# dict

Words: steady state theory
Meaning:
n [singular]  technical   the idea that things in space have always existed and have always been moving away from each other as new atoms begin to exist//    big bang theory//


Words: steak
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old Norse; Origin: steik]//\n  1 [U and C] good quality beef, or a large thick piece of any good quality red meat:\n  2  cod/salmon/tuna etc steak:  a large thick piece of fish//\n  3 [U]  BrE  beef that is not of very good quality and is used in making casseroles etc:


Words: steak tartare
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  tartare from  French,  ’Tartar’]//  steak that is cut into very small pieces and eaten raw, usually with a raw egg//


Words: steal
Meaning:
W3S3   v   past tense  stole /st[hA353][hA35E]l $ sto[hA35E]l/past participle  stolen /st[hA353][hA35E]l[hA353]n $ sto[hA35E]-///  ----------//\n   1 take something:\n   2 use ideas:\n   3 move somewhere:\n   4 steal the show/limelight/scene:\n   5 steal a look/glance etc:\n   6 sport:\n   7 steal a kiss:\n   8 steal a march on somebody:\n   9 steal somebody’s thunder:\n  10 steal somebody’s heart:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stelan]//\n  1 TAKE SOMETHING:   [I and T] to take something that belongs to someone else//  --Boys broke into a shop and stole [hA124]45 in cash.//  steal from//  --He stole money from his parents.//  steal sth from sb//  --He’d stolen the flowers from our garden.//\n  2 USE IDEAS:   [I and T] to use someone else’s ideas without getting permission or without admitting that they are not your own ideas//   pinch//  --Inventors know that someone is always going to try to steal their designs.//  steal sth from sb//  --A well-known scientist was accused of stealing his former student’s ideas.//\n  3 MOVE SOMEWHERE:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move quietly without anyone noticing you//   creep//  steal into/across etc//  --He dressed quietly and stole out of the house.//\n  4  steal the show/limelight/scene:  to do something, especially when you are acting in a play, that makes people pay more attention to you than to other people//  --Elwood stole the show with a marvellous performance.//\n  5  steal a look/glance etc:  to look at someone or something quickly and secretly//\n  6 SPORT:  a)  [I and T] to run to the next base before someone hits the ball in the sport of baseball//  b)  [T] to suddenly take control of the ball, puck etc, when the other team had previously had control of it, for example in basketball or ice hockey//  --Roy steals the ball four times in the first half.//\n  7  steal a kiss:  to kiss someone quickly when they are not expecting it//\n  8  steal a march on sb:  to gain an advantage over someone by doing something that they had planned to do before them//  --He was afraid another scholar was going to steal a march on him and publish first.//\n  9  steal sb’s thunder:  to get the success and praise someone else should have got, by doing what they had intended to do//\n  10  steal sb’s heart:   literary to make someone fall in love with you//    beg, borrow, or steal at beg(8)//\nsteal 2 n [C] \n  1  be a steal:   informal to be very cheap//  --an excellent seafood dish that is a steal at $8.25//\n  2 the act of suddenly taking control of the ball when the other team had previously had control of it, especially in basketball:  --Johnson had ten points and a steal in the first half.//\n  3 the act of running to the next base before someone hits the ball in the sport of baseball:


Words: stealth
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  From an unrecorded  Old English st[zB024]lth  ’stealing’]//\n  1 when you do something very quietly, slowly, or secretly, so that no one notices you:  --Cats rely on stealth to catch their prey.//\n  2  also  Stealth:  a system of making military aircraft that cannot be discovered by radar instruments//  stealth bomber/aircraft/fighter etc (=a plane made using this system) //


Words: stealth tax
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   an extra tax or charge that a government introduces in such a way that people do not realize that they are paying more money - used to show disapproval//


Words: stealthy
Meaning:
adj   moving or doing something quietly and secretly//  --the stealthy approach of the soldiers//  -- stealthily adv //


Words: steam
Meaning:
W3   n [U]   ----------//\n   1 gas:\n   2 mist on  surface:\n   3 power:\n   4 let/blow off steam:\n   5 get/pick/build up steam:\n   6 run out of steam:\n   7 under your own steam:\n   8 railway:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 GAS:  the hot mist that water produces when it is boiled//  -- Steam rose from the hot tub.//\n  2 MIST ON  SURFACE:  the mist that forms on windows, mirrors etc when warm wet air suddenly becomes cold//\n  3 POWER:  power that is produced by boiling water to make steam, in order to make things work or move//  --The engines are driven by steam.//  steam engine/train/hammer etc (=an engine etc that works by steam power) //\n  4  let/blow off steam:  to get rid of your anger, excitement, or energy in a way that does not harm anyone by doing something active//\n  5  get/pick/build up steam:   also gather/gain steam //  a) if an engine picks up steam, it gradually starts to go faster//  b) if plans, beliefs etc pick up steam, they gradually become more important and more people become interested in them//  --The election campaign is picking up steam.//\n  6  run out of steam:   also lose steam //  to no longer have the energy or the desire to continue doing something, especially because you are tired//  --I usually just let her yell until she runs out of steam.//\n  7  under your own steam:  if you go somewhere under your own steam, you get there without help from anyone else//  --I’ll get to the restaurant under my own steam.//\n  8 RAILWAY:  a railway system in which the trains use steam for power//  --the age of steam//    full steam ahead at full1 (18)//\nsteam 2 v \n  1 [I] if something steams, steam rises from it, especially because it is hot:  -- steaming hot soup//\n  2 [T] to cook something in steam:    boil//  --Steam the vegetables lightly.//  --steamed broccoli//\n  3 [I always + adverb/preposition] to travel somewhere in a boat or train that uses steam to produce power:  steam into/from etc//  --We steamed from port to port.//\n  4 [I]  especially BrE to go somewhere very quickly:  steam in/down//  --Geoff steamed in ten minutes late.//\n  5  be steaming (mad):   also be steamed (up) //   AmE  spoken to be very angry//  steam ahead phr v//  to start doing something very quickly//  --The company is steaming ahead with its investment programme.//  steam open/off [steam sth → open/off] phr v//  to use steam to open an envelope or to remove a stamp from an envelope//  steam up phr v//  to cover something with steam, or to become covered with steam//  --My glasses are all steamed up.//  steam sth → up//  --A pan was boiling on the stove, steaming up the windows.//    steamed-up//


Words: steamed-up
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]    informal excited and angry or worried//  --Don’t get so steamed-up about it - it’s not really important.//


Words: steaming
Meaning:
adv \n  1  steaming hot:  very hot//  --It was a steaming hot day.//\n  2 very drunk - used in Scotland and Northern England:


Words: steamroller
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a heavy vehicle with very wide wheels that is driven over road surfaces to make them flat:\n  2 someone who uses their power and influence to make sure that something happens the way they want it to:\nsteamroller 2 v [T]    informal to make sure something happens by using all your power and influence, or to defeat your opponents badly//  --He steamrollered the bill through Parliament against fierce opposition.//


Words: steamy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 full of steam or covered in steam:  --steamy windows//\n  2 sexually exciting and slightly shocking:  --a steamy love scene//\n  3 a steamy day or steamy weather feels hot and humid:


Words: steel
Meaning:
W3S2   n   [Language: Old English; Origin: style,  stele]//\n  1 [U] strong metal that can be shaped easily, consisting of iron and carbon:  --a steel bridge//  -- stainless steel knives (=steel that does not change colour) //\n  2 [U] the industry that makes steel:  --Sheffield is a major steel town.//  --steel workers//\n  3  nerves of steel:  the ability to be brave and calm in a dangerous or difficult situation//\n  4 [C] a thin bar of steel used for making knives sharp:\nsteel 2 v [T]   steel yourself//  to prepare yourself to do something that you know will be unpleasant or upsetting//  steel yourself to do sth//  --He steeled himself not to look away.//


Words: steel drum
Meaning:
n [C]   a type of drum from the West Indies, made from oil barrels, which you hit in different areas to produce different musical sounds//


Words: steel guitar
Meaning:
also pedal steel guitar  n [C]   a musical instrument with ten strings that is played using a steel bar and a pedal (=a bar you press with your foot) //


Words: steel wool
Meaning:
n [U]   a rough material made of fine steel threads, that is used to make surfaces smooth, remove paint etc//    wire wool//


Words: Steele
Meaning:
Sir Richard   (1672-1729) an Irish writer who started the magazine  The Tatler. His friend Joseph  Addison also wrote articles for it.//


Words: steely
Meaning:
adj \n  1 extremely determined and very strong:  --a look of steely determination //\n  2 if someone has steely eyes or is steely-eyed, they look very determined:\n  3 having a grey colour like steel:  --a steely sky//


Words: steep
Meaning:
S3   adj   comparative  steeper superlative  steepest //  [Language: Old English; Origin: steap  ’high, steep, deep’]//\n  1 a road, hill etc that is steep slopes at a high angle:  --The road became rocky and steep.//  --a steep climb to the top//\n  2 steep prices, charges etc are unusually expensive:  → low//  --steep rents//\n  3 involving a big increase or decrease:  --steep cuts in benefits//  steep increase/rise //  --a steep increase in house prices//  steep decrease/drop //  --a steep drop in orders//  -- steeply adv //  -- steepness n  [U] //\nsteep 2 v [I and T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From an unrecorded  Old English stiepan]//\n  1  be steeped in history/tradition/politics etc:  to have a lot of a particular quality//  --a town steeped in history//\n  2 to put food in a liquid and leave it there, so that it becomes soft or has the same taste as the liquid, or so that it gives the liquid its taste:  --Leave the tea bag to steep.//


