bills have been paid//


Words: residue
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: residu, from  Latin residuum, from  residere;   RESIDE]//\n  1 [U and C] a substance that remains on a surface, in a container etc and cannot be removed easily, or that remains after a chemical process:  residue from//  --residue from sewage treatment plants//  --The flies leave a sticky residue on crops.//  --Rinse off any soap residue.//\n  2 [C]  formal the part of something that is left after the rest has gone or been taken away:  residue of//  --The residue of the stock was sold.//


Words: resign
Meaning:
W3   v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: resigner, from  Latin resignare  ’to unseal, cancel, give back’, from  signare;   SIGN2]//\n  1 to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization:    quit//  resign from//  --She resigned from the government last week.//  resign as//  --He resigned as Governor of Punjab in August.//  resign your post/seat/position etc //  --Tom has since resigned his membership of the golf club.//\n  2  resign yourself to (doing) sth:  to make yourself accept something that is bad but cannot be changed//    resigned//  --Josh resigned himself to the long walk home.//  --At sixteen, I resigned myself to the fact that I’d never be a dancer.//


Words: resignation
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U and C] when you officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization, or a written statement that says you will be leaving:    notice//  --The governor refused to accept Cox’s resignation .//  --a letter of resignation //  hand in/tender your resignation (=officially say that you want to resign) //\n  2 [U] when someone calmly accepts a situation that cannot be changed, even though it is bad:  --She gave a sigh of resignation.//  with resignation//  --He accepted her decision with resignation.//


Words: resigned
Meaning:
adj \n  1  be resigned to (doing) sth:  to calmly accept a situation that is bad, but cannot be changed//  --She’s resigned to spending Christmas on her own.//  --Sam was resigned to the fact that he would never be promoted.//\n  2 a resigned look, voice etc shows that you are making yourself accept something that you do not like:  --’We’ll have to leave,’ she said with a resigned sigh.//  -- resignedly/r[hA366]za[hA366]n[hA369]dli/ adv //


Words: resilience
Meaning:
[U] \n  1 the ability to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event:    toughness//  resilience of//  --the resilience of youth//  --People showed remarkable resilience during the war.//\n  2 the ability of a substance such as rubber to return to its original shape after it has been pressed or bent:


Words: resilient
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  resilire  ’to jump back’, from  salire  ’to jump’]//\n  1 able to become strong, happy, or successful again after a difficult situation or event:    tough//  --Children are often very resilient.//  --The company proved remarkably resilient during the recession.//\n  2 strong and not easily damaged by being pulled, pressed etc:  --boots with tough resilient soles//  --Any chemical treatment will leave hair less resilient than before.//  -- resiliently adv //


Words: resin
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: resine, from  Latin, from  Greek rhetine]//\n  1 [U] a thick sticky liquid that comes out of some trees:    sap//\n  2 [U and C] a type of plastic:  -- resinous adj //


Words: resist
Meaning:
W3   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: resistere, from  sistere  ’to stop’]//\n  1 [I,T usually in negatives] to stop yourself from having something that you like very much or doing something that you want to do:  cannot resist (doing) sth//  --I just can’t resist chocolate.//  --She can never resist buying new shoes.//  it is hard/difficult/impossible to resist sth //  --It’s hard to resist an invitation like that.//  resist the temptation/urge to do sth //  --She resisted the temptation to laugh.//  --They only wanted 3 dollars for it, so how could I resist?//\n  2 [T] to try to prevent a change from happening, or prevent yourself from being forced to do something:  --He resisted pressure to resign.//  resist doing sth//  --For months the company has resisted changing its accounts system.//  strongly/fiercely/vigorously etc resist //  --The proposal was strongly resisted by the police.//\n  3 [I and T] to use force to stop something from happening:  strongly/fiercely/firmly etc resist //  --Demonstrators violently resisted attempts to remove them from the building.//  --He was charged with trying to resist arrest .//\n  4 [T] to not be changed or harmed by something:  --your ability to resist infection//


Words: resistance
Meaning:
W3S2   n   ----------//\n   1 against change:\n   2 fighting:\n   3 against infection/illness:\n   4 wind/air/water resistance:\n   5 electricity:\n   6 the resistance:\n   7 the line/path of least resistance:  ----------//\n  1 AGAINST CHANGE:   [singular,U] a refusal to accept new ideas or changes//  resistance to//  --people’s resistance to change//  resistance from//  --The no-smoking policy was introduced with little resistance from staff.//\n  2 FIGHTING:   [singular,U] fighting against someone who is attacking you//  put up/offer resistance //  --Rebel gunmen have put up strong resistance.//\n  3 AGAINST INFECTION/ILLNESS:   [singular,U] the natural ability of a person, animal, or plant to stop diseases or difficult conditions from harming them//  resistance to//  --the body’s resistance to infection//  --disease resistance//\n  4  wind/air/water resistance:  the way in which wind, air, or water can cause a moving object such as a car, plane, or boat to slow down//\n  5 ELECTRICITY:   [U] the ability of a substance to stop the flow of an electric current through it//\n  6  the resistance:   also  the Resistance//  an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country//\n  7  the line/path of least resistance:  if you follow the path of least resistance, you avoid making difficult decisions and choose the easiest solution to a problem - often used to show disapproval//  --Many people don’t make changes because they’re following the path of least resistance .//  --Kirk always just takes the line of least resistance .//    passive resistance//


Words: resistant
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not damaged or affected by something:    proof//  resistant to//  --an infection that’s resistant to antibiotics//  heat-resistant/stain-resistant/fire-resistant etc //  --shock-resistant rubber//\n  2 opposed to something and wanting to prevent it from happening:  resistant to//  --Many managers are resistant to change.//


Words: resit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  resat /-s[zB024]t/present participle  resitting  [T]  BrE //  to take an examination again, because you failed it or did not do well enough//   retake//  -- resit/ri[hA359]s[hA366]t/ n  [C] //


Words: resolute
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  resolvere;   RESOLVE1]//  doing something in a very determined way because you have very strong beliefs, aims etc//  → irresolute//  --resolute opposition//  --resolute leadership//  --She remained resolute in her belief that the situation would improve.//  -- resolutely adv //  --Mia resolutely refused to talk about her illness.//


Words: resolution
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 decision:\n   2 solution:\n   3 promise:\n   4 determination:\n   5 clear picture:  ----------//\n  1 DECISION:   [C] a formal decision or statement agreed on by a group of people, especially after a vote//  pass/adopt/approve a resolution //  --The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority.//  --a resolution calling for a ban on dumping nuclear waste//  --They have failed to comply with the resolution.//\n  2 SOLUTION:   [singular,U] when someone solves a problem, argument, or difficult situation//  resolution of//  --a forum for the resolution of commercial disputes//\n  3 PROMISE:   [C] a promise to yourself to do something//    resolve//  resolution to do sth//  --Carol made a resolution to work harder at school.//  New Year’s resolution (=a resolution made on January 1st) //\n  4 DETERMINATION:   [U] strong belief and determination//  --Then, with sudden resolution, she stood up.//\n  5 CLEAR PICTURE:   [U and C] the power of a television, camera, microscope etc to give a clear picture//  high/low resolution (=how clear or unclear the picture is) //


Words: resolve
Meaning:
W3   v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: resolvere  ’to unloose’, from  solvere;   SOLVE]//\n  1 to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty:   solve//    settle//  resolve a dispute/conflict/problem etc //  --The crisis was resolved by negotiations.//  --Barnet was desperate for money to resolve his financial problems.//\n  2  formal to make a definite decision to do something:  resolve to do sth//  --After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.//  resolve that//  --Mary resolved that she would stop smoking.//\n  3 to make a formal decision, especially by voting:  resolve to do sth//  --The Senate resolved to accept the President’s proposals.//\n  4  technical to separate something into its different parts:  --DNA samples were extracted and resolved.//  resolve () into [resolve (sth) into sth] phr v//\n  1  technical to separate into parts, or to separate something:  --This mixture will resolve into two separate compounds.//\n  2  resolve (itself) into sth:   formal to gradually change into something else//   become//  --The argument resolved itself into an uneasy truce.//\nresolve 2 n [U]    formal strong determination to succeed in doing something//  --Recent events strengthened her resolve to find out the truth.//


Words: resonance
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the resonance of a sound is its quality of being deep and loud and continuing for a long time:\n  2 [U and C]  formal the special meaning or importance that something has for you because it relates to your own experiences:  --a tradition that has little resonance in the 21st century//  --His words will have resonance for many musicians.//\n  3 [U and C]  technical sound that is produced or increased in one object by sound waves from another object:


Words: resonant
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a resonant sound is deep, loud, and clear, and continues for a long time:  --the violin’s smooth, resonant tone//\n  2  resonant with sth:   literary filled with a particular meaning, quality, or sound//  --prints resonant with traditions of Russian folk art//\n  3  technical resonant materials increase any sound produced inside them:  -- resonantly adv //


Words: resonate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  resonare;   RESOUND]//\n  1 if something such as an event or a message resonates, it seems important or good to people, or continues to do this:  resonate with//  --an idea that resonates with many voters//\n  2 to make a deep loud clear sound that continues for a long time:    resound//  --The music resonated through the streets.//\n  3 to make a sound that is produced as a reaction to another sound:  resonate with [resonate with sth] phr v//\n  1  formal to be full of a particular meaning or quality:  --literature that resonates with biblical imagery//\n  2 to be full of a particular sound:  --a hall resonating with laughter//


Words: resort
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: resortir  ’to come back, resort’, from  sortir  ’to go out’]//\n  1 a place where a lot of people go for holidays:  seaside/beach/ski etc resort //  --Aspen, a ski resort in Colorado//  --Lagoon Reef is one of the best resort hotels.//\n  2  last/final resort:  what you will do if everything else fails//  as a last resort//  --Drug treatment should only be used as a last resort.//  of last resort//  --a weapon of last resort//  in the last resort//   BrE //  --Economic sanctions will be used only in the last resort.//\n  3  first resort:  what you will do first before you try other things//  --In the past, your family was the first resort when looking for a job.//\n  4  resort to sth:   formal when you must use or depend on something because nothing better is available//  without resort to sth//  --We hope they will be able to resolve the situation without resort to force.//\nresort 2 v   resort to [resort to sth] phr v//  to do something bad, extreme, or difficult because you cannot think of any other way to deal with a problem//  --Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence .//  resort to doing sth//  --Vets have had to resort to killing the animals.//


Words: resound
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: resoner, from  Latin resonare, from  sonare  ’to sound’]//\n  1 if a place resounds with a sound, it is full of that sound:  resound with//  --The stadium resounded with cheers.//  resound to//  --By now, the whole room was resounding to the sound of the team’s chants.//\n  2 if a sound such as a musical note resounds, it continues loudly and clearly for quite a long time:    resonate//  resound through/around etc//  --a horn resounding through the forest//\n  3  formal to be mentioned or talked about a lot:  --The war still resounds in the country’s folklore.//


Words: resounding
Meaning:
adj \n  1  resounding success/victory/defeat etc:  a very great or complete success, victory etc//  --The show was a resounding success.//\n  2 [only before noun] a resounding noise is so loud that it seems to continue for a few seconds:  --a resounding thud//  -- resoundingly adv //


Words: resource
Meaning:
W1S2   n   ----------//\n   1 land/oil/coal etc:\n   2 money/property etc:\n   3 personal qualities:\n   4 educational:\n   5 practical ability:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: ressource, from  Old French resourdre  ’to rise again, relieve’, from  Latin resurgere;   RESURGENCE]//\n  1 LAND/OIL/COAL ETC:   [C usually plural] something such as useful land, or minerals such as oil or coal, that exists in a country and can be used to increase its wealth//  --Canada’s vast mineral resources//  --a country rich in natural resources //\n  2 MONEY/PROPERTY ETC:   resources [plural] all the money, property, skills etc that you have available to use when you need them//  --She had no financial resources .//  --Only limited resources are available to the police.//  pool your resources (=put together all the resources that each of you can provide) //    human resources//\n  3 PERSONAL QUALITIES:   resources [plural] personal qualities, such as courage and determination, that you need to deal with a difficult situation//  --He proved that he has considerable inner resources .//\n  4 EDUCATIONAL:   [C] something such as a book, film, or picture used by teachers or students to provide information//  --resources for learning//  --a valuable new computer resource//  resource room/centre //\n  5 PRACTICAL ABILITY:   [U]  formal the ability to deal with practical problems//   resourcefulness//  --a man of great resource//\nresource 2   v [T usually passive]   to provide money or other resources for something//  --The program wasn’t adequately resourced.//


Words: resourceful
Meaning:
adj   good at finding ways of dealing with practical problems//  --a woman who is energetic and resourceful//  -- resourcefully adv //  -- resourcefulness n  [U] //


Words: respawn
Meaning:
v [I and T]   if a character in a computer game respawns or is respawned, they are born again after being killed//


Words: respect
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 admiration:\n   2 consideration:\n   3 with (the greatest) respect/with (all) due respect:\n   4 for danger:\n   5 in one respect/in some respects etc:\n   6 greetings:\n   7 pay your last respects (to somebody):\n   8 in respect of something:\n   9 with respect to something:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: respectus  ’act of looking back’, from  respicere  ’to look back, consider’, from  specere  ’to look’]//\n  1 ADMIRATION:   [U] when you admire someone, especially because of their personal qualities, knowledge, or skills//    admiration//  respect for//  --I have the greatest respect for Jane’s work.//  win/earn/gain the respect of sb //  --She has earned the respect of her fellow athletes.//  --He commands  (=has and deserves) the respect of everyone in the profession.//\n  2 CONSIDERATION:   [U] when you regard something or someone as important and are careful not to harm them, treat them rudely etc//  → disrespect//  respect for//  --Out of respect for the wishes of her family, the affair was not reported in the media.//  --The boys showed a complete lack of respect for authority.//  with respect//  --Old people deserve to be treated with respect .//\n  3  with (the greatest) respect/with (all) due respect:   spoken  formal say this before disagreeing with someone when you want to be polite//  --With respect, I think you’re wrong.//\n  4 FOR DANGER:   [singular,U] a careful attitude towards something or someone that could be dangerous//  respect for//  --My fear turned into a respect for the sea.//  --People should have a healthy respect for alcohol (=a sensible careful attitude towards it) .//\n  5  in one respect/in some respects etc:  used to say that something is true in one way, in some ways etc//  --In many respects the new version is not as good as the old one.//  --Mum is very stubborn, and Kim takes after her in that respect. see usage note  case1 //\n  6 GREETINGS:   respects [plural]  formal polite greetings//  give/send your respects (to sb) //  --Give my respects to your wife.//  pay your respects (to sb)  BrE  (=make a polite visit) //  --I’ve come to pay my respects to Mrs O’Hara.//\n  7  pay your last respects (to sb):  to go to someone’s funeral//\n  8  in respect of sth:   formal concerning or in relation to something//  --This is especially true in respect of the UK.//\n  9  with respect to sth:   formal //  a) concerning or in relation to something//  --the freedom of a property owner to make a contract with respect to his property//  b) used to introduce a new subject, or to return to one that has already been mentioned//  --With respect to your request, I am not yet able to agree.//    self-respect//\nrespect 2 v [T] \n  1 [not in progressive] to admire someone because they have high standards and good qualities such as fairness and honesty:    admire//  respect sb for (doing) sth//  --She respected him for his honesty.//  --I respect his views, although I do not agree with them.//\n  2 to be careful not to do anything against someone’s wishes, rights etc:  --She said she wanted to leave, and her father respected her wishes .//  --I would like you to respect my privacy.//  --the need to respect human rights//\n  3 to not break a rule or law:  --The President is expected to respect the constitution.//


Words: respectable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 someone who is respectable behaves in a way that is considered socially acceptable:  --hard-working, respectable people//  --a respectable family//  --Put a tie on - it’ll make you look more respectable.//\n  2 good or satisfactory:   decent//  --a respectable income//  --Her exam results were respectable enough.//  -- respectably adv //  -- respectability/r[hA366]spekt[hA353]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: respected
Meaning:
adj   admired by many people because of your good work or achievements//  --He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.//  highly/well/widely/greatly respected //  --a highly respected journalist//


Words: respecter
Meaning:
n \n  1  be no respecter of persons:   formal to affect all people in the same way, whether or not they are rich or powerful//  --Disease is no respecter of persons.//\n  2  be a respecter of sth:  to have respect for something such as a law or organization//  --She is a respecter of the rights of all religious groups.//


Words: respectful
Meaning:
adj   feeling or showing respect//  → disrespectful//  --They listened in respectful silence.//  respectful of//  --He was always respectful of my independence.//  -- respectfully adv //  -- respectfulness n  [U] //


Words: respecting
Meaning:
prep  formal   about or relating to something//  --A discussion took place respecting the provision of science teaching.//


Words: respective
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   used before a plural noun to refer to the different things that belong to each separate person or thing mentioned//  --We all went back to our respective homes to wait for news.//  --the respective roles of teachers and students//


Words: respectively
Meaning:
W3   adv   in the same order as the things you have just mentioned//  --The cups and saucers cost [hA124]5 and [hA124]3 respectively.//


Words: respiration
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: respiratio, from  respirare  ’to breathe’, from  spirare  ’to blow, breathe’]//   technical the process of breathing//    artificial respiration//


Words: respirator
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a piece of equipment that pumps air in and out of someone’s lungs if they are too ill or weak to breathe:   ventilator//  --The baby was immediately put on a respirator.//\n  2 a piece of equipment that you wear over your nose and mouth to help you breathe in a place where there is harmful gas, smoke etc:    gas mask//


Words: respite
Meaning:
n [singular,U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: respit, from  Medieval Latin respectus;   RESPECT1]//\n  1 a short time when something bad stops happening, so that the situation is temporarily better:  respite from//  --The trip was a welcome respite from the pressures of work.//  --a brief respite from persecution//  without respite//  --The pain went on without respite.//\n  2 a short period of time before you have to do something that you do not like:  --We have a few days’ respite before we have to pay them.//


Words: respite care
Meaning:
n [U]   temporary care for people who are too old or ill to look after themselves, which allows the people who usually look after them to rest//


Words: resplendent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  resplendere  ’to shine back’, from  splendere;   SPLENDID]//  very beautiful, bright, and impressive in appearance//  resplendent in//  --She looked resplendent in a silk dress.//  -- resplendently adv //


Words: respond
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: respondere  ’to promise in return, answer’, from  spondere;   SPONSOR1]//\n  1 [I] to do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done:   react//  respond to//  --Responding to the news, Mr Watt appealed for calm.//  respond by doing sth//  --The US responded by sending troops into Laos.//  respond with//  --Villagers responded with offers of help.//\n  2 [I and T] to say or write something as a reply:  respond that//  --He responded that he didn’t want to see anyone.//  respond to//  --Dave didn’t respond to any of her emails.//\n  3 [I] to improve as a result of a particular kind of treatment:  respond to//  --She has responded well to treatment.//  --Colds do not respond to antibiotics.//


Words: respondent
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  formal someone who answers questions, especially in a survey:  --Only 62 percent of respondents said they were satisfied.//\n  2  law someone who has to defend their own case in a law court, especially in a divorce case:


Words: response
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] something that is done as a reaction to something that has happened or been said:  response to//  --the public’s response to our appeal for help//  in response to sth//  --The law was passed in response to public pressure.//  positive/favourable/negative etc response //  --The exhibition has received a positive response from visitors.//  an emotional/angry response //  --The decision provoked an angry response from residents.//  --His immediate response was one of disbelief.//  --Emmett’s new exhibition has met with a favourable response from critics.//\n  2 [C] something that is said or written as a reply:  response to//  --’Sure, why not?’ was his response to all of Billie’s suggestions.//  --Carl made no response , and carried on with his meal.//  in response (to sth)//  --I am writing in response to your letter of June 12.//  --Ronni merely groaned in response.//    rapid-response//


Words: responsibility
Meaning:
W1S2   n   plural  responsibilities //\n  1 [U] a duty to be in charge of someone or something, so that you make decisions and can be blamed if something bad happens:  --Kelly’s promotion means more money and more responsibility.//  responsibility for (doing) sth//  --The Minister will have responsibility for coordinating childcare policy.//  with responsibility for sth//  --a manager with responsibility for over 100 staff//  it is sb’s responsibility to do sth//  --It’s your responsibility to inform us of any changes.//  --The Health Minister has overall responsibility for Britain’s hospitals.//  take responsibility for (doing) sth (=agree to be in charge of something or someone) //  --Who do you trust to take responsibility for Britain’s defence?//  --Be careful you don’t take on too much responsibility .//\n  2 [U] blame for something bad that has happened:  responsibility for//  --By resigning he is trying to avoid responsibility for the political crisis.//  --The management accepts no responsibility for cars left in the car park.//  --The Chairman of the airline accepted full responsibility for the accident.//  claim responsibility (for sth) (=say you are responsible) //  --No one has yet claimed responsibility for yesterday’s bombing.//\n  3 [C] something that you must do as part of your job or duty:  --My responsibilities include answering the phone and dealing with customer enquiries.//  family/professional/parental etc responsibilities //  --a single parent struggling to balance work and family responsibilities//\n  4 [C] something that you ought to do because it is morally or socially right:   duty//  a responsibility to do sth//  --We all have a responsibility to protect the environment.//  --Parents need to encourage a sense of responsibility in their children (=the ability to behave sensibly in a way that will not harm themselves or other people) .//  moral/social/legal etc responsibility //  --The company saw it as part of its social responsibility to provide education for its workers.//\n  5  responsibility to sb:  a duty to help someone because of your work or position in society//  --A doctor’s first responsibility is to her patients.//\n  6  do sth on your own responsibility:   formal to do something without being told to do it or officially allowed to do it//    diminished responsibility//


Words: responsible
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 guilty:\n   2 in charge of:\n   3 sensible:\n   4 cause:\n   5 responsible job/position:\n   6 be responsible to somebody:  ----------//\n  1 GUILTY:   [not before noun] if someone is responsible for an accident, mistake, crime etc, it is their fault or they can be blamed//  responsible for//  --Police believe that the same man is responsible for three other murders in the area.//  --We are determined to bring the people responsible to justice.//  hold sb responsible (for sth) //  --If anything goes wrong, I will hold you personally responsible .//\n  2 IN CHARGE OF:   [not before noun] having a duty to be in charge of or to look after someone or something//  responsible for//  --Mills is responsible for a budget of over $5 million.//  --The airline is legally responsible for the safety of its passengers.//  responsible for doing sth//  --He is responsible for recruiting and training new staff.//\n  3 SENSIBLE:  sensible and able to make good judgments, so that you can be trusted//  → irresponsible//    reliable//  --You can leave the children with Billy - he’s very responsible.//  responsible adult/citizen //  --It’s time you started acting like a responsible adult.//\n  4 CAUSE:   [not before noun] if something is responsible for a change, problem, event etc, it causes it//  responsible for//  --The floods were responsible for the deaths of over a hundred people.//\n  5  responsible job/position:  a job in which the ability to make good judgments and decisions is needed//\n  6  be responsible to sb:  if you are responsible to someone, that person is in charge of your work and you must explain what you have done to them//  --Cabinet members are directly responsible to the President.//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  !! Responsible is always an adjective, never a noun. //  To be responsible for (doing) something can mean to have done something wrong : Who is responsible for this mess? //  It can also mean to have to do or take care of something : You’re responsible for taking people’s coats. |  Our department is responsible for marketing. //  The person/company etc responsible is the person etc who has done something wrong : Police are determined to catch the man responsible (NOT the responsible). //  A responsible person, or someone who is responsible , is sensible : Children should be in the care of a responsible adult. |  He’s a very responsible young man. //  ----------//


Words: responsibly
Meaning:
adv   in a sensible way which makes people trust you//  → irresponsibly//  act/behave responsibly //  --Can I rely on you to behave responsibly while I’m away?//


Words: responsive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 reacting quickly, in a positive way:  --a car with highly responsive steering//  responsive to//  --We try to be responsive to the needs of the customer.//  --Her condition is not responsive to drug therapy.//\n  2 eager to communicate with people, and to react to them in a positive way:  --I tried to get him talking, but he wasn’t very responsive .//  -- responsively adv //  -- responsiveness n  [U] //


Words: respray
Meaning:
v [T]  BrE   to change the colour of a car by putting new paint on it//  -- respray/ri[hA359]spre[hA366]/ n  [C] //


Words: rest
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 the rest:\n   2 relaxing:\n   3 put/set somebody’s mind at rest:\n   4 come to rest:\n   5 give it a rest:\n   6 give something a rest:\n   7 at rest:\n   8 and all the rest of it:\n   9 and the rest:\n  10 lay/put something to rest:\n  11 lay somebody to rest:\n  12 music:  ----------//  [Sense: 1, 8-9; Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: reste, from  rester  ’to remain’, from  Latin restare]//  [Sense: 2-7, 10-12; Origin: Old English’rest, bed’]//\n  1  the rest:  what is left after everything or everyone else has gone, been used, dealt with, or mentioned//    remainder, leftovers//  --You carry these two bags, and I’ll bring the rest.//  --Two of the attackers were killed, and the rest escaped.//  the rest of//  --Does anyone want the rest of this pizza?//  --He’ll be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life .//\n  2 RELAXING:   [U and C] a period of time when you are not doing anything tiring and you can relax or sleep//  --I need to get some rest .//  have/take a rest //  --You look exhausted! Why don’t you take a rest?//  --We stopped for a well-earned rest  (=one that we deserved because we had been working hard) .//  a rest day/period //  --We have classes until 12.30, and then we have a rest period.//\n  3  put/set sb’s mind at rest:  to make someone feel less anxious or worried//  --Why don’t you talk to him, and put his mind at rest.//\n  4  come to rest:  a) to stop moving//  --The aircraft skidded across the runway and finally came to rest in a cornfield.//  b) if your eyes come to rest on something, you stop looking around and look at that one thing//  come to rest on//  --My eyes came to rest on a photograph of a young man.//\n  5  give it a rest:   spoken  especially BrE used to tell someone to stop talking about something because they are annoying you//  --Give it a rest, Jack!//\n  6  give sth a rest:   spoken to stop doing an activity//  --I gave the acting a rest for a while.//\n  7  at rest:  a) an expression meaning dead, and free from pain and problems//  b)  technical not moving//\n  8  and all the rest of it:   BrE  spoken used at the end of a short list to mean other things of a similar type//  --It was me who was paying the rent and the bills and all the rest of it.//\n  9  and the rest:   BrE  spoken used to emphasize in a humorous way that a number or amount is really much higher than someone thinks//  --’I’d say she’s about 40.’ ’Yeah, and the rest!’//\n  10  lay/put sth to rest:   formal to stop people from worrying about or believing something//  --The minister resigned, and the government hoped that the scandal would finally be laid to rest.//\n  11  lay sb to rest:  an expression meaning to bury someone, used when you want to avoid saying this directly//  --She was laid to rest beside her husband.//\n  12 MUSIC:   [C] //  a) a period of silence of a particular length in a piece of music//  b) a written sign that shows how long the period of silence should be//    headrest,  footrest,  backrest//    and the rest is history at history(10)//\nrest 2 W3S3 v   ----------//\n   1 relax:\n   2 support something:\n   3 rest your feet/legs/eyes etc:\n   4 let the matter rest:\n   5 rest assured (that):\n   6 somebody will not rest until...:\n   7 dead person:\n   8 rest on your laurels:\n   9 I rest my case:\n  10 rest easy:  Phrasal verbs//   rest on/upon something//   rest with somebody//  ----------//\n  1 RELAX:   [I] to stop working or doing an activity for a time and sit down or lie down to relax//  --If you’re tired, we’ll stop and rest for a while.//\n  2 SUPPORT SOMETHING:   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to support an object or part of your body by putting it on or against something, or to be supported in this way//    lean//  rest (sth) against/on sth//  --Rest your head on my shoulder.//  --Brassard rested his elbows on the table and leaned forward.//  --Their bikes were resting against the wall.//\n  3  rest your feet/legs/eyes etc:  to stop using a part of your body because it is feeling sore or tired//  --I need to sit down and rest my legs.//\n  4  let the matter rest:   also let it rest //  to stop discussing or dealing with something//  --The man apologized, but Aunt Matilda refused to let the matter rest.//\n  5  rest assured (that):   formal used to tell someone not to worry, because what you say about a situation is true//  --You may rest assured that it will be ready on time.//\n  6  sb will not rest until...:  if you will not rest until something happens, you will not be satisfied until it happens//  --We will not rest until the murderer is found.//\n  7 DEAD PERSON:   [I always + adverb/preposition]  literary if a dead person rests somewhere, they are buried there//  --My mother rests beside my father in the family graveyard.//  sb’s last/final resting place (=the place where someone is buried) //  rest in peace (=often written on a grave) //\n  8  rest on your laurels:  to be satisfied with what you have done, so that you do not make any further effort//\n  9  I rest my case:   spoken //  a)  formal used by a lawyer when they have finished trying to prove something in a court of law//  b) used when something happens or is said which proves that you were right - used humorously//\n  10  rest easy:  to relax and stop worrying//  --I can rest easy, knowing everything’s under control.//  rest on/upon [rest on/upon sth] phr v//\n  1  formal to depend on something:  --Success in management ultimately rests on good judgment.//\n  2  formal to be based on a particular idea or set of facts:  --The case against my client rests entirely on circumstantial evidence.//\n  3 if your eyes rest on something, you notice it and look at it:  --His eyes rested on a small figure in the distance.//  rest with [rest with sb] phr v//  if a decision rests with someone, they are responsible for it//  --The final decision rests with the President.//


Words: rest room
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a room with a toilet in a place such as a restaurant or cinema//  British Equivalent:  toilet//


Words: restart
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to start something such as a machine, process etc again after it has stopped//  --attempts to restart the peace process//  -- restart/ri[hA359]st[hA35A][hA359]t $ -st[hA35A][hA359]rt/ n  [C usually singular] //


Words: restate
Meaning:
v [T]   to say something again in a different way, so that it is clearer or more strongly expressed//  --He is not changing the rules; he is simply restating the policy that was established last year.//  -- restatement n  [U and C] //


Words: restaurant
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: restaurer  ’to restore’, from  Latin restaurare;   RESTORE]//  a place where you can buy and eat a meal//  Chinese/French/Mexican etc restaurant //  --We went to a little Italian restaurant near Leicester Square.//  --He took her out for a five-course dinner in a fancy restaurant.//  --The company runs a chain of restaurants.//  --A new restaurant has just opened across the road.//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: restaurant //  the person who serves you in a restaurant: waiter,  waitress,  server (AmE),  waitperson (AmE) //  the person who cooks your food: chef //  the person who welcomes the guests: maitre d’,  host/hostess (AmE) //  a list of the food: menu also bill of fare (formal) //  a list of wines and alcoholic drinks: wine list also drink list (AmE) //  a piece of paper that shows the amount you have to pay for your meal: bill (BrE) check (AmE) //  extra money you leave for the waiter or waitress: tip/gratuity (formal) //  money that the restaurant charges for service: service charge,  cover charge,  corkage //  See also:  cafe, cafeteria, diner, drive-in, deli, snack bar, bistro//  ----------//


Words: restaurateur
Meaning:
[C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: restaurer;   RESTAURANT]//  someone who owns and manages a restaurant//


Words: rested
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   feeling healthier, stronger, or calmer because you have had time to relax//  --We came back from holiday feeling rested and relaxed.//


Words: restitution
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin restitutio, from  restituere  ’to put back’]//   formal the act of giving back something that was lost or stolen to its owner, or of paying for damage//    compensation//  restitution of//  --the restitution of art treasures missing since World War II//  --The offender must make restitution for the hurt that he or she has caused.//


Words: restive
Meaning:
adj  written   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: restif  ’refusing to move’, from  rester;   REST1]//  dissatisfied or bored with your situation, and impatient for it to change//  --Communist leaders struggled to rule over increasingly restive populations.//  -- restively adv //  -- restiveness n  [U] //


Words: restless
Meaning:
adj \n  1 unwilling to keep still or stay where you are, especially because you are nervous or bored:   fidgety//  become/grow/get restless //  --The children had been indoors all day, and were getting restless.//\n  2 unwilling to stay in one place, and always wanting new experiences:  --After a few weeks in Marseille, I grew restless and decided to move on.//\n  3  restless night:  a night during which you cannot sleep or rest//  -- restlessly adv //  -- restlessness n  [U] //


Words: restoration
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 when you repair something such as an old building or a piece of furniture, so that it looks the same as when it was first built or made:  restoration of//  --a fund for the restoration of historic buildings//  --Major restoration work will begin in May.//\n  2 the act of bringing back a law, tax, or system of government:  restoration of//  --They’re fighting for the restoration of democratic rights.//  --the restoration of the monarchy in Spain//\n  3  the Restoration:  the return of Charles II as King of England in 1660, and the period afterwards//  Restoration comedy/drama (=plays written during this time in England) //\n  4 the act of officially giving something back to its former owner:   return//  restoration of//  --an attempt to secure the restoration of their lands//


Words: Restoration comedy
Meaning:
a humorous type of play that was popular in England during the time of the  Restoration, which includes a lot of  satire and jokes about people’s social and sexual behaviour. Plays by Oliver Goldsmith and William Congreve are typical examples of Restoration comedy.//


Words: restore
Meaning:
W3   v [T]   ----------//\n   1 former situation:\n   2 positive feeling:\n   3 repair:\n   4 give something back:\n   5 bring back a law:\n   6 restore somebody to power/the throne:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: restorer, from  Latin restaurare  ’to renew, rebuild’]//\n  1 FORMER SITUATION:  to make something return to its former state or condition//  restore sth to sth//  --The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.//  --She was hoping that the Mediterranean climate would restore her to full health.//  --The National Guard was called in to restore order  (=make people stop fighting and breaking the law) when riots broke out.//  --initiatives to restore peace in the Middle East//  restore (diplomatic) relations with sb //  --Vietnam restored diplomatic relations with South Korea on December 22.//  restore sb’s sight/hearing (=make someone who cannot hear or who is blind, hear or see again) //\n  2 POSITIVE FEELING:  to bring back a positive feeling that a person or a group of people felt before//  --measures aimed at restoring public confidence in the education system//  --a man whose kindness and sincerity really restored my faith in human nature (=helped me to believe that people can be good) //\n  3 REPAIR:  to repair an old building, piece of furniture, or painting etc so that it is in its original condition//  --The church was carefully restored after the war.//  --a Victorian fireplace restored to its former glory //\n  4 GIVE SOMETHING BACK:   formal to give back to someone something that was lost or taken from them//   return//  restore sth to sb//  --The treaty restored Okinawa to Japan.//\n  5 BRING BACK A LAW:  to bring back a law, tax, right etc//  --a campaign to restore the death penalty//\n  6  restore sb to power/the throne:   formal make someone king, queen, or president again, after a period when they have not been in power//


Words: restored
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   feeling better and stronger//  --After a cup of tea, she felt quite restored.//


Words: restorer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a person whose job is repairing old things:  --an art restorer//\n  2 someone who brings back something that existed before:  --He was described as a restorer of peace and order.//


Words: restrain
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: restreindre, from  Latin restringere, from  stringere;   STRINGENT]//\n  1 to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force:  restrain sb from doing sth//  --I had to restrain her from running out into the street.//  --He had to be restrained from using violence.//\n  2 to control your own emotions or behaviour:  --Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance.//  restrain yourself (from doing sth)//  --She could barely restrain herself from hitting him.//\n  3 to control or limit something that is increasing too much:  --Price rises should restrain consumer spending.//


Words: restrained
Meaning:
adj \n  1 behaviour that is restrained is calm and controlled:  --a restrained and cool-headed response to their criticisms//\n  2 not too brightly coloured or decorated:  --The interior decoration is quite restrained.//


Words: restraint
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: restreinte, from  restreindre;   RESTRAIN]//\n  1 [U] calm sensible controlled behaviour, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm:  --The police were praised for their restraint in handling the demonstrators.//  show/exercise restraint //  --He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint.//\n  2 [>C usually plural, U] a rule or principle that limits what people can do:  restraint on//  --Opposition politicians have called for restraints on public spending.//  --The government has imposed restraints on corporate mergers.//\n  3 [U]  formal physical force that is used to hold someone back, especially because they are likely to be violent:  --Sometimes police officers have to use physical restraint to control dangerous prisoners.//\n  4 [C] something that prevents someone from moving freely, such as a rope or a seat belt:


Words: restrict
Meaning:
W3S3   v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  restringere;   RESTRAIN]//\n  1 to limit or control the size, amount, or range of something:  --The new law restricts the sale of hand guns.//  --You may need to restrict access to certain files (=limit the number of people who can read them) .//  --The agreement will restrict competition.//  restrict sth to sth//  --In future we will restrict class sizes to 20 students.//\n  2 to limit someone’s actions or movements:  --The cramped living conditions severely restricted the children’s freedom to play.//\n  3  restrict yourself/sb to (doing) sth:  to allow yourself to have or do only a particular thing or amount of something//  --I’m restricting myself to two cigarettes a day.//


Words: restricted
Meaning:
adj \n  1 small or limited in size, area, or amount:  --It’s difficult trying to work in such a restricted space.//\n  2 limited or controlled, especially by laws or rules:  --Press freedom is severely restricted.//  restricted to//  --The sale of alcohol is restricted to people over the age of 18.//  --There is restricted access to this information (=only certain people can have it) .//\n  3 limited in your movements or in what you are able to do:  --The accident left her with restricted movement in her right leg.//  --In those days women led very restricted lives.//\n  4 a restricted area, document, or information can only be seen or used by a particular group of people because it is secret or dangerous:  --No Entry - restricted area for army personnel only.//\n  5  be restricted to sb/sth:  to only affect a limited area, group etc//  --The damage is restricted to the left side of the brain.//  --Eligibility for five weeks’ holiday is restricted to senior management.//