Words: steeple
Meaning:
n [C]   spire, cross//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stepel  ’tower’]//  a tall pointed tower on the roof of a church//


Words: steeplechase
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: steeplechase  ’horse race across country toward a steeple’ (18-19 centuries)]//\n  1 a long race in which horses jump over gates, water etc:\n  2 a long race in which people run and jump over fences, water etc:


Words: steeplejack
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: steeple +  jack  ’man, worker’ (16-20 centuries) (from  Jack;   JACK1)]//  someone whose work is repairing towers, tall chimneys etc//


Words: steer
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 car/boat etc:\n   2 change somebody/something:\n   3 be in charge of:\n   4 guide somebody to a place:\n   5 steer clear (of somebody/something):\n   6 steer a course:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stieran]//\n  1 CAR/BOAT ETC:   [I and T] to control the direction a vehicle is going, for example by turning a wheel//  --He was steering with only one hand.//  steer for/towards etc//  --Steer toward the left.//\n  2 CHANGE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING:   [T] to guide someone’s behaviour or the way a situation develops//  steer sb towards/away from/through etc sth//  --Teachers try to steer pupils away from drugs.//  --Helen tried to steer the conversation away from herself.//\n  3 BE IN CHARGE OF:   [T always + adverb/preposition] to be in charge of an organization, team etc and make decisions that help it to be successful, especially during a difficult time//  steer sth through/to etc sth//  --McKinney steered the company through the recession.//\n  4 GUIDE SOMEBODY TO A PLACE:   [T] to guide someone to a place, especially while touching them//  steer sb towards/to etc sth//  --Joel steered Don and Louise towards the backyard.//\n  5  steer clear (of sb/sth):   informal to avoid someone or something unpleasant or difficult//  --Jo tried to steer clear of political issues.//\n  6  steer a course:  to choose a particular way of doing something//  --Managers were allowed to steer their own course.//  --The government chose to steer a middle course between the two strategies (=chose a strategy that was not extreme) .//\nsteer 2 n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: steor]//  a young male cow whose sex organs have been removed//    bullock, heifer//


Words: steerage
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: steerage  ’steering (place)’ (15-21 centuries); because this part of the ship was next to the rudder]//  the part of a passenger ship where people who had the cheapest tickets used to travel in the past//


Words: Steerpike
Meaning:
a character in the novel  Gormenghast by Mervyn  Peake, who only wants power and will do anything to get what he wants //


Words: Steffens
Meaning:
Lincoln   (1866-1936) a US newspaper writer who had a special interest in  corruption (=dishonest behaviour by people in official positions) . He is famous especially for his magazine articles about crime and dishonesty in city governments, some of which also appear in his book  The Shame of the Cities.//


Words: stein
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: steinkrug  ’stone jug’]//  a tall cup for drinking beer, often decorated and with a lid//


Words: Steinbeck
Meaning:
John   (1902-68) a US writer whose novels, including  The Grapes of Wrath,  East of Eden, and  Of Mice and Men show great sympathy for poor people and their problems. He is one of the most popular and admired US writers of the 20th century, and he won the  Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962.//


Words: Steinem
Meaning:
Gloria   (1934- ) a US writer and  feminist who was a leading member of the  women’s movement in the 1960s, and started the magazine called  Ms.//


Words: Steiner
Meaning:
Rudolf   (1861-1925) an Austrian  philosopher who believed that human beings can be trained to develop their  spiritual powers. He developed his own system for educating children, and started schools, called Steiner schools or Waldorf schools, that use his educational methods.//


Words: Steinway
Meaning:
trademark   a type of piano of very good quality, made by a company that was established in New York by Henry Steinway in the 19th century//


Words: stellar
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: stellaris, from  Latin stella  ’star’]//\n  1 relating to the stars:    interstellar//\n  2  especially AmE extremely good:  --the company’s stellar growth//  --McKellen gave a stellar performance .//\n  3  go stellar:   BrE  informal if a  pop band, actor etc goes stellar, they become very popular and famous//  --There’s a stand-up comedian, and my sources tell me he is about to go stellar.//


Words: stem
Meaning:
n [C]   leaf, petal, stem, stalk//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stefn,  stemn]//\n  1 the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers, or fruit grow:   stalk//\n  2 the long thin part of a wine glass, vase etc, between the base and the wide top:\n  3 the narrow tube of a pipe used to smoke tobacco:\n  4  long-stemmed/short-stemmed etc:  having a long stem, a short stem etc//  --long-stemmed wine glasses//\n  5 the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it, for example ’driv-’ in ’driving’:\nstem 2   past tense and past participle  stemmed present participle  stemming  v [T] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old Norse; Origin: stemma. stem from  1900-2000 From   STEM1]//\n  1 to stop something from happening, spreading, or developing:  stem the tide/flow/flood of sth //  --The measures are meant to stem the tide of illegal immigration.//  stem the growth/rise/decline etc //  --an attempt to stem the decline in profits//\n  2  formal to stop the flow of a liquid:  --A tight bandage should stem the bleeding.//  stem from [stem from sth] phr v//  to develop as a result of something else//  --His headaches stemmed from vision problems.//


Words: stem cell
Meaning:
n [C]  technical   a special type of cell in the body that can divide in order to form other types of cells that have particular qualities or purposes//


Words: stench
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stenc]//\n  1 a very strong bad smell:   stink//  --the stench of urine//\n  2 something unpleasant that makes you believe that something very bad and dishonest is happening:  stench of//  --a government filled with the stench of corruption//


Words: stencil
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a piece of plastic, metal, or paper in which designs or letters have been cut out, that you put over a surface and paint over, so that the design is left on the surface:\n  2 a design made on something using a stencil:\nstencil 2   past tense and past participle  stencilled present participle  stencilling  BrE  stenciled  stenciling  AmE  v [T] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Old French; Origin: estanceler  ’to decorate with shiny colors’, from  estancele  ’spark’, from  Latin scintilla;   SCINTILLA]//  to make a design, letters etc using a stencil//


Words: Stendhal
Meaning:
(1783-1842) a French writer whose best-known books are  Le Rouge et le Noir  and La Chartreuse de Parme//


Words: steno
Meaning:
n   plural  stenos  informal //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: stenographer and  stenography]//\n  1 [C] a short form of stenographer:\n  2 [U] a short form of stenography:


Words: stenographer
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  or  BrE  old-fashioned   someone whose job is to write down what someone else is saying, using stenography, and then type a copy of it//


Words: stenography
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Greek; Origin: stenos  ’narrow’ +  English -graphy]//   AmE  or  BrE  old-fashioned a fast way of writing in which you use special signs or short forms of words, used especially to record what someone is saying//   shorthand//


Words: stentorian
Meaning:
adj  literary   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Stentor man with a very loud voice in an ancient Greek story]//  a stentorian voice is very loud and powerful//


Words: step
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 movement:\n   2 action:\n   3 in a process:\n   4 stair:\n   5 distance:\n   6 sound:\n   7 dancing:\n   8 in step:\n   9 out of step:\n  10 watch your step:\n  11 fall into step (with somebody):\n  12 be/keep/stay one step ahead (of somebody):\n  13 way somebody walks:\n  14 steps:\n  15 exercise:\n  16 music:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: st[zB024]pe]//\n  1 MOVEMENT:   [C] the movement you make when you put one foot in front of or behind the other when walking//  --a video of baby’s first steps//  --He took one step and fell.//  step back/forwards/towards etc//  --Tom took a step back and held the door open.//  --I had to retrace my steps  (=go back the way I came) several times before I found the shop.//\n  2 ACTION:   [C] one of a series of things that you do in order to deal with a problem or to succeed//  step in (doing) sth//  --This is the first step in reforming the welfare system.//  step towards//  --an important step towards peace//  --The president took immediate steps to stop the fighting.//  (major/big/great) step forward (=an action that makes things better) //  --The discovery of penicillin was a major step forward in the treatment of infections.//  --Many teachers see an emphasis on written tests as a step backwards  (=an action that makes things worse) .//  --Environmentalists call the change a step in the right direction  (=a good thing to do) .//\n  3 IN A PROCESS:   [C] a stage in a process, or a position on a scale//  --Each book goes up one step in difficulty.//  --Record your result, and go on to step 3.//  step in//  --the next step in the process//  --Drug companies influence the scientific process every step of the way  (=during every stage) .//  --Describe step by step  (=describing each stage) how you went about achieving your goal.//  --Moving to Cottage Grove represented a definite step up  (=something that is better than you had before) for my parents.//  --He saw the job as a step down  (=something that is worse than you had before) .//  banister, stair, step//\n  4 STAIR:   [C] a flat narrow piece of wood or stone, especially one in a series, that you put your foot on when you are going up or down, especially outside a building//  --Jenny sat on the step in front of the house, waiting.//  --He climbed the wooden steps and rang the bell.//  --a flight of  (=set of) broad stone steps //\n  5 DISTANCE:   [C] the short distance you move when you take a step while walking//   pace//  --Roy was standing only a few steps away.//\n  6 SOUND:   [C] the sound you make when you put your foot down while walking//   footstep//  --I heard a step in the corridor.//\n  7 DANCING:   [C] a movement of your feet in dancing//  --the steps for the Charleston//\n  8  in step:  a) having ideas or actions that are like those of other people//  in step with//  --He isn’t in step with ordinary voters.//  b) moving your feet so that your right foot goes forward at the same time as people you are walking with//\n  9  out of step:  a) having ideas or actions that are different from those of other people//  out of step with//  --This type of training is out of step with changes in the industry.//  b) moving your feet in a different way from people you are walking with//\n  10  watch your step:   also mind your step  BrE //  a) to be careful about what you say or how you behave//  --You’d better watch your step - he’s the boss here.//  b) to be careful when you are walking//  --Mind your step - the railing’s loose.//\n  11  fall into step (with sb):  a) to start walking beside someone at the same speed as them//  --Maggie fell into step beside her.//  b) to start thinking or doing the same as other people//  --The administration has fallen into step with its European allies on this issue.//\n  12  be/keep/stay one step ahead (of sb):  a) to be better prepared for something or know more about something than someone else//  --A good teacher is always at least one step ahead of his students.//  b) to manage not to be caught by someone who is trying to find or catch you//\n  13 WAY SOMEBODY WALKS:   [C usually singular] the way someone walks, which often tells you how they are feeling//  --Gianni’s usual bouncy step//\n  14  steps [plural]  BrE a stepladder:\n  15 EXERCISE:   [U] a type of exercise you do by walking onto and off a flat piece of equipment around 15-30 centimetres high//  --a step class//\n  16 MUSIC:   [C]  AmE the difference in pitch between two musical notes that are separated by one key on the piano//  British Equivalent:  tone//\nstep 2 W3   past tense and past participle  stepped present participle  stepping  v [I always + adverb/preposition] //\n  1 to raise one foot and put it down in front of or behind the other one in order to walk or move:  step forward/back/down/into etc//  --He stepped back to let me through.//  --I stepped outside and closed the door.//  --Mr. Ives? Please step this way  (=walk in the direction I am showing you) .//\n  2 to bring your foot down on something:  British Equivalent:  tread//  step in/on etc//  --I accidentally stepped in a puddle.//  --You’re stepping on my foot.//\n  3  step on sb’s toes:  to offend or upset someone, especially by trying to do their work//  --I’m not worried about stepping on anybody’s toes.//\n  4  step out of line:  to behave badly by breaking rules or disobeying orders//\n  5  step on it:   also step on the gas  AmE //   spoken to drive faster//    step into the breach at breach1 (7)//  step down phr v//  to leave your job or official position, because you want to or because you think you should//  --Morris should step aside until the investigation is completed.//  step down as//  --Eve Johnson has stepped down as chairperson.//  step down from//  --He was forced to step down from his post.//  step forward phr v//  to come and offer help, information etc//  --Police are appealing for witnesses to step forward.//  step in phr v//  to become involved in an activity, discussion, or disagreement, sometimes in order to stop trouble//   intervene//  --The military may step in if the crisis continues.//  --Parents have stepped in to provide homework help in the afternoon program.//  step into [step into sth] phr v//  to start doing something, or become involved in a situation//  --Sally stepped into the role of team leader.//  step out phr v//  to leave your home or office for a short time//  British Equivalent:  pop out//  --She’s just stepped out for a few minutes.//  step up [step sth → up] phr v//  to increase the amount of an activity or the speed of a process in order to improve a situation//  --The health department is stepping up efforts to reduce teenage smoking.//  --stepped-up security at airports//


Words: step aerobics
Meaning:
n [U]   a type of physical exercise in which you step on and off a small raised platform while doing movements with the upper part of your body//


Words: step change
Meaning:
n [singular]  BrE   a big and important change in an organization or in society//  step change in//  --The new law marks a step change in our programme for reforming public services.//


Words: step-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Old English; Origin: steop-]//  used to show that someone is related to you not by birth but because a parent has married again//  --her stepdad//  --the problems of stepfamilies//


Words: step-by-step
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a step-by-step plan, method etc explains or does something carefully and in a particular order//  step-by-step guide/approach/instructions etc //  --a step-by-step guide to making it in the music business//  -- step by step adv //  -- Take each lesson step by step .//


Words: Stepford Wives
Meaning:
The   (1975) a  horror film based on a book by Ira Levin, about a group of married women in a US village whose husbands secretly replace them with  robots. The robots look exactly like the women, but they are designed to be interested only in cooking, cleaning their houses, and pleasing their husbands in every way. The phrase is sometimes used to describe women who behave in this way.//


Words: Stephenson
Meaning:
George   (1781-1848) a British engineer who developed the first steam-powered railway engine. He also built the first public railway to carry passengers in 1825 (the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northern England). His most famous steam train was called  The Rocket.//\n Robert   (1803-59) a British engineer, the son of George Stephenson. He continued his father’s work on the development of the steam train, and also built bridges, including the railway bridge over the  Menai Straits in North Wales.//


Words: stepladder
Meaning:
n [C]   a ladder which has two sloping parts that are joined at the top so that it can stand without support, and which can be folded flat//


Words: steppe
Meaning:
n [U and C]  also  the steppes  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Russian; Origin: step]//  a large area of land without trees, especially in Russia, Asia, and eastern Europe//


Words: stepping-stone
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 something that helps you to progress towards achieving something:  stepping-stone to/toward(s)//  --The course will be a stepping stone to another career.//\n  2  stepping stones [plural] a row of large flat stones that you walk on to get across a stream:


Words: stereo
Meaning:
S3   n   plural  stereos //  1  also stereo system //   [C] a machine for playing records, CDs etc that produces sound from two speakers//  --a stereo with good speakers//  on a stereo//  --He was listening to the Beatles on the car stereo.//\n  2  in stereo:  if sound is played or broadcast in stereo, it is directed through two speakers//    personal stereo//\nstereo 2  also stereophonic   adj   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: stereophonic  (1900-2000), from  Greek stereos  ’solid’ +  English phonic]//  using a recording or broadcasting system in which the sound is directed through two speakers//    mono, quadraphonic//  --stereo equipment//


Words: stereoscopic
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: stereos (  STEREO2) +  English -scopic (as in  telescopic)]//\n  1 a stereoscopic picture, photograph etc appears solid when you look at it through a special machine:\n  2  technical able to see the length, width, and depth of objects:  -- stereoscopic vision //


Words: stereotype
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: French; Origin: stereotype, from  Greek stereos (  STEREO2) +  French type]//  a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. Stereotypes are often unfair or untrue//  racial/sexual/cultural etc stereotype //  -- racist stereotypes in the media//  stereotype of//  --women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother//  stereotype about//  --stereotypes about the elderly//  -- stereotypical/steri[hA353]t[hA366]p[hA366]k[hA368]l, st[hA366][hA353]r- $ ster-, st[hA366]r-/ adj //  --the stereotypical Californian - tall, fit, and tanned//  -- stereotypically/-kli/ adv //\nstereotype 2 v [T usually passive]   to decide unfairly that a type of person has particular qualities or abilities because they belong to a particular race, sex, or social class//  stereotype sb as sth//  --Homeless people are stereotyped as alcoholics or addicts.//  -- stereotyping n  [U] //  -- stereotyped adj //


Words: sterile
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: sterilis]//\n  1 a person or animal that is sterile cannot produce babies:   infertile//  → fertile//  make/render/leave sb sterile //  --Radiotherapy has left her permanently sterile.//\n  2 completely clean and not containing any bacteria that might cause infection:  sterile equipment/water/bandages etc //  --Rinse the eye with sterile water.//\n  3 lacking new ideas, interest, or imagination:  sterile argument/debate etc //  --the increasingly sterile debate on political reform//\n  4 a sterile building, room etc is not interesting or attractive and is often very plain:  --The classrooms are sterile, with no artwork on the walls.//\n  5 sterile land cannot be used to grow crops:  -- sterility/st[hA353]r[hA366]l[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: sterilize
Meaning:
also  sterilise BrE   v [T] \n  1 to make something completely clean by killing any bacteria in it:  --Sterilize the bottles with boiling water.//  --sterilized milk//  --sterilizing solution//\n  2 if a person or animal is sterilized, they have an operation to stop them producing babies:  -- sterilizer n  [C] //  --an electric sterilizer//  -- sterilization/ster[hA369]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -l[hA353]-/ n  [U and C] //


Words: sterling
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: sterling  ’silver penny’ (13-19 centuries), probably from an unrecorded  Old English steorling  ’coin with a star on it’, from  steorra;   STAR1]//\n  1  also  Sterling:  the standard unit of money in the United Kingdom, based on the pound//\n  2  also  sterling silver:  silver that is at least 92% pure//\nsterling 2 adj [only before noun]   very good//  --Ella has done some sterling work.//  --He has sterling qualities.//


Words: stern
Meaning:
adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: styrne]//\n  1 serious and strict, and showing strong disapproval of someone’s behaviour:  --sterner penalties for drug offences//  stern look/voice/expression etc //  --’Wait!’ I shouted in my sternest voice.//  stern warning/rebuke //  --His actions have earned him stern rebukes from human-rights organizations.//\n  2  be made of sterner stuff:  to have a strong character and be more determined than other people to succeed in a difficult situation//  --Ann, made of sterner stuff than I, refused all offers of help.//  -- sternly adv //  -- sternness n  [U] //\nstern 2 n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from  Old Norse stjorn  ’steering’]//  the back of a ship//    bow//