Words: restriction
Meaning:
W3S2   n \n  1 [C] a rule or law that limits or controls what people can do:  restriction on//  --restrictions on immigration//  --a 50 mph speed restriction //  trade/travel restrictions //  impose/place restrictions on sth //  --The law imposed new financial restrictions on private companies.//  strict/tough/tight restriction //  --tougher restrictions on alcohol advertising//  lift/remove a restriction //  --Restrictions on trade were lifted.//\n  2 [U] when you restrict the size, amount, or range of something:


Words: restrictive
Meaning:
adj   something that is restrictive stops people doing what they want to do//   limiting//  --Many members thought the rules were too restrictive.//  --a restrictive policy on admission to the college//


Words: restrictive clause
Meaning:
also restrictive relative clause  n [C]    technical a part of a sentence that says which particular person or thing you are talking about. For example in ’the man who came to dinner’, the phrase ’who came to dinner’ is a restrictive clause//  → non-restrictive clause//


Words: restrictive practices
Meaning:
n [plural] \n  1 unreasonable rules that are used by a trade union to limit the kind of work that members of other trade unions are allowed to do for a company:\n  2 an unfair trade agreement between companies that limits the amount of competition there is:


Words: restructure
Meaning:
v [T]   to change the way in which something such as a government, business, or system is organized//  --proposals to radically restructure Britain’s electronics industry//  -- restructuring n  [U and C] //  --the major restructuring of our armed forces//


Words: result
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 happening because of something:\n   2 sports/elections:\n   3 scientific tests:\n   4 examinations:\n   5 success:\n   6 business:\n   7 get a result:  ----------//\n  1 HAPPENING BECAUSE OF SOMETHING:   [U and C] something that happens or exists because of something that happened before//    consequence//  result of//  --Accidents are the inevitable result of driving too fast.//  --High unemployment is a direct result of the recession.//  end/final/net result (=the result at the end of a long process) //  --The net result of all these changes is that schools should be able to deliver a better service to pupils.//  --Growing plants from seed can produce disappointing results .//  --With a little effort you should achieve the desired result .//  as a result (of sth)//  --As a result of the pilots’ strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.//  with the result that//  --Sara wasn’t at school last week, with the result that she missed an important test.//\n  2 SPORTS/ELECTIONS:   [C] the final number of points, votes etc at the end of a competition, game, or election//  --The election results will be announced at midnight.//  --the football results//  result of//  --A lot depends on the result of this match.//\n  3 SCIENTIFIC TESTS:   [C] the answers that are produced by a scientific study or test//  --Results suggest that diet is very important.//  result of//  --Police are awaiting the results of a forensic examination.//  positive/negative/inconclusive results //  --The experiments gave positive results in all cases.//\n  4 EXAMINATIONS:   [C]  BrE the mark you get in an examination//  American Equivalent:  grade//  --When do we get our exam results ?//\n  5 SUCCESS:   [C] the achievement of something//  --She certainly knows how to get results .//  -- For best results , always use fresh ingredients when you are cooking.//\n  6 BUSINESS:   results [plural] the accounts of a business that show how successful it has been over a period of time, usually a year//  --British Airways has announced disappointing results for the first half of the year.//\n  7  get a result:   BrE  informal to win a victory in a sports match//  --They were lucky to get a result on Saturday.//\nresult 2 W3 v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: resultare  ’to jump back, result’, from  saltare  ’to jump’]//  if something results from something else, it is caused by it//  result from//  --We are still dealing with problems resulting from errors made in the past.//  --How would you cope with unemployment and the resulting loss of income?//  result in [result in sth] phr v//  to make something happen//   cause//  --an accident that resulted in the death of two passengers//\nresult 3 interjection  informal   Result!//  said when you have just done something successfully//


Words: resultant
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    formal happening or existing because of something//  --She is still trying to get over the attack and the resultant injuries.//


Words: resume
Meaning:
v  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: resumer, from  Latin resumere, from  sumere  ’to take’]//\n  1 [T] to start doing something again after stopping or being interrupted:  --She hopes to resume work after the baby is born.//  --The rebels have resumed hostilities against government troops.//  resume doing sth//  --He will resume training as soon as the injury is better.//\n  2 [I] if an activity or process resumes, it starts again after a pause:  --Peace talks will resume tomorrow.//\n  3  resume your seat/place/position:  to go back to the seat, place, or position where you were before//  --Will the delegates please resume their seats?//\nresume 2  resume/rezj[hA35E]me[hA366], re[hA366]- $ rez[hA35E]me[hA366]/ n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  resumer;   RESUME]//\n  1 a short account of something such as an article or speech which gives the main points but no details:   summary//  --a brief resume of the day’s events//\n  2  AmE a short written account of your education and your previous jobs that you send to an employer when you are looking for a new job:  British Equivalent:  CV//


Words: resumption
Meaning:
n [singular,U]    formal the act of starting an activity again after stopping or being interrupted//  resumption of//  --Both countries are now hoping for a quick resumption of diplomatic relations.//


Words: resurface
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I] to appear again after being lost or missing:  --One of the missing paintings suddenly resurfaced.//\n  2 [I] if an idea or problem resurfaces, it becomes important again:  --Nationalist tensions have resurfaced here.//\n  3 [T] to put a new surface on a road:\n  4 [I] to come back up to the surface of the water:


Words: resurgence
Meaning:
n [singular,U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: resurgent  (18-21 centuries), from  Latin resurgere  ’to rise again’, from  surgere;   SURGE1]//  the reappearance and growth of something that was common in the past//  resurgence of//  --There has been a resurgence of interest in religion over the last ten years.//  resurgence in//  --a resurgence in the popularity of 60s music//


Words: resurgent
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   growing and becoming more popular, after a period of quietness//  --resurgent fascism//


Words: resurrect
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: resurrection]//  to bring back an old activity, belief, idea etc that has not existed for a long time//  --The Home Office have resurrected plans to build a new prison just outside London.//  --another failed attempt to resurrect his career//


Words: resurrection
Meaning:
n [singular]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: resurrectio, from  resurgere;   RESURGENCE]//\n  1  the Resurrection:  the return of Jesus Christ to life after his death on the cross, which is one of the main beliefs of the Christian religion//\n  2  formal a situation in which something old or forgotten returns or becomes important again:  --a resurrection of old jealousies//


Words: resuscitate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  resuscitare, from  suscitare  ’to cause to move around’]//  to make someone breathe again or become conscious after they have almost died//    revive//  --Doctors managed to resuscitate him.//  -- resuscitation/r[hA366]s[hA356]s[hA369]te[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  -- mouth-to-mouth resuscitation  (=when you breathe air into someone’s mouth to make them breathe) //


Words: retail
Meaning:
n [U]   the sale of goods in shops to customers, for their own use and not for selling to anyone else//    wholesale//  the retail trade/business //  --a manager with twenty years’ experience in the retail business//  retail outlet/shop/store/chain //  --We are looking for more retail outlets for our products.//  --a retail price of [hA124]8.99//  --The retail value would be around $500.//  -- Retail sales fell by 1.3% in January.//\nretail 2   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: retaillier  ’to divide into pieces’, from  taillier  ’to cut’]//\n  1 [I]  technical to be sold for a particular price in a shop:  retail at/for//  --The wine retails at [hA124]6.95 a bottle.//  --The decoder is expected to retail for under $300.//\n  2 [T]  technical to sell goods in shops:  --Their products are retailed all over Britain and Europe.//\n  3 [T]  formal to give other people private information about someone or something:\nretail 3   adv   if you buy or sell something retail, you buy or sell it in a shop//  --We only deal with wholesalers - we don’t sell any of our goods retail.//


Words: retail price index
Meaning:
n  abbreviation RPI   the retail price index//  a list of certain goods and services and how much their prices change each month//


Words: retail therapy
Meaning:
n [U]   the act of buying things that you do not need when you are unhappy because you think it will make you feel better - often used humorously//    shopaholic//  --What you need is a bit of retail therapy!//


Words: retailing
Meaning:
n [U]   the business of selling goods to customers in shops//  --There may be many job losses in retailing.//


Words: retain
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: retenir, from  Latin retinere, from  tenere  ’to hold’]//\n  1 to keep something or continue to have something:  --You have the right to retain possession of the goods.//  --The state wants to retain control of food imports.//\n  2 to store or keep something inside something else:  --A lot of information can be retained in your computer.//  --Limestone is known to retain moisture.//\n  3 to remember information:  --I find it very difficult to retain facts.//\n  4 if you retain a lawyer or other specialist, you pay them to work for you now and in the future:  --He has retained a lawyer to challenge the court’s decision.//  --We had to pay a retaining fee  (=an amount of money to keep someone working for you) .//\n  5 if a company retains workers, it continues to employ them for a long time:  --It’s increasingly difficult to recruit and retain good staff.//


Words: retainer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an amount of money paid to someone, especially a lawyer, so that they will continue to work for you in the future:\n  2  BrE a reduced amount of rent that you pay for a room, flat etc when you are not there, so that it will still be available when you return:\n  3  AmE a plastic and wire object that you wear in your mouth to make your teeth stay straight:  British Equivalent:  brace//\n  4  old use a servant:


Words: retake
Meaning:
v   past tense  retook /-t[hA35E]k /past participle  retaken /-te[hA366]k[hA353]n/ [T] //\n  1 to get control of an area again in a war:   recapture//  --an attempt to retake the city//\n  2 to take an examination again because you have previously failed it:  British Equivalent:  resit//\nretake 2   n [C] \n  1 an act of filming or photographing something again:  --They had to do several retakes before the director was satisfied.//\n  2  BrE an examination or test that you take again because you failed it:


Words: retaliate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: , past participle of  retaliare, from  talio  ’suitable punishment’]//  to do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you//    hit back//  retaliate by doing sth//  --The British government retaliated by breaking off diplomatic relations.//  retaliate against//  --The army began to retaliate against the civilian population.//


Words: retaliation
Meaning:
n [U]   action against someone who has done something bad to you//    revenge//  in retaliation (for sth)//  --This action was undoubtedly in retaliation for last week’s bomb attack.//  retaliation against//  --the threat of massive retaliation against British troops//


Words: retaliatory
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  formal   done against someone because they have harmed you//  --a retaliatory attack//


Words: retard
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: retardare, from  tardus  ’slow’]//   formal to delay the development of something, or to make something happen more slowly than expected//   slow down//  --Cold weather retards the growth of many plants.//\nretard 2   n [C]    spoken  not polite an offensive word for a stupid person//


Words: retarded
Meaning:
adj  old-fashioned   less mentally developed than other people of the same age. Many people think that this use is rude and offensive.//


Words: retch
Meaning:
v [I]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hr[zB024]can]//  to try to vomit//   gag//  --The smell made her retch.//


Words: retell
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  retold /-t[hA353][hA35E]ld $ -to[hA35E]ld/ [T] //  to tell a story again, often in a different way or in a different language//


Words: retention
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: retentio, from  retinere;   RETAIN]//\n  1  formal the act of keeping something:  retention of//  --The UN will vote on the retention of sanctions against Iraq.//\n  2  technical the ability or tendency of something to hold liquid, heat etc within itself:  --Many people with heart problems suffer from fluid retention.//\n  3 the ability to keep something in your memory:  --I have a real problem with retention of information.//


Words: retentive
Meaning:
adj   a retentive memory or mind is able to hold facts and remember them//    anal(2)//  -- retentiveness n  [U] //


Words: rethink
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rethought /-[hA35F][hA350][hA359]t $ -[hA35F][hA361][hA359]t/ [I and T] //  to think about a plan or idea again in order to decide if any changes should be made//   reconsider//  --an opportunity to rethink our policy on advertising//  -- rethink/ri[hA359][hA35F][hA366][hA26E]k/ n  [singular] //  --It’s time for a complete rethink of the way we farm our countryside.//


Words: reticent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  reticere  ’to keep silent’, from  tacere;   TACIT]//  unwilling to talk about what you feel or what you know//   reserved//  reticent about//  --She’s strangely reticent about her son.//  -- reticence n  [U] //


Words: reticulated
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: reticulatus, from  reticulum  ’net’]//  forming or covered with a pattern of squares and lines that looks like a net//


Words: retina
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , probably from  Latin rete  ’net’]//  the area at the back of your eye that receives light and sends an image of what you see to your brain//


Words: retinue
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: retenir;   RETAIN]//  a group of people who travel with someone important to help and support them//  retinue of//  --He travelled with a huge retinue of servants.//


Words: retire
Meaning:
W3S2   v   ----------//\n   1 work:\n   2 quiet place:\n   3 jury:\n   4 game/race:\n   5 bed:\n   6 army:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: tirer  ’to pull’]//\n  1 WORK:  a)  [I] to stop working, usually because you have reached a certain age//  --Most people retire at 65.//  --He was forced to retire early because of poor health.//  retire from//  --I retired from teaching three years ago.//  --her decision to retire from her position as librarian of the law society//  --Her drink problem has forced her to retire from public life .//  retire as//  --He retired as a GP last year.//  b)  [T usually passive] to ask someone to stop doing their job, usually because of ill health//  --He became ill and was retired early.//\n  2 QUIET PLACE:   [I]  formal to go away to a quiet place//  retire to//  --I retired to my room to think.//\n  3 JURY:   [I] when a jury in a law court retires, they go away to consider whether someone is guilty or not//\n  4 GAME/RACE:   [I] to stop competing in a game or race because you are losing or injured//  --He had to retire with a neck injury in the second half.//\n  5 BED:   [I]  literary to go to bed//\n  6 ARMY:   [I] to move back from a battle after being defeated//


Words: retired
Meaning:
adj   having stopped working, usually because of your age//  --a retired teacher//  --Both my parents are retired now.//


Words: retirement
Meaning:
W3S2   n \n  1 [U and C] when you stop working, usually because of your age:  retirement from//  --He became a keen golfer after his retirement from politics.//  retirement as//  --He announced his retirement as chief executive of the company.//  --She took early retirement  (=retired at an earlier age than usual) last year.//  --Dad’s approaching retirement age .//\n  2 [singular,U] the period after you have stopped work:  --I hope you enjoy a long and happy retirement.//  in retirement//  --Will you be able to support yourself in retirement?//  --a retirement pension//


Words: retirement plan
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a system for saving money for when you stop work, done either through your employer or arranged by you//


Words: retiring
Meaning:
adj \n  1 someone who is retiring does not want to be with other people, especially people they do not know:   shy//  --As a child, Elizabeth was very shy and retiring.//\n  2  the retiring president/manager/director etc:  a president etc who is soon going to leave their job//


Words: retool
Meaning:
v \n  1 [T]  AmE  informal to organize something in a new way:  --The College Board has retooled the admission exams.//\n  2 [I and T] to change or replace the machines or tools in a factory:


Words: retort
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  retorquere  ’to twist back, throw back’, from  torquere  ’to twist’]//  to reply quickly, in an angry or humorous way//  --’It’s all your fault!’ he retorted.//\nretort 2 n [C]   [Sense: 1; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  RETORT1]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: retorte, from  Latin retorquere (  RETORT1); because of its bent shape]//\n  1 a short angry or humorous reply:  --He was about to make a sharp retort .//\n  2 a bottle with a long narrow bent neck, used for heating chemicals:


Words: retouch
Meaning:
v [T]   to improve a picture or photograph by painting over marks or making other small changes//    airbrush//  --postcards that have been retouched to cover the grey skies//


Words: retrace
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1  retrace your steps/path/route etc:  to go back exactly the way you have come//  --After a few minutes, he turned around and began to retrace his steps.//\n  2 to repeat exactly the same journey that someone else has made:  --We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.//\n  3 to find out where someone went:  --an investigation to retrace the dead man’s last known movements//


Words: retract
Meaning:
v  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  retrahere  ’to pull back’, from  trahere  ’to pull’]//\n  1 [T] if you retract something that you said or agreed, you say that you did not mean it:   withdraw//  --He confessed to the murder but later retracted his statement.//\n  2 [I and T] if part of a machine or an animal’s body retracts or is retracted, it moves back into the main part:  --The sea otter can retract the claws on its front feet.//


Words: retractable
Meaning:
adj   a retractable part of something can be pulled back into the main part//  --a knife with a retractable blade//


Words: retraction
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1 [C] an official statement that something which you said previously is not true:  retraction of//  --The newspaper was forced to publish a retraction of its allegations.//\n  2 [U] the act of pulling one part of something back inside the main part:


Words: retrain
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to learn or to teach someone the skills that are needed to do a different job//  --One solution is to retrain the long-term unemployed.//  retrain as//  --She’s hoping to retrain as a teacher.//  -- retraining n  [U] //


Words: retread
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a old tyre which is given a new rubber surface:   remould//\n  2  AmE  informal something that is made or done again, with a few changes added - used to show disapproval:  --retreads of old TV shows//\n  3  AmE  informal someone who has been trained to do work which is different from what they did before:


Words: retreat
Meaning:
v [I]   ----------//\n   1 army:\n   2 move back:\n   3 change your mind:\n   4 quiet place:\n   5 retreat into yourself/your shell/fantasy etc:\n   6 finance:  ----------//\n  1 ARMY:  to move away from the enemy after being defeated in battle//  → advance//  --The rebels retreated to the mountains.//  --They were attacked and forced to retreat.//\n  2 MOVE BACK:   written //  a) to move away from someone or something//  --He saw her and retreated, too shy to speak to her.//  retreat to/from/into etc//  --Perry lit the fuse and retreated to a safe distance.//  --It was not a conscious choice to retreat from public life.//  b) if an area of water, snow, or land retreats, it gradually gets smaller//  --The flood waters are slowly retreating.//\n  3 CHANGE YOUR MIND:   written to decide not to do something you were planning to do, because it was unpopular or too difficult//  retreat from//  --The Canadian government has retreated from a plan to kill 300 wolves.//\n  4 QUIET PLACE:  to go away to a place that is quiet or safe//  retreat from/into/to//  --After the noise of the city he was glad to retreat to his hotel room.//\n  5  retreat into yourself/your shell/fantasy etc:  to ignore what is happening around you and give all your attention to your private thoughts//\n  6 FINANCE:   technical if shares etc retreat, their value falls to a lower level//\nretreat 2 n   ----------//\n   1 of an army:\n   2 movement back:\n   3 beat a retreat:\n   4 change of intention:\n   5 place:\n   6 thought and prayer:\n   7 finance:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: retret, from  retraire  ’to withdraw’, from  Latin retrahere;   RETRACT]//\n  1 OF AN ARMY:   [U and C] a movement away from the enemy after a defeat in battle//  → advance//  --Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow//  --The rebel forces are in full retreat  (=retreating very fast) .//  --The bugler sounded the retreat (=gave a loud signal for retreat) .//\n  2 MOVEMENT BACK:   [singular,U] a movement away from someone or something//  retreat from//  --Ten thousand years ago the ice began its retreat from Scotland.//\n  3  beat a retreat:   informal to leave a place quickly//  --I saw my aunt coming and beat a hasty retreat .//\n  4 CHANGE OF INTENTION:   [singular,U] when you change your mind about something because your idea was unpopular or too difficult//  retreat from//  --a retreat from hard-line policies//\n  5 PLACE:   [C] a place you can go to that is quiet or safe//  --a country retreat//\n  6 THOUGHT AND PRAYER:   [U and C] a period of time that you spend praying or studying religion in a quiet place//  on (a) retreat//  --I spent three weeks on retreat in Scotland.//\n  7 FINANCE:   [singular,U]  technical a situation in which the value of shares etc falls to a lower level//


Words: retrench
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Early  French retrencher, from  Old French trenchier  ’to cut’]//  if a government or organization retrenches, it spends less money//   economize//  -- retrenchment n  [U and C] //  --a government policy of retrenchment//


Words: retrial
Meaning:
n [C]   a process of judging a law case in court again//    retry//  --The jury was dismissed and the judge ordered a retrial.//


Words: retribution
Meaning:
n [singular,U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: retributio, from  Latin retribuere  ’to pay back’]//  severe punishment for something very serious//  retribution for//  --Victims are demanding retribution for the terrorist attacks.//  -- divine retribution  (=punishment by God) //


Words: retrieval
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  technical the process of getting back information stored on a computer system:  --a new system that should speed up information retrieval//\n  2 the act of getting back something you have lost or left somewhere:\n  3  be beyond/past retrieval:  if a situation is beyond retrieval, it has become so bad that it cannot be made right again//


Words: retrieve
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: retrover  ’to find again’, from  trover  ’to find’]//\n  1  formal to find something and bring it back:    recover//  --She bent down to retrieve her earring.//  retrieve sth from sth//  --It took four days to retrieve all the bodies from the crash.//\n  2  technical to get back information that has been stored in the memory of a computer:  --The new version of the software automatically retrieves digital information.//\n  3  retrieve a situation:   BrE to make a situation satisfactory again after there has been a serious mistake or problem//  --The general made one last desperate effort to retrieve the situation.//  -- retrievable adj //


Words: retro
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: retro, from  retrospectif  ’retrospective’]//  based on styles of fashion and design from the recent past//  --retro ’60s fashions//\nretro 2   plural  retros  n [C] //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  RETROSPECTIVE2]//   AmE  informal a retrospective//


Words: retro-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Latin; Origin: retro  ’backward’]//  back towards the past or an earlier state//  --retroactive legislation (=laws which have an effect on things already done) //  --a retrograde step (=returning to a worse state) //


Words: retroactive
Meaning:
adj  formal   a law or decision that is retroactive is effective from a particular date in the past//   retrospective//  --a retroactive pay increase//  retroactive to//  --The legislation is retroactive to 1st June.//  -- retroactively adv //


Words: retrofit
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  retrofitted present participle  retrofitting  [T] //  to improve a machine, piece of equipment, building etc by putting new and better parts in it after it has been used for some time//  --plans to retrofit oil boilers//  -- retrofit n  [C] //  -- retrofitting n  [U] //


Words: retroflex
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: retroflexus, from  Latin flexus  ’bent’]//  a retroflex speech sound is made with the end of your tongue pointing backwards and upwards//


Words: retrograde
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: retrogradus, from  gradi  ’to go’]//\n  1  formal involving a return to an earlier and worse situation:   backward//  --The closure of the factories is seen as a retrograde step .//\n  2  technical moving backwards:   backward//


Words: retrogressive
Meaning:
adj  formal   returning to an earlier and worse situation//   regressive//  --retrogressive legislation//  -- retrogress v  [I] //  -- retrogression/-gre[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [singular,U] //


Words: retrospect
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: retro- +  -spect (as in  prospect)]//  in retrospect//  thinking back to a time in the past, especially with the advantage of knowing more now than you did then//  --In retrospect, I wonder if we should have done more.//


Words: retrospective
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 related to or thinking about the past:  --a retrospective study of 110 patients//\n  2  BrE a law or decision that is retrospective is effective from a particular date in the past:   retroactive//  --retrospective legislation//  --Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April.//  -- retrospectively adv //  --The new rule will be applied retrospectively.//\nretrospective 2 n [C]   a show of the work of an artist, actor, film-maker etc that includes examples of all the kinds of work they have done//  --a Hitchcock retrospective//  retrospective of//  --a retrospective of painter Hans Hofmann//


Words: retrovirus
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a virus of a type that includes some  cancer viruses and the  AIDS virus, but that also has a quality that makes it useful for genetic engineering//


Words: retry
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  retried present participle  retrying third person singular  retries  [T] //\n  1 to judge a person or a law case again in court:    retrial//\n  2 to do an action on a computer again after it has failed:


Words: retsina
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Modern Greek; Origin: Greek rhetine;   RESIN]//  a Greek wine that tastes of the resin (=juice)  of certain trees//


Words: return
Meaning:
W1S2   v   ----------//\n   1 go back:\n   2 give back:\n   3 feeling/situation:\n   4 do the same:\n   5 answer:\n   6 ball:\n   7 elect:\n   8 return a verdict:\n   9 profit:  Phrasal verbs//   return to something//  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: retourner, from  tourner  ’to turn’]//\n  1 GO BACK:   [I] to go or come back to a place where you were before//   go back, come back//  --It was forty five minutes before she returned.//  return to//  --Are you planning to return to Spain?//  return from//  --I have just returned from five months in Zimbabwe.//  --Alison decided to return home .//  --He left his country, never to return .//\n  2 GIVE BACK:   [T] to give or send something back, or to put something back in its place//   give back, put back//  return sth to sth/sb//  --Carson returned the notebook to his pocket.//  --I returned the books to the library unread.//  --Please complete the enclosed application form and return it in the envelope attached.//\n  3 FEELING/SITUATION:   [I] if a feeling, situation etc returns, it starts to exist or happen again//   come back//  --If the pain returns, take two of the tablets with some water.//  --David could feel his anger returning.//  return to//  --when peace finally returns to this country//\n  4 DO THE SAME:   [T] to do something to someone because they have done the same thing to you//  --He smiled at her warmly and she returned his smile.//  --I phoned him twice on Friday and left messages, but he never returned my call  (=he didn’t phone me) .//  --Thanks very much. I’ll return the favour  (=do something to help you) some day.//  --The police did not return fire  (=shoot back at someone who shot at them) .//\n  5 ANSWER:   [T]  written to answer someone//  --’Yes,’ he returned. ’I’m a lucky man.’//\n  6 BALL:   [T] to hit the ball back to your opponent in a game such as tennis//\n  7 ELECT:   [T usually passive]  BrE to elect someone to a political position, especially to represent you in parliament//  return sb to sth//  --Durrant was returned to Parliament with an increased majority.//  return sb as sth//  --At the last election she was again returned as MP for Brighton.//\n  8  return a verdict:  when a jury return their verdict, they say whether someone is guilty or not//\n  9 PROFIT:   [T] to make a profit//  --The group returned increased profits last year.//  return to [return to sth] phr v//\n  1 to change back to a previous state or situation, or to change something back:  --David waited for a moment to let his breathing return to normal .//  return sth to sth//  --The new chairman made the cuts necessary to return the company to profitability.//\n  2 to start doing an activity, job etc that you were doing before you stopped or were interrupted:   go back//  --Nicholas looked up, grinned, then returned to his newspaper.//  --The children return to school next week.//  --Ellie needed to return to work soon after the birth.//\n  3  formal to start discussing or dealing with a subject that you have already mentioned:  --I will return to this problem in a moment.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  In spoken English it is more usual to use go/come back. //  HINT sense 2 //  In spoken English it is more usual to use take/bring/give back. //  ----------//\nreturn 2 n   ----------//\n   1 coming back:\n   2 giving back:\n   3 changing back:\n   4 starting again:\n   5 profit:\n   6 in return (for something):\n   7 feeling/situation:\n   8 computer:\n   9 statement:\n  10 vote:\n  11 by return (of post):\n  12 ticket:  ----------//\n  1 COMING BACK:   [singular] the act of returning from somewhere, or your arrival back in a place//  --We’re all looking forward to your return!//  return from//  --I need to know the date of her return from Europe.//  return to//  --Malcolm decided to delay his return to York.//  on/upon sb’s return//  --On his return from Canada, he joined the army.//\n  2 GIVING BACK:   [singular] the act of giving, putting, or sending something back//  return of//  --A mother is appealing for the safe return of her baby son.//  --Police have arranged for the return of the stolen goods.//\n  3 CHANGING BACK:   [singular] a change back to a previous state or situation//  return to//  --The United States called for a return to democracy.//  --a return to normal//\n  4 STARTING AGAIN:   [singular] when someone starts an activity again after they had stopped//  return to//  --Rose’s return to the teaching profession//  --Jean is well enough now to consider her return to work .//\n  5 PROFIT:   [U and C] the amount of profit that you get from something//  --The markets are showing extremely poor returns.//  return on//  --How can you get the best return on your investment?//  return from//  --The returns from farming are declining.//  --The average rates of return were 15%.//\n  6  in return (for sth):  as payment or reward for something//  --He is always helping people without expecting anything in return.//  --We offer an excellent all-round education to our students. In return, we expect students to work hard.//  --Liz agreed to look after the baby in return for a free room.//\n  7 FEELING/SITUATION:   [singular] when a feeling, situation etc starts to exist or happen again//  return of//  --She felt a return of her old anxiety.//  --David had noticed the return of worrying symptoms in the last few days.//\n  8 COMPUTER:   [U] the key that you press on a computer at the end of an instruction or to move to a new line//   enter//  --Key in the file name and press return.//\n  9 STATEMENT:   [C] a statement giving written information in reply to official questions//  --an analysis of the 1851 census returns//    tax return//\n  10 VOTE:   [C]  technical a vote in an election//  --What are the returns from last night’s voting?//\n  11  by return (of post):   BrE if you reply to a letter by return, you send your reply almost immediately//\n  12 TICKET:   [C]  BrE a ticket for a journey from one place to another and back again//  → single//  American Equivalent:  round trip//    day return//    the point of no return at point1 (10)//\nreturn 3 adj [only before noun]   used or paid for a journey from one place to another and back again//    single//  American Equivalent:  round trip//  --a return ticket//  --a return fare//


Words: return address
Meaning:
n [C]   the address of the person who is sending a letter or package, that is written on the envelope or package//


Words: returnable
Meaning:
adj \n  1 something that is returnable can be taken back to a shop and used again:  → non-returnable//\n  2 an amount of money that is returnable will be given back to you later:   refundable//  → non-returnable//  --a returnable deposit of [hA124]50//


Words: returner
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE someone who goes back to work after a long time away, especially a woman who left work to look after her children//


Words: returning officer
Meaning:
n [C]   the official in each town or area of Britain who arranges an election to Parliament and announces the result//


Words: reunify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  reunified present participle  reunifying third person singular  reunifies  [T] //  to join the parts of something together again, especially a country that was divided//  -- reunification/ri[hA359]ju[hA359]n[hA369]f[hA369]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --German reunification//    reunite//


Words: Reunion
Meaning:
an island in the western Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, that is a  dependency of France. Population: 732,570 (2001). Capital: Saint-Denis.//


Words: reunion
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a social meeting of people who have not met for a long time, especially people who were at school or college together:  --an annual reunion //  --a family reunion //  --a high-school reunion//\n  2 [U] when people are brought together again after a period of being separated:  reunion with//  --Joseph’s eventual reunion with his brother//


Words: reunite
Meaning:
v [I,T usually passive]   to come together again or to bring people, parts of an organization, political party, or country together again//  be reunited with sb//  --The children were finally reunited with their families.//  --The band will reunite for a US tour.//


Words: reuse
Meaning:
v [T]   to use something again//  --The bottles are designed to be reused up to 20 times.//  -- reusable adj //  --reusable containers//  -- reuse/ri[hA359]ju[hA359]s/ n  [U] //  --to purify water for reuse//


Words: Reuters
Meaning:
trademark   a British company which employs  journalists in many different countries to send it news from all over the world so that it can sell these reports to many different newspapers and radio and television stations.//


Words: Rev
Meaning:
BrE  Rev. AmE  also  Revd BrE   Reverend a title used before the name of a minister of the Christian church//  --Rev D Macleod//


Words: rev
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  revved present participle  revving  [I and T] //   also rev up //  if you rev an engine, or if an engine revs, you make it work faster//  rev up phr v//  if you rev up a system or organization, or if it revs up, it becomes more active//  rev up for//  --They are revving up for one of the biggest fund-raising events ever organized.//  rev sth → up//  --Investors keep putting money in U.S. companies, revving up the economy even more.//\nrev 2 n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: revolution]//   informal a complete turn of a wheel or engine part, used as a unit for measuring the speed of an engine//   revolution//


Words: revalue
Meaning:
v [T usually passive] \n  1 to examine something again in order to calculate its present value:  --The company’s land has been revalued at [hA124]16.9m.//\n  2 to increase the value of a country’s money in relation to that of other countries:  → devalue//  --The dollar has just been revalued.//  -- revaluation/ri[hA359]v[zB024]ljue[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U and C] //


Words: revamp
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: vamp  ’to mend’ (16-19 centuries)]//   informal to change something in order to improve it and make it seem more modern//  --Many older companies are revamping their image.//  -- revamp/ri[hA359]v[zB024]mp/ also revamping //   n  [C] //


Words: reveal
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reveler, from  Latin revelare  ’to uncover’, from  velum;   VEIL1]//\n  1 to make known something that was previously secret or unknown:  → conceal//  --He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.//  --a test that can reveal a teacher’s hidden skills//  reveal (that)//  --He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.//  reveal yourself (as/to be sth)//  --The violinist revealed himself as a talented interpreter of classical music.//\n  2 to show something that was previously hidden:  → conceal//  --The curtain opened to reveal the grand prize.//


Words: revealing
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a remark or event that is revealing shows you something interesting or surprising about a situation or someone’s character:  --a revealing insight into her life//\n  2 revealing clothes allow parts of your body to be seen which are usually kept covered:    low-cut//  --a very revealing dress//  -- revealingly adv //


Words: reveille
Meaning:
n [singular,U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: reveillez!  ’wake up!’, from  reveiller  ’to wake up’, from  Latin vigilare  ’to stay awake’]//  a special tune played as a signal to wake soldiers in the morning, or the time at which it is played//


Words: revel
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  revelled present participle  revelling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  reveled present participle  reveling  AmE  [I]  old use //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reveler  ’to rebel, revel’, from  Latin rebellare;   REBEL1]//  to spend time dancing, eating, drinking etc, especially at a party//  -- revel n  [C usually plural] //  revel in [revel in sth] phr v//  to enjoy something very much//  --He revelled in his new-found fame.//


Words: revelation
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, from  revelare;   REVEAL]//\n  1 [C] a surprising fact about someone or something that was previously secret and is now made known:  revelation about/concerning//  --He resigned after revelations about his affair.//  -- startling revelations about his background//  revelation that//  --revelations that two senior officers had lied in court//\n  2 [U] the act of suddenly making known a surprising fact that had previously been secret:  revelation of//  --the revelation of previously unknown facts//\n  3 [C]  informal something that is surprisingly good, enjoyable, or useful:  revelation to//  --Alice Walker’s novel was a real revelation to me.//\n  4 [U and C] an event, experience etc that is considered to be a message from God:  -- revelatory/rev[hA353]le[hA366]t[hA368]ri $ rev[hA368]l[hA353]t[hA350][hA359]ri/ adj //  --His playing has many moments of revelatory insights.//


Words: Revelations
Meaning:
the last book of the New Testament of the Bible, in which the story of the end of the world is told. It is thought to have been written by Saint  John and is sometimes also called  The Book of Revelation or  The Apocalypse.//


Words: reveller
Meaning:
BrE  reveler AmE   n [C usually plural]   someone who is having fun singing, dancing etc in a noisy way//


Words: revelry
Meaning:
n [U]  also revelries  [plural]   wild noisy dancing, eating, drinking etc, usually to celebrate something//    celebration//


Words: revenge
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 something you do in order to punish someone who has harmed or offended you:  get/have/take (your) revenge (on sb) //  --He took revenge on his employers by setting fire to the factory.//  revenge for//  --She is seeking revenge for the murder of her husband.//  in revenge for sth//  --a bomb attack in revenge for the imprisonment of the terrorists//  --The murder was an act of revenge for the earlier killings.//  -- revenge attacks on British troops//\n  2 the defeat of someone who has previously defeated you in a sport:  revenge for//  --The Australians took revenge for their defeat here last time.//  --a revenge match//  -- revengeful adj //\nrevenge 2 v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revengier, from  avengier;   AVENGE]//   formal to punish someone who has done something to harm you or someone else//  revenge yourself on sb//  --The terrorist group is still looking to revenge itself on its attackers.//  --The poor murdered girl must be revenged.//


Words: revenue
Meaning:
W2   n [U]  also revenues   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: , past particple of  revenir  ’to return’]//\n  1 money that a business or organization receives over a period of time, especially from selling goods or services:    income//  --advertising revenue//  --Strikes have cost [hA124]20 million in lost revenues .//\n  2 money that the government receives from tax:  --an increase in tax revenues of 8.4%//    Inland revenue,  internal revenue service//


Words: reverberate
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  reverberare  ’to hit back, repel’, from  verberare  ’to hit’]//\n  1 if a loud sound reverberates, it is heard many times as it is sent back from different surfaces:   echo//  reverberate through/around etc//  --The bang reverberated through the house.//\n  2 if a room, building etc reverberates, it seems to shake because of a loud sound:  reverberate with//  --The room reverberated with laughter.//\n  3 if an event, action, or idea reverberates, it has a strong effect over a wide area and for a long time:  reverberate through/around etc//  --The traumas of the last week will reverberate through history.//


Words: reverberation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C usually plural] a severe effect that is caused by a particular event and continues for a long time:   repercussion//  --the scandal’s political reverberations//\n  2 [U and C] a loud sound that is heard again and again as it is sent back from different surfaces:    echo//


Words: Revere
Meaning:
Paul   (1735-1818) an American  folk hero who rode at night on the 18th April 1775 to the town of Concord in Massachusetts, in order to warn the people there that the British soldiers were coming. The next day the  American Revolutionary War started. His brave action is described in  Longfellow ’s poem  Paul Revere’s Ride.//


Words: revere
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: revereri, from  vereri  ’to fear, respect’]//   formal to respect and admire someone or something very much//  be revered as sth//  --He is revered as a national hero.//


Words: reverence
Meaning:
n   [U]  formal great respect and admiration for someone or something//  reverence for//  --reverence for tradition//


Words: reverend
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin reverendus  ’to be revered’, from  revereri;   REVERE]//  a minister of a Christian church//


Words: reverent
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  revereri;   REVERE]//  showing a lot of respect and admiration//  → irreverent//  --a hushed reverent voice//  -- reverently adv //


Words: reverential
Meaning:
adj  formal   showing a lot of respect and admiration//  --He spoke in reverential tones.//  -- reverentially adv //


Words: reverie
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: reverie, from  Old French rever  ’to wander, dream’]//  a state of imagining or thinking about pleasant things, that is like dreaming//    daydream//  --She was startled out of her reverie by a loud crash.//