Words: Sterne
Meaning:
Laurence   (1713-68) an Irish writer whose best-known work is his humorous novel  Tristram Shandy, one of the earliest novels in English. His style influenced later writers who used the  stream of consciousness method.//


Words: sternum
Meaning:
n   plural  sternums  or  sterna /-n[hA353]/ [C]  technical //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek sternon  ’chest’]//  a breastbone//


Words: steroid
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: sterol type of alcohol  (20-21 centuries) (from  cholesterol) +  -oid]//\n  1 a chemical that the body produces naturally or that can be made as a drug to treat illness and injuries. Steroids are sometimes used illegally by people doing sports to improve their performance:  on steroids//  --a bodybuilder on steroids//\n  2  sth on steroids:   AmE  informal used to say that something is much bigger, stronger, more impressive etc than something else that is similar to it - used humorously//  --They sell cinnamon rolls on steroids.//


Words: stethoscope
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: stethoscope, from  Greek stethos  ’chest’ +  French -scope]//  an instrument that a doctor uses to listen to your heart or breathing//


Words: Stetson
Meaning:
n  trademark  [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  John B.  Stetson (1830-1906), U.S. hatmaker]//  a tall hat with a wide brim (=edge) , worn especially in the American West//


Words: stevedore
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Spanish; Origin: estibador, from  estibar  ’to pack’, from  Latin stipare  ’to press together’]//  someone whose job is loading and unloading ships//


Words: Stevens
Meaning:
Thaddeus   (1792-1868) a US politician in the  Republican Party who was strongly opposed to  slavery and was an important supporter of the programme of  Reconstruction after the American  Civil War//\n Wallace   (1879-1955) a US poet whose collections of poems include  Harmonium  and The Man with the Blue Guitar//


Words: Stevenson
Meaning:
Adlai   (1900-65) a US politician in the Democratic Party who competed in the elections for President in 1952 and 1956, but was beaten by  Eisenhower both times. He helped to establish the  UN (=United Nations)  in 1946, and was the US  delegate (=elected representative)  to the UN from 1961 to 1965.//\n Robert Louis   (1850-94) a Scottish writer whose books  Treasure Island and  Kidnapped are among the best-known adventure stories in English. He also wrote  The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde//


Words: stew
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estuve  ’cooking pot, heated room’, from  Vulgar Latin extufa;   STOVE1]//\n  1 [U and C] a hot meal made by cooking meat and vegetables slowly in liquid for a long time:   casserole//  --a pot of stew//  --beef stew//\n  2  in a stew:   informal confused or worried about a difficult situation you are in//\nstew 2 v \n  1 [T] to cook something slowly in liquid:  --stewed apples//\n  2 [I]  informal  also stew in your own juice  BrE to worry or become angry because of something bad that has happened or a mistake you have made:  --She just sat there stewing in her own juice.//


Words: steward
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stiweard  ’hall-guard’, from  sti (  STY) +  weard (  WARD1)]//\n  1 a man whose job is to serve food and drinks to passengers on a plane or ship:    flight attendant//\n  2 someone who is in charge of a horse race, meeting, or other public event:  --race stewards//\n  3 someone who protects something or is responsible for it, especially something such as nature, public property, or money:  steward of//  --Kissinger was now chief steward of US foreign policy.//\n  4 a man whose job is to manage a large property, such as a farm:    shop steward//


Words: stewardess
Meaning:
n [C]   a woman whose job is to serve food and drinks to passengers on a plane or ship//    flight attendant//


Words: stewardship
Meaning:
n [U]   someone’s stewardship of something is the way that they control or protect it//  stewardship of//  --Some critics have doubts about his stewardship of the nation.//  under sb’s stewardship//  --The farm was quite a different place under Mom’s stewardship.//


Words: Stewart
Meaning:
James   (1908-97) a very popular US film actor, who had a soft, slow way of speaking and was known for often playing very ordinary, honest characters. His many films include  Mr Smith goes to Washington (1939) and  It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), and he also acted in several films by the director Alfred  Hitchcock, including  Rear Window.//


Words: stewed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [not before noun]  informal  old-fashioned drunk:\n  2  BrE tea that is stewed tastes unpleasantly strong because it has been left in the pot too long:


Words: stick
Meaning:
W3S3   v   past tense and past participle  stuck /st[hA356]k///  ----------//\n   1 attach:\n   2 push in:\n   3 put:\n   4 move part of body:\n   5 difficult to move:\n   6 stick in somebody’s mind:\n   7 make something stick:\n   8 name:\n   9 somebody can stick something:\n  10 stay in bad situation:\n  11 stick in somebody’s throat/gullet:\n  12 stick in somebody’s throat:\n  13 stick to somebody’s ribs:  Phrasal verbs//   stick around//   stick at something//   stick by somebody/something//   stick out//   stick out for something//   stick to something//   stick together//   stick up//   stick up for somebody//   stick with something/somebody//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stician]//\n  1 ATTACH:   [I and T] to attach something to something else using a substance, or to become attached to a surface//  stick sth on/to/in etc sth//  --Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.//  stick to/together//  --I could feel my shirt sticking to my back.//  --The oil keeps the pasta from sticking together.//  --This stamp won’t stick properly.//\n  2 PUSH IN:   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] if a pointed object sticks into something, or if you stick it there, it is pushed into it//  stick (sth) in/into/through sth//  --pins stuck in a notice board//  --The boy stuck his finger up his nose.//\n  3 PUT:   [T always + adverb/preposition]  informal to put something somewhere quickly and without much care//   bung//  --Just stick it in the microwave for a few minutes.//  --The cards had been stuck through the letterbox.//\n  4 MOVE PART OF BODY:   [T always + adverb/preposition] if you stick a part of your body somewhere, you put it in a position where other people can see it//   put//  --Clara stuck her head around the door to see who was there.//  --The baby stuck his legs in the air.//  --Don’t stick your tongue out , it’s rude!//\n  5 DIFFICULT TO MOVE:   [I] if something sticks, it becomes fixed in one position and is difficult to move//  --This door keeps sticking.//  --The wheels stuck fast  (=stuck completely) in the mud.//\n  6  stick in sb’s mind:  if something sticks in your mind, you remember it well because it is unusual or interesting//  --It’s the kind of name that sticks in your mind.//\n  7  make sth stick:   informal //  a) to prove that something is true//  --Is there enough evidence to make the charges stick ?//  b) to make a change become permanent//  --The government has succeeded in making this policy stick.//\n  8 NAME:   [I] if a name that someone has invented sticks, people continue using it//  --One newspaper dubbed him ’Eddie the Eagle’, and the name stuck.//\n  9  sb can stick sth:   spoken used to say angrily that you do not want what someone is offering you//  --I told them they could stick their job.//\n  10 STAY IN BAD SITUATION:   [T]  BrE  spoken to continue to accept a situation or person, even though you do not like them//   stand//  --I can’t stick mum’s new boyfriend.//  can’t stick doing sth//  --Gerry can’t stick working for Featherstone’s any longer.//  --I don’t know how you stick it .//\n  11  stick in sb’s throat/gullet:   BrE stick in sb’s craw  AmE if a situation or someone’s behaviour sticks in your throat, it is so annoying that you cannot accept it//  --Her criticism really stuck in my craw.//\n  12  stick in sb’s throat:  if words stick in your throat, you are unable to say them because you are afraid or upset//\n  13  stick to sb’s ribs:   informal food that sticks to your ribs is very satisfying, so you are not hungry after you have eaten//    stuck,  stick/poke your nose into sth at nose1 (3)//  stick around phr v//  to stay in a place a little longer, waiting for something to happen//  --Perhaps you’d like to stick around and watch?//  --Tom will be sticking around for a while.//  stick at [stick at sth] phr v//\n  1 to continue doing something in a determined way in order to achieve something:  --Revising with your friends may help you stick at it .//\n  2  stick at nothing:   informal to be willing to do anything, even if it is illegal, in order to achieve something//  stick at nothing to do sth//  --He will stick at nothing to make money.//  stick by / [stick by sb/sth] phr v//\n  1 to remain loyal to a friend when they have done something wrong or have problems:  --I love him and whatever happens I’ll stick by him.//  --Jean has stuck by her husband through thick and thin .//\n  2 to do what you promised or decided to do:  stick by a decision/promise etc //  --He has stuck by his radical plans for economic reform.//  stick out phr v//\n  1 if something sticks out, you notice it because part of it comes out further than the rest of a surface:  --The children were so thin their ribs stuck out.//  stick out of/from/through etc//  --Paul’s legs were sticking out from under the car.//\n  2  stick it out:  to continue doing something that is difficult, painful, or boring//  --It wasn’t a happy period of his life, but he stuck it out.//\n  3  stick your neck out:   informal to risk giving your opinion about something, even though you may be wrong or other people may disagree with you//  --I’m going to stick my neck out with some predictions for the next two years.//\n  4  stick out to sb/stick out in sb’s mind:  to seem more important to someone than other people or things//  --The thing that sticks out to me is that they need more help than they’re getting.//    stick/stand out a mile at mile(5)//    stick out like a sore thumb at sore1 (6)//  stick out for [stick out for sth] phr v//  to refuse to accept less than what you asked for//   hold out for//  --They offered him [hA124]250 but Vic stuck out for [hA124]500.//  stick to [stick to sth] phr v//\n  1 to do or keep doing what you said you would do or what you believe in, even when it is difficult:   keep to//  --Have you been sticking to your diet?//  stick to your decision/principles etc //  --Miguel was determined to stick to his decision.//  --It looks as if Nick will stick to his word this time.//\n  2 to keep using or doing one particular thing and not change to anything else:  --If you’re driving, stick to soft drinks.//  stick to doing sth//  --Reporters should stick to investigating the facts.//\n  3  stick to your guns:   informal to refuse to change your mind about something, even though other people are trying to persuade you that you are wrong//  --Having made up his mind, he stuck to his guns.//\n  4  stick to the point/subject/facts:  to talk only about what you are supposed to be talking about or what is certain//  --Never mind whose fault it was. Just stick to the facts.//\n  5  stick to the rules:   informal to do something exactly according to the rules//\n  6  stick to the path/road etc:  to stay on a marked path or road so that you do not get lost//\n  7  stick to the/your story:   spoken to continue to say that what you have told someone is true, even though they do not believe you//  --You intend to stick to this story that she knew nothing of your financial prospects?//\n  8  stick to the/your knitting:   AmE  informal to continue paying attention to your own work and not to get involved with what other people are doing//  --I wish Mrs Reese would stick to her knitting.//\n  9  stick it to sb:   AmE  informal to make someone suffer, pay a high price etc//  --The politicians stick it to the tourists because the tourists don’t vote.//  stick together phr v//  if people stick together, they continue to support each other when they have problems//  --We’re a family, and we stick together no matter what.//  stick up phr v//\n  1 if a part of something sticks up, it is raised up or points upwards above a surface:  stick up from/out of/through etc//  --Part of the boat was sticking up out of the water.//\n  2  stick ’em up:   spoken  informal used to tell someone to raise their hands when threatening them with a gun - used in films, stories etc//  stick up for [stick up for sb] phr v//  to defend someone who is being criticized, especially when no one else will defend them//  --You’re supposed to be sticking up for me!//  stick up for yourself//  --She’s always known how to stick up for herself.//  stick with / [stick with sth/sb] phr v//\n  1 to continue doing something the way you did or planned to do before:  --Let’s stick with the original plans.//\n  2 to stay close to someone:  --You just stick with me. I’ll explain everything as we go along.//\n  3 to continue doing something, especially something difficult:  --If you stick with it , your playing will gradually get better.//\n  4  be stuck with sth/sb:  to be made to accept something, do something, spend time with someone etc, when they do not want to//  --Bill left and I was stuck with the bill.//\n  5 to remain in someone’s memory:  --Those words will stick with me for the rest of my life.//\nstick 2 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 part of tree:\n   2 tool:\n   3 piece:\n   4 sports:\n   5 (out) in the sticks:\n   6 get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick:\n   7 plane:\n   8 car:\n   9 get on the stick:\n  10 give somebody/get (some) stick:\n  11 up sticks:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: sticca]//\n  1 PART OF TREE:  a long thin piece of wood from a tree, which is no longer attached to the tree//    branch, twig//  --They collected sticks to start the fire.//\n  2 TOOL:  a long thin piece of wood, plastic etc that you use for a particular purpose//  --a pair of drum sticks//  --a measuring stick//  --Aunt Lou walks with a stick  (=uses a stick to help her walk) .//\n  3 PIECE:  a long thin or round piece of something//  --carrot sticks with dip//  --a glue stick//  stick of//  --a stick of chewing gum//\n  4 SPORTS:  a long specially shaped piece of wood, plastic etc that you use in some sports to hit a ball//  --a hockey stick//\n  5  (out) in the sticks:  a long way from a town or city//  --They live out in the sticks.//\n  6  get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick:   BrE  informal to understand a situation in completely the wrong way//  --People who think the song is about drugs have got the wrong end of the stick.//\n  7 PLANE:  the handle you use to control a plane//    joystick//\n  8 CAR:   AmE  informal a stick shift//\n  9  get on the stick:   AmE  spoken to start doing something you should be doing//  --You’d better get your sales team on the stick.//\n  10  give sb/get (some) stick:   BrE  spoken if you give someone stick, you criticize them for something they have done//  --He’s going to get some stick for this!//\n  11  up sticks:   BrE  informal if you up sticks, you move to a different area//    carrot and stick at carrot(3)//