Words: reversal
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a change to an opposite arrangement, process, or way of doing something:    turnaround//  reversal of/in//  --a sudden reversal of government policy//  dramatic/sudden/complete reversal //  --a dramatic reversal in population decline//  --Some Internet firms have suffered a painful reversal of fortune  (=they were successful but now they are not) .//  --Some carers and dependants find it difficult to adapt to a role reversal .//\n  2 [C] a failure or other problem that prevents you from being able to do what you want:  --In spite of setbacks and reversals, his business was at last making money.//


Words: reverse
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 opposite:\n   2 car:\n   3 change position/purpose:\n   4 turn something over:\n   5 reverse yourself:\n   6 reverse the charges:  ----------//\n  1 OPPOSITE:   [T] to change something, such as a decision, judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what it was before//  reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc //  --The decision was reversed on appeal.//  reverse a trend/process/decline etc //  --More changes are required to reverse the trend towards centralised power.//\n  2 CAR:   [I and T]  especially BrE if a vehicle or its driver reverses, they go backwards//  American Equivalent:  back up//  reverse out of/into etc//  --Bob reversed into a parking space.//  reverse sth into/out of sth//  --I reversed the car into a side road.//\n  3 CHANGE POSITION/PURPOSE:   [T] to change around the usual order of the parts of something, or the usual things two people do//  reverse roles/positions //  --Our roles as child and guardian had now been reversed.//\n  4 TURN SOMETHING OVER:   [T] to turn something over or around, in order to show the back of it//  --Reverse the paper in the printer.//\n  5  reverse yourself:   AmE to change your opinion or position in an argument//  --Suddenly, he reversed himself completely.//\n  6  reverse the charges:   BrE to make a telephone call which is paid for by the person you are telephoning//  American Equivalent:  call collect//\nreverse 2 n   ----------//\n   1 opposite:\n   2 in reverse:\n   3 go into reverse/put something into reverse:\n   4 car:\n   5 defeat:\n   6 other side:  ----------//\n  1 OPPOSITE:   the reverse//  the exact opposite of what has just been mentioned//  quite/just/precisely/exactly the opposite//  --I didn’t mean to insult her - quite the reverse (=in fact, I meant to praise her) .//  --I owe you nothing. If anything, the reverse is true  (=you owe me) .//\n  2  in reverse:  in the opposite way to normal or to the previous situation//    vice versa//  --US video recorders cannot play European tapes, and the same applies in reverse.//\n  3  go into reverse/put sth into reverse:  to start to happen or to make something happen in the opposite way//  --The incident threatened to put the peace process into reverse.//\n  4 CAR:   [U] the position of the gears in a vehicle that makes it go backwards//  into/in reverse//  --Put the car into reverse.//\n  5 DEFEAT:   [C]  formal a defeat or a problem that delays your plans//   setback//  --Losing the Senate vote was a serious reverse for the President.//\n  6 OTHER SIDE:   [singular] the less important side or the back of an object that has two sides//  on the reverse//  --The British ten-pence coin has a lion on the reverse.//\nreverse 3 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revers, from  Latin reversus, past participle of  revertere;   REVERT]//\n  1  reverse order/situation/process etc:  the opposite order etc to what is usual or to what has just been stated//  --The results were read out in reverse order (=with the worst first and the best last) .//\n  2  the reverse side:  the back of something//


Words: reverse discrimination
Meaning:
n [U]   the practice of giving unfair treatment to a group of people who usually have advantages, in order to be fair to the group of people who were unfairly treated in the past//    positive discrimination//


Words: reverse engineering
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   a situation in which a product is examined to see how it is made, so that it can be copied//  -- reverse engineer v  [T] //


Words: reversible
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a change that is reversible can be changed back to how it was before:  → irreversible//  --A lot of chemical reactions are reversible.//\n  2 a piece of clothing or material that is reversible can be worn with either side showing on the outside:  --a reversible jacket//


Words: reversing light
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a light on the back of a car which comes on when the car is going backwards//    tail-light//


Words: reversion
Meaning:
n [singular,U]  formal \n  1 a return to a former condition or habit:  reversion to//  --the country’s reversion to a traditional monarchy//\n  2  law the return of property to a former owner:


Words: revert
Meaning:
v   revert to / [revert to sb/sth] phr v//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revertir, from  Latin revertere  ’to turn back’, from  vertere  ’to turn’]//\n  1 to change back to a situation that existed in the past:   go back to//  --The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.//  --After a few weeks, everything reverted to normal .//\n  2  formal to return to an earlier subject of conversation:   go back to//  --To revert to the question of exams, I’d like to explain further.//\n  3  law if land or a building reverts to its former owner, it becomes their property again:


Words: revetment
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: revetement, from  revetir  ’to put clothes on again’]//   technical a surface of stone or other building material added for strength to a wall that holds back loose earth, water etc//


Words: review
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: revue;   REVUE]//\n  1 [U and C] a careful examination of a situation or process:    evaluation, analysis//  review of//  --She sent us her review of the research.//  carry out/conduct/undertake a review //  --The company hired Bob to conduct an independent review of their workplace procedures.//  review body/committee/panel/board //  --the Teachers’ Pay Review Body//  under review//  --We’re keeping this policy under review (=we are continuing to examine it) .//  --The policy comes up for review  (=will be reviewed) in April.//  --All fees are subject to review  (=may be reviewed) .//  --Mr Crowther asked for judicial review of the decision (=an examination of the decision by a judge) .//\n  2 [C] an article in a newspaper or magazine that gives an opinion about a new book, play, film etc:  --a film review//  review of//  --The paper published a review of her book.//  good/bad/mixed review //  --The band’s new album has had very good reviews.//  --The film opened to rave reviews  (=reviews that praised it a lot) . see usage note  critic//\n  3 [U] the work of writing reviews for a newspaper or magazine:  for review//  --The book was sent to the press for review in September.//  --The journal receives review copies  (=free copies to review) of most new software products.//\n  4 [C] a report on a series of events or a period of time, that mentions the most important parts:  review of//  --a review of the year//\n  5 [C] an official show of the army, navy etc so that a king, president, or officer of high rank can see them:  --a naval review//\nreview 2 W3 v [T]   [Sense: 1-2, 4-5; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  REVIEW1]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: view]//\n  1 to examine, consider, and judge a situation or process carefully in order to see if changes are necessary:    evaluate, analyse//  --We will review your situation and decide how we can help you.//  --The decision will be reviewed by the Supreme Court.//  --The team manager’s position will be reviewed at the end of the season.//\n  2 to write a short article describing and judging a new book, play, film etc:  --Bradman will review the best of the new children’s books.//\n  3  AmE to look again at something you have studied, such as notes, reports etc:  British Equivalent:  revise//\n  4 to examine and describe the most important parts of a series of events or period of time:  --a journalist who will review the events of the past six months//\n  5 to officially watch a group of soldiers, ships etc at a military show:  --The President will review the soldiers on parade.//


Words: reviewer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who writes about new books, plays, films etc in a newspaper or magazine//   critic//


Words: revile
Meaning:
v [T]  written   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reviler, from  vil;   VILE]//  to express hatred of someone or something//   hate//  --The President was now reviled by the same party he had helped to lead.//


Words: revise
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: reviser, from  Latin revisere  ’to look at again’]//\n  1 [T] to change something because of new information or ideas:  --The college has revised its plans because of local objections.//  --We have revised our estimates of population growth.//  revise sth upwards/downwards//  --Forecasts of economic growth are being revised downwards.//\n  2 [I and T]  BrE to study facts again, in order to learn them before an examination:  American Equivalent:  review, study//  --I’ve got to revise my geography.//  revise for//  --She’s revising for her history exam.//\n  3 [T] to change a piece of writing by adding new information, making improvements, or correcting mistakes:    amend//  --A couple of sections of the book will need to be revised.//


Words: Revised Version
Meaning:
the   an improved and corrected  edition of the  Authorized Version of the Bible, produced in the late 19th century//


Words: revision
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] the process of changing something in order to improve it by correcting it or including new information or ideas:    amendment//  revision of//  --The judge wants to see a revision of the procedures.//  revision to//  --I’m making some revisions to the book for the new edition.//\n  2 [C] a piece of writing that has been improved and corrected:\n  3 [U]  BrE the work of studying facts again in order to learn them:  --I know I haven’t done enough revision for tomorrow’s exam.//


Words: revisionism
Meaning:
n [U]   ideas which are changing away from the main beliefs of a political system, especially a Marxist system//  -- revisionist adj //  --revisionist writings//  -- revisionist n  [C] //


Words: revisit
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1  written to return to a place you once knew well:  --Ten years later, I revisited the school to find out what had changed.//\n  2  formal to consider or discuss something again:  --We need to revisit this proposal as soon as the budget is clearer.//


Words: revitalize
Meaning:
also  revitalise BrE   v [T]   to put new strength or power into something//    revive//  --They hope to revitalize the neighborhood by providing better housing.//  --a revitalizing massage//  -- revitalization/ri[hA359]va[hA366]t[hA368]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -tl-[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: revival
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] a process in which something becomes active or strong again:  --The US and the UK have expectations of economic revival.//  revival of//  --A revival of the timber industry is needed.//  --There has been a revival of interest in Picasso’s work.//\n  2 [U and C] when something becomes popular again:  revival of/in//  --the recent revival in medieval music//  --a revival of organized religion//  --Traditional English food seems to be enjoying a revival at the moment.//\n  3 [C] a new production of a play that has not been performed for a long time:  --Neeson was excellent in a revival of Eugene O’Neill’s ’Anna Christie’.//\n  4 [C] a revival meeting:


Words: revival meeting
Meaning:
n [C]   a public religious meeting with music, famous speakers etc, which is intended to make people interested in Christianity//


Words: revive
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: revivre, from  Latin revivere  ’to live again’]//\n  1 [T] to bring something back after it has not been used or has not existed for a period of time:  --Local people have decided to revive this centuries-old tradition.//\n  2 [I and T] to become healthy and strong again, or to make someone or something healthy and strong again:    recover//  --The economy is beginning to revive.//  --an attempt to revive the steel industry//  --The doctors revived her with injections of glucose.//\n  3 [T] to produce a play again after it has not been performed for a long time:  --A London theatre has decided to revive the 1950s musical ’In Town’.//


Words: revivify
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  revivified present participle  revivifying third person singular  revivifies  [T] //   formal to give new life and health to someone or something//  --The aim was to strengthen and revivify the Labour Party.//


Words: revoke
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: revoquer, from  Latin revocare  ’to call back’]//  to officially state that a law, decision, or agreement is no longer effective//    revocation//  --Their work permits have been revoked.//


Words: revolt
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a refusal to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws:   rebellion//  --The prime minister is now facing a revolt by members of his own party.//  revolt against//  --a revolt against authority//  revolt over//  --a revolt over the proposed spending cuts//  in revolt//  --French farmers are in revolt over cheap imports.//\n  2 strong and often violent action by a lot of people against their ruler or government:   rebellion//    revolution//  --the Polish revolt of 1863//  revolt against//  --a revolt against the central government//  revolt of//  --the successful revolt of the American colonies//  put down/crush a revolt (=use military force to stop it) //  --Troops loyal to the President crushed the revolt.//\nrevolt 2 v   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: revolter, from  Old Italian rivoltare  ’to defeat and remove from power’, from  Latin revolvere;   REVOLVE]//\n  1 [I] if people revolt, they take strong and often violent action against the government, usually with the aim of taking power away from them:   rebel//    revolution//  revolt against//  --It was feared that the army would revolt against the government.//\n  2 [I] to refuse to accept someone’s authority or obey rules or laws:   rebel//  revolt against//  --Some members of the government may revolt against this proposed legislation.//\n  3 [T usually passive] if something revolts you, it is so unpleasant that it makes you feel sick and shocked:    revulsion//  --He was revolted by the smell.//


Words: revolting
Meaning:
adj   extremely unpleasant//   disgusting//  --The food was revolting!//  --What a revolting colour!//  -- revoltingly adv //


Words: revolution
Meaning:
W2S3   n   ----------//\n   1 change:\n   2 political change:\n   3 circular movement:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin revolutio, from  revolvere;   REVOLVE]//\n  1 CHANGE:   [C] a complete change in ways of thinking, methods of working etc//  revolution in//  --In the last ten years there has been a revolution in education.//  social/cultural/sexual etc revolution //  --the biggest social revolution we have had in this country//  --the sexual revolution of the 1960s//    industrial revolution//\n  2 POLITICAL CHANGE:   [U and C] a time when people change a ruler or political system by using force or violence//    revolt, rebellion//  --the French Revolution of 1789//  --The role of women has changed since the revolution.//  --The country seems to be heading towards revolution.//    counter-revolution//\n  3 CIRCULAR MOVEMENT:  a)  [U and C] a circular movement around something//    revolve//  revolution around//  --the planets’ revolution around the sun//  b)  [C] one complete circular spinning movement, made by something such as a wheel attached to a central point//    revolve//  --a speed of 100 revolutions per minute//


Words: revolutionary
Meaning:
adj \n  1 completely new and different, especially in a way that leads to great improvements:  --The new cancer drug is a revolutionary breakthrough.//  --a revolutionary new drug//\n  2 [only before noun] relating to a political or social revolution:  --a revolutionary leader//\nrevolutionary 2   plural  revolutionaries  n [C] //  someone who joins in or supports a political or social revolution//    rebel//  --a band of young revolutionaries//


Words: revolutionize
Meaning:
also  revolutionise BrE   v [T]   to completely change the way people do something or think about something//  --New technology is going to revolutionize everything we do.//  --His work revolutionized the treatment of this disease.//


Words: revolve
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: revolvere  ’to roll back, cause to return’, from  volvere  ’to roll’]//  to move around like a wheel, or to make something move around like a wheel//    revolution, turn//  --The wheel began to revolve.//  --The restaurant slowly revolves, giving excellent views of the city.//  --Using graphics software, you can revolve the image on the screen.//  revolve around / [revolve around sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 [not in progressive] to have something as a main subject or purpose:  --Jane’s life revolves around her children.//  --The argument revolved around costs.//  --She seems to think that the world revolves around her (=that she is the only important person) .//\n  2 to move in circles around something:  --The moon revolves around the Earth.//


Words: revolver
Meaning:
n [C]   a type of small gun. The bullets are in a case which turns around as you fire the gun, so that when you fire one bullet the next bullet is ready to be fired//    handgun, pistol//


Words: revolving
Meaning:
adj   a revolving object is designed so that it turns with a circular movement//  --The theatre has a revolving stage.//


Words: revolving door
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a type of door in the entrance of a large building, which goes around and around as people go through it:\n  2 [singular] used to say that the people involved in a situation, organization etc change often:  --The park director position has been a revolving door for seven appointees.//\n  3 [singular] used to say that people return to a situation, position etc often, but usually for a different reason:  --This could mean that we end up with a revolving door Congress, in which former members return as lobbyists.//


Words: revue
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: revoir  ’to look over’, from  voir  ’to see’]//  a show in a theatre that includes songs, dances, and jokes about recent events//


Words: revulsion
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: revulsio, from  revellere  ’to tear away’, from  vellere  ’to pull out’]//  a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike//   disgust//    revolt//  --News of the atrocities produced a wave of anger and revulsion.//


Words: reward
Meaning:
W3   n \n  1 [U and C] something that you get because you have done something good or helpful or have worked hard:    prize, benefit//  --The school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behaviour.//  reward for (doing) sth//  --Several of the parents were giving their children rewards for passing exams.//  economic/financial reward //  --The job is difficult, but the financial rewards are great.//  --She began to reap  (=get)  the rewards of all her hard work.//  --Success brings its own rewards.//\n  2 [U and C] money that is offered to people for helping the police to solve a crime or catch a criminal:  reward of//  --A reward of $20,000 has been offered.//  reward for//  --a reward for information leading to the capture of the murderers//\nreward 2 v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old North French; Origin: rewarder  ’to regard, reward’, from  warder  ’to watch, guard’]//\n  1 to give something to someone because they have done something good or helpful or have worked for it:    award//  reward sb with sth//  --The club’s directors rewarded him with a free season ticket.//  reward sb for (doing) sth//  --She wanted to reward the cleaners for their efforts.//  --He gave the children some chocolate to reward them for behaving well.//\n  2  be rewarded (with sth):  to achieve something through hard work and effort//  --The team have worked hard and their efforts have been rewarded with success.//  --Finally, Molly’s patience was rewarded.//


Words: rewarding
Meaning:
adj   making you feel happy and satisfied because you feel you are doing something useful or important, even if you do not earn much money//    satisfying, worthwhile//  --Teaching can be a very rewarding career.//


Words: rewind
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rewound /-wa[hA35E]nd/ [T] //  to make a cassette tape or video go backwards in order to see or hear it again//    fast forward//


Words: reword
Meaning:
v [T]   to say or write something again in different words, in order to make it easier to understand or more suitable//   rephrase//  --Let me reword my question.//


Words: rework
Meaning:
v [T]   to make changes in something such as music or a piece of writing//   revise//  --I plan to rework the whole song.//


Words: rewrite
Meaning:
v   past tense  rewrote /-r[hA353][hA35E]t $ -ro[hA35E]t///  past participle  rewritten /-r[hA366]tn/ [T] //  to change something that has been written, especially in order to improve it, or because new information is available//   revise//  --I’ll have to rewrite most of the essay.//  -- rewrite/ri[hA359]ra[hA366]t/ n  [C] //  --Software packages may need complete rewrites to match new hardware.//


Words: Rex
Meaning:
n  BrE   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: ’king’]//\n  1 a title used in official writing after the name of a king, when the king’s name has been written in Latin:  --Henricus Rex (=King Henry) //\n  2  law a word meaning the state, used in the names of law cases in Britain when a king is ruling:    regina//  --Rex v Jones//


Words: Reynard the Fox
Meaning:
a  fox in old European stories, who often behaves badly but always escapes punishment by his cleverness//


Words: Reynolds
Meaning:
Sir Joshua   (1723-92) a British painter who became the first president of the  Royal Academy. His best known works are his  portraits (=paintings of people) .//


Words: Rh[hA175]ne
Meaning:
the Rh[hA175]ne//  a river that goes from southern Switzerland to France and into the Mediterranean Sea. In southern France, the Rh[hA175]ne goes through an important wine-producing area.//


Words: rhapsodize
Meaning:
also  rhapsodise BrE   v [I]  formal   to talk about something in an eager, excited, and approving way//   enthuse//  rhapsodize about/over//  --I could hear Sophie rhapsodizing about her new job.//


Words: rhapsody
Meaning:
n   plural  rhapsodies  [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: rhapsodia, from  Greek, from  rhaptein  ’to sew, stitch together’ +  oide  ’song’]//\n  1 a piece of music that is written to express emotion, and does not have a regular form:  --Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue//\n  2  formal an expression of eager and excited approval:  --The performance was greeted with rhapsodies of praise.//


Words: rhesus monkey
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Rhesus in ancient Greek stories, a king of Thrace]//  a small monkey from northern India that is often used in medical tests//


Words: rhetoric
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rethorique, from  Latin, from  Greek rhetorike, from  rhetor  ’public speaker’, from  eirein  ’to say, speak’]//\n  1 language that is used to persuade or influence people, especially language that sounds impressive but is not actually sincere or useful:  --The speech was dismissed by some people as merely political rhetoric .//  rhetoric of//  --the rhetoric of socialism//\n  2 the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people:


Words: rhetorical
Meaning:
adj \n  1  rhetorical question:  a question that you ask as a way of making a statement, without expecting an answer//\n  2 using speech or writing in special ways in order to persuade people or to produce an impressive effect:  --a speech full of rhetorical phrases//  -- rhetorically/-kli/ adv //


Words: rhetorician
Meaning:
n [C]    formal someone who is trained or skilful in the art of persuading or influencing people through speech or writing//    orator//


Words: rheumatic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 relating to rheumatism:  --a rheumatic disease//  --rheumatic pain//\n  2  old-fashioned suffering from rheumatism:  --He’s old and rheumatic and can’t manage the stairs any longer.//


Words: rheumatic fever
Meaning:
n [U]   a serious infectious disease that causes fever, swelling in your joints, and sometimes damage to your heart//


Words: rheumatoid arthritis
Meaning:
n [U]   a disease that continues for many years and makes your joints painful and stiff, and often makes them lose their proper shape//


Words: Rhine
Meaning:
the Rhine//  an important river in western Europe, which goes from Switzerland through Germany to the Netherlands and into the North Sea, and is used for carrying goods by boat//


Words: rhinestone
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Rhine European river +  stone]//  a jewel made from glass or a transparent rock that is intended to look like a diamond//


Words: rhinoceros
Meaning:
n   plural  rhinoceros  or  rhinoceroses  [C] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek, from  rhis  ’nose’ +  keras  ’horn’]//  a large heavy African or Asian animal with thick skin and either one or two horns on its nose//    hippopotamus//


Words: rhinoplasty
Meaning:
n [U]  medical   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: rhis  ’nose’ +  English -plasty  ’plastic surgery’ (from  French -plastie, from  Greek -plastes  ’shaper’, from  plassein;   PLASTIC2)]//   plastic surgery on your nose//    nose job//


Words: rhizome
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: rhizoma, from  Greek,  ’mass of roots’, from  rhiza  ’root’]//   technical the thick stem of some plants, which lies under the ground and has roots and leaves growing out of it//


Words: Rhode Island
Meaning:
RI the smallest of the US states, in New England in the northeastern US. It was one of the 13 original states of the US, and its capital and largest city is Providence.//


Words: Rhodes
Meaning:
a large Greek island near the coast of Turkey. In ancient times Rhodes was famous because of the  Colossus of Rhodes, and now it is a popular place for tourists.//\n Cecil   (1853-1902) a South African politician, born in the UK, who was Prime Minister of Cape Colony (1890-96) and is famous for his  imperialism (=the policy by which rich and powerful countries gain political and economic control over poorer countries) . He also made a lot of money from  diamond mines, and he used some of this to set up the  Rhodes Scholarships.//


Words: Rhodes Scholarship
Meaning:
a sum of money given to some students from the US, the British  Commonwealth, and Germany to allow them to study at Oxford University. The money for these scholarships was originally provided by Cecil  Rhodes. A student receiving one of these scholarships is called a Rhodes Scholar..//


Words: Rhodesia
Meaning:
a former name for  Zimbabwe. During the period of British rule, Zimbabwe was known as Southern Rhodesia and Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia.//  -- Rhodesian n  adj //


Words: rhododendron
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek, from  rhodon  ’rose’ +  dendron  ’tree’]//  a bush with bright flowers which keeps its leaves in winter//


Words: rhomboid
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a shape with four sides whose opposite sides are equal in length//   parallelogram//\nrhomboid 2  also rhomboidal   adj  technical   shaped like a rhombus//


Words: rhombus
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: Greek rhombos]//   technical a shape with four equal straight sides, especially one that is not a square//


Words: Rhondda
Meaning:
the Rhondda Valley  the Rhondda//  an area in South Wales, UK. The Rhondda was traditionally an important coal-mining area, but by 1990 all the coal mines had closed down//


Words: RHS
Meaning:
Royal Horticultural Society a society founded in the UK in 1804 for the improvement of horticulture, and that is responsible for the Chelsea Flower Show.//


Words: rhubarb
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: reubarbe, from  Medieval Latin reubarbarum, from  rha  ’rhubarb’ (from  Greek) +  barbarus  ’foreign’]//\n  1 a plant with broad leaves. It has thick red stems that can be cooked and eaten.:\n  2  spoken a word repeated by actors to make a sound like many people talking:


Words: rhyme
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: rime, probably from  Latin rhythmus;   RHYTHM]//\n  1 [C] a short poem or song, especially for children, using words that rhyme:  --a collection of traditional rhymes with illustrations//    nursery rhyme//\n  2 [C] a word that rhymes with another word:  rhyme for//  --Can you think of a rhyme for ’bicycle’?//\n  3 [U] words or lines of poetry that rhyme:  --I love his use of rhyme and rhythm.//  in rhyme//  --The whole story is written in rhyme.//\n  4  no rhyme or reason:  no sensible reason or organization//  --There seems to be no rhyme or reason for the school’s behaviour.//\nrhyme 2 v [not in progressive] \n  1 [I] if two words or lines of poetry rhyme, they end with the same sound, including a vowel:  rhyme with//  --’Hat’ rhymes with ’cat’.//  --The song has rhyming couplets  (=pairs of lines that end in words that rhyme) .//\n  2 [T] to put two or more words together to make them rhyme:  rhyme sth with sth//  --You can’t rhyme ’box’ with ’backs’.//


Words: rhyming slang
Meaning:
n [U]  BrE   a way of talking, used especially by cockneys (=people from east London) , in which you use words or phrases that rhyme with the words you mean, instead of using the normal words. For example, ’plates of meat’ is rhyming slang for ’feet’.//


Words: Rhys-Jones
Meaning:
Sophie   (1965-) the wife of Prince Edward. She met the prince in 1993 and they got married in 1999. After the marriage, she became the Countess of Wessex.//


Words: rhythm
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: rhythmus, from  Greek, from  rhein  ’to flow’]//\n  1 a regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements:    metre//  --Drums are basic to African rhythm.//  --complicated dance rhythms//  rhythm of//  --She started moving to the rhythm of the music.//  --the steady rhythm of her heartbeat//\n  2 a regular pattern of changes:  --the body’s natural rhythms//  rhythm of//  --Jim liked the rhythm of agricultural life.//


Words: rhythm method
Meaning:
n [singular]   a method of birth control which depends on having sex only at a time when the woman is not likely to become pregnant//


Words: rhythm section
Meaning:
n [C]   the part of a band that provides a strong rhythm with drums and other similar instruments//    percussion//


Words: RI
Meaning:
1 the written abbreviation of Rhode Island:\n  2 religious instruction (=the study of religion in school) :


Words: rial
Meaning:
riyal/ri[hA35A][hA359]l $ ri[hA361][hA359]l, -[hA35A][hA359]l/ n [C]   the standard unit of money in Saudi Arabia and some other Arab countries//


Words: rib
Meaning:
n [C]   backbone, breastbone, collarbone, kneecap, pelvis, skull, spine, rib//  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 one of the 12 pairs of curved bones that surround your chest:  --She was taken to hospital with a broken arm and ribs.//  --He was punched and kicked in the ribs.//\n  2 a piece of meat that includes an animal’s rib:  --a rib of beef//  --barbecued ribs//    spare ribs//\n  3 a curved piece of wood, metal etc that is used as part of the structure of something such as a boat or building:\nrib 2   past tense and past participle  ribbed present participle  ribbing  v [T] //   informal to make jokes and laugh at someone so that you embarrass them, but in a friendly way//   tease//


Words: ribald
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin: ribald  ’person of bad character’ (13-19 centuries), from  Old French ribaut,  ribauld, from  riber  ’to sleep around’]//  ribald remarks or jokes are humorous, rude, and about sex//  --a ribald remark//  --ribald humour//


Words: Ribbentrop
Meaning:
Joachim von   (1893-1946) a German  Nazi official who became Hitler’s  foreign minister and advised him on foreign policy. After World War II Ribbentrop was found guilty of  war crimes, and was hanged.//


Words: ribbing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 friendly jokes and laughter about someone:  --He took a lot of ribbing from other members of the crew.//\n  2 raised lines, especially on a piece of woollen clothing:


Words: ribbon
Meaning:
n   ribbon//  ----------//\n   1 piece of cloth:\n   2 military honour:\n   3 prize:\n   4 something narrow:\n   5 be cut/torn to ribbons:\n   6 ink:  ----------//  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: riband  ’ribbon’ (14-21 centuries), from  Old French riban,  ruban]//\n  1 PIECE OF CLOTH:   [U and C] a narrow piece of attractive cloth that you use, for example, to tie your hair or hold things together//    bow//  --little girls with ribbons in their hair//  --a bundle of letters tied with pale blue ribbon//  --The ribbon was cut and the new station was officially open.//\n  2 MILITARY HONOUR:   [C] a piece of ribbon with a special pattern on it that you wear to show that you have received a military honour//\n  3 PRIZE:   [C]  AmE a length of coloured ribbon, sometimes arranged in the form of a flat flower, that is given as a prize in a competition//  British Equivalent:  rosette//  --For the second time she won the blue ribbon  (=first prize) .//\n  4 SOMETHING NARROW:   [singular]  written something that is long and narrow//  ribbon of//  --a winding ribbon of water//\n  5  be cut/torn to ribbons:  to be cut or torn in a lot of places//  --Her legs were bruised and her feet were cut to ribbons.//\n  6 INK:   [C] a long narrow piece of cloth or plastic with ink on it that is used in a typewriter//


Words: ribbon development
Meaning:
n [U and C]    BrE long lines of houses along the sides of a main road leading out of a town or city//


Words: Ribena
Meaning:
trademark   a type of sweet drink made from  blackcurrants, sold in the UK and drunk especially by children//


Words: riboflavin
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: ribose type of sugar  (19-21 centuries) (from  arabinose type of sugar  (19-21 centuries), from  gum arabic type of natural substance) +  Latin flavus  ’yellow’]//   vitamin B2, a substance that exists in meat, milk, and some vegetables, and that is important for your health//


Words: rice
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ris, from  Greek oryza,  oryzon]//\n  1 a food that consists of small white or brown grains that you boil in water until they become soft enough to eat:    risotto, pilau//  --a tasty sauce served with rice or pasta//  --a plate of brown rice //  --Serve with plain boiled rice .//  --a few grains of rice //\n  2 the plant that produces rice:  --Rice is the main crop grown in the area.//  --rice fields//


Words: rice paper
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a type of thin paper that is made especially in China and used by painters there:\n  2 a type of thin paper that can be eaten and is used in cooking:


Words: rich
Meaning:
adj   comparative  richer superlative  richest //  ----------//\n   1 wealthy:\n   2 large amount:\n   3 full of interest:\n   4 food:\n   5 smell/flavour:\n   6 colour:\n   7 sound:\n   8 soil:\n   9 cloth:\n  10 that’s rich (coming from him/you etc):  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: rice]//\n  1 WEALTHY:  a) someone who is rich has a lot of money and valuable possessions//  → poor//  --one of the richest women in America//  --She found herself a rich husband.//  --He thought this was the easiest way to get rich .//  --the rich nations of the world//  fabulously rich  BrE //  --She was both beautiful and fabulously rich.//  --His brother’s stinking rich  (=very rich, in a way that you do not approve of) .//  b)  the rich//   [plural] people who are rich//  --houses belonging to the rich and famous//\n  2 LARGE AMOUNT:  containing a lot of something//  rich in//  --Citrus fruits are rich in vitamin C.//  oxygen-rich/nutrient-rich/protein-rich etc //  --Pregnant women should eat protein-rich foods.//  --Rich mineral deposits have been found in the sea bed.//  --Red meat is a rich source of iron.//\n  3 FULL OF INTEREST:  full of interesting or important facts, events, or ideas//  --the rich literary tradition of England//  --The area has a very rich history.//  rich in//  --a story that was rich in detail//\n  4 FOOD:  rich food contains a lot of butter, cream, or eggs, which make you feel full very quickly//  → light//  --a rich fruit cake//  --The sauce was very rich.//\n  5 SMELL/FLAVOUR:  a rich smell or flavour is strong and pleasant//  --the rich scent of the pine trees//  --meat with a wonderfully rich flavour//  --a rich, fruity wine//\n  6 COLOUR:  a rich colour is strong and attractive//  --a rich dark brown colour//\n  7 SOUND:  a rich sound is low and pleasant//  --the rich tone of a cello//  --He laughed with a rich, throaty chuckle.//\n  8 SOIL:  rich soil is good for growing plants in//  → poor//  --Vegetables grow well in the rich, black soil.//\n  9 CLOTH:  rich cloth is expensive and beautiful//  --She stroked the rich velvet of the dress enviously.//\n  10  that’s rich (coming from him/you etc):   BrE  spoken used to say that what someone has said is unreasonable and that they are criticizing you for doing something that they do themselves//  --He accused me of being dishonest, which was a bit rich coming from him.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: rich, well-off, wealthy, affluent, prosperous //  Rich  is a very direct way of saying that someone has a lot of money and possessions : one of the richest women in America  //  Well-off means fairly rich, so you can buy most things. People are more likely to describe themselves as ’well-off’ than ’rich’ : My parents were pretty well-off. //  Wealthy is a slightly more formal word meaning rich, especially over a long period of time : He came from a wealthy family. //  Affluent  and  prosperous  are fairly formal words, often used to describe societies where the economy is successful and the standard of living is good. //  Affluent  means rich enough to have things like expensive cars and holidays : People are becoming increasingly affluent. //  Prosperous means rich and successful : the more prosperous regions of the country //  ----------//


Words: Richard
Meaning:
Maurice   (1921-2000) a Canadian  ice hockey player, who some people think was the best in the history of the sport. He was known as "Rocket", and played for the Montreal Canadiens. He  scored more  goals than any other player in the National Hockey League ( NHL) in 1945, 1947, 1950, 1954, and 1955. In 1945 he became the first player to score 50 goals in a 50-game season.//


Words: Richard I
Meaning:
King   (1157-99) the king of England from 1189 until his death. During his period as king, he was almost never in England, because he spent a lot of time fighting in the  crusades and in France. He was a popular king and regarded as very brave, and for this reason he is often called Richard the Lionheart or Richard Coeur de Lion.//


Words: Richard II
Meaning:
King   (1367-1400) the king of England from 1377 to 1399. He became very unpopular by ordering many of his opponents to be killed, and he was removed from power by his  cousin, who then became King Henry IV. Richard was put in prison in 1399, and died or was murdered the next year. These events are described in Shakespeare’s play  Richard II.//


Words: Richard III
Meaning:
King   (1452-85) the king of England from 1483 until his death. When his brother, King Edward IV, died in 1483, Richard had the job of taking care of Edward’s sons, who were still boys. But he put the boys in prison in the Tower of London (the Princes in the Tower). They disappeared and he took the position of king for himself. He was later killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field. In Shakespeare’s play  Richard III, Richard is shown as a cruel and ugly man, but some writers now believe that he was in fact an effective king and a brave military leader, who was not responsible for the deaths of the princes.//


Words: Richardson
Meaning:
Samuel   (1689-1761) an English writer who influenced the development of the modern novel with his novels  Pamela and  Clarissa, which are written in the form of letters//


Words: Richelieu
Meaning:
Cardinal   (1585-1642) a French  cardinal (=a Roman Catholic priest of the highest rank) who was also the chief minister of France and had a lot of influence with King Louis XIII. He destroyed the political power of the  Huguenots, and is thought of as a typical example of someone who uses his influence with a ruler to achieve great power.//


Words: riches
Meaning:
n [plural]    literary expensive possessions and large amounts of money//   wealth//  --He was enjoying his new-found riches.//  --the story of her rise from rags to riches  (=from being poor to being rich) //


Words: richly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 if something is richly decorated, it is decorated a lot, in a way that is beautiful:  --a richly carved ceiling//  --a cloak richly embroidered with gold thread//\n  2 if someone is richly dressed, they are dressed in expensive clothes:\n  3  richly coloured:  having beautiful strong colours//  --the richly coloured mosaic//\n  4  richly flavoured/scented:  having a strong pleasant taste or smell//  --richly scented flowers//\n  5  richly deserve:  to completely deserve something such as success or punishment//  --They got the punishment they so richly deserved.//\n  6 containing large amounts of something:  --a richly wooded valley//  --an area that is richly endowed with wildlife//\n  7  richly rewarding:  giving you a strong feeling of pleasure//  --It was a richly rewarding relationship.//


Words: Richmond
Meaning:
1 the capital city of the state of Virginia, in the eastern US, which has an important tobacco industry. It was also the capital of the  Confederacy during the American  Civil War.:\n  2 a  county of New York City which includes  Staten Island:\n  3 a  market town in North Yorkshire, England:\n  4  Richmond-upon-Thames:


Words: Richmond-upon-Thames
Meaning:
also Richmond   an area of southwest London that includes  Kew Gardens,  Hampton Court, and Richmond Park, a very large park//


Words: richness
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 if something has richness, it contains a lot of interesting things:  richness of//  --the richness and diversity of the Amazonian rainforests//  --a literary work of remarkable richness and vitality//\n  2 the richness of a colour, taste, smell, or sound is the quality that makes it rich:  richness of//  --the richness of the autumn colours//


Words: Richter scale
Meaning:
n   the Richter scale//  a system of numbers used for measuring how powerful an earthquake is//  --a severe earthquake measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale //


Words: Richthofen
Meaning:
Baron von   (1892-1918) a German aircraft pilot known as the Red Baron, who commanded a group of fighter planes in World War I known as Richthofen’s Flying Circus. He shot down 80 aircraft during the war, which was more than any other pilot, before being killed.//


Words: rick
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hreac]//  a large pile of straw or grass that is kept in a field until it is needed//   haystack//\nrick 2 v [T]    BrE  rick your back/neck//  to twist and slightly injure your back or neck//  American Equivalent:  wrench//  --I ricked my back moving the furniture around.//


Words: rickets
Meaning:
n [U]   a disease that children get in which their bones become soft and bent, caused by a lack of vitamin D//


Words: rickety
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: rickets]//  a rickety structure or piece of furniture is in very bad condition, and likely to break easily//  --a rickety old wooden chair//  --a rickety bridge//


Words: rickshaw
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Japanese; Origin: jinrikisha, from  jin  ’man’ +  riki  ’strength’ +  sha  ’vehicle’]//  a small vehicle used in South East Asia for carrying one or two passengers. It is pulled by someone walking or riding a bicycle.//


Words: ricochet
Meaning:
v [I]   if a bullet, stone, or other object ricochets, it changes direction when it hits a surface at an angle//  ricochet off//  --Bullets ricocheted off the boulders around him.//\nricochet 2 n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French]//  something such as a bullet or a stone that has ricocheted//  --He was hit in the arm by a ricochet.//


Words: ricotta
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: ricuocere  ’to cook again’]//  a type of soft white Italian cheese//


Words: rid
Meaning:
S1   adj \n  1  get rid of sb/sth:  a) to throw away or destroy something you do not want any more//  --It’s time we got rid of all these old toys.//  --Governments should be encouraged to get rid of all nuclear weapons.//  b) to take action so that you no longer have something unpleasant that you do not want//  --I can’t get rid of this cough.//  --He opened the windows to get rid of the smell.//  c) to make someone leave because you do not like them or because they are causing problems//  --Are you trying to get rid of me?//  --It can be difficult for schools to get rid of poor teachers.//\n  2  be rid of sb/sth:  to have taken action so that something or someone is no longer there to worry or annoy you//  --The clerical part of his job was tedious, and he was glad to be rid of it.//  --He was a bully, and we’re well rid of him (=it is good that he has gone) .//\n  3  want rid of sb/sth:  to want to get rid of someone or something that is annoying you//  --I could tell that he wanted rid of me.//\nrid 2 v   past tense and past participle  rid present participle  ridding //  rid of [rid sb/sth of sth] phr v//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: rythja  ’to clear land’]//  to take action so that a person, place etc is no longer affected by something bad or no longer has it//    overcome//  --a promise to rid the country of nuclear weapons//  --Will science finally rid us of this disease?//  rid yourself of sth//  --He struggled to rid himself of his fears.//


Words: riddance
Meaning:
n   good riddance (to sb)//   spoken a rude way of saying you are glad someone has left//  --She was awful. Good riddance to her, I say!//


Words: riddle
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: r[zB024]delse  ’opinion, guess, riddle’]//\n  1 a question that is deliberately very confusing and has a humorous or clever answer:    puzzle//  --See if you can solve this riddle .//\n  2 something that you do not understand and cannot explain:   puzzle, mystery//  riddle of//  --The police have been unable to solve the riddle of her disappearance.//\n  3  talk/speak in riddles:  to say things in a mysterious way that other people cannot understand//  --Stop talking in riddles and explain what’s going on!//\n  4 a wire container with holes in it that is used to separate earth from stones:\nriddle 2 v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin: riddle  ’sieve’ (11-21 centuries), from  Old English hriddel]//\n  1 to make a lot of small holes in something:  --Two gunmen riddled the bus with gunfire.//\n  2 to shake the coal or wood in a fire, in order to remove ashes:


Words: riddled
Meaning:
adj \n  1  riddled with sth:  very full of something bad or unpleasant//  --The whole house was riddled with damp.//  --By this time her body was riddled with cancer.//\n  2  riddled with holes:  full of small holes//  --The wall of the fort was riddled with bullet holes.//


Words: ride
Meaning:
v   past tense  rode /r[hA353][hA35E]d $ ro[hA35E]d///  past participle  ridden /r[hA366]dn///  ----------//\n   1 animal:\n   2 bicycle/motorbike:\n   3 vehicle:\n   4 in a lift:\n   5 water/air:\n   6 be riding high:\n   7 let something ride:\n   8 ride roughshod over something:\n   9 annoy somebody:\n  10 ride on somebody’s shoulders/back:\n  11 ride a punch/blow:\n  12 be riding for a fall:  Phrasal verbs//   ride on something//   ride something → out//   ride up//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ridan]//\n  1 ANIMAL:   [I and T] to sit on an animal, especially a horse, and make it move along//  --She learned to ride when she was seven.//  --He was riding a large grey mare.//  ride on//  --She arrived riding on a white horse.//  ride away/across/through etc//  --He rode away across the marshes.//\n  2 BICYCLE/MOTORBIKE:   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to travel on a bicycle or motorbike//  --He had never learned to ride a bicycle.//  --They mounted their bikes and rode off.//\n  3 VEHICLE:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T]  especially AmE to travel in a bus, car, or other vehicle that you are not driving//  --We got onto the bus and rode into San Francisco.//  ride in//  --The kids were riding in the back.//  ride a bus  AmE //  --Ann rides the bus to work.//\n  4 IN A LIFT:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T]  AmE to travel up or down in a lift//  ride up/down//  --He rode the elevator down to the first floor.//  --I rode up to the tenth floor.//\n  5 WATER/AIR:  a)  [I always + adverb/preposition] to be floating in water or in the air//  --The smaller boat was lighter and rode higher in the water.//  --The moon was riding high in the sky.//  --There was a large ship riding at anchor in the bay.//  b)  ride a wave//  to float on a wave and move forward with it//  --surfboarders riding the waves//\n  6  be riding high:  to feel very happy and confident//  --They were still riding high after their election victory.//\n  7  let sth ride:   spoken to take no action about something that is wrong or unpleasant//  --What he had said was wrong, and I knew I shouldn’t just let it ride.//\n  8  ride roughshod over sth:  to ignore someone else’s feelings or ideas because you have the power or authority to do this//  --The planning authorities should not ride roughshod over the wishes of local people.//\n  9 ANNOY SOMEBODY:   [T]  AmE  spoken to annoy someone by often criticizing them or asking them to do things//  --Why are you riding her so hard?//\n  10  ride on sb’s shoulders/back:  if a child rides on someone’s shoulders or back, they are carried in that way//\n  11  ride a punch/blow:  to move back slightly when someone hits you, so that you are not hit with so much force//  --He managed to ride the punch.//\n  12  be riding for a fall:   informal to be doing something unwise which could result in failure//  --I had a feeling he was riding for a fall, and tried to tell him so.//  ride on [ride on sth] phr v//  if one thing is riding on another, it depends on it//  --He knew he had to win - his reputation was riding on it.//  --There’s a lot riding on this match.//  ride out [ride sth → out] phr v//\n  1 if a ship rides out a storm, it manages to keep floating until the storm has ended:\n  2 if you ride out a difficult situation, you are not badly harmed by it:  --Most large companies should be able to ride out the recession.//  ride up phr v//  if a piece of clothing rides up, it moves upwards so that it is no longer covering your body properly//  ----------//  HINT sense 3 //  To talk about someone controlling a car or other vehicle, use drive not ride: Lizzy drove the van and we kids rode in the back. //  ----------//\nride 2 S3 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 car/train etc:\n   2 horse/bicycle:\n   3 a rough/easy ride:\n   4 a bumpy ride:\n   5 take somebody for a ride:\n   6 come/go along for the ride:\n   7 machine:\n   8 path:  ----------//\n  1 CAR/TRAIN ETC:  a journey in a vehicle, when you are not driving//    lift//  ride in//  --He invited me to go for a ride in his new car.//  --Can you give me a ride back to town?//  --Sammy had promised to take me for a ride in his truck.//  --I managed to get a ride down to the station.//  --We hitched a ride  (=got a free ride from a passing vehicle) into town.//  car/bus/train etc ride //  --A fifteen minute taxi ride will take you to the airport.//  a smooth/comfortable/bumpy etc ride //  --The new model offers a lovely smooth, comfortable ride.//\n  2 HORSE/BICYCLE:  a journey on a bicycle, a horse, or a similar animal//  ride on//  --Can I have a ride on your bike?//  a bike/bicycle ride //  --Shall we go for a bike ride this afternoon?//\n  3  a rough/easy ride:   informal if people give someone, especially someone in authority, a rough or an easy ride, they make a situation difficult or easy for them//  --Journalists gave the Prime Minister a rough ride at the press conference.//  --The chairman will face a rough ride from shareholders.//  --The President will not have an easy ride when he gives his account of events.//\n  4  a bumpy ride:   informal if something has a bumpy ride, it experiences a lot of problems//  --Shares had a bumpy ride yesterday, falling by an average of 15%.//  --The new bill could be in for a bumpy ride when it is put before parliament.//\n  5  take sb for a ride:   spoken to trick someone, especially in order to get money from them//  --I’d just begun to realise he was taking me for a ride.//\n  6  come/go along for the ride:   spoken to join what other people are doing just for pleasure, not because you are seriously interested in it//  --A couple of friends had come along for the ride.//\n  7 MACHINE:  a large machine that people ride on for fun at a fair//  --We went on loads of rides .//\n  8 PATH:   literary a path for riding on a horse in the countryside//  --a grassy ride//


Words: Ride a Cock-Horse
Meaning:
a  nursery rhyme (=an old song or poem for children) . The rhyme goes: Ride a cock-horse to Banbury Cross,/To see a fine lady ride on a white horse,/With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes,/She shall have music wherever she goes.//


Words: Ride of the Valkyries
Meaning:
the   an exciting piece of music from the  opera The Valkyries by Richard  Wagner, played when the  Valkyries, female messengers of the god Odin, ride into battle on their flying horses and take the souls of dead soldiers to  Valhalla. The music is often used in films and advertisements.//


Words: rider
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who rides a horse, bicycle etc:    cyclist//  --a horse and rider//\n  2 an extra or more detailed piece of information that is added to an official document and changes it slightly:


Words: ridge
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hrycg]//\n  1 a long area of high land, especially at the top of a mountain:  --We made our way carefully along the ridge.//\n  2 :  a) something long and thin that is raised above the things around it//  --A small ridge of sand separated the field from the beach.//  --The ridges on the soles give the shoes a better grip.//  b) the part at the top of a roof, where the two sides meet//\n  3  ridge of high pressure:   technical a long area of high air pressure in the atmosphere, which has an effect on the weather//


Words: ridicule
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Latin ridiculum  ’something funny’, from  ridere  ’to laugh’]//  unkind laughter or remarks that are intended to make someone or something seem stupid//  --the ridicule of his peers//  --The government’s proposals were held up to ridicule  (=suffered ridicule) by opposition ministers.//  --He had become an object of ridicule among the other teachers.//\nridicule 2 v [T]   to laugh at a person, idea etc and say that they are stupid//  --At the time, his ideas were ridiculed.//


Words: ridiculous
Meaning:
S2   adj   very silly or unreasonable//  --That’s a ridiculous idea!//  --Don’t be ridiculous!//  --I’d look ridiculous in a dress like that.//  absolutely/totally/utterly ridiculous //  --It’s an absolutely ridiculous decision.//  it is ridiculous that//  --It’s ridiculous that we have to wait six weeks.//  -- ridiculously adv //  --a ridiculously expensive jacket//  --ridiculously low prices//  -- ridiculousness n  [U] //


Words: riding
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin: ride]//  the sport or activity of riding horses//  --horse riding//  --Shall we go riding on Saturday?//  riding school/stables (=place where people learn to ride horses) //


Words: rife
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: ryfe]//\n  1 [not before noun] if something bad or unpleasant is rife, it is very common:  --Violent crime is rife in our inner cities.//\n  2  rife with sth:  full of something bad or unpleasant//  --The crowded factories are rife with disease.//\n  3  run rife:  to spread quickly in an uncontrolled way//  --No one knew exactly what he had done, but speculation ran rife.//


Words: riff
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Probably from   REFRAIN2]//  a repeated series of notes in popular or jazz music//  --a guitar riff//


Words: riff-raff
Meaning:
n [plural]   an insulting word for people who are noisy, badly-behaved, or of low social class//  --We charge high prices to keep the riff-raff out.//


Words: riffle
Meaning:
v  also riffle through  [T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Perhaps from  ripple +  ruffle]//  to move and quickly look at pieces of paper or the pages of a book, magazine etc//    flip through//  --He riffled through the papers on his desk.//


Words: rifle
Meaning:
n [C]   barrel, sight, trigger//  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: rifle  ’to cut grooves on the inside of something, especially a gun barrel’ (17-21 centuries), from  Old French rifler  ’to cut into a surface, steal’]//  a long gun which you hold up to your shoulder to shoot//    pistol//\nrifle 2  also rifle through  v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rifler;   RIFLE1]//  to search a place or container quickly because you are looking for something, especially something to steal//  --Sally rifled through her wardrobe looking for a dress.//  --The killer had rifled his wallet and stolen [hA124]200.//


Words: rift
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 a situation in which two people or groups have had a serious disagreement and begun to dislike and not trust each other:   split//  rift between/with//  --Party officials have denied that there is any rift between ministers.//  rift over//  --Today’s announcement could lead to a further rift over public spending.//  --He set out to heal the rifts in the party.//\n  2 a crack or narrow opening in a large mass of rock, cloud etc:


Words: rig
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rigged present participle  rigging  [T] //  [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1700-1800; Origin: rig  ’trick’ (18-19 centuries).]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 to dishonestly arrange the result of an election or competition before it happens:   fix//  --Some international observers have claimed the election was rigged.//\n  2 if people rig prices or rig financial markets, they unfairly agree with each other the prices that will be charged:   fix//    cartel//  --Two of the largest oil companies have been accused of rigging prices.//  --Some investors feel that the market is rigged.//\n  3 [usually passive] to put ropes, sails etc on a ship:  --The ship was fully rigged and ready to sail.//  rig out [rig sb → out] phr v//  to dress someone in special or unusual clothes//  --young children who are rigged out in designer clothes//  rig up [rig sth → up] phr v//  to make a piece of equipment, furniture etc quickly from objects that you find around you//  --We rigged up a simple shower at the back of the cabin.//\nrig 2 n [C] \n  1 a large structure that is used for getting oil from the ground under the sea:\n  2  AmE  informal a large truck:  --We drove the rig down to Baltimore.//\n  3 the way in which a ship’s sails are arranged:


Words: Rig-Veda
Meaning:
the first of the four holy books of the  Veda, which contains prayers and  hymns to gods in the Hindu religion//


Words: right
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 true/correct:\n   2 suitable:\n   3 side:\n   4 problems:\n   5 morally:\n   6 that’s right:\n   7 right you are:\n   8 emphasis:\n   9 health:\n  10 socially:\n  11 be in the right place at the right time:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: riht]//\n  1 TRUE/CORRECT:  a) a statement or piece of information that is right is correct and based on true facts//   correct//  → wrong//  --Yes, that’s the right answer .//  --Is that the right time ?//  --I got most of the questions right .//  --His ideas have now been proved right .//  b)  [not before noun] if you are right, you have said something that is correct and based on true facts//  → wrong//  --I think you’re right. We should have set out earlier.//  right about//  --You were right about the hotel being too crowded.//  --I think the Prime Minister is only half right .//  --Am I right in thinking that you two have met before?//\n  2 SUITABLE:  the right thing, person, method etc is the one that is most suitable or effective//  → wrong//  --I think you’ve made the right decision.//  --I think she’s definitely the right person for the job.//  right for//  --A huge development like this isn’t right for such a small village.//\n  3 SIDE:   [only before noun] //  a) your right side is the side with the hand that most people write with//  → left//  --He had a knife in his right hand.//  --a scar on the right side of her face//  b) on the same side of something as your right side//  → left//  --Take the next right turn.//  --the right bank of the river//\n  4 PROBLEMS:  something that is not right is not in the state it should be in//  --The engine’s not quite right.//  --This cheese doesn’t smell right.//  --Things haven’t been right between me and James for some time.//  put/set sth right (=correct something) //  --It didn’t take long to find the fault and put it right.//\n  5 MORALLY:  if someone is right to do something, their action is morally correct or sensible//  → wrong//  right to do sth//  --Do you think I was right to report them to the police?//  --It can’t be right to keep lying to your family.//  it is right that//  --I think it’s right that the people who work hardest should earn the most.//  --It’s only right  (=completely right) that he should get his share of the money.//  --The company wants to do the right thing and offer compensation to all the injured workers.//\n  6  that’s right:   spoken //  a) used to agree with what someone says or to answer ’yes’ to a question//  --’I gather you work in the sales department?’ ’That’s right.’//  --’Some people find it very difficult to work quickly.’ ’That’s right, and they often find exams very stressful.’//  b) used when you are telling someone that you are angry about what they are doing//  --That’s right! Just blame me for everything, as usual!//\n  7  right you are:   BrE  spoken used to say ’yes’ to a request, order, or suggestion//\n  8 EMPHASIS:   [only before noun]  BrE  spoken used to emphasize how bad someone or something is//   total, complete//  --He sounds like a right idiot!//  --The house was in a right mess when we got back.//\n  9 HEALTH:   spoken if you are not feeling right, you are not feeling completely well//  --I haven’t been feeling right all day.//  --A few days in bed will soon put you right .//  --You’ll soon be as right as rain  (=completely healthy) .//    put sb right/straight at put(9)//\n  10 SOCIALLY:  the right people, places, schools etc are considered to be the best or most important//  --Sonia’s always careful to be seen with the right people.//\n  11  be in the right place at the right time:  to be in the place where something useful becomes available or is being offered//  --Being a news photographer is all about being in the right place at the right time.//  -- rightness n  [U] //  --He was convinced of the rightness of his cause.//    put sth right at put(8)//\nright 2 interjection \n  1 used to show that you have understood or agree with what someone has just said:  --’You need to be there by ten o’clock.’ ’Right.’//\n  2  BrE used to get someone’s attention before starting to say or do something:  --Right, open your books on page 16.//  --Right, is everyone listening?//  --Right, I think we’re ready to go.//\n  3 used to check if what you have said is correct:  --So we’re meeting in the pub, right?//\n  4 used to check that the person you are speaking to is listening and understands what you are saying:  --So I handed him the camera, right, and asked him to take a photograph of us.//\nright 3 adv   ----------//\n   1 exactly:\n   2 immediately:\n   3 correctly:\n   4 well:\n   5 direction/side:\n   6 right now:\n   7 right along/through/around etc:\n   8 be right behind somebody:\n   9 I’ll be right with you/right there/right back:\n  10 be right up there (with somebody/something):\n  11 right, left, and centre:  ----------//\n  1 EXACTLY:  exactly in a particular position or place//  right in/in front of/by etc sth//  --She was standing right in the middle of the room.//  --There’s the house, right in front of you.//  right here/there //  --I left my bags right here.//\n  2 IMMEDIATELY:  immediately and without any delay//   straight//  --It’s on right after the six o’clock news.//  --I’ll phone him right away  (=immediately) .//  --I could tell right off that something was wrong.//  right off the bat  AmE  (=immediately, without having to think carefully) //  --Kay answered right off the bat.//\n  3 CORRECTLY:  correctly//  --We guessed right; they’d gone.//  --’I thought you’d be cross.’ ’You thought right!’//\n  4 WELL:   informal in a way that is good or satisfactory//  --Everything’s going right for him at the moment.//  --It’ll work out right in the end.//\n  5 DIRECTION/SIDE:  towards the direction or side that is on the right//  → left//  --Turn right at the crossroads.//\n  6  right now:  now, or immediately//  --Do you need me right now?//  --We need to deal with this problem right now.//\n  7  right along/through/around etc:  all the way along, through etc//  --Go right to the end of the road.//  --We don’t have to go right into town.//  --I slept soundly right through the night.//\n  8  be right behind sb:   spoken to completely support someone in their ideas or in what they are trying to achieve//  --We’re all right behind you.//\n  9  I’ll be right with you/right there/right back:   spoken used to ask someone to wait because you are coming or returning very soon//  --’Lunch is ready!’ ’I’ll be right there.’//  --Don’t go away; I’ll be right back.//\n  10  be right up there (with sb/sth):   informal to be as good or as important as the very best//  --He’s definitely right up there with all the world-class footballers.//\n  11  right, left, and centre:   BrE right and left  AmE everywhere or in every way//  --The company’s losing money right, left and centre.//\nright 4 W1S2 n   ----------//\n   1 allowed:\n   2 have a right to be angry/concerned/suspicious etc:\n   3 have no right to do something:\n   4 side:\n   5 politics:\n   6 correct behaviour:\n   7 books/tv etc:\n   8 be in the right:\n   9 by rights:\n  10 in your own right:\n  11 put something to rights:\n  12 the rights and wrongs of something:\n  13 :  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: riht, from  riht (adjective);   RIGHT1]//\n  1 ALLOWED:   [C] something that you are morally, legally, or officially allowed to do or have//  --people who are fighting for basic rights//  right of//  --a new charter which establishes the rights and duties of citizens//  --the struggle for women’s rights //  --a demonstration of people demanding equal rights for gay men//  right to//  --Everyone should have the right to freedom of expression.//  right to do sth//  --You have the right to consult a lawyer.//  right of appeal/access/reply etc //  --Convicted criminals have no automatic right of appeal.//  --They claim that the government is denying them their rights .//  within your rights//   (=legally or morally allowed) //  --You would be within your rights to sue the company for negligence.//  by right//  --The money is yours by right.//    civil rights,  human right//\n  2  have a right to be angry/concerned/suspicious etc:  to have a good reason for being angry, concerned etc//  --I think you have a right to feel very disappointed.//  --You had every right to be angry with them.//\n  3  have no right to do sth:  used to say that someone’s action is completely unreasonable or unfair//  --You had no right to take money from my purse!//  --He has no right to speak to me like that!//\n  4 SIDE:   the right/sb’s right//  the side of your body that has the hand that most people write with, or this side of anything else//  → left//  on/to the right (of sth)//  --Our car is just to the right of that white van.//  --Take the first turning on the right.//  on/to sb’s right//  --The school is on your right as you come into the village.//\n  5 POLITICS:   the right/the Right//  political parties or groups that support the ideas and beliefs of capitalism. They usually want low taxes and to encourage private business rather than businesses owned by the state//  → left//    right-wing//  --The campaign is being supported by the Right.//  --The Conservative Party seems to be moving even further to the right.//  extreme/far right //  --politicians on the extreme right//\n  6 CORRECT BEHAVIOUR:   [U] behaviour that is morally good and correct//  --Some kids don’t seem to know the difference between right and wrong .//  --The protesters believe that they have right on their side.//\n  7 BOOKS/TV ETC:   rights [plural] if someone has the rights to a book, film, television programme etc, they are allowed to sell it or show it//    copyright//  rights to//  --The studio bought the rights to his new book.//  --The company paid [hA124]2 million for film rights to the book.//  --the television rights to the Olympic Games//\n  8  be in the right:  to have the best reasons, arguments etc in a disagreement with someone else//  --Both sides are convinced that they are in the right.//\n  9  by rights:   spoken used to describe what should happen if things are done fairly or correctly//  --By rights, the house should be mine now.//\n  10  in your own right:  used to say that you have something or achieve something on your own, without depending on other people//  --She’s a very wealthy woman in her own right.//\n  11  put sth to rights:  to make a place or situation return to normal again//  --It took ages to put the room to rights again.//\n  12  the rights and wrongs of sth:  the subject of what or who is right or wrong in a situation//  --I don’t want to spend ages discussing the rights and wrongs of all this.//\n  13 [C] a hit made with your right hand:  → left//\nright 5 v [T] \n  1  right a wrong:  to do something to prevent a bad situation from continuing//  --He seems to think he can right all the wrongs of the world.//\n  2 to put something back into the state or situation that it should be in:  --We must try to right the balance between taxation and government spending.//\n  3 to put something, especially a boat, back into its correct upright position:  --I finally managed to right the canoe.//  --She righted herself and picked up her bag.//


Words: right angle
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an angle of 90[hA131], like the angles at the corners of a square:\n  2  at right angles (to sth):  if two things are at right angles, they make a 90[hA131] angle where they touch//  --Hold the brush at right angles to the surface.//  -- right-angled adj //  --a right-angled bend//


Words: Right Honourable
Meaning:
adj  BrE   used when formally announcing or talking about a British member of Parliament//  --the Right Honourable Giles Williams MP//


Words: right of way
Meaning:
n   plural  rights of way //\n  1 [U]  BrE the right of way  AmE the right to drive into or across a road before other vehicles:  --I never know who has right of way at this junction.//  --The law here says that pedestrians always have the right of way .//\n  2 [C]  British English :  a) the right to walk across someone else’s land//  --Walkers are often quite aggressive about their rights of way.//  b) a path that people have the right to use//  --The path is not a public right of way .//


Words: right on
Meaning:
adj  informal \n  1  BrE someone who is right on supports social justice, equal rights, the protection of the environment etc - often used to show disapproval because someone does this in an extreme way:    PC, politically correct//  --It’s one of those annoyingly right-on magazines about the environment.//\n  2  AmE someone is right on when they say something that is correct or that you completely agree with:  --Parker’s column on teenage sexuality is right on.//\n  3  AmE  spoken  old-fashioned used to emphasize that you agree with what someone says or does:  --’Power to the people!’ ’Yeah, right on.’//


Words: right to life
Meaning:
n [singular]   if you talk about a baby’s right to life, you mean that a baby has the right to be born, even if there are problems//    pro-life//  --Every unborn child has a right to life.//


Words: right-click
Meaning:
v [I]   to press the right-hand button on a computer mouse to make the computer do something//  right-click on//  --Right-click on the image to save it.//


Words: right-hand
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   on the right side of something//  → left-hand//  --the right-hand side of the body//  top/bottom right-hand corner //  --the bottom right-hand corner of the page//


Words: right-hand drive
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  BrE   a right-hand drive vehicle is one in which the driver sits on the right//  → left-hand drive//


Words: right-hand man
Meaning:
n [singular]   the person who supports and helps you the most, especially in your job//  --John is Bill’s right-hand man and has put a lot of time into the team.//


Words: right-hander
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who uses their right hand for writing, throwing etc:  → left-hander//  --He was the only right-hander among his team’s top six batsmen.//\n  2 a hit using your right hand:


Words: right-minded
Meaning:
adj   a right-minded person has opinions, principles, or standards of behaviour that you approve of//   right-thinking//  --All right-minded people will support us.//


Words: right-of-centre
Meaning:
adj   supporting ideas and aims that are between the centre and the right in politics//  → left-of-centre//


Words: right-thinking
Meaning:
adj   a right-thinking person has opinions, principles, or standards of behaviour that you approve of//   right-minded//  --I condemn this killing, as all right-thinking people must.//


Words: right-to-die
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   supporting the right of people who are extremely ill, injured, or unconscious to refuse to use machines or methods that would keep them alive//    euthanasia//  --the growing right-to-die lobby within the USA//


Words: right-wing
Meaning:
adj   a right-wing person or group supports the ideas and beliefs of capitalism//  → left-wing//  --right-wing parties//  --The organization is very right-wing.//  -- right wing n  [C] //  --the right wing of the Conservative party//  -- right-winger n  [C] //  --a prominent right-winger in the party//


Words: righteous
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: rihtwis, from  riht  ’right’ (noun) +  wis  ’wise’]//\n  1  righteous indignation/anger etc:  strong feelings of anger when you think a situation is not morally right or fair//  --He was full of righteous indignation about the attack.//\n  2  formal morally good and fair:  --a righteous God//  -- righteously adv //  -- righteousness n  [U] //    self-righteous//


Words: rightful
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    formal according to what is correct or what should be done legally or morally//  --George sat at the head of the table, in his rightful place as their leader.//  --I’ll return the money to its rightful owner .//  --the rightful heir to the throne//  -- rightfully adv //  --I’m only claiming what is rightfully mine.//


Words: rightist
Meaning:
adj   supporting right-wing ideas or groups//  → leftist//  --rightist demonstrators//  -- rightist n  [C] //


Words: rightly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 correctly, or for a good reason:  → wrongly//  --I was, as you rightly said , the smallest boy in the class.//  --As you so rightly pointed out , things are getting worse.//  --They have been treated badly, and they are rightly upset.//  quite rightly  BrE //  --There’s a lot of talk, quite rightly, about the dangers of smoking.//  --This photo was taken in Paris, if I remember rightly .//\n  2  rightly or wrongly:  used to emphasize that someone else thinks that something they did was right, but you think it was wrong//  --The prime minister was widely judged, rightly or wrongly, to be an honest man.//\n  3  and rightly so:   spoken used to say that a decision or action you have just described is fair and morally right, in your opinion//  --A lot of people round here were furious, and rightly so.//\n  4  I can’t rightly say/don’t rightly know:   spoken used to say that you are not sure whether something is correct or not//


Words: righto
Meaning:
interjection  also right oh  BrE  informal   used to show that you agree with a suggestion that someone has made//   OK//  --Righto, I’ll see you at six.//


Words: rights issue
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  technical an offer of company shares at a cheaper price than usual, to people who own some already//


Words: rightsize
Meaning:
v [I and T]   if a company or organization rightsizes, or if it rightsizes its operations, it reduces the number of people it employs in order to reduce costs - used especially by companies to make the reduction in the number of workers sound good and sensible//    downsize//  --They have been given one year to rightsize their workforce.//  -- rightsizing n  [U] //  --Many workers lost their jobs as a result of rightsizing.//


Words: rightwards
Meaning:
adv  especially BrE  usually rightward  AmE   on or towards the right//  → leftwards//  --The plane’s course was veering rightwards.//


Words: rigid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: rigidus, from  rigere  ’to be stiff’]//\n  1 rigid methods, systems etc are very strict and difficult to change:  → flexible//  --rigid and authoritarian methods of education//\n  2 someone who behaves in a rigid way is very unwilling to change their ideas or behaviour:  → flexible//  --rigid adherence to old-fashioned ideas//  --She maintained rigid control over her emotional and sexual life.//\n  3 stiff and not moving or bending:  → flexible//  --rigid plastic//\n  4 used to describe someone who cannot move, especially because they are very frightened, shocked, or angry:  rigid with//  --I heard a noise and woke up rigid with terror.//  -- rigidly adv //  --rigidly opposed to all new ideas//  -- rigidity/r[hA366]d[hA360][hA366]d[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: rigmarole
Meaning:
n  also  rigamarole AmE [singular,U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: ragman roll  ’document containing a long list, used in a game called "ragman"’ (15-18 centuries)]//  a long confusing process or description//  --I don’t want to go through the rigmarole of taking him to court.//


Words: rigor
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, from  rigere;   RIGID]//  the American spelling of rigour//


Words: rigor mortis
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: ’stiffness of death’]//  the condition in which someone’s body becomes stiff after they die//


Words: rigorous
Meaning:
adj \n  1 careful, thorough, and exact:  --a rigorous analysis of defence needs//  --the rigorous standards required by the college//\n  2 very severe or strict:  --rigorous army training//  -- rigorously adv //


Words: rigour
Meaning:
BrE  rigor AmE   n \n  1  the rigours of sth:  the problems and difficulties of a situation//  --all the rigors of a Canadian winter//  --the stresses and rigours of modern life//\n  2 [U] great care and thoroughness in making sure that something is correct:  --Their research seems to me to be lacking in rigour.//


Words: rile
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: roil]//   informal to make someone extremely angry//  --He was the calmest guy I ever knew - nothing ever riled him.//  --That class gets me so riled up .//


Words: rim
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: rima]//\n  1 the outside edge of something circular:  rim of//  --the rim of a glass//  --plates with a gold band around the rim//\n  2  gold-rimmed/red-rimmed etc:  with a gold, red etc rim//  --gold-rimmed spectacles//  --red-rimmed eyes//  -- rimless adj //  --rimless glasses//\nrim 2   past tense and past participle  rimmed present participle  rimming  v [T]  literary //  to be around the edge of something//  --His eyes were rimmed with fatigue.//


Words: Rimsky-Korsakov
Meaning:
Nikolai   (1844-1908) a Russian  composer whose most famous work is  Scheherezade. He also  orchestrated works by other Russian composers.//


Words: rind
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 the thick outer skin of some types of fruit, such as oranges:    peel, zest//  --grated lemon rind//\n  2 the thick outer skin of some foods, such as bacon or cheese:


Words: Ring
Meaning:
The   a set of four  operas by Richard Wagner, known also as  The Ring of the Nibelung or  The Ring Cycle. They are based on stories from German  mythology.//


Words: ring
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 jewellery:\n   2 circle:\n   3 give somebody a ring:\n   4 bells:\n   5 criminals:\n   6 have the/a ring of something:\n   7 have a familiar ring:\n   8 run rings around somebody:\n   9 cooking:\n  10 sport:\n  11 entertainment:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-2, 5, 8-11; Origin: Old English hring]//  [Sense: 3-4, 6-7; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  RING1]//\n  1 JEWELLERY:  a piece of jewellery that you wear on your finger//  --a diamond ring //  --a plain silver ring//\n  2 CIRCLE:  a) an object in the shape of a circle//  --a rubber ring for children to go swimming with//  --onion rings//  --a key ring//    napkin ring//  b) a circular line or mark//  ring around//  --She left a dirty ring around the bath.//  ring round//   BrE //  --a ring round the moon//  c) a group of people or things arranged in a circle//  ring of//  --A ring of armed troops surrounded the building.//  --The city was overlooked by a ring of high-rise buildings.//\n  3  give sb a ring:   BrE  informal to make a telephone call to someone//  --I’ll give you a ring later in the week.//\n  4 BELLS:  the sound made by a bell or the act of making this sound//  --a ring at the doorbell//\n  5 CRIMINALS:  a group of people who illegally control a business or criminal activity//  --Are you aware that a drugs ring is being operated in the club?//  --Secret files reveal an Oxford spy ring .//\n  6  have the/a ring of sth:  if a statement or argument has a ring of truth, confidence etc, it seems as if it has this quality//  --His explanation has the ring of truth.//\n  7  have a familiar ring:  if something has a familiar ring, you feel that you have heard it before//  --His voice had a strangely familiar ring.//\n  8  run rings around sb:   informal to be able to do something much better than someone else can//  --I’m sure you can run rings round him.//\n  9 COOKING:   BrE one of the circular areas on top of a cooker that is heated by gas or electricity//    hob//  American Equivalent:  burner//  --a gas ring//\n  10 SPORT:  a) a small square area surrounded by ropes, where people box or wrestle//    ringside//  b)  the ring//  the sport of boxing//  --He retired from the ring at 34.//\n  11 ENTERTAINMENT:  a large circular area surrounded by seats at a circus//\nring 2   v   past tense  rang /r[zB024][hA26E]///  past participle  rung /r[hA356][hA26E]///  ----------//\n   1 bell:\n   2 telephone:\n   3 sounds:\n   4 ring a bell:\n   5 not ring true:\n   6 ring the changes:\n   7 ring hollow:\n   8 ring in your ears:  Phrasal verbs//   ring (somebody) back//   ring in//   ring off//   ring out//   ring round (somebody)//   ring up//  ----------//\n  1 BELL:  a)  [I and T] to make a bell make a sound, especially to call someone’s attention to you or to call someone to help you//  --I rang the doorbell but no one came.//  ring for//  --The sign said, ’Ring for service’.//  --Instead of ringing for the maid, she made the tea herself.//  b)  [I] if a bell rings, it makes a noise//  --The bell rang for the end of break.//\n  2 TELEPHONE:  a)  [I and T]  BrE to make a telephone call to someone//   call, phone//  --I was going to ring you but I don’t have your number.//  ring for//  --Sally rang for a taxi. see usage note  call1 //  b)  [I] if a telephone rings, it makes a sound to show that someone is telephoning you//  --The phone hasn’t stopped ringing all day.//\n  3 SOUNDS:   [I] //  a) if your ears ring, they make a continuous sound that only you can hear, after you have been somewhere very noisy or heard a loud sound//  --The explosion made our ears ring.//  b)  literary if a place rings with a sound, it is full of that sound//  ring with//  --The whole room rang with their laughter.//\n  4  ring a bell:   informal if something rings a bell, it reminds you of something, but you cannot remember exactly what it is//  --Her name rings a bell but I can’t remember her face.//\n  5  not ring true:  if something does not ring true, you do not believe it, even though you are not sure why//  --It was a possible explanation, but it didn’t quite ring true.//\n  6  ring the changes:   BrE to make changes to something, not because it needs changing but just in order to make it more interesting, more attractive etc//  --Choose a variety of foods and ring the changes with meals.//\n  7  ring hollow:  if something that someone says rings hollow, you do not feel that it is true or sincere//  --Assurances that things have changed ring hollow in many ears.//\n  8  ring in your ears:  if a sound or remark rings in your ears, you continue to remember it very clearly, exactly as it sounded, after it has finished//  --He left Washington with the president’s praises ringing in his ears.//  ring () back [ring (sb) back] phr v//  to telephone someone again, or to telephone someone because you were not available when they telephoned you//   call (somebody) back//  --I’ll ring back as soon as I find out anything.//  --John rang, and he wants you to ring him back.//  ring in phr v//\n  1  BrE to telephone the place where you work:  --Jane’s rung in to say she’ll be late.//  --He rang in sick  (=telephoned to say he was ill) every morning for a week.//\n  2  ring in the New Year:  to celebrate the beginning of the New Year//  ring off phr v//  to end a telephone call//    hang up//  --He rang off without giving his name.//  ring out phr v//\n  1 a voice, bell etc that rings out is loud and clear:  --The sound of a shot rang out.//\n  2  ring out the Old Year:  to celebrate the end of the year//  ring round () [ring round (sb)] phr v//  to make telephone calls to a group of people, in order to organize something, find out information etc//  --I’ll ring round to see whether anyone’s interested in coming with us.//  --She rang round all the agencies.//  ring up phr v//\n  1  BrE to telephone someone:   call (somebody) up//  ring sb → up//  --I’ll ring the manager up tomorrow.//  --I rang up and made an appointment.//\n  2  ring sth → up:  to press buttons on a cash register to record how much money is being put inside//  --The cashier rang up [hA124]300 by mistake.//\nring 3   past tense and past participle  ringed  v [T] //\n  1 to surround something:  --Thousands of people ringed the court building to demand the release of Mr Cox.//  be ringed with sth//  --Her eyes were ringed with stiff black lashes.//\n  2  BrE to draw a circular mark around something:   circle//  --Ring the mistakes in red.//


Words: Ring a ring o’ roses
Meaning:
BrE Ring around the rosy  AmE   a children’s singing game in which the children join hands and dance round in a circle singing: Ring a ring o’roses/A pocket full of posies/A-tishoo! A-tishoo!/We all fall down. People believe it comes from the time when there was a plague in London (=a very serious infectious disease, quickly causing death to large numbers of people), because when people coughed and  sneezed, saying ’atishoo’, it was a sign that they had caught the plague.//


Words: ring binder
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a file for holding papers, in which metal rings go through the edges of the pages, holding them in place//


Words: ring finger
Meaning:
n [C]   the finger, next to the smallest finger on your hand, that you traditionally wear your wedding ring on//    index finger//


Words: ring road
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a road that goes around a large town to keep the traffic away from the centre//    bypass//