Words: stick insect
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a long thin insect that looks like a small stick//  --young models who look like stick insects (=are very thin) //


Words: stick shift
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE \n  1 a metal bar in a car that you move to control the gears:  British Equivalent:  gear stick//\n  2 a car that uses a stick shift system to control the  gears:    automatic//


Words: stick-on
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   stick-on things have a sticky back so that you can attach them to something//  --stick-on sequins//


Words: sticker
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   sticker, string//  a small piece of paper or plastic with a picture or writing on it that you can stick on to something//    label//  --Children get stickers for good work.//  bumper sticker (=a sticker on the back of a car) //


Words: sticker price
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  AmE   the price of something, especially a car, that is written on it or given in advertisements, but that may be reduced by the person selling it//


Words: sticking point
Meaning:
n [singular]   something that a group of people cannot agree on and that stops them from making progress//  --North Korea’s refusal had long been a sticking point.//


Words: stickler
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: stickle  ’to argue about small points’ (16-20 centuries), from  stightle  ’to put in order’ (13-15 centuries), from  Old English stihtan]//  be a stickler for detail/rules/accuracy etc//  to think that rules etc are very important and that other people should think so too//


Words: sticky
Meaning:
adj   comparative  stickier superlative  stickiest //\n  1 made of or covered with a substance that sticks to surfaces:  --There’s some sticky stuff in your hair.//  --a sticky floor//  sticky tape/label etc  BrE  (=tape etc that is made so it will stick to surfaces) //\n  2 weather that is sticky makes you feel uncomfortably hot, wet, and dirty:   humid//  --It was hot and sticky and there was nowhere to sit.//\n  3 a sticky situation, question, or problem is difficult or dangerous:  --a sticky political issue//  sticky patch  BrE //  --The business hit a sticky patch and lost [hA124]4.8 million.//\n  4 a website that is sticky is interesting to the people looking at it and makes them want to look at it for a long period of time:\n  5  have sticky fingers:   informal to be likely to steal something//\n  6  come to/meet a sticky end:   BrE  informal to die in a violent way//\n  7  be on a sticky wicket:   BrE  informal to be in a situation that will cause problems for you//  -- stickiness n  [U] //


Words: sticky note
Meaning:
also yellow sticky  n [C]   a small piece of paper, often yellow in colour, that you can stick to things. Stickies are often used for leaving messages//   Post-it Note//


Words: stiff
Meaning:
S3   adj   comparative  stiffer superlative  stiffest //  ----------//\n   1 body:\n   2 material/substance:\n   3 mixture:\n   4 difficult:\n   5 door/drawer etc:\n   6 unfriendly:\n   7 price:\n   8 stiff wind/breeze:\n   9 stiff drink/whisky etc:\n  10 stiff upper lip:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stif]//\n  1 BODY:  if someone or a part of their body is stiff, their muscles hurt and it is difficult for them to move//  stiff from doing sth//  --Her legs were stiff from kneeling.//  stiff with//  --Her fingers were stiff with cold.//  stiff neck/back/joint etc //  --Alastair woke with a stiff neck.//  --I never felt stiff after training until I was in my thirties.//  --The next morning I was as stiff as a board  (=very stiff) .//\n  2 MATERIAL/SUBSTANCE:  firm, hard, or difficult to bend//  --a shirt with a stiff collar//\n  3 MIXTURE:  a stiff mixture is thick and almost solid, so that it is not easy to mix//  --Beat the egg whites until stiff.//  --a stiff dough//\n  4 DIFFICULT:  difficult, strict, or severe//  stiff sentence/penalty/fine //  --calls for stiffer penalties for rapists//  stiff competition/opposition //  --Graduates face stiff competition in getting jobs.//  --The development plans have met with stiff opposition.//\n  5 DOOR/DRAWER ETC:   BrE difficult to move, turn, or open//  --Pull hard - that drawer’s very stiff.//\n  6 UNFRIENDLY:  if someone’s behaviour is stiff, they behave in a very formal or unfriendly way//  --Their goodbyes were stiff and formal .//  --Parsons gave a stiff performance in the main role.//\n  7 PRICE:  a stiff price etc is high, especially higher than the price etc of similar things//  --a stiff tax on cigarettes//\n  8  stiff wind/breeze:  a fairly strong wind etc//\n  9  stiff drink/whisky etc:  a very strong alcoholic drink//\n  10  stiff upper lip:  the ability to stay calm and not show your feelings in a difficult or upsetting situation//  --Men were taught to keep a stiff upper lip .//  -- stiffly adv //  -- stiffness n  [U] //\nstiff 2 adv \n  1  bored/scared/worried stiff:   informal extremely bored, frightened, or worried//  --As a child I was scared stiff of going down to the cellar.//\n  2  frozen stiff:  a) extremely cold//  --Goodness, your hands are frozen stiff!//  b) cloth that is is frozen stiff is hard because the water in it has frozen//\nstiff 3 n [C]  informal \n  1 the body of a dead person:\n  2  working stiff:   AmE an ordinary person who works to earn enough money to live//\n  3 someone who you think is old-fashioned and too formal:  --His business tactics outraged the stiffs of the UK establishment.//\nstiff 4 v  informal \n  1 [T]  AmE to cheat someone by not paying them, especially by not leaving a tip in a restaurant:  --I can’t believe that couple stiffed me!//\n  2 [I] if a new product, film, show etc stiffs, it does not sell well or fails completely:   bomb//  --They had a hit in the 1990s, but their subsequent releases stiffed.//