Words: ringer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who rings church bells or hand bells:\n  2 a piece of equipment that makes a ringing noise:  --Turn down the ringer on your phone.//\n  3 someone who pretends not to have a skill that they really have, in order to play on a team, enter a competition etc:    dead ringer//


Words: ringfence
Meaning:
v [T]  BrE   to decide officially that something, especially money, can only be used for a particular purpose//  --OK, so this [hA124]20,000 is ringfenced as the training budget.//


Words: ringing
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a ringing sound or voice is loud and clear:  --She pronounced her final words in ringing tones.//\n  2  a ringing endorsement:  a statement that is made with a lot of force in support of something//  --a ringing endorsement of the proposals//


Words: ringleader
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who leads a group that is doing something illegal or wrong//  --the ringleader of a new international drugs ring//


Words: ringside
Meaning:
n [singular] \n  1 the area nearest to the performance in a circus, a boxing match etc:    ring//\n  2  ringside seat:  a seat very near to the performers in a circus, a boxing match etc//    ring//


Words: rink
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: renc  ’place, row’]//\n  1 a specially prepared area of ice that you can skate on:\n  2 a special area with a smooth surface where you can go around on roller skates:


Words: rinse
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rincer, perhaps from  Vulgar Latin recentiare, from  Latin recens;   RECENT]//\n  1 to wash clothes, dishes, vegetables etc quickly with water, especially running water, and without soap:  --Let me just rinse my hands.//  --Rinse the vegetables under a cold tap.//  rinse sth out//  --Don’t forget to rinse out your swimsuit.//\n  2 to remove soap, dirt etc from something by washing it quickly with water:  rinse sth off/out/away etc//  --Leave the shampoo for two minutes, then rinse it off with warm water.//  --I rinsed the mud out under the tap.//  --The cream rinses off easily.//\n  3 to put colour into your hair:   dye//\n  4 if you rinse your mouth, or rinse your mouth out, you wash it by filling it with water and then spitting the water out:    gargle//\nrinse 2 n \n  1 [C] when you rinse something:  --I gave my hands a quick rinse .//\n  2 [U and C] a product you use to change the colour of your hair or to make it more shiny:   dye//  --a blue rinse for grey hair//


Words: Rio de Janeiro
Meaning:
also  Rio  a large city and port in East Brazil. Rio was the capital of Brazil until the new city of Brasilia was built in 1960. It is famous for its beaches, such as the  Copacabana, its  carnival, and for  Sugarloaf Mountain, on which there is a very large  statue of Jesus Christ.//


Words: Rio Grande
Meaning:
the Rio Grande//  a river in the south of the US which forms a border between the US and Mexico. The Mexican name for it is Rio Bravo.//


Words: riot
Meaning:
S3   n   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: ’quarrel’]//\n  1 [C] a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way, especially when they are protesting about something:  --urban riots//  --prison riots//  --His murder triggered vicious race riots  (=caused by a problem between different races) .//  --police wearing riot gear  (=the special clothing and equipment worn by police officers during a riot) //  --police in bullet-proof vests and carrying riot shields  (=a piece of very hard plastic which police officers stand behind to protect them) //\n  2  run riot:  a) if your imagination, emotions, thoughts etc run riot, you cannot or do not control them//  --Manufacturers have let their imaginations run riot to create new computer games.//  b) if people run riot, they behave in a violent, noisy, and uncontrolled way//  --Some people let their children run riot.//  c) if a plant runs riot, it grows very quickly//\n  3  a riot of colour:  something with many different bright colours//  --The garden is a riot of colour in spring.//\n  4  read (sb) the riot act:  to give someone a strong warning that they must stop causing trouble - used humorously//  --If the kids don’t settle down soon, I’ll go up and read them the riot act.//\nriot 2 v [I]   if a crowd of people riot, they behave in a violent and uncontrolled way, for example by fighting the police and damaging cars or buildings//  --University students rioted in protest at tuition fees.//  -- rioting n  [U] //  -- rioter n  [C] //


Words: riotous
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  formal \n  1 noisy, exciting, and enjoyable in an uncontrolled way:   wild//  --a riotous party//\n  2 noisy or violent, especially in a public place:  --Their riotous behaviour led to their arrest.//  -- riotously adv //


Words: rip
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  ripped present participle  ripping //  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Flemish rippen  ’to tear off roughly’]//\n  1 [I and T] to tear something or be torn quickly and violently:  --Her clothes had all been ripped.//  --The sails ripped under the force of the wind.//  --Impatiently, Sue ripped the letter open .//\n  2 [T always + adverb/preposition] to remove something quickly and violently, using your hands:  rip sth out/off/away/down//  --Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from her notebook.//  --The buttons had been ripped off.//\n  3  rip sth/sb to shreds:  a) to destroy something or damage it badly by tearing it in many places//  --Jill’s kitten is ripping her sofa to shreds.//  b)  informal to strongly criticize someone, or criticize their opinions, remarks, behaviour etc//  --I expected to have my argument ripped to shreds.//\n  4  let rip:   informal to speak or behave violently or emotionally//  --Fran took a slow deep breath, then let rip, yelling and shouting at him.//\n  5  let it/her rip:   informal to make a car, boat etc go as fast as it can//  --Put your foot on the gas and let her rip!//  rip apart [rip sth → apart] phr v//  to tear or pull something to pieces//  --He was ripped apart by savage beasts in the forest.//  rip off [rip sb/sth → off] phr v//\n  1 to charge someone too much money for something:   overcharge//  --The agency really ripped us off.//\n  2 to steal something:  --Somebody had come in and ripped off the TV and stereo.//\n  3 to take words, ideas etc from someone else’s work and use them in your own work as if they were your own ideas:   plagiarize//    rip-off(2)//  rip through [rip through sth] phr v//  to move through a place quickly and with violent force//  --A wave of bombings ripped through the capital’s business district.//  rip up [rip sth → up] phr v//  to tear something into pieces//  --Sue ripped his photo up into tiny bits.//\nrip 2 n [C]   a long tear or cut//  --a green leather jacket with a rip in the sleeve//


Words: Rip van Winkle
Meaning:
the main character in a story by Washington  Irving, who sleeps for 20 years and finds that the world has changed a lot when he wakes up//


Words: rip-off
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  informal something that is unreasonably expensive:  --The meal was a rip-off and the service was appalling.//\n  2 music, art, films etc that are rip-offs copy something else without admitting that they are copies:  rip-off of//  --a rip-off of a hit movie//    rip off at rip(1)//


Words: rip-roaring adj
Meaning:
adv  informal   exciting and full of energy//  --Micky had a rip-roaring time spending his first wage packet.//


Words: ripe
Meaning:
adj   comparative  riper superlative  ripest //  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 ripe fruit or crops are fully grown and ready to eat:  → unripe//  --Those tomatoes aren’t ripe yet.//\n  2  be ripe for sth:  to be ready for a change to happen, especially when it should have happened sooner//  --The police forces are ripe for reform.//  --The former dock area is ripe for development.//\n  3  the time is ripe (for sth):  used to say it is a very suitable time for something to happen, especially when it should have happened sooner//  --The time is ripe for a review of progress up to now.//\n  4  ripe old age:  a) if you live to a ripe old age, you are very old when you die//  --Eat less and exercise more if you want to live to a ripe old age .//  b) used to show that you find it surprising or impressive that someone is doing something or has achieved something at a very young age - used humorously//  --She was put in charge at the ripe old age of twenty-nine.//\n  5 ripe cheese has developed a strong taste and is ready to eat:   mature//\n  6  especially BrE a ripe smell is strong and unpleasant - used humorously:  --We were pretty ripe after a week of walking.//  -- ripeness n  [U] //


Words: ripen
Meaning:
v [I and T]   to become ripe or to make something ripe//  --The apples were ripening on the trees.//


Words: riposte
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Italian risposta  ’answer’, from  rispondere  ’to answer’, from  Latin respondere;   RESPOND]//   formal a quick, clever reply to something that someone has said//  --a suitably witty riposte//


Words: ripple
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  rip]//\n  1 [I and T] to move in small waves, or to make something move in this way:  --fields of grain rippling in the soft wind//  --I could see the muscles rippling under his shirt.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition] to pass from one person to another like a wave:  ripple through//  --Panic rippled through Hollywood as the murders were discovered.//  ripple around//  --Enthusiastic applause rippled around the tables.//\n  3 [I always + adverb/preposition] if a feeling ripples through you, you feel it strongly:  ripple through//  --Anger was rippling through him so fiercely that his whole body shook.//\n  4 [I] to make a noise like water that is flowing gently:  --The water rippled over the stones.//  --a rippling brook//\nripple 2 n [C]   1 a small low wave on the surface of a liquid//  --ripples on the surface of the pond//  --She dived into the pool, making scarcely a ripple.//\n  2 a sound that gets gradually louder and softer:  --A ripple of laughter ran through the audience.//  --a ripple of applause//\n  3 a feeling that spreads through a person or a group because of something that has happened:  --A ripple of excitement went through the crowd as came on stage.//\n  4 a shape or pattern that looks like a wave:  --ripples on the sand//\n  5  raspberry ripple/chocolate ripple etc:  a type of ice cream that has different coloured bands of fruit, chocolate etc in it//\n  6  ripple effect:  a situation in which one action causes another, which then causes a third etc//   domino effect//  --The increase had a ripple effect through the whole financial market.//


Words: rise
Meaning:
W1S2   v   past tense  rose /r[hA353][hA35E]z $ ro[hA35E]z///  past participle  risen /r[hA366]z[hA368]n/ [I] //  ----------//\n   1 increase:\n   2 go upwards:\n   3 stand:\n   4 become successful:\n   5 be tall:\n   6 voice/sound:\n   7 sun/moon/star:\n   8 emotion:\n   9 rise to the occasion/challenge:\n  10 against a government/army:\n  11 bread/cakes etc:\n  12 bed:\n  13 alive again:\n  14 court/parliament:\n  15 wind:\n  16 river:\n  17 rise and shine:  Phrasal verbs//   rise above something//   rise to something//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: risan]//\n  1 INCREASE:  to increase in number, amount, or value//   go up//  → fall//  rise by//  --Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period.//  rise from/to//  --The research budget rose from [hA124]175,000 in 1999 to [hA124]22.5 million in 2001.//  rise above//  --Temperatures rarely rise above freezing.//  rise dramatically/sharply/rapidly/steeply etc //  --The number of people seeking asylum in the United Kingdom has risen sharply.//  --The divorce rate has risen steadily since the 1950s.//  rising crime/unemployment/inflation etc //  --The country now faces economic recession and rising unemployment.//  --The police seem unable to cope with the rising tide of  (=large increase in) car crime. see usage note  raise1 //\n  2 GO UPWARDS:  to go upwards//  → fall//  --The floodwaters began to rise again.//  --She watched the bubbles rise to the surface.//  --the problems caused by climate change and rising sea levels//  rise from//  --Smoke rose from the chimney.//  --The road rises steeply from the village.//  --The waves rose and fell .//\n  3 STAND:   formal to stand up//  --Then she picked up her bag and rose to leave.//  rise from the table/your chair etc //  --The chairman rose from his chair and came forward to greet her.//  --He put down his glass and rose to his feet .//\n  4 BECOME SUCCESSFUL:  to become important, powerful, successful, or rich//  → fall//  rise to//  --He rose to the rank of major.//  rise to prominence/fame/power //  --He had swiftly risen to prominence during the 1950s.//  --Mussolini rose to power in Italy in 1922.//  --people who rise to the top in their chosen professions//  rise to do sth//  --He rose to become chairman of the company.//  --She had joined the company as a secretary and risen through the ranks  (=made progress from a low position to a high position) to become a senior sales director.//\n  5 BE TALL:   also rise up //  to be very tall//  rise above//  --The cliffs rose above them.//  rise from//  --huge rocks rising from the sea//  --The bridge rose majestically into the air.//\n  6 VOICE/SOUND:  a) to be loud enough to be heard//  rise from//  --The sound of traffic rose from the street below.//  rise above//  --Her voice rose above the shouts of the children.//  b) to become louder or higher//  --His voice rose in frustration.//\n  7 SUN/MOON/STAR:  to appear in the sky//  → set//  --The sun rises in the east.//\n  8 EMOTION:  if a feeling or emotion rises, you feel it more and more strongly//  --She could sense her temper rising again.//  --There was an atmosphere of rising excitement in the school.//  --The doctor sounded optimistic and John’s hopes rose .//\n  9  rise to the occasion/challenge:  to deal successfully with a difficult situation or problem, especially by working harder or performing better than usual//  --a young athlete who can certainly rise to the occasion//  --The team rose to the challenge.//\n  10 AGAINST A GOVERNMENT/ARMY:   also rise up //  if a large group of people rise, they try to defeat the government, army etc that is controlling them//  --They rose up and overthrew the government.//  rise against//  --The prisoners rose against the guards and escaped.//  rise in revolt/rebellion //  --They rose in rebellion against the king.//\n  11 BREAD/CAKES ETC:  if bread, cakes etc rise, they become bigger because there is air inside them//\n  12 BED:   literary to get out of bed in the morning//\n  13 ALIVE AGAIN:  to come alive after having died//    resurrection//  rise from the dead/grave //  --On the third day Jesus rose from the dead.//\n  14 COURT/PARLIAMENT:  if a court or parliament rises, that particular meeting is formally finished//\n  15 WIND:   formal if the wind rises, it becomes stronger//  --The wind had risen again and it was starting to rain.//\n  16 RIVER:   literary if a river rises somewhere, it begins there//  --The Rhine rises in Switzerland.//\n  17  rise and shine:   spoken used humorously to tell someone to wake up and get out of bed//  rise above [rise above sth] phr v//  if someone rises above a bad situation or bad influences, they do not let these things affect them because they are mentally strong or have strong moral principles//  --You expect a certain amount of criticism, but you have to rise above it.//  --I try to rise above such prejudices.//  rise to [rise to sth] phr v//  if you rise to a remark, you reply to it rather than ignoring it, especially because it has made you angry//  --You shouldn’t rise to his comments.//  --He refused to rise to the bait  (=react in the way someone wanted him to) .//\nrise 2 W2 n   ----------//\n   1 increase:\n   2 wages:\n   3 success/power:\n   4 give rise to something:\n   5 movement up:\n   6 slope:\n   7 get a rise out of somebody:  ----------//\n  1 INCREASE:   [C] an increase in number, amount, or value//   increase//  → fall//  rise in//  --We are expecting a sharp rise in interest rates.//  --an alarming rise in unemployment//  --There’s been a rise in the number of arrests for drug offences.//  rise of//  --Profits went up to [hA124]24 million, a rise of 16%.//  rent/price rise //  --Tenants face a 20% rent rise.//\n  2 WAGES:   [C]  BrE an increase in wages//  American Equivalent:  raise//  --He’s been promised a rise next year.//  --The railworkers were offered a 3% pay rise .//\n  3 SUCCESS/POWER:   [singular] the achievement of importance, success or power//  → fall//  rise of//  --the rise of fascism//  --the rise of Napoleon//  rise to//  --Thatcher’s rise to power in the late 70s//  --The band’s sudden rise to fame took everyone by surprise.//  --his swift rise to prominence //  --the rise and fall of the Roman Empire//\n  4  give rise to sth:   formal to be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant//    provoke//  --His speech gave rise to a bitter argument.//  --The President’s absence has given rise to speculation about his health.//\n  5 MOVEMENT UP:   [singular] a movement upwards//  → fall//  rise in//  --a sudden rise in sea levels//  --She watched the steady rise and fall of his chest.//\n  6 SLOPE:   [C] an upward slope or a hill//  --There’s a slight rise in the road.//  --They topped the rise (=reached the top of the hill) and began a slow descent towards the town.//\n  7  get a rise out of sb:   informal to make someone become annoyed or embarrassed by making a joke about them//    make fun of somebody//  --She enjoys getting a rise out of you.//


Words: riser
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  early/late riser:  someone who usually gets out of bed very early or very late//\n  2  technical the upright part of a step on a set of stairs:\n  3  risers [plural]  AmE a set of wooden or metal steps that can be moved from place to place, used for a group of people to stand on:  --The school choir stood on risers behind the orchestra.//


Words: risible
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: risibilis, from  Latin ridere  ’to laugh’]//  something that is risible is so stupid that it deserves to be laughed at//  --a risible suggestion//  -- risibility/r[hA366]z[hA369]b[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: rising
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] becoming more important or famous:  --Francesca was a rising star in the cinema.//\n  2  the rising generation:   BrE young people who will soon be old enough to vote, have jobs etc//  --The rising generation of students are optimistic about the future.//\nrising 2 n [C]  BrE   a sudden attempt by a large group of people to violently remove a government or ruler//   uprising, rebellion//


Words: rising damp
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE a condition where water comes up from the ground and gets into the walls of a building//


Words: risk
Meaning:
W1S2   n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: risque, from  Italian risco]//\n  1 [U and C] the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or dangerous may happen:   danger//    gamble, chance//  risk of//  --the risk of serious injury//  --There is a risk that the crisis may spread further.//  risk to//  --There is no risk to public health.//  --Healthy eating can help  reduce the risk of  heart disease.//  --The birds could  pose a serious health  risk for people who eat them.//  --I never walk home alone at night - it’s not worth the risk .//  --Building work has a  high risk of accident.//  -- a  low-risk  group for lung cancer //  -- an increased risk  of skin cancer//  -- things that pose  a real risk  to the future of mankind //  -- It was  a calculated risk  to appoint a man without management experience to such a senior post. //  -- There’s  an element of risk  in any kind of investment. //  -- the risks associated with  drug use //  -- the  risk factors  for sudden infant death syndrome //  -- The benefits  to patients who are taking the drug far  outweigh the risks .//\n  2  take a risk:  to decide to do something even though you know it may have bad results//  --Isn’t he taking a bit of a risk in coming here?//  take the risk of doing sth//  --I couldn’t take the risk of leaving him alone even for a short time.//  --Many people are willing to take that risk in order to protect their families.//\n  3 [C] something or someone that is likely to cause harm or danger:  risk to//  --Polluted water supplies are a risk to public health.//  --They didn’t pose a significant risk to safety.//  --Meat from the infected animals is regarded as a serious health risk  (=something likely to harm people’s health) .//  --The tyre dump is a major fire risk  (=something that could cause a dangerous fire) .//  --She’s becoming a security risk  (=someone who may tell important secrets to an enemy) .//\n  4  at risk:  in a situation where you may be harmed//  --We must stop these rumours; the firm’s reputation is at risk.//  at risk from//  --Women are more at risk from the harmful effects of alcohol than men.//  at risk of//  --Their children are also at high risk of developing the disease.//  --That would mean putting other children at risk .//\n  5  run a risk:  to be in a situation where there is a possibility that something bad could happen to you//  run the risk of doing sth//  --Anyone travelling without a passport runs the risk of being arrested.//\n  6  at the risk of doing sth:  used when you think that what you are going to say or do may have a bad result, may offend or annoy people etc//  --At the risk of sounding stupid, can I ask a question?//  --Will they go ahead with their plans, even at the risk of offending the Americans?//\n  7  at your own risk:  if you do something at your own risk, you do it when you understand the possible dangers and have been warned about them//  --You can use it, but it’s at your own risk.//  --All personal belongings are left at the owner’s risk.//\n  8 [C] a person or business judged according to the danger involved in giving them insurance or lending them money:  good/bad/poor risk //  --Drivers under 21 are regarded as poor risks by insurance companies.//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  risk (that) //  reduce/minimize the risk of something //  increase the risk of something //  carry/pose a risk //  not be worth the risk //  high/low risk //  increased/reduced risk  (=a higher or lower risk than usual) //  a real risk //  a calculated risk  (=a risk you think will have a good result) //  an element of risk  (=some risk, but not much) //  the risks involved in/associated with something //  risk factor //  the benefits outweigh the risks //  ----------//\nrisk 2 v [T] \n  1 to put something in a situation in which it could be lost, destroyed, or harmed:    gamble//  --When children start smoking, they don’t realize that they’re risking their health.//  risk sth to do sth//  --He’s prepared to risk everything to avoid this war.//  risk sth on sth//  --You’d be crazy to risk your money on an investment like that!//  --He risked his life helping others to escape.//  --I’m not going to risk my neck  (=risk my life) just to save a common criminal.//  --Why risk life and limb  (=risk your life and health) jumping out of a plane just to raise money for charity?//\n  2 to get into a situation where something unpleasant may happen to you:    endanger//  risk doing sth//  --They may even risk losing their homes.//  risk defeat/death etc //  --He would prefer not to risk another embarrassing defeat.//  --Some people are prepared to risk imprisonment for what they believe.//  risk being seen/caught/arrested etc //  --Workers who broke the strike risked being attacked when they left the factory.//\n  3 to do something that you know may have dangerous or unpleasant results:  risk doing sth//  --Are you prepared to risk traveling without an armed guard?//  --She risked a glance back over her shoulder.//  --You could slip out of school between classes, but I wouldn’t risk it .//


Words: risk management
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a system to prevent or reduce dangerous accidents or mistakes:\n  2  technical the practice of managing investments in ways that produce as much profit as possible while limiting the danger of losses:


Words: risk-taking
Meaning:
n [U]   when people do things that involve risks in order to achieve something//  -- risk-taker n  [C] //


Words: risky
Meaning:
adj   involving a risk that something bad will happen//   dangerous//  --Doctors say it’s too risky to try and operate.//  --Buying a secondhand car is a risky business .//  -- riskiness n  [U] //


Words: risotto
Meaning:
n   plural  risottos  [U and C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: riso  ’rice’]//  a hot meal made from rice mixed with cheese, vegetables, or pieces of meat//


Words: risque
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  risquer  ’to risk’, from  risque;   RISK1]//  a joke, remark etc that is risque is slightly shocking, because it is about sex//


Words: rissole
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French]//  cooked meat cut into very small pieces, mixed with potato or bread, and cooked in hot fat//


Words: Ritalin
Meaning:
trademark   a drug that is used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (=a condition that causes people, especially children, to be too active and not able to pay attention for very long) //


Words: rite
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: ritus]//\n  1 a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, usually for religious purposes:    ritual//  --funeral rites//  --ancient fertility rites//  --These traditional rites are performed only by the women of the village.//\n  2  rite of passage:  a special ceremony or action that is a sign of a new stage in someone’s life, especially when a boy starts to become a man//    coming of age//\n  3  last rites:  final prayers or religious ceremonies for someone who is dying//  --A priest came to give him the last rites .//


Words: ritual
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion:    rite//  --ancient pagan rituals//  --the importance of religion and ritual in our lives//  --The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.//\n  2 something that you do regularly and in the same way each time:    routine//  ritual of//  --the daily ritual of mealtimes//  --He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.//\nritual 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ritualis, from  ritus;   RITE]//\n  1 done as part of a rite or ritual:  --ritual dances//\n  2 done in a fixed and expected way, but without real meaning or sincerity:  --The police issued the usual ritual apology.//  -- ritually adv //  --Animals are brought in and ritually slaughtered.//


Words: ritualistic
Meaning:
adj   ritualistic words or behaviour always follow the same pattern, especially because they form part of a ritual//  --a ritualistic procession//  --the ritualistic marking of birth, marriage and death//  -- ritualistically/-kli/ adv //


Words: Ritz
Meaning:
the   a famous large hotel, named after the original Swiss owner, Cesar Ritz. Several large cities, including London and Paris, have Ritz hotels.//


Words: Ritz crackers
Meaning:
trademark   a type of small round salty  cracker (=thin  biscuit) sold in boxes in the US and the UK//


Words: ritzy
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Ritz hotels, international group of fashionable and expensive hotels founded by Cesar Ritz]//  fashionable and expensive//   fancy//  --a ritzy restaurant//


Words: rival
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: rivalis  ’someone who uses the same stream as another, rival in love’, from  rivus  ’stream’]//\n  1 a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc:   competitor//  --This gives the company a competitive advantage over its rivals.//  rival for//  --his chief rival for the job//  --He finished 39 seconds ahead of his main rival .//  --She was 2 minutes faster than her nearest rival .//  --a game against their old rivals , Manchester United//  --They still remain bitter rivals  (=hate each other) .//  --Their sales have now overtaken those of their arch-rival  (=main or strongest rival) .//  rival company/firm/team etc //  --Sheena left her job and went to work for a rival company.//\n  2 one of a group of things that people can choose between:  --The newest model has several advantages over its rivals.//\nrival 2 v   past tense and past participle  rivalled present participle  rivalling  BrE //  past tense and past participle  rivaled present participle  rivaling  AmE //  [T] to be as good or important as someone or something else//    unrivalled//  --The college’s facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.//  --a stadium to rival any in the world//


Words: rivalry
Meaning:
n   plural  rivalries  [U and C] //  a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them//    competition//  rivalry between//  --There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.//  --The two players have developed a friendly rivalry .//  --She had never overcome her feelings of sibling rivalry  (=rivalry between brothers and sisters) .//


Words: Rivals
Meaning:
The   (1775) a humorous play by Richard Brinsley  Sheridan, whose best-known character is Mrs  Malaprop//


Words: riven
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1100-1200; Origin:  Past participle of  rive  ’to split’ (12-21 centuries), from  Old Norse rifa]//\n  1 if a group of people are riven, they are divided by disagreements, especially in a violent way:  riven by/with//  --a community riven by religious differences//\n  2 if an object is riven, it is divided into two or more parts:


Words: river
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rivere, from  Latin riparius  ’of a river bank’, from  ripa  ’bank, shore’]//\n  1 a natural and continuous flow of water in a long line across a country into the sea:    stream//  --the Mississippi River//  --the River Thames//  on a river//  --a boat on the river//  along a river//  --We went for a walk along the river.//  up/down (a) river//  --a ship sailing up river//  --They drifted slowly down river.//  across a river//  --a bridge across the river//  --on the south bank of the river  (=the land on one side of a river) //  --trees on the river bank  (=the land next to a river) //  --The River Elbe flows through the Czech Republic.//  --at the mouth of the river  (=where a river joins the sea) //\n  2 a large amount of moving liquid:  river of//  --a river of hot lava flowing from the volcano//    sell sb down the river at sell1 (10)//


Words: riverside
Meaning:
n   the riverside//  the land along the sides of a river//  --We had a picnic by the riverside.//  -- riverside adj //  --a riverside inn//


Words: rivet
Meaning:
v \n  1  be riveted on/to/by sth:  if your attention is riveted on something, you are so interested or so frightened that you keep looking at it//  --All eyes were riveted on her in horror.//\n  2  be riveted to the spot:  to be so shocked or frightened that you cannot move//\n  3 [T] to fasten something with rivets:\nrivet 2 n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: river  ’to be fastened’]//  a metal pin used to fasten pieces of metal together//    bolt//


Words: riveting
Meaning:
adj   something that is riveting is so interesting or exciting that you cannot stop watching it or listening to it//   fascinating//  --a riveting performance//  --His story makes riveting listening.//


Words: Riviera
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Italian; Origin: ’coast, shore’]//  the French/Italian/English Riviera//  a warm coast that is popular with people who are on holiday, especially the Mediterranean coast of France//


Words: rivulet
Meaning:
n [C]  written   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: rivoletto, from  Latin rivulus, from  rivus  ’stream’]//  a very small stream of water or liquid//  rivulet of//  --rivulets of rain running down the window//


Words: riyal
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Arabic; Origin: Spanish real Spanish coin]//  another spelling of rial//


Words: RN
Meaning:
1 the abbreviation of registered nurse :\n  2  BrE the abbreviation of Royal Navy :  --Captain Anstruther, RN//


Words: RNLI
Meaning:
the   the Royal National Lifeboat Institution a British  charity organization that raises money to pay for the  lifeboat service, which saves people who are in trouble at sea around the coast of the UK//


Words: roach
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: cockroach]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: roche]//\n  1  AmE  informal a cockroach:\n  2 a type of European fish:\n  3  informal the end part of a marijuana cigarette that has been smoked:


Words: road
Meaning:
n   [Language: Old English; Origin: rad  ’ride, journey’]//\n  1 [U and C] a specially prepared hard surface for cars, buses, bicycles etc to travel on:    street, motorway, freeway//  --I was driving  along the road  when a kid suddenly stepped out in front of me.//  --You’ll see the library a bit further  up the road .//  --I ran  down the road  to see what was happening.//  --There were loads of cars parked  on the road .//  --Protesters sat down  in the road  to stop the lorries.//  -- I saw Nigel  on the other side of the road . //  -- Someone was standing  in the middle of the road . //  --There wasn’t much traffic  on the roads .//  --I ran  across the road  to meet him.//  -- We stopped and had something to eat  by the side of the road .//  --The college is easily accessible  by road .//  --There are far more cars  on the roads  now than there used to be.//  -- I turned a corner to find  the road ahead  severely flooded. //  -- Be careful  crossing the road . //  -- A dog  ran out into the road . //  -- We turned down a  side road . //  -- Beyond the garden was a fairly  busy road . //  -- Kids of that age have no  road sense . //  -- fatal  road accidents  //  -- a  road safety  campaign//\n  2  Road:   written abbreviation Rd. //  used in addresses after the names of roads and streets//  --65 Maple Road//  --He lives on Dudley Road .//\n  3  on the road:  a) travelling in a car, especially for long distances//  --I’ve been on the road since 5:00 a.m. this morning.//  b) if a group of actors or musicians are on the road, they are travelling from place to place giving performances//  --They’re on the road for six months out of every year.//  c) if your car is on the road, you have paid for the repairs, tax etc necessary for you to drive it legally//  --It would cost too much to put it back on the road.//\n  4  the road to sth:  if you are on the road to something, you will achieve it soon, or it will happen to you soon//  --The doctor says she’s well on the road to recovery.//  --It was this deal that set him on the road to his first million.//  --the first step along the road to democracy//\n  5  go down a/this road:  to choose a particular course of action//  --Is there any scope for going down that road in the future?//  --It depends which road you want to go down.//\n  6  along/down the road:  in the future, especially at a later stage in a process//  --You can always upgrade a bit further down the road if you want.//  --Somewhere down the road, they’re going to clash.//\n  7  one for the road:   spoken a last alcoholic drink before you leave a party, pub etc//    the end of the road at end1 (17)//    hit the road at hit1 (13)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  along/up/down a road //  on/in a road //  on the other side of the road //  in the middle of the road //  by the side of the road //  by road  (=driving) //  on the roads //  cross a road //  run (out) into a road //  side/back road  (=a small road that is not used much) //  busy road  (=one with a lot of traffic) //  road sense  (=knowledge about how to behave sensibly near traffic) //  road safety //  WORD FOCUS: road //  a big road: main road,  highway,  motorway (BrE),  freeway (AmE),  expressway,  turnpike (AmE),  interstate (AmE),  A-road (BrE) //  a road in a town: street,  avenue,  boulevard //  a road in the countryside: country road,  lane,  track //  a road you pay to use: toll road //  parts of a road: fast lane,  slow lane,  hard shoulder (BrE) shoulder (AmE),  central reservation (BrE) median strip American English pavement (BrE) sidewalk (AmE) //  ----------//


Words: road atlas plural
Meaning:
road atlases  n [C]   a map that shows the roads in a particular country or area//  --a road atlas of Europe//


Words: road hog
Meaning:
n [C]    informal someone who drives badly or too fast without thinking about other people’s safety//


Words: road pricing
Meaning:
n [U]   a system in which drivers have to pay to use the roads at particular times//    toll road//  --road pricing schemes for congested cities//


Words: road rage
Meaning:
n [U]   violence and angry behaviour by car drivers towards other car drivers//  --Road rage seems to be on the increase.//  --a road rage attack//


Words: road tax
Meaning:
n [U]   a tax in Britain that the owner of a vehicle must pay in order to drive it legally//    tax disc//


Words: road test
Meaning:
n [C]   a test to check that a vehicle is in good condition and safe to drive//    MOT//  -- roadtest/r[hA353][hA35E]dtest $ ro[hA35E]d-/ v  [T] //  --All our vehicles are roadtested before they are sold.//


Words: road warrior
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   someone who uses computers, mobile phones, pagers etc in a place other than their home or office//


Words: roadblock
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a place where the police are stopping traffic:    check point//  --The police have set up roadblocks to try and catch the two men.//\n  2  AmE something that stops the progress of a plan:  --mental roadblocks that get in the way of success//


Words: roadshow
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people who travel around the country entertaining the public, advertising, or providing a service//


Words: roadside
Meaning:
n   the roadside//  the edge of the road//  on/by/at the roadside//  --a van parked by the roadside//  -- roadside adj //  --a roadside snack bar//


Words: roadworks
Meaning:
n [plural]  BrE   repairs that are being done to a road//  --There were roadworks on the motorway.//


Words: roadworthy
Meaning:
adj   a vehicle that is roadworthy is in good condition and safe enough to drive//  -- roadworthiness n  [U] //


Words: roam
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T] to walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction:    wander//  roam over/around/about etc//  --The dogs are allowed to roam around.//  --Chickens and geese roam freely in the back yard.//  --You shouldn’t let your children roam the streets .//  roam the countryside/desert/forests etc //  --Wild sheep roam the hills.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition, T] if your eyes roam over something, you look slowly at all parts of it:  --Her eyes roamed the room.//  roam over//  --His eyes roamed over the bookshelves.//


Words: roaming
Meaning:
n [U]   the process that a mobile phone uses when it is in a different country or area from usual, and has to connect to a different network//


Words: roan
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: Old Spanish roano]//  a horse with some white hairs, giving it a light colour//  -- roan adj //


Words: roar
Meaning:
v   [Language: Old English; Origin: rarian]//\n  1 [I] to make a deep, very loud noise:    growl//  --We heard a lion roar.//  --The engines roared.//\n  2 [I and T] to shout something in a deep powerful voice:  --’Get out of my house!’ he roared.//  --The crowd roared in delight.//\n  3 [I] to laugh loudly and continuously:  --By this time, Michael was roaring with laughter .//\n  4 [I always + adverb/preposition] if a vehicle roars somewhere, it moves very quickly and noisily:  --The car roared off down the road.//  roar back phr v//  if a competitor or team that was losing roars back, they start performing much better - used in sports reports//  --In the second half Leeds came roaring back with two goals in five minutes.//\nroar 2 n [C] \n  1 a deep, loud noise made by an animal such as a lion, or by someone’s voice:    growl//  --the roar of the crowd//  --He let out a roar of laughter .//\n  2 a continuous loud noise, especially made by a machine or a strong wind:  --the roar of the traffic//


Words: roaring
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] making a deep, very loud, continuous noise:  --the roaring wind and waves//\n  2  roaring fire:  a fire that burns with a lot of flames and heat//\n  3  do a roaring trade (in sth):   BrE  informal to sell a lot of something very quickly//  --The stallholders were doing a roaring trade in burgers.//\n  4  be a roaring success:   BrE  informal to be extremely successful//  --The new musical has been a roaring success.//\n  5  roaring drunk:   BrE  informal very drunk and noisy//


Words: Roaring Twenties
Meaning:
the   a name sometimes used to describe the 1920s, especially in the US, where life was thought to be very exciting and interesting, partly because of Prohibition (=the law that made alcohol illegal)  and the criminal activity that this caused, and partly because of the development of more modern styles in music, dancing, women’s clothes etc. //


Words: roast
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rostir]//\n  1 to cook something, such as meat, in an oven or over a fire, or to cook in this way:    grill, bake//  --Are you going to roast the chicken?//  --the delicious smell of meat roasting//  --We caught a rabbit and roasted it over an open fire.//\n  2 to heat nuts, coffee beans etc quickly in order to dry them and give them a particular taste:  --dry-roasted peanuts//\nroast 2 n [C] \n  1 a large piece of roasted meat:  --a traditional Sunday roast//\n  2  hot dog roast/oyster roast etc:   AmE an outdoor party at which food is cooked on an open fire//\n  3  AmE an occasion at which people celebrate a special event in someone’s life by telling funny stories or giving speeches about them:  --a celebrity roast//\nroast 3 adj [only before noun]   roasted//  --roast chicken//


Words: roasting
Meaning:
adj \n  1  also roasting hot :   informal very hot, especially so that you feel uncomfortable//  --a roasting hot day//  --I’m absolutely roasting in this suit.//\n  2 [only before noun] used for roasting food:  --a roasting dish//\nroasting 2 n   give sb/get a roasting//   BrE  informal if you give someone a roasting, you tell them angrily that you disapprove of their behaviour//  --He got a roasting from angry fans.//


Words: rob
Meaning:
S3   v   past tense and past participle  robbed present participle  robbing  [T] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rober]//\n  1 to steal money or property from a person, bank etc:    steal, burgle//  --They killed four policemen while robbing a bank.//  --A 77-year-old woman was robbed at knifepoint.//  rob sb of sth//  --They threatened to shoot him and robbed him of all his possessions.//\n  2  rob Peter to pay Paul:  to take money away from someone or something that needs it in order to pay someone else or use it for something else//  --Taking money out of the hospital’s budget for this is simply robbing Peter to pay Paul.//\n  3  rob sb blind:   informal to steal everything someone has//  --The minute your back’s turned, they’ll rob you blind.//\n  4  I/we was robbed!:   BrE  spoken used when you think that you were beaten unfairly in a sport//\n  5  rob the cradle:   AmE to have a sexual relationship with someone who is a lot younger than you - used humorously//  British Equivalent:  cradle-snatch//  rob of [rob sb/sth of sth] phr v//  to take away an important quality, ability etc from someone or something//  --The illness robbed him of a normal childhood.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Someone can rob a person or place, but you cannot say that they rob an object or amount of money. Use steal: He robbed a bank, stealing cash and valuables worth $500,000. //  ----------//


Words: Rob Roy
Meaning:
(1671-1734) a Scottish  outlaw who lived mostly by stealing cows and making people pay for protection against thieves. He is the subject of a famous novel by Sir Walter  Scott.//


Words: robber
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who steals money or property//    thief, burglar//  --Armed robbers broke into the shop and demanded money from the till.//  --a bank robber//


Words: robber baron
Meaning:
n [C]   a powerful person who uses their money and influence to get more money, business, land etc in a way that is slightly dishonest//


Words: robbery
Meaning:
n   plural  robberies  [U and C] //  the crime of stealing money or things from a bank, shop etc, especially using violence//    theft, burglary//  --Police are investigating a series of bank robberies in South Wales.//  --He received a 10 year prison sentence for armed robbery  (=robbery using a gun) .//  --He admitted attempted robbery and was given a suspended sentence.//    daylight robbery at daylight(5),  highway robbery at highway(3)//


Words: robe
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: ’stolen things, (stolen) clothes’]//\n  1  also robes :  a long loose piece of clothing, especially one worn for official ceremonies//  --a priest’s robes//\n  2  especially AmE a long loose piece of clothing that you wear over your night clothes or after a bath:   bathrobe//  British Equivalent:  dressing gown//


Words: robed
Meaning:
adj  formal   wearing long loose clothing//  --a robed figure//  robed in//  --a man robed in black//


Words: Roberts
Meaning:
Oral   (1918- ) a US Christian  televangelist (=someone who talks about religion on television) , who has a weekly television programme and his own radio station, and who also started a university in Oklahoma called Oral Roberts University//


Words: Robertson
Meaning:
Pat   (1930- ) a US Christian leader and  televangelist (=someone who talks about religion on television)  who owns a television company called The Christian Broadcasting Network Inc. He started the  Christian Coalition, a  right wing Christian political group, in 1989. He is also a politician in the  Republican Party.//


Words: Robeson
Meaning:
Paul   (1898-1976) a US singer and actor, famous for his beautiful, deep singing voice and for his  communist beliefs and his work to achieve  civil rights for black people in the US. He sang the song  Ol’ Man River in the film  Showboat (1936).//


Words: Robespierre
Meaning:
Maximilien   (1758-94) one of the leaders of the  French Revolution, famous for starting the  reign of terror (1793-1794) during which thousands of people were executed because they were believed to be enemies of the Revolution. He was later removed from power and killed by the  guillotine.//


Words: Robin
Meaning:
a character in stories and films about  Batman. Robin is a young man who helps Batman to fight criminals, and is also called the Boy Wonder//\n Christopher     Christopher Robin//


Words: robin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: robin redbreast  ’robin’, from  Robin, form of the male name  Robert]//\n  1 a small European bird with a red breast and brown back:\n  2 a North American bird like a European robin, but larger:


Words: Robin Hood
Meaning:
in old English stories, a man who lived as an  outlaw (=someone who does not obey the law and is hiding from the authorities)  in Sherwood Forest in central England, with his followers, known as his "Merry Men". These include Friar Tuck, Little John, and Maid Marian. His enemy is the evil Sheriff of Nottingham, who is always trying to catch him. Robin Hood is usually shown dressed in green clothes, known as Lincoln green, and holding a  bow. There have been many stories, films, and television programmes about his life and adventures. He is famous especially for robbing the rich and giving to the poor, and people use his name to describe a situation in which money is taken from rich people and given to poor people//  --a new higher-rate tax that will have a ’Robin Hood effect’ on income distribution//


Words: Robinson
Meaning:
Edward G.   (1893-1973) a US film actor who appeared as a  gangster (=members of a group of violent criminals)  in films such as  Little Caesar (1930) and  Key Largo (1948)//\n Jackie   (1919-72) a US  baseball player who was the first black person to be allowed to play in the  Major Leagues//\n Smokey   (1940- )a US  soul singer and record  producer for the record company  Motown, of which he later became a director. He started working with his group The Miracles in 1957 and their songs include  The Tracks of My Tears, and  I Second That Emotion.//\n Sugar Ray   (1921-89) a very successful US  boxer who was world  champion in the 1940s and 1950s, first as a  welterweight (=boxer weighing between 63.5 and 66.5 kilos) , and then as a  middleweight (=boxer weighing between 70 and 72.5 kilos) //


Words: Robinson Crusoe
Meaning:
the main character in the book  Robinson Crusoe by Daniel  Defoe. When Robinson Crusoe’s ship sinks, he manages to reach a  desert island (=a small tropical island with no people living on it)  where he builds a home. Later he meets a black man whom he calls  Man Friday, who becomes his servant and friend. They are both finally discovered by a British ship and taken home.//


Words: robot
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Czech; Origin: robota  ’work’]//  a machine that can move and do some of the work of a person, and is usually controlled by a computer//  --cars built by robots//


Words: robotic
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [only before noun] robotic equipment etc is related to robots or is part of a robot:  --the space shuttle’s robotic arm//\n  2 someone who is robotic acts like a robot by making stiff movements, not showing any human feelings etc:


Words: robust
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: robustus  ’strong (like an oak tree)’, from  robur  ’oak, strength’]//\n  1 a robust person is strong and healthy:  --a robust man of six feet four//\n  2 a robust system, organization etc is strong and not likely to have problems:  --The formerly robust economy has begun to weaken.//\n  3 a robust object is strong and not likely to break:   sturdy//  --a robust metal cabinet//\n  4 showing determination or strong opinions:  --a typically robust performance by the Prime Minister//\n  5 robust food or flavours have a good strong taste:  --a robust cheese//  -- robustly adv //  -- robustness n  [U] //


Words: Roc
Meaning:
the   in ancient Eastern stories, a bird of great size and strength which, in the story of  Sindbad the Sailor, carried Sindbad out of the valley of diamonds//


Words: Rochester
Meaning:
Mrs   a character in the book  Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte  Bront[hA16C]. Mrs Rochester is mentally ill and kept locked in the  attic (=a room under the roof)  of the house so that no one can see her. She finally destroys the house by setting it on fire.//


Words: rock
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 stone:\n   2 music:\n   3 (as) solid/steady as a rock:\n   4 be on the rocks:\n   5 scotch/vodka etc on the rocks:\n   6 sweet food:\n   7 drug:\n   8 be (stuck) between a rock and a hard place:\n   9 get your rocks off:\n  10 jewel:  ----------//  [Sense: 1, 3-10; Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old North French; Origin: roque, from  Vulgar Latin rocca]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  ROCK2]//\n  1 STONE:  a)  [U] the hard substance that forms the main surface of the Earth//    stone//  --To build the tunnel, they had to cut through 500 feet of solid rock .//  --Most of the country is desert and bare rock .//  --massive rock formations  (=shapes made naturally from rock) //  --ancient dark volcanic rock //  b)  [C] a piece of rock, especially a large one that sticks up from the ground//  --Jack stood on a rock for a better view.//  --During the storm a ship had been driven onto the rocks  (=a line of rocks under or next to the sea) .//\n  2 MUSIC:   [U]  also rock music //  a type of popular modern music with a strong loud beat, played using guitars and drums//  rock band/group //  --Komuro formed a rock band with some friends while in college.//  --the late rock star, Freddie Mercury//  --The stadium has hosted numerous rock concerts .//    hard rock,  punk rock at punk(1)//\n  3  (as) solid/steady as a rock:  a) very strongly built or well supported and not likely to break or fall//  --a large sofa, solid as a rock//  b) someone who is as solid or steady as a rock is very strong and calm in difficult situations and you can depend on them//    rock-solid//\n  4  be on the rocks:   informal a relationship or business that is on the rocks is having a lot of problems and is likely to fail soon//   in trouble//  --I’m afraid Tim’s marriage is on the rocks.//\n  5  scotch/vodka etc on the rocks:   informal an alcoholic drink that is served with ice but no water//\n  6 SWEET FOOD:   [U]  BrE a hard sweet made in long round pieces//  --a stick of rock //\n  7 DRUG:  a)  [U] a very pure form of the illegal drug cocaine that some people use for pleasure//  b)  [C] a small amount of this drug//\n  8  be (stuck) between a rock and a hard place:  to have a choice between two things, both of which are unpleasant or dangerous//\n  9  get your rocks off:   informal  not polite if a man gets his rocks off, he has sex//\n  10 JEWEL:   [C usually plural]  old-fashioned informal a diamond or other jewel//\nrock 2 v   [Language: Old English; Origin: roccian]//\n  1 [I and T] to move gently backwards and forwards or from side to side, or to make something do this:    sway//  --She covered her face, rocking to and fro in her grief.//  --The waves rocked the boat from side to side .//  --Paul sat gently rocking the child in his arms.//  --Jim rocked with laughter when he heard what had happened.//\n  2 [T] :  a) to make the people in a place or organization feel very shocked - used in news reports//   shake//  --The scandal rocked the nation.//  b) to make the future of something seem less certain or steady than it was before, especially because of problems or changes//   shake//  --Another financial blow has rocked the industry.//  --The theory rocked the foundations of social and moral life.//\n  3  rock the boat:   informal to cause problems for other members of a group by criticizing something or trying to change the way something is done//  --He kept his feelings to himself, not wanting to rock the boat.//\n  4 [T] if an explosion or earthquake rocks an area, it makes it shake:  --Residents had only a few minutes to escape before the blast rocked their houses.//\n  5  sb/sth rocks:   spoken  informal said to show that you strongly approve of someone or something//\n  6  rock sb’s world:   informal to cause someone to think about something or someone in a completely new way//


Words: rock ’n’ roll
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a style of music with a strong loud beat played on guitars and drums, which first became popular in the 1950s:  --Elvis, the king of rock ’n’ roll//\n  2  sth is the new rock ’n’ roll:   BrE used to say that a particular activity has become very popular and fashionable and is being discussed a lot on television, in newspapers etc//  --Hadn’t Mark heard that cooking was the new rock ’n’ roll?//


Words: Rock Around the Clock
Meaning:
a song by Bill  Haley And His Comets. It is one of the first songs that made  rock ’n’ roll popular in 1955.//


Words: rock bottom
Meaning:
n   hit/reach rock bottom//   informal to become as unhappy, unpleasant, or unsuccessful as it is possible to be//  --My personal life had hit rock bottom.//


Words: rock climbing
Meaning:
n [U]   the sport of climbing up very steep rock surfaces such as the sides of mountains//  -- rock climber n  [C] //


Words: Rock Hudson
Meaning:
(1922-85) a US film actor who was very good-looking. He made several humorous films with Doris  Day, such as  Pillow Talk (1959). He was one of the first famous people to die of  AIDS.//


Words: Rock of Gibraltar
Meaning:
the Rock of Gibraltar//  a narrow mountain area on a  peninsula (=piece of land surrounded on three sides by water)  in the south of Spain, at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. The state of  Gibraltar is there. British people sometimes use the phrase "like the Rock of Gibraltar" to talk about something that is so solid and permanent that it will never break or be destroyed.//


Words: rock-bottom
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a rock-bottom price is as low as it can possibly be//  --bargain holidays at rock-bottom prices //


Words: rock-hard
Meaning:
adj \n  1 extremely hard:  --The bread was stale and rock-hard.//\n  2  BrE strong and not afraid of anyone - used humorously:


Words: rock-solid
Meaning:
adj rock solid \n  1 rock-solid things can be depended on and trusted not to change:  --a rock-solid guarantee//\n  2 very hard and not likely to break:


Words: Rockefeller
Meaning:
John D.   (1839-1937) a US businessman and  philanthropist, famous for being extremely rich, who started the  Standard Oil Company in 1870. He used part of his great wealth to start the University of Chicago in 1892, the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (which is now Rockefeller University) in 1901, and the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913. His son, John D. Rockefeller II (1874-1960), gave the  UN the land for its  headquarters, and built the Rockefeller Center, a large group of buildings in New York City, which includes offices, concert halls, shops, and works of art//


Words: rocker
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  AmE a rocking chair:\n  2 one of the curved pieces of wood fixed to the bottom of a rocking chair, that allows it to move backwards and forwards if you push it:\n  3  be off your rocker:   spoken  informal to be crazy//\n  4 a member of a group of young people in Britain in the 1960s who wore leather jackets, rode motorcycles, and listened to rock ’n’ roll music:    mod, greaser//\n  5 a musician who plays rock ’n’ roll music, or someone who likes this kind of music:  --ageing rockers//


Words: rockery
Meaning:
n   plural  rockeries  [C]  BrE //  part of a garden where there are rocks with small plants growing between them//


Words: rocket
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: rocchetta  ’small stick used in spinning thread’, from  rocca  ’stick used in spinning’]//\n  1 [C] a vehicle used for travelling or carrying things into space, which is shaped like a big tube:    spacecraft//  --The rocket was launched from a space research base.//  --a space rocket //\n  2 [C] a weapon shaped like a big tube that is fired at things:    missile//  --anti-tank rockets//\n  3 [C] a firework that goes high into the air before exploding into coloured lights:\n  4 [U]  BrE a plant with green leaves and a strong taste, eaten raw in salads:  American Equivalent:  arugula//\nrocket 2 v [I] \n  1  also rocket up :  if a price or amount rockets, it increases quickly and suddenly//  --Interest rates rocketed up.//  rocket (from sth) to sth//  --Car sales rocketed from 180 to 2000 a year.//\n  2 [always + adverb/preposition] to move somewhere very fast:   shoot//  --The train rocketed through the tunnel.//  --Larsson’s shot rocketed into the back of the net.//\n  3 [always + adverb/preposition] to achieve a successful position very quickly:   shoot//  rocket to//  --Their new album rocketed to number one in the charts.//  --Beatty rocketed to stardom after his first film.//


Words: rocket science
Meaning:
n   sth is not rocket science//   informal used to say that something is not difficult to do or understand//  --Designing a website may be a lot of work but it’s not rocket science.//


Words: rocket scientist
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  it doesn’t take a rocket scientist (to do sth):   informal used humorously to emphasize that something is easy to do or understand//  --It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to work out that doubling productivity will improve profits.//\n  2 someone who is extremely clever:\n  3 a scientist whose work is related to rockets:


Words: Rockettes
Meaning:
the   a group of women entertainers at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, who sing and dance, usually while standing in a line across the stage//


Words: rocking chair
Meaning:
n [C]   a chair that has two curved pieces of wood fixed under its legs, so that it moves backwards and forwards smoothly//


Words: Rockne
Meaning:
Knute   (1888-1931) a US football  coach (=someone who trains a team)  at the University of  Notre Dame in Indiana, who developed new methods of playing that made his team extremely successful. According to a well-known story, when one of his players was ill, Rockne told his team to win the game they were going to play for "the Gipper". Ronald  Reagan appeared as an actor in a film about Rockne, and later, when he became US president, he often used the phrase "do it for the Gipper".//


Words: Rockwell
Meaning:
Norman   (1894-1978) a US artist famous for his pictures which appeared on the cover of ’The Saturday Evening Post.’ His pictures often show children and families in ordinary places such as at home, in the countryside, or in small shops.//


Words: Rocky
Meaning:
(1976) the first of a series of films in which Sylvester  Stallone appears as a determined  boxer called Rocky. Four more films, called Rocky II, Rocky III etc, were made about the same character.//


Words: rocky
Meaning:
adj \n  1 covered with rocks or made of rock:  --a rocky cliff//  --They hurried over the rough rocky ground .//\n  2  informal a relationship or situation that is rocky is difficult and may not continue or be successful:  --Rangers got off to a rocky start this season.//  --The company faces a rocky road ahead.//


Words: Rocky Mountains
Meaning:
the Rocky Mountains//   the Rockies//  a long  range of high mountains in North America which go from Alaska down to New Mexico, and separate the Midwest of the US from the West Coast. Many parts of the Rocky Mountains are popular places for tourists to visit, for camping, walking, climbing, and skiing.//


Words: rococo
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: rocaille  ’decorative work using stones’, from  roc  ’rock’]//  rococo buildings and furniture have a lot of curly decoration and were fashionable in Europe in the 18th century//


Words: rod
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: rodd]//\n  1 a long thin pole or bar:  steel/iron/wooden etc rod //  --The walls are reinforced with steel rods.//  --a measuring rod//  basket, net, reel, rod//\n  2 a long thin pole used with a line and hook for catching fish:   fishing rod//    hot rod,  lightning rod//    rule sb/sth with a rod of iron at rule2 (5)//


Words: rodent
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  rodere  ’to chew with the front teeth’]//  any small animal of the type that has long sharp front teeth, such as a rat or a rabbit//


Words: rodeo
Meaning:
n   plural  rodeos  [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Spanish; Origin: rodear  ’to surround’]//  a type of entertainment in which cowboys ride wild horses, catch cattle with ropes, and ride in races//


Words: Rodgers
Meaning:
Richard   (1902-79) a US  composer who wrote the music for many  musicals (=films or plays that use singing and dancing to tell a story)  with the songwriters Lorenz  Hart and Oscar  Hammerstein. The musicals that Rodgers and Hart wrote together include  Babes in Arms and  Pal Joey, and those that Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote together include  Oklahoma!,  The King and I,  South Pacific, and  The Sound of Music.//


Words: Rodin
Meaning:
Auguste   (1840-1917) a French  sculptor (=an artist who makes solid objects out of stone, metal, clay etc)  who many people think was the greatest sculptor of his time. His most famous works are ’The Thinker’ and ’The Kiss’.//


Words: Rodney King
Meaning:
(1966- ) a black US man who was violently attacked by a group of white police officers in Los Angeles in 1991. By chance an ordinary citizen filmed the attack, and this film was later shown on US television. When the police officers were judged in a court of law in 1992, the  jury decided that they were not guilty of being too violent, and this led to the Los Angeles  riots (=violent public protests) . Many people in the US thought that this event proved that black people were still not being treated fairly by the legal system.//\n The   an informal name still used for the famous singer Elvis  Presley, used especially by people who love his music//


Words: roe
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: Middle Low German roge]//  fish eggs eaten as a food//    caviar//


Words: Roe v. Wade
Meaning:
a court case decided by the US Supreme Court in 1973 which said that the states cannot prevent a woman from having an  abortion//


Words: roger
Meaning:
interjection   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Roger, male name used as a code word for the letter r (here standing for received)]//  used in radio conversations to say that a message has been understood//\nroger 2 v [T]    BrE  informal  not polite to have sex with someone//


Words: Rogers
Meaning:
Buck   the main character in a US  comic who has many adventures in other parts of the  universe. The character has also been used in films and television programmes.//\n Ginger   (1911-95) a US dancer and film actress who made many  musical films, often with the dancer Fred  Astaire. Her films include  42nd Street (1933) and  Top Hat (1935). //\n Richard   (1933- ) a British architect (=someone who designs buildings) , born in Italy. His buildings are very modern, and are famous for having pipes etc on the outside. He is especially known for his work on the Pompidou Centre in Paris and for buildings in London, especially the Lloyd’s Building.//\n Roy   (1912-98) a US film and television actor and singer who usually appeared as a  cowboy. He is best known for the 1950s television programme  The Roy Rogers Show, in which he appeared with his wife Dale Evans (1912-2001) and his horse Trigger. At the end of the programme they always sang the song  Happy Trails to You.//\n Will   (1879-1935) a US humorous writer and performer. Rogers sometimes told jokes while spinning a  lasso (=a rope with one end tied in a circle)  and often used jokes to criticize politicians. He was known for his short, clever, funny sayings, such as "I don’t make jokes - I just watch the government and report the facts."//


Words: Roget’s Thesaurus
Meaning:
trademark   (1852) the first English  thesaurus (=a book in which words and phrases are put into groups with other words and phrases that have similar meanings)  written by Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869)//


Words: rogue
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  roger  ’beggar pretending to be a poor student’ (1500-1600), perhaps from  Latin rogare  ’to ask’]//\n  1 a man or boy who behaves badly, but who you like in spite of this - often used humorously:  --What’s the old rogue done now, I wonder?//  --a lovable rogue//\n  2  BrE  old-fashioned a man who is dishonest and has a bad character:\nrogue 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 not behaving in the usual or accepted way and often causing trouble:  --rogue moneylenders//  --Officials are concerned about rogue regimes that may have nuclear weapons.//\n  2 a rogue wild animal lives apart from the main group and is often dangerous:


Words: roguish
Meaning:
adj   someone with a roguish expression or smile looks amused, especially because they have done something slightly dishonest or wrong//  -- roguishly adv //


Words: role
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: r[hA175]le  ’roll, role’, from  Old French rolle;   ROLL2]//\n  1 the way in which someone or something is involved in an activity or situation, and how much influence they have on it:  role in//  --the role of diet in the prevention of disease//  --Everyone had a role in the show’s success.//  --Scientists can also play a role in improving energy efficiency in their laboratories.//  -- Parents  play an important role  in their child’s learning. //  -- His interest in education was reflected in his  active role  in founding University College, Liverpool. //  -- The state has  a dual role : to support business on the one hand and to be the guardian of social welfare on the other.//  --a student who has taken a leadership role in battling racism on campus//\n  2 the character played by an actor in a play or film:   part//  --Matthews plays the role of a young doctor suspected of murder.//  a minor/major role //  --Costner only plays a minor role in the movie.//  the lead/leading/starring role (=the most important role) //  --Rigby was cast in the leading role.//  title role (=the role of the character whose name is in the title of a film or play) //  --’Martin Chuzzlewit’ features Paul Scofield in the title role.//\n  3  role reversal:  a situation in which two people, especially a man and a woman, each do what is traditionally expected of the other//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  have/play a role in (doing) something //  an important/key/vital/crucial role //  a leading/major/central role //  an active role //  a dual role  (=two functions) //  take a role //  ----------//


Words: role model
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose behaviour, attitudes etc people try to copy because they admire them//  --I want to be a positive role model for my sister.//


Words: role-play
Meaning:
n [U and C]   an exercise in which you pretend to be in a particular situation, especially to help you learn a language or deal with problems//  --Language teachers often use role-play in the classroom.//  -- role-play v  [I and T] //


Words: roll
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 round object:\n   2 person/animal:\n   3 shape of tube/ball:\n   4 make something flat:\n   5 clothes:\n   6 something with wheels:\n   7 drop of liquid:\n   8 waves/clouds:\n   9 game:\n  10 sound:\n  11 machine/camera:\n  12 ship/plane:\n  13 cigarette:\n  14 shoulders:\n  15 eyes:\n  16 attack:\n  17 (all) rolled into one:\n  18 get (something) rolling:\n  19 be rolling in money/dough/cash/it:\n  20 be rolling in the aisles:\n  21 be ready to roll:\n  22 let’s roll:\n  23 roll with the punches:\n  24 roll on something:\n  25 roll your r’s:\n  26 a rolling stone gathers no moss:  Phrasal verbs//   roll around//   roll something → back//   roll something → down//   roll in//   roll out//   roll (somebody) over//   roll up//  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: roller, from  Vulgar Latin rotulare, from  Latin rotula;   ROLL2]//\n  1 ROUND OBJECT:   [I always + adverb/preposition, T] if something rolls, especially something round, or if you roll it, it moves along a surface by turning over and over//  roll down/into/through etc//  --The ball rolled into the street.//  --One of the eggs rolled off the counter.//  roll sth along/in/onto etc sth//  --Roll the chicken breasts in flour.//\n  2 PERSON/ANIMAL:   also roll over //   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to turn your body over one or more times while lying down, or to turn someone else’s body over//  roll down/onto/off etc//  --The children rolled down the hill, laughing.//  --Ralph rolled onto his stomach.//  roll sb onto/off sth//  --I tried to roll him onto his side.//\n  3 SHAPE OF TUBE/BALL:   also roll up //   [T] to make something into the shape of a tube or ball//  roll sth into a ball/tube //  --Roll the dough into small balls.//  --Would you like the paper rolled or folded?//\n  4 MAKE SOMETHING FLAT:   [T] to make something flat by rolling something heavy over it//    rolling pin//  --Pizza dough should be rolled thinly.//\n  5 CLOTHES:   [T]  also roll up //  to fold the sleeves or legs of something that you are wearing upwards, so that they are shorter//  --His sleeves were rolled above his elbows.//\n  6 SOMETHING WITH WHEELS:   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to move on wheels, or make something that has wheels move//  roll into/forwards/past etc//  --Her car was slowly rolling away from the curb.//  roll sth to/around etc sth//  --The waitress rolled the dessert trolley over to our table.//\n  7 DROP OF LIQUID:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move over a surface smoothly without stopping//  roll down/onto etc//  --Tears rolled down her cheeks.//\n  8 WAVES/CLOUDS:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move continuously in a particular direction//  roll into/towards etc//  --Mist rolled in from the sea.//  --We watched the waves rolling onto the beach.//\n  9 GAME:   [I and T] if you roll dice, you throw them as part of a game//\n  10 SOUND:   [I] if drums or thunder roll, they make a long low series of sounds//  --Thunder rolled in the distance.//\n  11 MACHINE/CAMERA:   [I] if a machine such as a film camera or a printing press rolls, it operates//  --There was silence as the cameras started to roll.//\n  12 SHIP/PLANE:   [I] if a ship or plane rolls, it leans one way and then another with the movement of the water or air//\n  13 CIGARETTE:   [T] to make your own cigarette, using tobacco or  marijuana and special paper//    roll-up//  --Ben rolled a joint  (=a cigarette containing marijuana) and lit it.//  --It’s cheaper to roll your own  (=make your own cigarettes) .//\n  14 SHOULDERS:   [T] to move your shoulders forward, up, and back down//  --He rolled his shoulders back.//\n  15 EYES:   [T] to move your eyes around and up, especially in order to show that you are annoyed or think something is silly//  --Lucy rolled her eyes as Tom sat down beside her.//\n  16 ATTACK:   [T]  AmE  informal to rob someone, especially when they are drunk and asleep//  --Kids on the streets rolled drunks for small change.//\n  17  (all) rolled into one:  if someone or something is several different things rolled into one, they include or do the work of all those things//  --Mum was cook, chauffeur, nurse, and entertainer all rolled into one.//\n  18  get (sth) rolling:  to start happening or make something start happening in a smooth and successful way//  --The business didn’t really get rolling until 1975.//  --Have a good breakfast to get your day rolling.//\n  19  be rolling in money/dough/cash/it:  to have or earn a lot of money//  --’He’s rolling in it,’ said the girl, pointing at Lewis.//\n  20  be rolling in the aisles:  if people in a theatre, cinema etc are rolling in the aisles, they are laughing a lot//\n  21  be ready to roll:   spoken to be ready to start doing something//  --The car was packed and we were ready to roll.//\n  22  let’s roll:   spoken used to suggest to a group of people that you all begin doing something or go somewhere//\n  23  roll with the punches:  to deal with problems or difficulties by doing whatever you need to do, rather than by trying only one method//  --Strong industries were able to roll with the punches during the recession.//\n  24  roll on sth:   BrE  spoken used to say that you wish a time or event would come quickly//  --Roll on the weekend!//\n  25  roll your r’s:  to pronounce the sound /r/ using your tongue in a way that makes the sound very long//\n  26  a rolling stone gathers no moss:  used to say that someone who often changes jobs, moves to different places etc is not able to have any permanent relationships or duties//    set/start/keep the ball rolling at ball1 (5)//    heads will roll at head1 (36)//    let the good times roll at let1 (20)//  roll around phr v//  if a time, event etc that happens regularly rolls around, it arrives or takes place again//  -- By the time Wednesday rolled around , I still hadn’t finished.//  roll back [roll sth → back] phr v//\n  1 to reduce the influence or power of a law, system, government etc:  --a threat to roll back the legislation of the past 12 years//\n  2  especially AmE to reduce a price, cost etc:  --the administration’s promise to roll back taxes//    rollback//\n  3 to force your opponents in a war to move back from their position:\n  4  roll back the years:   BrE to make someone remember something from the past//  --Looking at those old photos really rolled back the years.//  roll down [roll sth → down] phr v//\n  1  roll a window down:  to open a car window//\n  2 to unfold the ends of your sleeves or trouser legs so that they are their usual length:  --He rolled down his sleeves and buttoned the cuffs.//  roll in phr v//\n  1 to happen or arrive in large numbers or quantities:  --As the result of our appeal, the money came rolling in.//\n  2 to arrive, especially later than usual or expected:  --Chris finally rolled in at about 4:00 am.//\n  3 if mist, clouds etc roll in, they begin to cover an area of the sky or land:  --Fog rolled in from the sea.//  roll out phr v//\n  1  roll sth→ out:  to make food that you are preparing flat and thin by pushing a rolling pin over it//  --Roll out the dough on a floured surface.//\n  2  roll sth→out:  to make a new product available for people to buy or use//   launch//  --The company expects to roll out the new software in September.//    roll-out//\n  3 to leave a place, especially later than expected:  roll out of//  --We used to hear people rolling out of the pubs at closing time.//  --He finally rolled out of bed at noon.//\n  4  roll sth→ out:  to put something flat on the ground or a surface, when it was previously rolled into a tube shape//  --We rolled out our sleeping bags under the stars.//\n  5  roll out the red carpet:  to make special preparations for an important visitor//  roll () over [roll (sb) over] phr v//  to turn your body over once so that you are lying in a different position, or to turn someone’s body over//  --Ben rolled over and kissed her.//  roll  (somebody)  over  onto//  --The guards rolled him over onto his front.//  roll up phr v//\n  1 to make something into the shape of a tube or ball, or to become this shape:  roll sth → up//  --Painters arrived and rolled up the carpet.//  roll up into//  --Many animals roll up into a ball for warmth.//\n  2  roll your sleeves/trousers etc up:  to turn the ends of your sleeves or trouser legs over several times so that they are shorter//\n  3  roll your sleeves up:  to start doing a job even though it is difficult or you do not want to do it//  --It’s time to roll up our sleeves and get some work done on the basics.//\n  4  roll a window up:  to close the window of a car//\n  5 to arrive somewhere, especially late or when you were not expected:  --Max rolled up just after 9 o’clock.//\n  6  roll up!:   BrE  spoken used to call people to come and watch or buy things at a circus or fair//\nroll 2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 paper/film/money etc:\n   2 bread:\n   3 list of names:\n   4 be on a roll:\n   5 game:\n   6 skin/fat:\n   7 physical movement:\n   8 drums/guns/thunder:\n   9 ship/plane:\n  10 a roll in the hay:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-3, 6; Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: rolle  ’rolled-up document’, from  Latin rotula, from  rota;   ROTATE]//  [Sense: 4-5, 7-10; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  ROLL1]//\n  1 PAPER/FILM/MONEY ETC:  a piece of paper, camera film, money etc that has been rolled into the shape of a tube//  roll of//  --I used up three rolls of film on holiday.//  --There’s a new roll of silver foil in there.//  --wallpaper costing [hA124]3 a roll//    kitchen roll,  toilet roll//\n  2 BREAD:  a small round loaf of bread for one person//    bun//  --hot soup served with crusty rolls//  -- bread rolls with butter//  ham/cheese etc roll  BrE  (=one that is filled with ham, cheese etc) //\n  3 LIST OF NAMES:  an official list of names//   register//  on the roll//   BrE //  --a school with 300 pupils on the roll//  call/take the roll (=say the list of names to check who is there) //  --The teacher called the roll.//  --Three senators missed the roll call.//  the electoral roll  BrE //  ; the (voter) rolls  AmE  (=a list of the people who are allowed to vote) //  welfare rolls  AmE  (=a list of people without jobs who claim money from the state) //  --Thompson said he had cut welfare rolls by 39%.//    roll of honour,  honor roll//\n  4  be on a roll:   informal to be having a lot of success with what you are trying to do//  --Midvale High was on a roll, having won their last six basketball games.//\n  5 GAME:  the action of throwing dice as part of a game//  --If you get a 7 or 11 on your first roll, you win.//\n  6 SKIN/FAT:  a thick layer of skin or fat, usually just below your waist//  roll of//  --the rolls of fat on her stomach//\n  7 PHYSICAL MOVEMENT:  a)  BrE a movement in which you roll forward or back in a controlled way with your body curled so that your head is near your feet, often done as part of a sport//   somersault//  --a forward roll//  --gymnasts doing rolls and handsprings//  b)  especially BrE the action of turning your body over one or more times while lying down//  --a young horse having a roll in the field//\n  8 DRUMS/GUNS/THUNDER:  a long low fairly loud sound made by drums etc//  --There was a roll of thunder , and the rain started pelting down.//  --a drum roll //\n  9 SHIP/PLANE:  the movement of a ship or plane when it leans from side to side with the movement of the water or air//\n  10  a roll in the hay:   old-fashioned informal when you have sex with someone - used humorously//    rock ’n’ roll,  sausage roll,  spring roll,  Swiss roll//


Words: roll of honour
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a list of people who are officially praised, especially because they were brave in battle//  American Equivalent:  honor roll//  --the roll of honour on the war memorial//


Words: roll-on
Meaning:
also roll-on deodorant  n [C]   a bottle which contains liquid that you rub under your arms in order to stop your sweat from smelling unpleasant//


Words: roll-on roll-off
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    BrE a roll-on roll-off ship is one that vehicles can drive straight on and off//  --a roll-on roll-off car ferry//


Words: roll-out
Meaning:
n [U and C]   an occasion when a new product is made available for people to buy or use//   launch//  --Sun had to cancel the intended roll-out of the 514 model.//


Words: rollback
Meaning:
n [U and C]  especially AmE   an occasion when a tax, price, law etc is reduced to a previous level or changed so that it is the way it used to be//    roll back at roll1 //


Words: roller
Meaning:
n [C]   roller//\n  1 a piece of equipment consisting of a tube-shaped piece of wood, metal etc that rolls over and over, used for painting, crushing, making things smoother etc:  --a paint roller//  --a garden roller//    steamroller1 (1)//\n  2 [usually plural] a tube-shaped piece of metal or wood, used for moving heavy things that have no wheels:  --The boats are taken down to the sea on rollers.//\n  3 a small plastic or metal tube used for making hair curl:   curler//\n  4 a long powerful wave:  --great Atlantic rollers//


Words: roller blind
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a piece of cloth or other material that can be rolled up and down to cover a window//    venetian blind//


Words: roller coaster
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a track with very steep slopes and curves, which people ride on in small carriages at fairs and amusement parks:\n  2 a situation that changes often:  --Their relationship was an emotional roller coaster.//


Words: roller skate
Meaning:
n [C]   a special boot with four wheels fixed under it, used for  skating on hard surfaces//  -- roller-skate v  [I] //  -- roller skating n  [U] //


Words: Rollerblade
Meaning:
n [C]  trademark   a special boot with a single row of wheels fixed under it, used for  skating on hard surfaces//    roller skate,  in-line skate//


Words: rollicking
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: rollick  ’to have noisy fun’ (19-20 centuries), perhaps from  romp +  frolic]//  noisy and cheerful//  --a rollicking song//\nrollicking 2 n   give sb a rollicking//   BrE  informal to criticize someone angrily for something they have done//


Words: rolling
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 rolling hills have many long gentle slopes:\n  2 done or happening regularly over a period of time, not all at once:  --We recommend a rolling programme of machine upgrading.//


Words: Rolling Stones
Meaning:
The  also The Stones   a British  rock group who first became popular in 1963 and became one of the most successful groups ever. Their songs include  (I Can’t Get No) Satisfaction,  Jumping Jack Flash and  Honky Tonk Woman. Most of their songs are written by Keith Richards, who also plays the  guitar, and Mick  Jagger, their main singer.//


Words: rollover
Meaning:
n \n  1 :  a)  [C] when money is moved from one bank account or investment to another without any tax or other fees having to be paid//  --Many CD rollovers happen in October.//  b)  [U and C] the action of making a bank account, investment etc do this//  rollover of//  --The law allows a rollover of retirement money from a company pension to an IRA.//\n  2 [C]  BrE if there is a rollover in a competition or lottery, nobody wins the biggest prize that week, and the money is added to the prize that can be won the following week:\n  3 [C] an accident in which a car turns over onto its roof:\n  4 [U]  technical a way of making the images change whenever someone using a  mouse moves it over a particular word or picture on a computer screen:


Words: Rolls-Royce
Meaning:
n  trademark \n  1 [C] a very expensive and comfortable car made by a British company:\n  2  the Rolls-Royce of sth:   BrE  informal something that is regarded as the highest quality example of a particular type of product//  --the Rolls-Royce of beers//


Words: ROM
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   read-only memory the part of a computer where permanent instructions and information are stored//    RAM//


Words: romaine
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: romain  ’Roman’]//  a type of bitter-tasting lettuce with long leaves//


Words: Roman
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun] \n  1 relating to ancient Rome or the Roman Empire:  --an old Roman road//  --the Roman occupation of Britain//\n  2 relating to the city of Rome:  -- Roman n  [C] //


Words: roman
Meaning:
n [U]    technical the ordinary style of printing that uses small upright letters, like the style used for printing these words//    font, italics//


Words: Roman alphabet
Meaning:
n   the Roman alphabet//  the alphabet used in English and many other European languages, which begins with the letters A, B, C//


Words: Roman Catholic
Meaning:
adj   RC belonging or relating to the part of the Christian religion whose leader is the Pope//   Catholic//  --a Roman Catholic priest//  -- Roman Catholic n  [C] //  -- Roman Catholicism n  [U] //


Words: Roman Empire
Meaning:
the Roman Empire//  the countries of Europe, north Africa, and western Asia that were ruled by the ancient Romans from around 44  BC until  AD 395, when the  empire was divided into two parts. The Western Roman Empire continued until 476, and the Eastern Roman Empire continued until the 15th century.//    Holy Roman Empire, the//


Words: roman numeral
Meaning:
n [C]   a number in a system first used in ancient Rome that uses combinations of the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M to represent numbers//    Arabic numeral//