Words: stiffen
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I] if you stiffen, your body suddenly becomes firm, straight, or still because you feel angry or anxious:  → relax//  --He touched her, and she stiffened.//\n  2 [I and T] to become stronger, more severe, or more determined, or to make something do this:  --a campaign to stiffen rules against drunk driving//  --Their opposition only stiffened my resolve .//\n  3 [I]  also stiffen up :  to become painful and difficult to move//  --His joints had stiffened .//  --My back had stiffened up.//\n  4 [T] to make material stiff so that it will not bend easily:


Words: stifle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Old French estouffer  ’to stifle’]//\n  1 [T] to stop something from happening or developing:  → encourage//  --rules and regulations that stifle innovation//  --How can this party stifle debate on such a crucial issue?//\n  2 [T] to stop a feeling from being expressed:  --He stifled an urge to hit her.//  stifle a yawn/smile/grin etc //  --I tried to stifle my laughter.//\n  3 [I,T usually passive] if you are stifled by something, it stops you breathing comfortably:  --He was almost stifled by the fumes.//


Words: stifling
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a room or weather that is stifling is very hot and uncomfortable, so that it seems difficult to breathe:  --a stifling, crowded train//  --the stifling heat of the tropics//\n  2 a situation that is stifling stops you from developing your own ideas and character:  --an emotionally stifling relationship//


Words: stigma
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: ’mark, mark burned on the skin’, from  Greek, from  stizein  ’to tattoo’]//\n  1 [C usually singular, U] a strong feeling in society that being in a particular situation or having a particular illness is something to be ashamed of:  the stigma of alcoholism/mental illness etc //  --The stigma of alcoholism makes it difficult to treat.//  --There is a social stigma attached to single parenthood.//  --In the US, smoking carries a stigma .//\n  2 [C]  technical the top of the centre part of a flower that receives the pollen which allows it to form new seeds:


Words: stigmata
Meaning:
n [plural]   marks that appear on the hands and feet of some holy people, and which look like the wounds made by nails on the body of Christ//


Words: stigmatize
Meaning:
also  stigmatise BrE   v   be stigmatized//  to be treated by society as if you should feel ashamed of your situation or behaviour//  --Single mothers often feel that they are stigmatized by society.//  -- stigmatization/st[hA366]gm[hA353]ta[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -t[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: stile
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stigel]//  a set of steps that helps people climb over a fence in the countryside//


Words: stiletto
Meaning:
n   plural  stilettos  or  stilettoes  [C] //  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Italian; Origin: stilo  ’knife’, from  Latin stilus;   STYLE1]//\n  1  also stiletto heel //:  a woman’s shoe that has a very high thin heel//\n  2 the heel of a stiletto shoe:\n  3 a small knife with a thin blade:


Words: still
Meaning:
adv \n  1 up to a particular point in time and continuing at that moment:  --I still haven’t finished painting the spare room.//  --Do you still have Julie’s phone number? see usage note  yet1 //\n  2 in spite of what has just been said or done:  --Clare didn’t do much work, but she still passed the exam.//  [sentence adverb] //  --The hotel was terrible. Still, we were lucky with the weather.//\n  3  still more/further/another/other:  used to emphasize that something increases more, there is more of something etc//  --Kevin grew still more depressed.//\n  4  better/harder/worse etc still:   also  still better/harder/worse etc//  even better, harder etc than something else//  --Dan found biology difficult, and physics harder still.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: still, always //  Use  still to say that a previous situation has not changed, and is continuing at the time of speaking : He still lives (NOT always lives) with his parents. |  They still haven’t sold their house. |  I still get upset when I think about it. //  Always  means ’all the time’ or ’every time’ : I always see him on Tuesdays. //  GRAMMAR//  Still  usually comes before the verb, or before the main verb if there is an auxiliary : She still calls me regularly. |  Is he still crying?| I can still remember them. //  !! Still comes after the verb ’be’ : It was still dark outside. |  You are still my best friend. //  !! Still  usually comes before any negative word : She still isn’t ready. |  I’m still not tired. |  They still can’t decide. //  !! Do not say ’still now’ : I still think (NOT still now think) he’s the best player ever. //  ----------//\nstill 2 adj   [Language: Old English; Origin: stille]//\n  1 not moving:  --We stood still and watched as the deer came closer.//  -- Keep still while I tie your shoe.//  --the still waters of the lake//\n  2 quiet and calm:  --The house was completely still.//\n  3 not windy:  --a hot still day //\n  4  BrE a still drink does not contain gas:  --still or sparkling mineral water//\n  5  still waters run deep:  used to say that someone who is quiet may have very strong feelings or a lot of knowledge//  -- stillness n  [U] //  --Somewhere in the stillness of the night an owl hooted.//\nstill 3 n [C]   [Sense: 1,3; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  STILL2]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1500-1600; Origin: distill]//\n  1 a photograph of a scene from a film:\n  2 a piece of equipment for making alcoholic drinks from grain or potatoes:\n  3  the still of the night/evening etc:   literary the calm and quiet of the night etc//\nstill 4 v  literary \n  1 [I and T] to stop moving or make something stop moving:  --The ground beneath them trembled, then stilled.//\n  2 [I and T] if a noise stills or is stilled, it stops:  --The murmurs stilled.//  --He stilled their protests with a wave of his hands.//\n  3 [I] if a doubt or fear is stilled, it becomes weaker or goes away:


Words: stillborn
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  STILL2 ’dead’ (16-17 centuries) +  born]//\n  1 born dead:  --a stillborn baby//\n  2  written completely unsuccessful from the beginning and not developing at all:  --a stillborn romance//


Words: stilt
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  Low German]//\n  1 one of a set of poles that support a building above the ground or above water:  on stilts//  --a house built on stilts//\n  2 one of two poles which you can stand on and walk high above the ground:


Words: stilted
Meaning:
adj   a stilted style of writing or speaking is formal and unnatural//  --a stilted conversation //  -- stiltedly adv //


Words: Stilton
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: Stilton village in Cambridgeshire, England where the cheese was originally sold]//  a type of English cheese that is white with grey-blue marks and has a strong taste//


Words: stimulant
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a drug or substance that makes you feel more active and full of energy:  --artificial stimulants//\n  2 something that encourages more of a particular activity:   stimulus//  --economic stimulants//  stimulant to//  --Increases in new construction would be a stimulant to the economy.//  -- stimulant adj //  --a drug with stimulant properties//


Words: stimulate
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  stimulare, from  stimulus;   STIMULUS]//\n  1 to encourage or help an activity to begin or develop further:  stimulate growth/demand/the economy etc //  --the President’s plan to stimulate economic growth//\n  2 to encourage someone by making them excited about and interested in something:  --Her interest in art was stimulated by her father.//  stimulate sb to do sth//  --An inspiring teacher can stimulate students to succeed.//\n  3 to make a plant or part of the body become active or stronger:  --Light stimulates plant growth.//  -- stimulative/-l[hA353]t[hA366]v $ -le[hA366]t[hA366]v/ adj //  -- stimulation/st[hA366]mj[hA36A]le[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --Children need variety and stimulation.//


Words: stimulating
Meaning:
adj \n  1 exciting or full of new ideas:  → boring//  --a stimulating discussion of world politics//\n  2 making you feel more active:  --the stimulating effects of coffee and tea//


Words: stimulus
Meaning:
n   plural  stimuli /-la[hA366]///  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: ’sharp stick for making animals move’]//\n  1 [C usually singular, U] something that helps a process to develop more quickly or more strongly:  --Tax cuts provided the stimulus which the slow economy needed.//  stimulus to//  --The discovery of oil acted as a stimulus to industrial development.//\n  2 [C] something that makes someone or something move or react:  --At this age, the infant begins to react more to visual stimuli.//


Words: Sting
Meaning:
(1951- ) a British songwriter, singer, and actor who sang with the group The Policeuntil they separated, and has worked successfully on his own since then. He is also well known for his work to protect the environment.//


Words: sting
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  stung /st[hA356][hA26E]///  [Language: Old English; Origin: stingan]//\n  1 [I and T] if an insect or a plant stings you, it makes a very small hole in your skin and you feel a sharp pain because of a poisonous substance:  --He was stung by a bee.//\n  2 [I and T] to make something hurt with a sudden sharp pain, or to hurt like this:  --Antiseptic stings a little.//  --Chopping onions makes my eyes sting.//\n  3 [I,T usually passive] if you are stung by a remark, it makes you feel upset:  --She had been stung by criticism.//  sting sb into (doing) sth//  --Her harsh words stung him into action.//  sting for [sting sb for sth] //\n  1 to charge someone too much for something:  --The garage stung him for [hA124]300.//\n  2 to borrow money from someone:  --Can I sting you for a fiver?//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  A bee, wasp, scorpion, or plant can sting you. For a mosquito, ant, or snake, use bite. //  ----------//\nsting 2 n   ----------//\n   1 wound:\n   2 insect:\n   3 pain:\n   4 a sting in the tail:\n   5 :\n   6 crime:  ----------//\n  1 WOUND:   [C] a wound or mark made when an insect or plant stings you//  --a bee sting //\n  2 INSECT:   [C]  BrE the sharp needle-shaped part of an insect’s or animal’s body, with which it stings you//  American Equivalent:  stinger//\n  3 PAIN:   [singular] a sharp pain in your eyes or skin, caused by being hit, by smoke etc//  --She felt the sting of tears in her eyes.//\n  4  a sting in the tail:  if a story, event, or announcement has a sting in its tail, there is an unpleasant part at the end of it//\n  5 [singular] the upsetting or bad effect of a situation:  --the sting of rejection//  take the sting out of sth (=make something less unpleasant or painful) //  --She smiled to take the sting out of her words.//\n  6 CRIME:   [C] a clever way of catching criminals in which the police secretly pretend to be criminals themselves//


Words: stinger
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   the sharp needle-shaped part of an insect’s or animal’s body, with which it stings you//  British Equivalent:  sting//


Words: stinging
Meaning:
adj   stinging attack/report/letter etc//  a report, letter etc that very strongly criticizes someone or something//  --Dr Forwell made a stinging attack on government policy.//


Words: stingy
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from an unrecorded  English dialect stinge  ’sting’ (noun)]//\n  1  informal not generous, especially with money:   mean//  --She’s too stingy to give money to charity.//\n  2 a stingy amount of something, especially food, is too small:  --a stingy portion of vegetables//  -- stingily adv //  -- stinginess n  [U] //


Words: stink
Meaning:
S3   v   past tense  stank /st[zB024][hA26E]k/past participle  stunk /st[hA356][hA26E]k/ [I] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: stincan]//\n  1 to have a strong and very unpleasant smell:  --It stinks in here!//  stink of//  --His breath stank of alcohol.//  --The toilets stank to high heaven  (=stank very much) .//\n  2  spoken used to say that something is bad, unfair, dishonest etc:  --Don’t eat there - the food stinks!//  --The whole justice system stinks.//  stink out [stink sth → out] phr v//  to fill a place with a very unpleasant smell//  --Those onions are stinking the whole house out.//\nstink 2 n [C usually singular] \n  1 a very bad smell:   stench//  stink of//  --the stink of burning rubber//\n  2  cause/kick up/make etc a stink:  to complain very strongly//  --Activists have raised a stink about the shipments of nuclear waste.//\n  3  work/run/go like stink:   BrE  old-fashioned to work etc as fast and as well as you can//  --We had to work like stink to meet the deadline.//


Words: stinker
Meaning:
n [C]  informal \n  1 someone or something that is very unpleasant or difficult:  --This cold I’ve got is a real stinker .//  --You really are a stinker.//\n  2 a film, book, performance etc that is very bad:  have a stinker  BrE  (=play badly) //  --In the last game he had a stinker.//


Words: stinking
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having a very strong unpleasant smell:   smelly//  --stinking garbage cans//\n  2 [only before noun]  spoken used to emphasize what you are saying when you are angry:  --I hate this stinking boring job!//\n  3 [only before noun]  especially BrE  informal very unpleasant:  --I’ve got a stinking cold .//\n  4  stinking letter:   BrE  informal an angry letter in which you complain very strongly about something//\nstinking 2 adv \n  1  stinking rich:   informal extremely rich - used especially when you think this is unfair//\n  2  stinking drunk:   informal extremely drunk//


Words: stinky
Meaning:
adj   comparative  stinkier superlative  stinkiest  informal //  smelling unpleasant//   smelly//  --stinky socks//


Words: stint
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a period of time spent doing a particular job or activity//  stint in/at//  --Mark did a two-year stint in the army.//  stint as//  --his stint as chairman//\nstint 2 v [I,T usually in negatives]   [Language: Old English; Origin: styntan  ’to make dull or less sharp’]//  to provide or use too little of something//  stint on//  --They didn’t stint on food and drink at their wedding.//  stint yourself//  --In order to avoid stinting yourself, make sure you have enough money to cover all your expenses.//


Words: stipend
Meaning:
n [C]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: stipendium, from  stips  ’gift’ +  pendere  ’to weigh, pay’]//  an amount of money paid regularly to someone, especially a priest, as a salary or as money to live on//


Words: stipple
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Dutch; Origin: stippelen]//  to draw or paint a picture or pattern using short strokes or spots instead of lines//  -- stippled adj //  -- stippling n  [U] //


Words: stipulate
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  stipulari  ’to demand’]//  if an agreement, law, or rule stipulates something, it must be done//   state//  --Laws stipulate the maximum interest rate that banks can charge.//  stipulate that//  --The regulations stipulate that everything has to comply to the relevant safety standards.//


Words: stipulation
Meaning:
n [U and C]  formal   something that must be done, and which is stated as part of an agreement, law, or rule//  stipulation that//  --The agreement included a stipulation that half of the money had to be spent on housing for lower-income families.//


Words: stir
Meaning:
W3S3   v   past tense and past participle  stirred present participle  stirring //  ----------//\n   1 mix:\n   2 move slightly:\n   3 leave a place:\n   4 feelings:\n   5 do something:\n   6 cause trouble:  Phrasal verbs//   stir somebody/something → up//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: styrian]//\n  1 MIX:   [T] to move a liquid or substance around with a spoon or stick in order to mix it together//  --Stir the paint to make sure it is smooth.//  stir sth with sth//  --She stirred her coffee with a plastic spoon.//  stir sth in/into sth//  --Stir a cup of cooked brown rice into the mixture.//\n  2 MOVE SLIGHTLY:   [I and T] to move slightly or to make something move slightly//  --The crowd began to stir as they waited for the band to start.//  --A gentle breeze stirred the curtains.//\n  3 LEAVE A PLACE:   [I] to leave or move from a place//  --He hadn’t stirred from his chair all morning.//\n  4 FEELINGS:  a)  [T] to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction//  stir memories/emotions etc //  --Looking at the photographs stirred childhood memories of the long hot summers.//  --The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination .//  b)  [I] if a feeling stirs in you, you begin to feel it//  --Excitement stirred inside her.//\n  5 DO SOMETHING:   [T] to make someone start doing something//  stir sb to do sth//  --The incident stirred students to protest.//\n  6 CAUSE TROUBLE:   be stirring (it)//   BrE  informal to cause trouble between people by spreading false or secret information//  --Ben’s always stirring!//  stir up [stir sb/sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to deliberately try to cause arguments or bad feelings between people:  --John was always stirring up trouble in class.//  --Dave’s just trying to stir things up because he’s jealous.//\n  2 to make small pieces of something move around in the air or in water:  --The wind had stirred up a powdery red dust.//\nstir 2 n   [Sense: 1-2; Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  STIR1]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  Romany stariben,  sturraben  ’prison’]//\n  1 [C usually singular] a feeling of excitement or annoyance:  create/cause a stir //  --Plans for the motorway caused quite a stir among locals.//\n  2 [C usually singular] an act of stirring something:  -- Give that pan a stir , will you?//\n  3 [U and C]  AmE  old-fashioned informal a prison:


Words: stir-crazy
Meaning:
adj  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  STIR23]//  extremely nervous and upset, especially because you feel trapped in a place//  --I’m going to go stir-crazy if I don’t get out of this house.//


Words: stirrer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  BrE  informal someone who likes to cause trouble between people by spreading false or secret information - used to show disapproval:\n  2 an object shaped like a stick which is used to mix liquids:


Words: stirring
Meaning:
adj   producing strong feelings or excitement in someone//   rousing//  --a stirring speech//  --stirring music//  -- stirringly adv //\nstirring 2 n [C]   an early sign that something is starting to happen//  stirring of//  --the first stirrings of spring//


Words: stirrup
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stigrap  ’rope for going up, stirrup’]//  one of the rings of metal in which someone riding a horse rests their feet//


Words: stirrup pants
Meaning:
n [plural]  AmE   stretchy women’s trousers that have bands at the bottom of the legs which fit under your feet//