Words: romance
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: romans  ’French, something written in French’, from  Latin romanicus  ’Roman’]//\n  1 [C] an exciting and often short relationship between two people who love each other:    affair//  romance with//  --Hemingway’s romance with his nurse inspired him to write ’A Farewell to Arms’.//  --Michelle married him after a whirlwind romance  (=one that happens very suddenly and quickly) .//  holiday romance  BrE //  summer romance  AmE  (=one that happens during a holiday) //  --a short holiday romance//\n  2 [U] love, or a feeling of being in love:  --The romance had gone out of their relationship.//\n  3 [U] the feeling of excitement and adventure that is related to a particular place, activity etc:  romance of//  --the romance of Hollywood//\n  4 [C] a story about the love between two people:  --romance novels//\n  5 [C] a story that has brave characters and exciting events:  --a Medieval romance//\nromance 2 v \n  1 [I] to describe things that have happened in a way that makes them seem more important, interesting etc than they really were:  romance about//  --an old man romancing about the past//\n  2 [T]  old-fashioned to try to persuade someone to love you:


Words: Romanesque
Meaning:
adj   in the style of building that was popular in Western Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries, and had many round arches and thick pillars//


Words: Romania also Rumania
Meaning:
Roumania   a country in southeast Europe, east of Hungary and west of the Black Sea. Population: 22,364,000 (2001). Capital: Bucharest. From the end of World War II it was a Communist country, but in 1989 Romania became a democracy.//  -- Romanian n  adj //


Words: romantic
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 showing love:\n   2 relating to love:\n   3 story/film:\n   4 beautiful:\n   5 not practical:\n   6 Romantic art/literature etc:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: romantique, from  Old French romans;   ROMANCE1]//\n  1 SHOWING LOVE:  showing strong feelings of love//  --’Tom always sends me red roses on my birthday.’ ’How romantic!’//\n  2 RELATING TO LOVE:  relating to feelings of love or a loving relationship//  --After dinner, they took a romantic stroll by the sea.//  --real old-fashioned romantic love //  --I’m not ready for a romantic relationship.//\n  3 STORY/FILM:  a romantic story or film is about love//  --a romantic comedy//\n  4 BEAUTIFUL:  beautiful in a way that affects your emotions and makes you think of love or adventure//  --romantic music//  --The castle is set in one of England’s most romantic landscapes.//\n  5 NOT PRACTICAL:  romantic ideas are not practical or not based on reality//  → realistic//  romantic notion/view/idea etc //  --romantic notions about becoming a famous actress//  --Like many New Yorkers, he had a romantic image of country life.//\n  6  Romantic art/literature etc:  art or literature that is based on the ideas of romanticism//  -- romantically/-kli/ adv //\nromantic 2 n [C] \n  1 someone who shows strong feelings of love and likes doing things that are related to love such as buying flowers, presents etc:\n  2 someone who is not practical, and bases their ideas too much on an imagined idea of the world:  → realist//  --a romantic who longed for adventure//\n  3  also Romantic :  a writer, painter etc whose work is based on romanticism//


Words: Romantic Movement
Meaning:
the   a group of writers, artists etc. in English and Euorpean literature, art, and music, who followed their feelings and emotions rather than logical thought or reason, and who preferred wild, natural beauty to things made by people. It first became popular in the late 18th century.//


Words: romanticism
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1  also Romanticism :  a way of writing or painting that was popular in the late 18th and early 19th century, in which feelings, imagination, and wild natural beauty were considered more important than anything else//\n  2 ideas which are not practical or not based on reality:  → realism//


Words: romanticize
Meaning:
also  romanticise BrE   v [T]   to talk or think about things in a way that makes them seem more romantic or attractive than they really are//  --a romanticized image of life during the war//


Words: Romany
Meaning:
n   plural  Romanies //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Romany; Origin: romani  ’gypsy’ (adjective), from  rom  ’gypsy man’, from  Sanskrit domba  ’musician of low social rank’]//\n  1 [C] a gypsy:\n  2 [U] the language traditionally used by the gypsy people:  -- Romany adj //


Words: Rome
Meaning:
1 the capital city of Italy, which is famous for its art, its history, and its many public and religious buildings from ancient times and the  Renaissance. It also contains the  Vatican City, a separate state where the Pope lives. :\n  2  Rome wasn’t built in a day:  a phrase meaning that it takes time to achieve something important, and you should not expect to succeed immediately//\n  3  When in Rome (do as the Romans do):  a phrase meaning that when you are in a different place you should behave like the people who live there //


Words: romeo
Meaning:
Romeo/r[hA353][hA35E]mi[hA353][hA35E] $ ro[hA35E]mio[hA35E]/ n   plural  romeos  [C] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Romeo, lover of Juliet in Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet (1594)]//  a man who tries to attract all the women he meets in a romantic or sexual way - often used humorously//    Casanova//


Words: Romeo and Juliet
Meaning:
one of William  Shakespeare ’s best-known plays, a sad romantic story about two young people, Romeo and Juliet, who fall in love although their families are great enemies. They marry secretly, but are prevented from being together, and finally they both kill themselves. Many phrases from the play are well known, especially "Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?", which Juliet says while she is standing on a  balcony and Romeo is below her in the garden.//


Words: Rommel
Meaning:
Field Marshal   (1891-1944) a German military leader in World War II who was called the Desert Fox, and who won important battles in North Africa and Egypt, but was defeated by  Montgomery at  El Alamein in 1942. He was part of a secret plan to kill Hitler, and when this failed he killed himself.//


Words: romp
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: ramp  ’to behave threateningly’ (14-19 centuries), from  French ramper;   RAMPANT]//\n  1 [always + adverb/preposition] to play in a noisy way, especially by running, jumping etc:  romp around/about//  --They could hear the children romping around upstairs.//\n  2 to win a race, competition, election etc very easily:  romp to a win/victory //  --The women’s team romped to a 132-81 win over Ireland.//  --In 1906 the Liberal Party romped back to power.//  romp home  BrE //  --The favourite horse, Badawi, romped home in the first race.//  romp through [romp through sth] phr v//   informal to succeed in doing or finishing something quickly and easily//\nromp 2 n [C] \n  1  informal a piece of amusing entertainment which has a lot of exciting scenes:  --’A Royal Scandal’ is an hour-long romp that pokes fun at British royal marriages.//\n  2  BrE  informal a period of sexual activity - used humorously, especially in newspapers:\n  3 when one sports team defeats another one very easily - used in newspapers:  romp over//  --the Yankees’ 12-1 romp over the Red Sox//


Words: Romper Room
Meaning:
a television programme for young children in the US in the 1960s. It involves a group of children who play and learn things from a woman whose name always begins with ’Miss’, such as ’Miss Nancy’ or ’Miss Sharon’.//


Words: Romulus and Remus
Meaning:
in ancient Roman stories, the two brothers who established the city of Rome. Romulus and Remus were  twins (=two children born at the same time)  who were left to die when they were babies. They were taken care of by a  wolf (=a wild animal like a large dog) , who fed them with her milk. Later, when they had started to build the city of Rome, Romulus killed Remus after a quarrel. //


Words: rondo
Meaning:
n   plural  rondos  [C] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Italian; Origin: rond[hA173], from  French rondeau, from  Latin rotundus;   ROUND2]//  a piece of music in which the main tune is repeated several times//


Words: Ronnie Scott’s
Meaning:
a  jazz club in London which was started by Ronnie  Scott in 1959, and is famous because many popular and well-known jazz musicians perform there//


Words: rood screen
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a decorated wooden or stone wall in a Christian church which divides the part where the choir sit from the part where other people sit//


Words: roof
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   chimney, gutter//  [Language: Old English; Origin: hrof]//\n  1 the structure that covers or forms the top of a building, vehicle, tent etc:  --They finally found the cat up on the roof.//  roof of//  --We can probably strap the cases to the roof of her car.//  slate/tiled/thatched etc roof //  --a flat roof//  --a pitched roof  (=sloping roof) //  red-roofed/metal-roofed etc //  --a wooden-roofed theatre//\n  2 the top of a passage under the ground:  --Suddenly, the whole tunnel roof caved in.//\n  3  a roof over your head:  somewhere to live//  --I may not have a job, but at least I’ve got a roof over my head.//\n  4  go through the roof:   informal //  a)  also hit the roof //  to suddenly become very angry//  --Put that back before Dad sees you and hits the roof!//  b) if a price, cost etc goes through the roof, it increases to a very high level//\n  5  the roof of sb’s mouth:  the hard upper part of the inside of your mouth//\n  6  under the same roof/under one roof:  in the same building or home//  --If we’re going to live under the same roof , we need to get along.//  --Here you can buy food, clothes, and electrical goods all under one roof.//\n  7  under sb’s roof:   spoken in your home//  --As long as you live under my roof, you’ll do as I say.//\n  8  the roof falls/caves in:   informal  especially AmE if the roof falls in or caves in, something bad suddenly happens to you when you do not expect it//    raise the roof at raise1 (23),  sunroof//\nroof 2 v [T usually passive]   to put a roof on a building//  be roofed with sth//  --a cottage roofed with the local slate//  roof in/over [roof sth → in/over] phr v//  to cover an open space by putting a roof over it//  --We’re going to roof in the yard to make a garage.//


Words: roof-rack
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a metal frame fixed on top of a car and used for carrying bags, cases etc//  American Equivalent:  luggage rack//


Words: roofies
Meaning:
n [plural]  informal   an illegal drug that is sometimes used to make someone unconscious so they can be raped//


Words: roofing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 material used for making or covering roofs:\n  2 the job of building or repairing roofs:


Words: rooftop
Meaning:
n [C]   the upper surface of a roof//  --Spectators stood on rooftops to watch the parade.//    shout sth from the rooftops at shout1 (3)//


Words: rook
Meaning:
n [C]   [Sense: 1; Origin: Old English hroc]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: roc, from  Arabic rukhkh, from  Persian]//\n  1 a large black European bird like a crow:\n  2 one of the pieces in a game of chess:   castle//


Words: rookie
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  recruit]//\n  1  especially AmE someone who has just started doing a job and has little experience:  --rookie cops//\n  2  AmE someone who is in their first year of playing a professional sport:


Words: room
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 in a building:\n   2 space:\n   3 opportunity/possibility:\n   4 there’s room for improvement:\n   5 there’s not enough room to swing a cat:\n   6 apartment:\n   7 people:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: rum]//\n  1 IN A BUILDING:   [C] a part of the inside of a building that has its own walls, floor, and ceiling//  --I looked around the room.//  --She nodded toward a man who was standing across the room (=on the other side of the room) .//  --Someone was laughing in the next room  (=the one beside the one you are in) .//  sb’s room//   (=someone’s bedroom) //  --Beth, it’s time to clean up your room.//  bathroom/dining room/meeting room etc //  --the doctor’s waiting room//  one-room(ed)/two-room(ed) etc //  --a three-room apartment//  single/double room (=a room in a hotel for one person or for two) //  --I’d like to book a double room for two nights.//  --Here’s your key - room 348.//    front room,  living room,  sitting room//\n  2 SPACE:   [U] space somewhere for a particular thing, person, or activity//  room in//  --I hope there’s going to be enough room in the fridge.//  room for//  --My suitcase was so full I didn’t have room for anything else.//  room to do sth//  --The museum doesn’t have enough room to show everything in their collection.//  plenty of room/enough room//  --There’s plenty of room in the boot for your luggage.//  --I’m trying to make room for a vegetable garden in the backyard.//  --Step back, leave room for people to get past.//  --The old wardrobe took up too much room .//  leg-room/head-room (=space for your legs or head in a vehicle) //    elbow-room at elbow1 (5)//\n  3 OPPORTUNITY/POSSIBILITY:   [U] the chance to do something, or the possibility that something exists or can happen//  room for//  -- There’s little room for innovation.//  room for doubt/debate/argument etc //  --The evidence was clear, and there was little room for doubt.//  room for manoeuvre  BrE //  /room for maneuver  AmE  (=the possibility of changing what you do or decide) //  --Teachers feel they have little room for manoeuvre when the curriculum is so demanding.//  room to do sth//  --Children need to have room to develop their natural creativity.//  -- Make room in your day for exercise.//\n  4  there’s room for improvement:  used to say that something is not perfect and needs to be improved//  --The report shows that there is room for improvement.//\n  5  there’s not enough room to swing a cat:  used humorously to say that an area or room is not very big//\n  6 APARTMENT:   rooms [plural]  old-fashioned  especially BrE two or more rooms that you rent in a building, or stay in at a college//\n  7 PEOPLE:   [singular] all the people in a room//  -- The whole room started singing ’Happy Birthday’.//\nroom 2 v [I]  AmE   to rent and live in a room somewhere//  room with [room with sb] phr v//  to share a room or house with someone, especially at college//  --I roomed with Al at UCSD.//


Words: room and board
Meaning:
n [U]   a room to sleep in, with food provided//  --You’ll receive free room and board with the job.//


Words: Room with a View
Meaning:
A   (1908) a novel by E.M.  Forster about a group of English people who meet while staying at a small hotel in Florence in Italy//


Words: roomer
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE someone who pays rent to live in a house with its owner//  British Equivalent:  lodger//


Words: roomful
Meaning:
n [C]   a large number of things or people that are all together in one room//  roomful of//  --a roomful of reporters//


Words: roommate
Meaning:
room-mate BrE   n [C] \n  1 someone who you share a room with, especially at college:  --one of my college roommates//\n  2  AmE someone you share an apartment or house with:  British Equivalent:  flatmate//


Words: Roosevelt
Meaning:
Eleanor   (1884-1962) a US writer and politician who was the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. She actively supported improvements in the social and economic conditions of ordinary people, and many people think that she influenced the "New Deal" policy of her husband’s government. She was also interested in  human rights, and was part of the group that produced the UN (United Nations) Declaration of Human Rights in 1945.//\n Franklin D.  also FDR   (1882-1945) a US politician in the  Democratic Party, who was the President of the US from 1933 to 1945. He helped to end the  Great Depression by starting a programme of social and economic changes called the  New Deal. He also tried to give support to the  Allies without getting the US involved in World War II, but when Japan attacked the US in 1941 he was forced to join the war. Roosevelt is the only person who has ever been elected President of the US four times. In 1921 he became partly paralyzed (=unable to move)  (=unable to move) because of the illness polio, and he had to use a wheelchair. He was extremely popular when he was president, and many people listened to his ’fireside chats’ (=speeches) on the radio, in which he explained his plans and policies. He was married to Eleanor Roosevelt.//\n Theodore   (1858-1919) a US politician in the Republican Party who was the 26th president of the US, from 1901 to 1909. He became famous for his military achievements during the  Spanish-American War of 1898, when he formed and led a group of soldiers called the "Rough Riders" in Cuba. During his period as president, the US organized the building of the Panama Canal, and Roosevelt described US foreign policy using the phrase "Speak softly and carry a big stick". He was informally called Teddy Roosevelt, and the  teddy bear (=a soft toy bear)  is named after him. //


Words: roost
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: hrost]//  a place where birds rest and sleep//    rule the roost at rule2 (4)//\nroost 2 v [I] \n  1 if a bird roosts, it rests or sleeps somewhere:\n  2  sb’s chickens come home to roost:   also sth comes home to roost //  used to say that someone’s past mistakes are causing problems for them now//  --After years of overspending, the chickens have come home to roost.//


Words: root
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 plant:\n   2 cause of a problem:\n   3 origin/main part:\n   4 family connection:\n   5 put down roots:\n   6 tooth/hair etc:\n   7 take root:\n   8 have a (good) root round:\n   9 language:\n  10 mathematics:\n  11 root and branch:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old Norse; Origin: rot]//\n  1 PLANT:  the part of a plant or tree that grows under the ground and gets water from the soil//  --tree roots//  --These plants produce a number of thin roots.//\n  2 CAUSE OF A PROBLEM:  the main cause of a problem//  be/lie at the root of sth (=be the cause of something) //  --Allergies are at the root of a lot of health problems.//  --The love of money is the root of all evil .//  --A competent mechanic should be able to get to the root of the problem  (=find out the cause of a problem) .//  --the root causes of crime//\n  3 ORIGIN/MAIN PART:  the origin or main part of something such as a custom, law, activity etc, from which other things have developed//  root in//  --a legal system with roots in English common law//  --Jazz has its roots in the folk songs of the southern states of the US.//  be/lie at the root of sth //  --the liberal economic policies which lie at the root of American power//\n  4 FAMILY CONNECTION:   sb’s roots//  your relation to a place because you were born there, or your family used to live there//  --immigrants keeping in touch with their cultural roots//  --Alex Haley’s story about his search for his roots became a bestseller.//\n  5  put down roots:  if you put down roots somewhere, you start to feel that a place is your home and to have relationships with the people there//  --Because of her husband’s job, they’d moved too often to put down roots anywhere.//\n  6 TOOTH/HAIR ETC:  the part of a tooth, hair etc that connects it to the rest of your body//  --She’d pulled some of Kelly’s hair out by the roots.//\n  7  take root:  a) if an idea, method, activity etc takes root, people begin to accept or believe it, or it begins to have an effect//  --Economists believe that economic recovery will begin to take root next year.//  b) if a plant takes root, it starts to grow where you have planted it//\n  8  have a (good) root round:   BrE  informal to search for something by moving other things around//\n  9 LANGUAGE:   technical the basic part of a word which shows its main meaning, to which other parts can be added. For example, the word ’coldness’ is formed from the root ’cold’ and the  suffix ’ness’//    stem//\n  10 MATHEMATICS:   technical a number that, when multiplied by itself a certain number of times, equals the number that you have//  --2 is the fourth root of 16.//\n  11  root and branch:  if you destroy or change something root and branch, you get rid of it or change it completely and permanently because it is bad//  --a root and branch reform of the electoral system//    cube root,  square root,  grass roots//\nroot 2 v   ----------//\n   1 plant:\n   2 be rooted in something:\n   3 search:\n   4 pigs:\n   5 rooted to the spot/floor/ground etc:  Phrasal verbs//   root for somebody//   root something → out//   root something → up//  ----------//  [Sense: 1-2, 4-5; Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  ROOT1]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Old English wrotan. root for   Perhaps from  rout (of cattle)  ’to make a loud sound’ (14-19 centuries), from  Old Norse rauta]//\n  1 PLANT:  a)  [I] to grow roots//  --New shrubs will root easily in summer.//  b)  [T usually passive] if a plant is rooted somewhere, it is held in the ground firmly by its roots//  --a bush firmly rooted in the hard ground//  root itself//  --Clumps of thyme had rooted themselves between the rocks.//\n  2  be rooted in sth:  to have developed from something and be strongly influenced by it//  --The country’s economic troubles are rooted in a string of global crises.//  --This feeling of rejection is often  deeply rooted in  childhood.//\n  3 SEARCH:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to search for something by moving things around//   rummage//  root through/in/amongst sth (for sth)//  --Leila rooted through her handbag for a pen.//\n  4 PIGS:   [I usually + adverb/preposition] if a pig roots somewhere, it looks for food under the ground//  root for//  --pigs rooting for truffles//\n  5  rooted to the spot/floor/ground etc:  so shocked, surprised, or frightened that you cannot move//  --She stood rooted to the spot, staring at him.//  root for [root for sb] phr v//\n  1 to want someone to succeed in a competition, test, or difficult situation:  --You can do it - I’m rooting for you.//\n  2  especially AmE to support a sports team or player by shouting and cheering:  --the Los Angeles fans rooting for the Lakers//  root out [root sth → out] phr v//\n  1 to find out where a particular kind of problem exists and get rid of it:  --Action is being taken to root out corruption in the police force.//\n  2 to find something by searching for it:  --I’ll try and root out something for you to wear.//  root up [root sth → up] phr v//  to dig or pull a plant up with its roots//


Words: root beer
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a sweet brown non-alcoholic drink made from the roots of some plants, drunk especially in the US//


Words: rootle
Meaning:
about  [I]    BrE  informal to search for something by moving many other things around//  -- rootle n  [singular] //


Words: rootless
Meaning:
adj   having nowhere that you feel is really your home//  --rootless people//  -- rootlessness n  [U] //


Words: Roots
Meaning:
(1976) a novel by the US writer Alex Haley (1921-92) which was also made into a television programme. It tells the story of several  generations of an African-American family, and it is partly based on stories told in Haley’s own family. The story starts with Kunta Kinte, a man from West Africa who is caught and taken to the US as a  slave, and then describes what happens to him there and to his children and grandchildren until the time of the  Civil War. The book and television programme encouraged many African-Americans to try to find out more about their own family origins. //


Words: rope
Meaning:
W3S3   n   [Language: Old English; Origin: rap]//\n  1 [U and C] very strong thick string, made by twisting together many thinner strings:  --They tied a rope around my waist and pulled me up.//  --The man was coiling a length of rope.//\n  2  the ropes [plural] :  a) all the things someone needs to know to do a job or deal with a system//  --I spent the first month just learning the ropes .//  --He works repairing streets, and knows the ropes when it comes to safety.//  --Miss McGinley will show you the ropes and answer any questions.//  b) the rope fence that surrounds an area used for boxing or wrestling//\n  3  be on the ropes:   informal to be in a very bad situation, in which you are likely to be defeated//  --The army says the rebels are on the ropes.//\n  4  be at/near etc the end of your rope:   especially AmE to have no more patience or strength left to deal with a problem or a difficult situation//  --My son is causing endless problems, and I’m close to the end of my rope.//\n  5  give sb some/enough etc rope:  to give someone a lot of freedom to do something in the way they want to do it//  --Managers have to decide how much rope to give their subordinates.//\n  6  give sb enough rope to hang themselves:  to give someone freedom to do what they want to do, because you think they will cause problems for themselves and you want them to look stupid//\n  7  a rope of pearls:   pearls on a string, worn around your neck as jewellery//    jump rope,  skipping rope,  tightrope,  towrope//    money for old rope at money(17)//\nrope 2 v [T] \n  1 [always + adverb/preposition] to tie things together using rope:  rope sth to sth//  --Suitcases were roped to the top of the car.//  rope sb/sth together//  --Mountaineers rope themselves together for safety.//\n  2  AmE to catch an animal using a circle of rope:  --The calves are roped and branded.//  rope into [rope sb into sth] phr v//  to persuade someone to help you in a job or join in an activity, especially when they do not want to//  rope sb into doing sth//  --Denise roped me into selling tickets.//  rope sb in to do sth//  --Anyone who could sing was roped in to help.//  --Have you been roped in too?//  rope off [rope sth → off] phr v//  to surround an area with ropes, especially in order to separate it from another area//  --The stairs were roped off.//


Words: ropey
Meaning:
ropy/r[hA353][hA35E]pi $ ro[hA35E]-/ adj   comparative  ropier superlative  ropiest  BrE  informal //\n  1 in bad condition or of bad quality:  --ropey old furniture//\n  2 [not before noun] slightly ill:  --I’m feeling a bit ropey this morning.//


Words: Rorschach test
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Hermann  Rorschach (1884-1922), Swiss psychiatrist who invented the test]//  a method of testing someone’s character, by making them say what they think spots of ink with various shapes look like//


Words: rosary
Meaning:
n   plural  rosaries  [C] //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: rosarium, from  Latin,  ’rose garden’, from  rosa;   ROSE1]//\n  1 a string of beads used by Roman Catholics for counting prayers:\n  2  the rosary/the Rosary:  the set of prayers that are said by Roman Catholics while counting rosary beads//  say/recite the rosary //  --Three nuns knelt there, reciting the rosary.//


Words: rose
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ’pink’, from  rose  ’rose’]//  pink wine//\n W3S3   n   leaf, petal, stem, stalk//  ----------//\n   1 flower:\n   2 colour:\n   3 something is not a bed of roses:\n   4 put the roses back in somebody’s cheeks:\n   5 be coming up roses:\n   6 come out of something/come up smelling of roses:\n   7 for water:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: Latin rosa]//\n  1 FLOWER:   [C] a flower that often has a pleasant smell, and is usually red, pink, white, or yellow, or the bush that this flower grows on//  --a dozen red roses//  --A large bouquet of roses arrived on her desk.//  -- rose bushes //\n  2 COLOUR:   [U] a pink colour//\n  3  sth is not a bed of roses:   also sth is not all roses  BrE  informal if a job or situation is not a bed of roses, it is not always pleasant and there are difficult things to deal with//  --It’s no bed of roses teaching in a secondary school.//\n  4  put the roses back in sb’s cheeks:   BrE  informal to make someone look healthy again//\n  5  be coming up roses:   informal to be happening or developing in the best possible way//\n  6  come out of sth/come up smelling of roses:   informal to do well or get an advantage from a situation, when you could have been blamed, criticized, or harmed by it//  --She managed to come out of the deal smelling of roses.//\n  7 FOR WATER:   [C]  BrE a circular piece of metal with holes in it that is attached to the end of a pipe or watering can so that liquid comes out in several thin streams//\nrose 2 v   the past tense of rise//\nrose 3 adj   pink in colour//  --rose velvet curtains//


Words: Rose Bowl
Meaning:
an American football game held on January 1st every year in Pasadena, California, between the winners of the two main college  conferences, the  Big Ten and the  Pac 10.//


Words: Rose Parade
Meaning:
the   a  parade held every year in Pasadena, California, on January 1st, that has many large vehicles covered with flowers, marching bands, and horse riders. The parade is shown on television all over the US.//


Words: rose-coloured
Meaning:
adj  BrE  rose-colored AmE \n  1 pink:\n  2  rose-coloured glasses:   also rose-coloured spectacles  BrE if you see or view something through rose-coloured glasses, you think it is better than it really is//


Words: roseate
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: roseus  ’rosy’, from  rosa;   ROSE1]//  pink//  --the roseate glow of the evening sun//


Words: Roseau
Meaning:
the capital city of Dominica, in the southwest of the country on the Roseau River, formerly called Charlotte Town//


Words: rosebud
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 the flower of a rose before it opens:\n  2  rosebud mouth/lips:  a mouth or lips that have a small round shape and are very red//


Words: rosemary
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: rosmarinus, from  ros  ’dew’ +  marinus  ’of the sea’]//  the narrow leaves of a bush, used as a herb, or the bush that these leaves come from//


Words: Rosetta Stone
Meaning:
the   a large, ancient stone that was found in Egypt in 1799, which had the same piece of writing on it in three different writing systems: Greek letters, Egyptian letters, and ancient Egyptian  hieroglyphics. This important discovery made it possible for people to translate hieroglyphics for the first time. The stone is now kept in the British Museum.//


Words: rosette
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: rose  ’rose’]//\n  1  BrE a circular badge made of coloured ribbon that is given to the winner of a competition, or that people in Britain wear to show support for a particular football team or political party:\n  2 a shape like a round flat flower that has been made in stone or wood:


Words: Rosh Hashanah
Meaning:
Rosh Hashana  an important Jewish religious holiday, which celebrates the beginning of the Jewish new year and continues for two days. It is usually in September.//


Words: Rosicrucians
Meaning:
the  n   [plural] an international secret society of men, begun in the 17th century, who were involved in mysterious practices involving magic and spirits. There are also modern groups with the same name, especially in the US, who claim to be related to the original Rosicrucians.//


Words: Rosie the Riveter
Meaning:
a  nickname given to any US woman who worked in factories making weapons or aircraft during  World War II. Rosie the Riveter was a character who appeared in US government films and  posters about the work that women did during the war.//


Words: rosin
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: resine;   RESIN]//  a solid slightly sticky substance that you rub on the bow of a violin etc, to help it move smoothly on the strings//  -- rosin v  [T] //


Words: Rossetti
Meaning:
Christina Georgina   (1830-94) a British poet known for her religious poems, some of which are used as  hymns. She was the sister of Dante Gabriel Rossetti.//\n Dante Gabriel   (1828-82) a British artist and poet who helped to start the  Pre-Raphaelite movement. His paintings were mostly based on religious subjects or old stories about King Arthur. He was the brother of Christina Georgina Rossetti.//


Words: Rossini
Meaning:
Gioacchino   (1792-1868) an Italian  composer most famous for writing many  operas, especially  The Barber of Seville (1816). The  overture to his opera  William Tell (1829) is very well known.//


Words: roster
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Dutch; Origin: rooster  ’frame for cooking things on, list’, from  roosten  ’to roast’]//\n  1 a list of the names of people on a sports team, in an organization etc:  on a roster//  --The club has outstanding players on the roster.//  roster of//  --The campaign has a roster of 500 volunteers.//\n  2 a list that shows when each person in a group must do a particular job:  British Equivalent:  rota//  --duty roster//\nroster 2 v [T]   to put someone’s name on a roster//


Words: rostrum
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’beak, front part of a ship’, from  rodere;   RODENT]//  a small platform that you stand on when you are making a speech or  conducting musicians//   podium//


Words: rosy
Meaning:
adj   comparative  rosier superlative  rosiest //\n  1 seeming to offer hope of success or happiness:  --a company that sees a rosy future for itself//  --Letters to relatives in Europe painted a rosy picture of life in the United States.//\n  2 pink:  --the kids’ rosy cheeks //


Words: rot
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  rotted present participle  rotting //  [Language: Old English; Origin: rotian]//\n  1 [I and T] to decay by a gradual natural process, or to make something do this:  --Candy will rot your teeth.//  --The trees were cut and left to rot .//  rot away//  --All the woodwork was rotting away.//\n  2  rot in hell/jail:  to suffer or be punished for a long time - used especially when you are angry with someone//  --I hope the people who did this rot in hell.//\nrot 2 n \n  1 [U] the natural process of decaying, or the part of something that has decayed:  --the smell of rot//  --wood that is soft with rot//    dry rot//\n  2 [singular,U] a state in which something becomes bad or does not work as well as it should:  --He criticized the talk shows as ’cultural rot’.//  stop the rot  BrE  (=stop a bad situation getting worse) //  --The team has enough good players to stop the rot.//  the rot set in  BrE  (=a situation started to get worse) //  --It was after he left the company that the rot set in.//\n  3 [U]  BrE  old-fashioned nonsense:  --You do talk rot!//


Words: rota
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a list that shows when each person in a group must do a particular job//   roster//  --a cleaning rota//


Words: rotary
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: rotarius, from  Latin rota;   ROTATE]//\n  1 turning in a circle around a fixed point, like a wheel:  --the rotary movement of the helicopter blades//\n  2 having a main part that turns like a wheel:  --a rotary engine//\nrotary 2   plural  rotaries  n [C] //   AmE a roundabout//


Words: Rotary Club
Meaning:
n   the Rotary Club//  an organization of business people in a town who work together to raise money for people who are poor or sick//


Words: rotate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  rotare, from  rota  ’wheel’]//\n  1 [I and T] to turn with a circular movement around a central point, or to make something do this:   revolve//    spin//  --The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours.//  --Rotate the pan halfway through the baking time.//\n  2 [I and T] if a job rotates, or if people rotate jobs, they each do a particular job for a particular period of time:  --The chairmanship of the committee rotates annually.//  --Employers may rotate duties to give staff wider experience.//\n  3 [I and T] to change the places of things or people, or to change places, especially in a circular direction:  --Rotating the tyres every few months helps them last longer.//\n  4 [T]  technical to regularly change the crops grown on a piece of land, in order to preserve the quality of the soil:    crop rotation//


Words: rotation
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] when something turns with a circular movement around a central point:  rotation of//  --the rotation of the Earth on its axis//  rotation about/around//  --the planet’s rotation around the sun//\n  2 [C] one complete circular turn around a central point:   revolution//  --The blades spin at 100 rotations per minute.//\n  3 [U] the practice of regularly changing the thing that is being used or done, or the person who does a particular job:  --job rotation//  in rotation//  --Three plays will be performed in rotation during the drama festival.//\n  4 [C]  AmE a period of time spent doing a particular job, when you will soon change to a different job for the same employer:  --a young doctor on a rotation in the children’s ward//\n  5 [C]  AmE the people who each take a turn to do a particular job in a regular order:  --The rotation included two rookies, Hernandez and Saunders.//  -- rotational adj //


Words: ROTC
Meaning:
the   Reserve Officer Training Corps a programme run by the US army to train college students in military leadership//


Words: rote
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Perhaps from  Latin rota (  ROTATE) or from  Old French route (  ROUTE1)]//   formal when you learn something by repeating it many times, without thinking about it carefully or without understanding it//  --In old-fashioned schools, much learning was by rote .//  --the rote learning of facts//


Words: ROTFL rotfl
Meaning:
the written abbreviation of rolling on the floor laughing , used by people communicating in chat rooms on the Internet to say that they are very amused by something that someone else has written//


Words: Roth
Meaning:
Philip   (1933- ) a US writer whose best known book is  Portnoy’s Complaint, which deals humorously with  middle class Jewish life in the US//


Words: Rothko
Meaning:
Mark   (1903-70) a US artist, born in Russia, known especially for his large paintings of squares and  rectangles in different colours//


Words: rotisserie
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: r[hA175]tisserie, from  Old French rostir;   ROAST1]//  a piece of equipment for cooking meat by turning it around and around on a metal rod over heat//    grill//


Words: rotor
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   rotor blade//  [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: rotator  ’something that rotates’ (17-21 centuries), from  Latin, from  rotare;   ROTATE]//\n  1 a part of a machine that turns around on a central point:\n  2  also rotor blade :  the long flat part that turns around and around on top of a helicopter//


Words: rotten
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: rotinn]//\n  1 badly decayed and no longer good to use:  --the smell of rotten eggs//  --Some of the wood was completely rotten.//  --The apples went rotten very quickly.//\n  2  informal very bad:   terrible//  --What rotten luck !//  --a rotten idea//  --The service was rotten.//  --He’s a rotten driver.//\n  3  informal if someone is rotten, they are unpleasant, unkind, or dishonest:  --Why are you being so rotten?//  --a rotten little brat//\n  4  feel rotten:  a) to feel ill//  b) to feel unhappy and guilty about something//  --I felt rotten about lying to him.//\n  5 [only before noun]  spoken used when you are angry:  --I don’t want your rotten money!//\n  6  rotten to the core:  extremely dishonest//  --The whole government is rotten to the core.//\n  7  a rotten apple:  one bad person who has a bad effect on all the others in a group//  -- rottenness n  [U] //\nrotten 2 adv  informal \n  1  spoil sb rotten:  to treat someone too well or too kindly, especially a child, so that they think they should always have what they want//  --He was the favorite, and his mother spoiled him rotten.//\n  2  fancy sb rotten:   BrE to be extremely attracted to someone in a sexual way - used humorously//


Words: rottweiler
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: German; Origin: Rottweil town in southwest Germany]//  a type of strong and dangerous dog, often used as a guard dog//


Words: rotund
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: rotundus;   ROUND2]//  having a fat round body - used humorously//   stout//  -- rotundity n  [U] //


Words: rotunda
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: rotonda, from  Latin rotundus;   ROUND2]//  a round building or hall, especially one with a dome//


Words: roue
Meaning:
n [C]  literary   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: , past participle of  rouer  ’to punish someone by tying them to a wheel and beating them’, from  Latin rotare;   ROTATE]//  a man who believes that pleasure is the most important thing in life - used to show disapproval//


Words: rouge
Meaning:
n [U]  old-fashioned   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: rouge  ’red’]//  pink or red powder or cream that women put on their cheeks//   blusher//  -- rouge v  [T] //  --heavily rouged cheeks//


Words: rough
Meaning:
W3S2   adj   comparative  rougher superlative  roughest //  ----------//\n   1 not smooth:\n   2 not exact:\n   3 problems/difficulties:\n   4 not gentle:\n   5 town/area etc:\n   6 weather/sea:\n   7 voice/sound:\n   8 simple/not well made:\n   9 not comfortable:\n  10 have rough edges:\n  11 rough night:\n  12 a rough deal:\n  13 feel rough:\n  14 look rough:\n  15 rough and ready:\n  16 rough justice:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: ruh]//\n  1 NOT SMOOTH:  having an uneven surface//  → smooth//  --Her hands were rough from hard work.//  --the rough terrain at the base of the mountains//  --We were bumping over the rough ground.//\n  2 NOT EXACT:   [usually before noun] not exact, not containing many details, or not in a final form//   approximate//  --a rough sketch of the house//  --a rough translation//  --Could you give me a rough idea what time you’ll be home?//  --a rough estimate of the cost//  --First do a rough draft of your essay.//\n  3 PROBLEMS/DIFFICULTIES:  a rough period is one in which you have a lot of problems or difficulties//   tough//  --The first year was rough, but things have gotten better.//  --Sounds like you had a  rough day .//  --We’ve been through some  rough times  together.//  --My boyfriend and I were  going through a rough patch .//  --The bill  is in for a rough ride in the Senate.//  --It’s been rough going , but we’ve almost finished now.//\n  4 NOT GENTLE:  using force, anger, or violence//  → gentle//  --Rugby is a very rough sport.//  --Don’t be too rough - she’s only little.//  --Paul gave her a rough shake.//  --equipment capable of withstanding rough treatment //  --The referee won’t allow any rough stuff  (=violent behaviour) .//  be rough on sb (=treat someone unkindly or criticize them in an angry way) //  --Don’t you think you were a little rough on her?//\n  5 TOWN/AREA ETC:  a rough area is a place where there is a lot of violence or crime//  --a rough part of town//\n  6 WEATHER/SEA:  with strong wind or storms//  → calm//  --The ship went down in rough seas .//\n  7 VOICE/SOUND:  a) not sounding soft or gentle, and often rather unpleasant or angry//  --Barton’s deep, rough voice//  b) having an unpleasant sound, especially because there is something wrong with a machine//  --The clutch sounds rough - better get it checked.//\n  8 SIMPLE/NOT WELL MADE:  simple and often not very well made//  --a rough wooden table//\n  9 NOT COMFORTABLE:  uncomfortable, and with difficult conditions//  --The journey was long and rough.//\n  10  have rough edges:   also be rough around the edges //  a) to have some parts that are not as good as they should be, but that are not a serious problem//  --The team has a few rough edges, but they’re winning more games.//  b) if a person is rough around the edges, they are not very polite, educated etc//\n  11  rough night:  a night when you did not sleep well//  --Mickey had a rough night last night.//\n  12  a rough deal:  something that happens to you that is unfair or unpleasant//  --He’s had a rough deal with his wife leaving him like that.//\n  13  feel rough:   BrE  informal to feel ill//\n  14  look rough:   BrE  informal to look untidy, dirty, or unhealthy//  --After travelling for two days we must have looked pretty rough.//\n  15  rough and ready:  not perfect, but good enough for a particular purpose//  --The tests are only a rough and ready guide to a pupil’s future development.//\n  16  rough justice:  punishment that is not decided in a court in the usual legal way, and that is often severe or unfair//  --Gangs practise a kind of rough justice on their members.//  -- roughness n  [U] //    rough diamond,  rough paper,  roughly//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 3 //  a rough day/week etc //  rough times //  hit a rough patch/spot //  go through a rough patch/spot //  have a rough time (of it) //  be in for/face a rough ride  (=be going to have a difficult time) //  rough going (=a period when you have a lot of difficulties) //  ----------//\nrough 2 n \n  1  the rough:  uneven ground with long grass on an area where people play golf//  → green//\n  2  take the rough with the smooth:  to accept the bad things in life as well as the good ones//  --You have to learn to take the rough with the smooth.//\n  3 [C] a picture drawn very quickly, not showing all the details:   sketch//  --a rough of the proposed housing development//\n  4  in rough:   BrE if you write or draw something in rough, you do it without paying attention to details or tidiness, because you are going to do it again later//  --It’s best to work in rough first, and then write it out neatly.//\n  5  a bit of rough:   BrE  informal someone from a lower social class than you, with whom you have a sexual relationship//    diamond in the rough//\nrough 3 v   rough it//   informal to live for a short time in conditions that are not very comfortable//  --I don’t mind roughing it for a while.//  rough out [rough sth → out] phr v//  to draw or write something without including all the details//  --a diagram the engineer had roughed out on his notepad//  rough up [rough sb → up] phr v//   informal to attack someone and hurt them by hitting them//\nrough 4 adv \n  1  sleep rough:   BrE to sleep outside with nothing to protect you from the weather, especially because you have no home to live in//  --the number of people sleeping rough on the street//\n  2  play rough:  to play in a fairly violent way//    cut up rough at cut1 (6)//


Words: rough and tumble
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] a situation in which people compete with each other, often in a cruel way:  rough and tumble of//  --the rough and tumble of public life//\n  2 [singular,U] noisy rough behaviour when playing or fighting, especially by children:  -- rough-and-tumble adj  [only before noun] //  --Most boys enjoy rough-and-tumble play.//


Words: rough diamond
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  informal someone who seems rude, rough, or unfriendly, but is actually nice and generous//  American Equivalent:  diamond in the rough//


Words: rough paper
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE paper that is used for writing or drawing things that will later be changed or copied more neatly//


Words: Rough Riders
Meaning:
the   a group of US  cowboys and farmers who were trained to fight against the Spanish in Cuba in the  Spanish-American War (1898). They were led by Theodore  Roosevelt, who later became the US president.//


Words: roughage
Meaning:
n [U]   a substance contained in some vegetables, fruits, and grains that helps your bowels to work//   fibre//


Words: roughcast
Meaning:
n [U]   a rough surface on the outside of a building, made of plaster mixed with little stones or broken shells//  -- roughcast adj //


Words: roughhouse
Meaning:
v [I]    AmE to play roughly or pretend to fight//  --Okay, guys, slow down. No more roughhousing.//


Words: roughly
Meaning:
S2   adv \n  1 not exactly:   about, approximately//  --There were roughly 200 people there.//  --Azaleas flower at roughly the same time each year.//  roughly equal/comparable/equivalent //  --two rocks of roughly equal size//  roughly speaking (=used when saying something without giving exact details or information) //  --Roughly speaking, I’d say we need about $500.//\n  2 not gently or carefully:  --He grabbed her roughly.//


Words: roughneck
Meaning:
n [C]  informal  especially AmE \n  1 someone who works on an oil well:\n  2 a man who usually behaves in a rough, rude, or angry way:


Words: roughshod
Meaning:
adv   ride roughshod over sb/sth//   especially BrE  ; run roughshod over sb/sth//   AmE to behave in a way that ignores other people’s feelings or opinions//  --We cannot ride roughshod over the concerns of the local community.//


Words: roulette
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: Old French roele  ’small wheel’, from  Latin rota;   ROTATE]//  a game in which a small ball is spun around on a moving wheel, and people try to win money by guessing which hole the ball will fall into//


Words: round
Meaning:
adv, prep  especially BrE  also  around\n  1 surrounding or on all sides of something or someone:  --We sat round the table playing cards.//  --Gather round! I have an important announcement to make.//  --He put his arm gently round her waist.//  --I kept the key on a chain round my neck.//  --The ballroom’s huge, with windows all the way round .//  --There was a lovely courtyard with tables all round .//\n  2 used to say that someone or something turns so that they face in the opposite direction:  --When he turned round I recognised him immediately.//  --Graham glanced round, startled by the voice behind him.//\n  3 in or to many places or parts of an area:  --Reggie went round making sure all the lights were off.//  --Leah showed me round on my first day at the office.//  --A guide took us round the palace and gardens.//  --He spent a whole year travelling round Europe.//  --She looked round the room as though leaving it for the last time.//  --changes that are affecting the weather all round the world//\n  4 moving in a circle:  --She watched the clock hands go round.//  --An aeroplane was circling round far overhead.//  --Until the 16th century people believed that the sun went round the earth.//  --He stared at the washing machine, just watching the clothes go round and round .//  --a shoal of tiny fish swimming round in circles //\n  5  informal if you go round to someone’s house, you go to their house, usually to visit them:  --I might go round to Nigel’s this evening.//  --He’s invited us round for dinner.//  --We’ll be round (=will arrive) at seven.//\n  6 to other people or positions:  --A big box of chocolates was handed round.//  --He’d moved his furniture round.//\n  7 on the other side of something, or to the other side of it without going through it or over it:  --He ran round to open Kate’s door for her.//  --There must be another entrance round the back.//  --I watched the two boys disappear round the corner .//  round to//  --She came round to his side of the desk.//\n  8 in the area near a particular place:  --Much of the countryside round Hinkley Point is given over to agriculture.//  --Do you live round here ?//  --He owned all the land round about  (=in the surrounding area) .//\n  9  round about:   spoken  informal  also round //  used when guessing a number, amount, time etc without being exact//   approximately//  --We got there round about half past nine.//  --He’s round about the same age as my son.//  --It must have been round midnight when I saw him.//\n  10 used to show that someone spends time in a place without doing anything useful:  --People were just standing round and not doing anything to help.//\n  11 if something is organized round a particular person or thing, it is organized according to their needs, wishes, ideas etc:  --Working from home, she could arrange her hours round her children.//  --He had built his whole existence round her.//\n  12 a way round a difficult situation or problem is a way to solve it or avoid it:  --She’s going to have to buy a car. I can’t see any other way round it.//  --strategies to get round  (=solve) the problem //\n  13 used to show the length of a line surrounding something:  --The park was about five miles round.//    all round//    go round in circles at circle1 (5)//    (a)round the clock at clock1 (2)//    (just) around/round the corner at corner1 (9)//    first/second time round at time1 (3)//    way round at way1 (24)//\nround 2 adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: roont, from  Latin rotundus]//\n  1 shaped like a circle:  --a big round table//  --Jamie’s eyes grew round with delight.//\n  2 shaped like a ball:  --small round berries//\n  3 fat and curved:  --round chubby cheeks//\n  4 [only before noun] a round number or figure is a whole number, often ending in 0:  --Let’s make it a round figure: say [hA124]50?//  in round figures (=expressed as the nearest 10, 100, 1000 etc) //  --Altogether, in round figures, there are about three thousand students here.//  a round hundred/dozen etc (=a complete hundred etc) //    a square peg in a round hole at square1 (12)//  -- roundness n  [U] //\nround 3 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 series:\n   2 competition:\n   3 regular activities:\n   4 visits:\n   5 round of applause:\n   6 golf:\n   7 boxing/wrestling:\n   8 drinks:\n   9 do the rounds:\n  10 do the rounds of something:\n  11 gun shot:\n  12 circle:\n  13 food/newspapers/letters etc:\n  14 song:\n  15 round of sandwiches:\n  16 round of toast:\n  17 in the round:  ----------//\n  1 SERIES:  a round of events is a series of related events, which are part of a longer process//  round of//  --a third round of peace talks//  --the Government’s latest round of expenditure cuts//\n  2 COMPETITION:  one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part//    heat, stage//  the first/final/next/qualifying etc round //  --I got beaten in the first round.//  --Two of their candidates made it through to the next round.//  round of//  --the final round of the championship//\n  3 REGULAR ACTIVITIES:   round of sth//  a round of activities is a regular series of activities, especially activities that are not very exciting//  --an endless round of meetings and interviews//  --He continued with his usual round of private and business engagements.//  --the daily round of commuting and shopping//\n  4 VISITS:   rounds [plural] the usual visits that someone, especially a doctor, regularly makes as part of their job//  be (out) on your rounds//  --I’m sorry. The doctor is out on her rounds.//\n  5  round of applause:  when people clap for a short time to show that they enjoyed something or approve of something//  --She got a big round of applause .//  --The passengers gave the pilot a round of applause .//\n  6 GOLF:  a complete game of golf//  --I played a round of golf on Sunday morning.//\n  7 BOXING/WRESTLING:  one of the periods of fighting in a boxing or wrestling match//\n  8 DRINKS:  if you buy a round of drinks in a bar, you buy drinks for all the people in your group//  it’s my/your etc round (=used to say whose turn it is to buy drinks for all the people in your group) //  --What are you having? It’s my round.//\n  9  do the rounds:   BrE  informal make the rounds  AmE  also go the rounds  BrE //  if a story, idea, or illness does the rounds, it is passed on from one person to another//  --a joke doing the rounds//\n  10  do the rounds of sth:   BrE make the rounds of sth  AmE to go around from one place to another, especially looking for work or advertising something//  --Ryan is making the rounds of talk shows to promote her new movie.//\n  11 GUN SHOT:  a single shot from a gun, or a bullet for one shot//  --I’ve only got ten rounds of ammunition left.//  --Richards fired a few rounds .//\n  12 CIRCLE:  something that has a circular shape//  --Slice the potatoes into rounds.//\n  13 FOOD/NEWSPAPERS/LETTERS ETC:   BrE a regular visit to a number of houses, offices etc to deliver or sell things//  paper/milk round (=a job in which you deliver newspapers, milk etc to people’s houses) //  --I used to do a paper round .//\n  14 SONG:  a song for three or four singers, in which each one sings the same tune, starting at a different time//\n  15  round of sandwiches:   BrE  sandwiches made from two whole pieces of bread//\n  16  round of toast:   BrE one whole piece of bread that has been toasted//\n  17  in the round:  a play that is performed in the round is performed on a central stage surrounded by the people watching it//\nround 4 v \n  1 [T] to go round something such as a bend or the corner of a building:  --As they rounded the bend and came in sight of the river, Philip took her hand.//  --The tide was coming in as he rounded the rocks.//\n  2 [T] to make something into a round shape:  --The stones were then rounded, polished and engraved.//\n  3 [I]  written if your eyes round, you open them wide because you are shocked, frightened etc:  --Barbara’s eyes rounded in surprise.//    rounded,  well-rounded//  round down [round sth → down] phr v//  to reduce an exact figure to the nearest whole number//    round up//  --For the 1841 census it was decided to round down ages over fifteen to the nearest five.//  round off [round sth → off] phr v//\n  1 to do something as a way of ending an event, performance etc in a suitable or satisfactory way:   finish//  round something → off with//  --You can round off the evening with a visit to the nightclub.//  --She rounded off the meal with some cheese.//  --It was the perfect way to round off the season.//\n  2 to take the sharp or rough edges off something:  --Round off the corners with a pair of scissors.//\n  3 to change an exact figure to the nearest whole number:  round something → off to//  --Prices are rounded off to the nearest dollar.//  round on [round on sb] phr v//  to suddenly turn and attack someone when they do not expect it, either with words or physically//  --When the door closed, Crabb rounded on Edwards. ’You stupid idiot!’//  round out [round sth → out] phr v//  to make an experience more thorough or complete//  --African percussion and Native American flute round out the show.//  round up [round sb/sth → up] phr v//\n  1 if police or soldiers round up a particular group of people, they find them and force them to go to prison:  --Thousands of men were rounded up and jailed.//\n  2 to find and gather together a group of people, animals, or things:  --See if you can round up a few friends to help you!//  --His dog Nell started to round up the sheep.//\n  3 to increase an exact figure to the next highest whole number:    round down//


Words: round robin
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  From the male name  Robin]//  a competition in which every player or team plays against every other player or team//  --a round robin tournament//


Words: Round Table
Meaning:
the \n  1 the table at which King Arthur and his  knights sat, according to old stories. As it was round, all the places at it were equal.:\n  2 a  charity organization for men under 40, who hold meetings and do work for their local areas. It is related to the  Rotary Club, whose members are usually a little older.:


Words: round-table
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a round-table discussion is one in which everyone can talk about things in an equal way//  round-table discussion/meeting/talks //


Words: round-the-clock
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   happening all the time, both day and night//  --round-the-clock medical care//    round the clock at clock1 (6)//


Words: round-up
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a short description of the main parts of the news, on the radio or on television:   summary//  round-up of//  --First, with a round-up of the day’s local news, here’s Paul Kirby.//  news/sports round-up //  --our Friday sports round-up//\n  2 when people or animals of a particular type are all brought together, often using force:  round-up of//  --a round-up of suspected drug-dealers//  --the annual cattle round-up//    round up at round4 //


Words: roundabout
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE \n  1 a raised circular area where three or more roads join together and which cars must drive around:  American Equivalent:  traffic circle//  --Turn left at the first roundabout.//    mini-roundabout//\n  2 a round structure for children to play on in a park. Children sit on it while someone pushes it around and around:  American Equivalent:  merry-go-round//\n  3 a merry-go-round:    swings and roundabouts at swing2 (9)//\nroundabout 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 a roundabout way of saying something is not clear, direct, or simple:   indirect//  → direct//  roundabout way/fashion //  --It was a roundabout way of telling us to leave.//\n  2 a roundabout way of getting somewhere is longer and more complicated than necessary:  --The bus took a very long and roundabout route .//


Words: rounded
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having a round shape:   curved//\n  2 having a wide range of qualities that make someone or something pleasant, balanced, and complete:  --Psychology tests found me to be thoroughly rounded in skills and attitudes.//    round2 ,  well-rounded//


Words: rounders
Meaning:
n [U]   a British ball game, similar to baseball, in which players hit the ball and then run around the edge of an area//


Words: Roundhead
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who supported Parliament against the King in the English Civil War in the 17th century //    Cavalier//


Words: roundly
Meaning:
adv   roundly condemn/criticize etc//  to condemn, criticize etc someone strongly and severely//  --All the major political parties roundly condemned the attack.//


Words: roundworm
Meaning:
n [C]   a small round parasite that lives in the bodies of animals and sometimes humans//    tapeworm, worm//


Words: rouse
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  Old French ruser;   RUSH1]//\n  1  formal to wake someone who is sleeping deeply:  --His banging roused the neighbours.//  rouse sb from sleep/dreams etc //  --A persistent ringing roused Christina from a pleasant dream.//\n  2 to make someone start doing something, especially when they have been too tired or unwilling to do it:  rouse yourself//  --She roused herself stiffly from her chair.//  rouse sb to sth/to do sth//  --a campaign designed to rouse the younger generation to action//\n  3 to make someone feel a particular emotion, such as anger or fear:    arouse//  --We don’t want to rouse any suspicions.//  rouse sb to sth//  --Paul strode forward, roused to anger.//


Words: rousing
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a rousing song, speech etc makes people feel excited and eager to do something//  --a rousing chorus of ’Happy Birthday’//


Words: Rousseau
Meaning:
Henri   (1844-1910) a French artist who painted using bright colours and often had exotic (=unusual and foreign)  subjects//\n Jean-Jacques   (1712-78) a French writer and  philosopher, born in Switzerland, whose book  The Social Contract developed the idea that governments must always work according to the wishes of the people. His work had a great influence on the French Revolution, and he invented the phrase, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity", which was later used by people who supported the Revolution. He also wrote about the  noble savage.//


Words: roust
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  rouse]//   AmE to make someone move from a place//  --We rousted him out of bed.//


Words: roustabout
Meaning:
n [C]    especially AmE a man who does work for which he needs to be strong but not skilled, especially in a port, an oilfield, or a circus//


Words: rout
Meaning:
v [T]   to defeat someone completely in a battle, competition, or election//\nrout 2 n [>C usually singular, U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: route  ’group of people, defeat’, from  Latin rupta, from  ruptus  ’broken’]//  a complete defeat in a battle, competition, or election//  --The battle turned into a rout.//  put sb to rout (=defeat somebody completely) //


Words: route
Meaning:
W2   n [C]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: Vulgar Latin rupta (via)  ’broken way’, from  Latin ruptus  ’broken’]//\n  1 a way from one place to another:  route to/from//  --What’s the best route to Cambridge?//  take/follow a route (=use a route) //  --We weren’t sure about which route we should take.//  --the most direct route home//\n  2 a way between two places that buses, planes, ships etc regularly travel:  bus/air/shipping etc route //  --Is your office on a bus route?//  cycle route (=a way between two places that only people on bicycles can use) //\n  3 a way of doing something or achieving a particular result:  route to//  --the surest route to disaster//  --Kennedy arrived at the same conclusion by a different route.//\n  4  Route 66/54 etc:  used to show the number of a main road in the US//    paper route//\nroute 2 v [T]   to send something somewhere using a particular route//  route sth through/via sth//  --They had to route the goods through Germany.//    re-route//\nRoute 66   a famous road in the US that is mentioned in books, films, and songs. It was built in the early 1930s, and was the first road to go a long distance across the US, from Chicago to Los Angeles.//


Words: router
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a piece of electronic equipment that makes sending messages between different computers or between different networks easier and faster//


Words: routine
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old French route;   ROUTE1]//\n  1 [U and C] the usual order in which you do things, or the things you regularly do:  --John’s departure had upset their daily routine .//  --Try to get into a routine  (=develop a fixed order of doing things) .//  --my daily exercise routine //  --Dressing is a task which we do every day as a matter of routine  (=done regularly and not unusual) .//\n  2 [C] a set of movements, jokes etc that form part of a performance:  --a dance routine //\n  3 [C]  technical a set of instructions given to a computer so that it will do a particular operation:  -- routinize/ru[hA359]ti[hA359]na[hA366]z, ru[hA359]ti[hA359]na[hA366]z/ v  [T]  AmE //\nroutine 2   adj \n  1 happening as a normal part of a job or process:  --You mustn’t worry. These are just routine enquiries.//  --routine maintenance work//  --a routine operation//\n  2 ordinary and boring:  routine jobs/tasks //  --routine tasks such as washing up//


Words: routinely
Meaning:
adv   if something is routinely done, it is done as a normal part of a process or job//   regularly//  --This vaccine is already routinely used.//


Words: roux
Meaning:
n   plural  roux /ru[hA359]z/ [U and C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: (beurre) roux  ’browned (butter)’]//  a mixture of flour, butter, and milk that is used for making sauces//


Words: rove
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Perhaps from  rave  ’to wander’ (14-19 centuries), probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 [I and T]  written to travel from one place to another:   roam//  --a salesman roving the country//\n  2  roving reporter:  someone who works for a newspaper or television company and moves from place to place//\n  3 [I] if someone’s eyes rove, they look continuously from one part of something to another:  rove over/around//  --Benedict’s eyes roved boldly over her sleeping body.//\n  4  have a roving eye:   old-fashioned to always be looking for a chance to have romantic relationships - often used humorously//


Words: Rover’s Return
Meaning:
the   the  pub in the British television  soap opera Coronation Street, where many of the characters often meet//


Words: row
Meaning:
n [C]   1 a line of things or people next to each other//    column//  row of//  --a row of houses//  --rows of trees//  in a row//  --The children were asked to stand in a row.//  -- row upon row  (=many rows) of shelves stacked with books//\n  2 a line of seats in a theatre or cinema:  --We sat in the front row.//\n  3  in a row:  happening a number of times, one after the other//   consecutively//\n  4 nights/3 weeks etc in a row :  --She’s been out four nights in a row.//  --I’ve beaten her three times in a row .//\n  4 used in the name of some roads:  --22 Church Row//\n  5  a hard/tough row to hoe:  used to say that a particular situation is difficult//\nrow 2   n  BrE \n  1 [C] a short angry argument, especially between people who know each other well:   quarrel//  row with//  --He had just had a row with his wife.//  row about//  --What was the row about?//  --a family row //  --a blazing row  (=a very angry argument) //\n  2 [C] a situation in which people disagree strongly about important public matters:   controversy//  row about/over//  --a new row over government secrecy//\n  3 [singular] a loud unpleasant noise that continues for a long time:   racket//  --Stop that row - I’m trying to get to sleep!//\nrow 3   v   [I and T] to make a boat move across water using oars//  row away/towards/across//  --She rowed across the lake.//  --Jenny used to row at college (=as a sport) .//  -- row n  [singular] //  --Why don’t we go for a row ?//  -- rower n  [C] //\nrow 4   v [I]    BrE to argue in an angry way//  row about//  --They rowed about money all the time.//


Words: row house
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a house that is part of a line of houses that are joined to each other//  British Equivalent:  terraced house//


Words: rowboat
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a small boat that you move through the water with oars//  British Equivalent:  rowing boat//


Words: rowdy
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  row  ’unpleasant noise’ (18-21 centuries)]//  behaving in a noisy rough way that is likely to cause arguments and fighting//  --gangs of rowdy youths//  -- rowdily adv //  -- rowdiness n  [U] //  -- rowdyism n  [U] //\nrowdy 2   plural  rowdies  n [C usually plural] //   old-fashioned someone who behaves in a rough noisy way//


Words: rowing boat
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a small boat that you move through the water with oars (=long poles that are flat at the end) //  American Equivalent:  row boat//


Words: Rowling
Meaning:
J.K. (Joanne)   (1965- ) a British writer whose books for children about Harry  Potter, a boy  magician (=person who can use magic) , are very successful. //


Words: rowlock
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: row + O-lock% (as in  oarlock)]//  one of the U-shaped pieces of metal that holds the oars of a rowing boat//


Words: Roy Rogers
Meaning:
a drink for children in the US, made from  lemonade and  grenadine (=a sweet red liquid) , and served with a  cherry. Roy Rogers are usually served in restaurants, and they are sometimes called  Shirley Temples if they are served to girls.//


Words: royal
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: roial, from  Latin regalis;   REGAL]//\n  1 relating to or belonging to a king or queen:    regal//  --the royal palace//  --the royal family//\n  2 used in the names of organizations that serve or are supported by a king or queen:  --the Royal Navy//  --the Royal College of Music//\n  3 very impressive, as if done for a king or queen:  --a royal welcome//\n  4  the royal ’we’:   BrE the use of the word ’we’ instead of ’I’ by the Queen or King//  -- royally adv //\nroyal 2 n [C]    informal a member of a royal family//  → commoner//


Words: Royal Academy
Meaning:
1  the Royal Academy:  the Royal Academy of Arts //  an important British society of artists, whose members use the letters RA after their names. It has a school for artists, and it organizes many exhibitions (=public shows of paintings etc) , including its well-known Summer Exhibition, which takes place every year and shows new paintings by British artists, including work by ordinary people who are not professional artists.//\n  2 the building in  Piccadilly, central London, where the Royal Academy’s exhibitions take place:


Words: Royal and Ancient
Meaning:
the   the R and A the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews; an important old  golf club based in St Andrews, Scotland, which is responsible for the rules of golf for most countries except the US//


Words: Royal Ascot
Meaning:
a four-day horse-racing event at Ascot, England, every June. It is one of the most important race meetings in Britain and members of the royal family always attend. One of the days is called Ladies’ Day and some of the women like to wear unusual and usually big hats. It is popular especially with  upper-class people.//


Words: Royal Ballet
Meaning:
the   the UK’s national  ballet company, which includes many dancers of international quality, and has its base at Covent Garden in London//


Words: Royal College of Music
Meaning:
the   the RCM a school in London for young musicians who have great ability, and who come from all over the world//


Words: Royal College of Nurses
Meaning:
the   the RCN an organization that represents nurses in the UK, and provides higher education for them in its institute//


Words: Royal Commission
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people chosen by the British government to make suggestions about a subject that the government thinks may need new laws//


Words: Royal Enclosure
Meaning:
the   a special area of the  Ascot horse-racing track in the south of England, which can only be used by the British royal family and by people who have special tickets//


Words: royal flush
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a set of cards that someone has in a card game, which are the five most important cards in a suit (=one of the four different types of card) //


Words: Royal Greenwich Observatory
Meaning:
the   the British national  observatory (=a place where scientists study the stars) , which was established in the 17th century, in  Greenwich, South London, although it was moved away from there after World War II and it is now in Cambridge. The 0[hA131] meridian (=an imaginary line that divides the east part of the world from the west)  passes through the building in Greenwich.//    Greenwich Mean Time//


Words: Royal Highness
Meaning:
n [C]   your/his/her Royal Highness//  used when speaking about or to a royal person, especially a prince or princess//


Words: Royal Horse Guards
Meaning:
the  also  The Blues   a former  regiment (=large division of men)  of the British army, called The Blues because of their blue uniform, which joined with the Royal Dragoons in 1969 to form the Blues and Royals//


Words: Royal Marines
Meaning:
the   a British military group whose members are trained to fight both on land and at sea. There is a similar force in the US called the Marine Corps.//


Words: Royal Mile
Meaning:
the Royal Mile//  a line of old streets in Edinburgh which runs from the Castle to  Holyrood Palace//


Words: Royal Mint
Meaning:
the Royal Mint//  a) a British government department which is responsible for producing paper money and coins//  b) the building where this work is done//


Words: Royal Naval College
Meaning:
the   a training college at Dartmouth, southwest England, where young people in the Royal Navy learn to be officers//


Words: Royal Opera House
Meaning:
the Royal Opera House//  a theatre in  Covent Garden in London where the members of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet are based, which is often simply called Covent Garden. It is the most important opera house in the UK.//


Words: Royal Pavilion
Meaning:
the Royal Pavilion//  a building in an original and unusual  oriental style built in  Brighton, southern England, in 1817 for the Prince of Wales, who later became  George IV//


Words: Royal Shakespeare Company
Meaning:
the   the RSC a British theatre company that performs plays by Shakespeare and other writers. It performs mainly in the Barbican (in London) and in  Stratford-upon-Avon.//


Words: Royal Society
Meaning:
the   the oldest and most respected scientific society in the UK, started in the 17th century. Its members are called "Fellows" and they are elected if they have done high-quality work in any area of science. There is a similar society for people working in the  humanities (=subjects such as language, literature, and history) , called the British Academy.//


Words: Royal Tournament
Meaning:
the   a yearly public show produced by the British army, air force, and navy in which they show their skills with displays of  gymnastics etc//


Words: royalist
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who supports their country’s king or queen, or believes that a country should be ruled by kings or queens//  → republican//  -- royalist adj //


Words: royalty
Meaning:
n   plural  royalties //\n  1 [U] members of a royal family:  --At school the other children treated them like royalty .//\n  2 [C usually plural] a payment made to the writer of a book or piece of music depending on how many books etc are sold, or to someone whose idea, invention etc is used by someone else to make money:  --the royalties from his latest book//  --royalty payments//


Words: RP
Meaning:
n [U]   Received Pronunciation the form of British pronunciation that many educated people in Britain use, and that is thought of as the standard form//


Words: rpm
Meaning:
revolutions per minute used to describe the speed at which something turns, especially an engine or a record player//


Words: RR
Meaning:
R.R./[hA35A][hA359]r [hA35A][hA359] $ [hA35A][hA359]r-/  rural route used in addresses in country areas of the US, to show which postal delivery area a letter should go to//


Words: RSA
Meaning:
the   the Royal Society of Arts a British organization that encourages education in  arts (=languages, history, literature etc)  subjects and for business. It organizes examinations in many different subjects, including English as a Foreign Language.//


Words: RSI
Meaning:
n [U]  medical   repetitive strain injury pains in your hands, arms etc caused by doing the same movements many times, especially by using a computer keyboard or mouse//


Words: RSPB
Meaning:
the   the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds a British  charity organization which looks after wild birds, and educates the public about them. There is a similar organization in the US called the Audubon Society.//


Words: RSPCA
Meaning:
the   the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals a British  charity organization which aims to protect animals from cruel treatment, and can bring a legal case to court if someone is cruel to an animal. The RSPCA looks after animals with no homes, and sells them to people who want them. There is a similar organization in the US called the ASPCA.//


Words: RSVP
Meaning:
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: repondez, s’il vous pla[hA16F]t  ’please reply’]//  used on invitations to ask someone to reply//


Words: RTF
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   rich text format a system used to arrange and show the information in computer documents//


Words: rub
Meaning:
S3   v   past tense and past participle  rubbed present participle  rubbing //  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Low German rubben]//\n  1 [I and T] to move your hand, or something such as a cloth, backwards and forwards over a surface while pressing firmly:    stroke//  rub your nose/chin/eyes/forehead etc //  --She yawned and rubbed her eyes.//  rub sth with sth//  --She began rubbing her hair with a towel.//  --You’ll have to rub harder if you want to get it clean.//  --I hurriedly rubbed myself dry.//\n  2 [I and T] to make something press against something else and move it around:  rub sth against/on sth//  --She stood by the oven, rubbing one bare foot against the other.//  rub against//  --The cat purred loudly, rubbing against her legs.//  rub sth together//  --We tried to make a fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together.//  --He rubbed his hands together with embarrassment.//\n  3 [I and T] if shoes, clothes, or parts of a machine rub, they move around while pressing against another surface, often causing pain or damage:  --Badly fitting shoes are bound to rub.//  rub against/on//  --The front left fender was smashed and rubbing against the wheel.//  --The skin under my sock was rubbed raw (=the skin had come off) .//\n  4 [T always + adverb/preposition] to put a substance into or onto a surface by pressing it and moving it about with your fingers or something such as a cloth:  --Can you rub some sun cream on my back for me?//\n  5  rub shoulders with sb:   informal  also  rub elbows with somebody AmE to meet and spend time with people, especially rich and famous people//  --As a reporter he gets to rub shoulders with all the big names in politics.//\n  6  rub salt into the wound:   informal to make a bad situation even worse for someone//\n  7  rub sb up the wrong way:   BrE  informal rub sb the wrong way  AmE  informal to annoy someone by the things you say or do, usually without intending to//\n  8  be rubbing your hands:   informal to be pleased because something has happened which gives you an advantage, especially because something bad has happened to someone else//\n  9  rub sb’s nose in it/in the dirt:   informal to keep reminding someone about something they did wrong or failed to do, especially in order to punish them//\n  10  not have two pennies/halfpennies/beans to rub together:   BrE  old-fashioned to not have any money//  rub along phr v//  to have a friendly relationship with someone//   get along//  --We rub along well most of the time.//  rub along with/together//  --By and large the Poles and Germans of the city had shown that they could rub along together.//  rub down [rub sth/sb → down] phr v//\n  1 to make a surface smooth by rubbing it with sandpaper:  --That door needs rubbing down before you paint it.//\n  2 to dry a person or animal by rubbing them with a cloth, towel etc:  --The groom rubbed down the horses.//\n  3 to massage someone, especially after exercise:  rub in [rub sth → in] phr v//  to remind someone about something they want to forget, especially because they are embarrassed about it//  --Was he trying to rub in the fact that he didn’t think much of me?//  --I know I should have been more careful, but there’s no need to keep rubbing it in .//  rub off phr v//\n  1 to remove something from a surface by rubbing it, or to come off a surface because of being rubbed:  rub sth off sth//  --Jack rubbed the mud off his face.//  rub sth → off//  --She rubbed off her lipstick and eye shadow.//  --Some of the gold paint had begun to rub off.//\n  2 if a feeling, quality, or habit rubs off on you, you start to have it because you are with another person who has it:  rub off on//  --She refused to give up, and her confidence rubbed off on the others.//  rub out [rub sth/sb → out] phr v//\n  1  BrE to remove writing, a picture etc from a surface by rubbing it with a piece of rubber, a cloth etc:   erase//  --Draw the outline lightly with a soft pencil. This can be rubbed out later.//\n  2  AmE  old-fashioned  informal to murder someone:\nrub 2 n \n  1  give sb/sth a rub:  to rub something or massage someone for a short time//  --Give the table a good rub with a damp cloth.//\n  2  there’s/here’s the rub:   literary used when saying that a particular problem is the reason why a situation is so difficult - often used humorously//


Words: rubber
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] a substance used to make tyres, boots etc, which is made from the juice of a tropical tree or artificially:  --a rubber ball//  2 [C]  BrE //  a) a small piece of rubber or similar material used for removing pencil marks from paper//  American Equivalent:  eraser//  b) an object used for cleaning marks from a blackboard//  American Equivalent:  eraser//\n  3 [C]  AmE  informal a condom:\n  4  rubbers [plural]  AmE  old-fashioned rubber shoes or boots that you wear over ordinary shoes when it rains or snows:   galoshes//\n  5 [C] a series of games of bridge or cricket:\n  6 [C] the piece of white rubber where the pitcher (=person who throws the ball)  stands in a baseball game:


Words: rubber band
Meaning:
n [C]   a thin circular piece of rubber used for fastening things together//  British Equivalent:  elastic band//


Words: rubber boot
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a tall boot made of rubber that keeps your feet and the lower part of your legs dry//  British Equivalent:  wellington boot//


Words: rubber bullet
Meaning:
n [C]   a bullet made of rubber that is not intended to seriously hurt or kill people, but is used to control violent crowds//    plastic bullet//


Words: rubber-stamp
Meaning:
v [T]   to give official approval to something without really thinking about it - used to show disapproval//  --The committee has already rubber-stamped the scheme.//


Words: rubberneck
Meaning:
v [I]    informal to look around at something, especially something such as an accident while you are driving past - used to show disapproval//  --People rubbernecking in the southbound lane caused a second accident.//  -- rubbernecker n  [C] //


Words: rubbery
Meaning:
adj \n  1 looking or feeling like rubber:  --rubbery eggs//  --rubbery lips//\n  2 if your legs or knees are rubbery, they feel weak or unsteady:


Words: rubbing
Meaning:
n [C]   a copy of a shape or pattern made by rubbing wax, chalk etc onto a piece of paper laid over it//  --a brass rubbing //


Words: rubbing alcohol
Meaning:
n [U]    AmE a type of alcohol used for cleaning wounds or skin//  British Equivalent:  surgical spirit//


Words: rubbish
Meaning:
S3   n [U]  especially BrE   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: rubbous, perhaps from  Old French robe;   ROBE]//\n  1 food, paper etc that is no longer needed and has been thrown away:  American Equivalent:  garbage//  American Equivalent:  trash//  --a rubbish bin //  -- household rubbish //  rubbish tip/dump (=a place to take rubbish) //\n  2  informal objects, papers etc that you no longer use and should throw away:  --I’ve got so much rubbish on my desk it’s unbelievable.//\n  3  informal an idea, statement, etc that is rubbish is silly or wrong and does not deserve serious attention:   nonsense//  American Equivalent:  garbage//  --You do talk rubbish sometimes.//  --That’s a load of rubbish .//  --The suggestion is absolute rubbish .//  rubbish!  spoken  (=used to tell someone that what they have just said is completely wrong) //\n  4  informal a film, book etc that is rubbish is very bad:  --the usual Hollywood rubbish//\nrubbish 2 v [T]    BrE to say something is bad or useless//\nrubbish 3 adj  BrE  informal   not skilful at a particular activity//  --a rubbish team//


Words: rubble
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Perhaps from  Anglo-French, from  Old French robe;   ROBE]//  broken stones or bricks from a building or wall that has been destroyed//


Words: rubdown
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  especially AmE if you give someone a rubdown, you rub their body to make them relaxed, especially after exercise:   massage//\n  2 if you give a surface a rubdown, you rub it to make it smooth or clean:    rub down at rub1 //


Words: rube
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Rube male name, from  Reuben]//   AmE  informal someone, usually from the country, who has no experience of other places and thinks in a simple way - used to show disapproval//


Words: rubella
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin rubellus  ’reddish’, from  ruber  ’red’]//   medical an infectious disease that causes red spots on your body, and can damage an unborn child//   German measles//


Words: Rubens
Meaning:
Peter Paul   (1577-1640) a Flemish artist, one of the greatest European painters, who produced several thousand paintings, especially based on religious subjects and scenes from ancient Greek and Roman stories. The women in his paintings usually have attractively large, rather fat bodies, and a woman who looks like this is sometimes called Rubenesque or is compared to a Rubens painting.//


Words: Rubicon
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: Rubico river in northern Italy which Julius Caesar crossed in 49BC, setting off a civil war]//  cross the Rubicon//  to do something that will have extremely important effects in the future and that you cannot change//


Words: rubicund
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: rubicundus, from  rubere  ’to be red’]//  someone who is rubicund is fat and has a red face//


Words: rubric
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: rubrique  ’words written in red’, from  Latin rubrica, from  ruber  ’red’]//\n  1  formal a set of instructions or an explanation in a book, examination paper etc:\n  2 a title under which particular things are mentioned or discussed:  --The names were listed under the rubric ’Contributors’.//


Words: Ruby
Meaning:
Jack   (1911-67) the man who killed Lee Harvey Oswald two days after Oswald was charged with killing President John F. Kennedy. Some people believed that these actions were part of a  conspiracy (=secret plan)  to kill the President, and that Ruby shot Oswald to prevent him from giving any information about it.//


Words: ruby
Meaning:
n   plural  rubies //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: rubis,  rubi, from  Latin rubeus  ’reddish’]//\n  1 [C] a red jewel:\n  2  also ruby red :   [U] a dark red colour//  -- ruby adj //


Words: ruched
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: ruche  ’decorative piece of cloth’, from  Medieval Latin rusca  ’bark of a tree’]//  a ruched curtain or piece of clothing has parts of it gathered together so that it has folds in it//