Words: stitch
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 sewing:\n   2 for wound:\n   3 pain:\n   4 with wool:\n   5 style:\n   6 not have a stitch on:\n   7 in stitches:\n   8 a stitch in time (saves nine):  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stice  ’prick’]//\n  1 SEWING:   [C] a short piece of thread that has been sewn into a piece of cloth, or the action of the thread going into and out of the cloth//\n  2 FOR WOUND:   [C] a piece of special thread which has been used to sew the edges of a wound together//  --He had to have 10 stitches in his head.//\n  3 PAIN:   [C usually singular] a sharp pain in the side of your body, which you can get by running or laughing a lot//\n  4 WITH WOOL:   [C] a small circle of wool that is formed around a needle when you are knitting//  drop a stitch (=lose a stitch because the wool has come off the needle) //\n  5 STYLE:   [U and C] a particular way of sewing or knitting that makes a particular pattern//  --Purl and plain are the two main stitches in knitting.//\n  6  not have a stitch on:   informal to be wearing no clothes//\n  7  in stitches:  laughing a lot in a uncontrollable way//  have/keep sb in stitches (=make someone laugh) //  --Her jokes had us all in stitches.//\n  8  a stitch in time (saves nine):   spoken used to say that it is better to deal with problems early than to wait until they get worse//\nstitch 2 v [T]   to sew two pieces of cloth together, or to sew a decoration onto a piece of cloth//  --Mary is stitching a bedspread.//  stitch sth onto/across sth//  --The jersey has his name stitched across the back.//  stitch together [stitch sth → together] phr v//\n  1 to put different things or parts of something together to make one larger thing:  --In ten years, they have been able to stitch together a national network of banks.//\n  2 to get a deal or agreement arranged:  stitch up [stitch sb/sth → up] phr v//\n  1 to put stitches in cloth or a wound in order to fasten parts of it together:  --She stitched up the cut and left it to heal.//\n  2 to get a deal or agreement completed satisfactorily so that it cannot be changed:  --The deal was stitched up in minutes.//\n  3  BrE  informal to deceive someone, especially in order to gain money from them:\n  4  BrE  informal to make someone seem guilty of a crime by providing false information:   frame//


Words: stock
Meaning:
W3S3   n   ----------//\n   1 in a shop:\n   2 finance:\n   3 amount available:\n   4 supplies:\n   5 take stock (of something):\n   6 cooking:\n   7 gun:\n   8 animals:\n   9 the stocks:\n  10 somebody’s stock is high/low:\n  11 stock of jokes/knowledge/courage etc:\n  12 be of Scottish/Protestant/good etc stock:\n  13 flower:\n  14 plant:\n  15 actors:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stocc  ’tree-trunk, block of wood’]//\n  1 IN A SHOP:   [U and C] a supply of a particular type of thing that a shop has available to sell//  --We have a huge stock of quality carpets on sale.//  --Buy now while stocks last!//  out of stock/in stock (=unavailable or available in a particular shop) //  --I’m sorry, that swimsuit is completely out of stock in your size.//\n  2 FINANCE:  a)  [C]  especially AmE a share in a company//  --the trading of stocks and shares//  b)  [U] the total value of all of a company’s shares//\n  3 AMOUNT AVAILABLE:   [C] the total amount of something that is available to be used in a particular area//  --Cod stocks in the North Atlantic have dropped radically.//  --the stock of housing in rural areas//\n  4 SUPPLIES:   [C] a supply of something that you keep and can use when you need to//  stock of//  --He keeps a stock of medicines in the cupboard.//  --The country has been building up its stock of weapons.//\n  5  take stock (of sth):  to think carefully about the things that have happened in a situation in order to decide what to do next//  --While in hospital, Jeremy took stock of his life.//\n  6 COOKING:   [U and C] a liquid made by boiling meat or bones and vegetables, which is used to make soups or to add flavour to other dishes//  --chicken stock//  --vegetable stock//\n  7 GUN:   [C] the part of a gun that you hold or put against your shoulder, usually made of wood//\n  8 ANIMALS:   [U] farm animals, especially cattle//   livestock//\n  9  the stocks:  a) a wooden structure in a public place to which criminals were fastened by their feet or hands in the past//  b) a wooden structure in which a ship is held while it is being built//\n  10  sb’s stock is high/low:  if someone’s stock is high or low, they are very popular or very unpopular//  --Simon’s stock is high in the network news business.//\n  11  stock of jokes/knowledge/courage etc:  the jokes, knowledge etc that someone knows or has//  --John seems to have an inexhaustible stock of funny stories.//\n  12  be of Scottish/Protestant/good etc stock:  to belong to a family that in the past lived in Scotland, were Protestants, were respected etc//\n  13 FLOWER:   [C] a plant with pink, white, or light purple flowers and a sweet smell//\n  14 PLANT:   [C] a thick part of a stem onto which another plant can be added so that the two plants grow together//\n  15 ACTORS:   [C]  AmE a stock company(2)//\nstock 2 v [T] \n  1 if a shop stocks a particular product, it keeps a supply of it to sell:  --We stock a wide range of kitchen equipment.//\n  2 to fill something with a supply of something:  stock sth with sth//  --Our refrigerator at college was always stocked with beer.//  stock up phr v//  to buy a lot of something in order to keep it for when you need to use it later//  stock up on//  --I have to stock up on snacks for the party.//\nstock 3 adj \n  1  stock excuse/question/remark etc:  an excuse etc that people often say or use, especially when they cannot think of anything more interesting or original - used to show disapproval//\n  2 [only before noun]  stock item/size:  something that is available in a shop and does not have to be ordered//


Words: stock car
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a car that has been made stronger so that it can compete in a race where cars often crash into each other:  --stock-car racing//\n  2  AmE a railway carriage for cattle:


Words: stock company
Meaning:
also  stock n [C]  AmE \n  1 a company whose money is divided into shares so that many people own a small part of it:   joint-stock company//\n  2 a group of actors who work together doing several different plays:


Words: stock cube
Meaning:
n [C]   a small solid cube made from the dried juices of meat or vegetables that is mixed with boiling water to make stock//


Words: stock exchange
Meaning:
n [C usually singular] \n  1 the business of buying and selling stocks and shares:\n  2 a place where  stocks and shares are bought and sold:    stock market//


Words: stock market
Meaning:
n [C usually singular] \n  1 the business of buying and selling stocks and shares:\n  2 a place where  stocks and shares are bought and sold:   stock exchange//


Words: stock option
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]  AmE    stock that a company offers to sell to an employee at a price that is lower than the usual price//


Words: stock-in-trade
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 something that is typical of a particular person or thing, especially what they say or do:  --Stewart’s stock-in-trade was the face-to-face interview.//\n  2  literary the things you need to do your job:  --Vanessa’s looks have been her stock-in-trade as an actress.//


Words: stockade
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Spanish; Origin: estacada, from  estaca  ’pointed stick’]//  a fence built from long thick pieces of wood pushed into the ground, used to defend a place//


Words: stockbroker
Meaning:
n [C]   a person or organization whose job is to buy and sell shares, bonds etc for people//  -- stockbroking n  [U] //


Words: Stockholm
Meaning:
the capital city of Sweden. It is a port and also an important centre of business, art, and education//


Words: stocking
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: stock  ’stocking’ (15-19 centuries)]//\n  1 a thin close-fitting piece of clothing that covers a woman’s leg and foot:    tights//\n  2  old-fashioned a man’s sock:\n  3  in your stockinged/stocking feet:  not wearing any shoes//


Words: stocking mask
Meaning:
n [C]   a stocking that someone wears over their face when they are doing something illegal such as robbing a bank//


Words: stockist
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a person, shop, or company that keeps a particular product to sell//  --Call us to order or to get details of local stockists .//


Words: stockpile
Meaning:
n [C]   a large supply of things that is kept ready for use in the future//   store//  stockpile of//  --a stockpile of nuclear weapons//\nstockpile 2 v [T]   to keep adding to a supply of goods, weapons etc that you are keeping ready to use if you need them in the future//  --An enormous volume of explosives was stockpiled inside one of the buildings.//


Words: stocktaking
Meaning:
n [U]    BrE when a company or shop checks the quantities of materials and goods that it has a supply of//  American Equivalent:  inventory//


Words: Stockton-on-Tees
Meaning:
also Stockton   a town in Cleveland, northeast England, near the point where the River  Tees joins the sea. The first passenger railway in the world, running from Stockton to Darlington, was established in 1825.//


Words: stocky
Meaning:
adj   comparative  stockier superlative  stockiest //  a stocky person is short and heavy and looks strong//  --a stocky build //  -- stockily adv //  -- stockiness n  [U] //


Words: stodgy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if someone or something is stodgy, they are boring and formal or old-fashioned - used to show disapproval:  --a stodgy play//\n  2  BrE stodgy food is heavy and makes you feel full very quickly - used to show disapproval:  → light//  -- stodginess n  [U] //


Words: stogie
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Conestoga, town in Pennsylvania, U.S.A.]//   AmE  informal a cigar, especially a thick cheap one//


Words: stoic
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Stoic  ’follower of the ancient Greek thinker Zeno, who said that happiness results from accepting what happens in life’ (14-21 centuries), from  Latin, from  Greek stoikos, from  Stoa (Poikile)  ’Painted Portico’, where Zeno taught in Athens]//  someone who does not show their emotions and does not complain when bad things happen to them//


Words: stoical
Meaning:
adj  also stoic   not showing emotion or not complaining when bad things happen to you//  -- stoically/-kli/ adv //  --She bore the pain stoically.//


Words: stoke
Meaning:
v  also stoke up  [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Dutch; Origin: stoken]//\n  1 to add more coal or wood to a fire:  --I stoked the furnace for the night.//\n  2 to cause something to increase:  --Rising oil prices stoked inflation.//  stoke fear/anger/envy etc //  --The scandal has stoked public outrage.//  stoke up phr v//\n  1  stoke sth → up:  to add more coal or wood to a fire//  --We kept the fire stoked up high on cold nights.//\n  2  stoke up sth:  if something stokes up fear, anger etc, it makes a lot of people feel frightened etc//  --The leaflets stoked up fears of an invasion.//\n  3  stoke up on/with sth:  to eat a lot of food, for example because you will not eat again for a long time//  --We stoked up on hot soup before going out in the snow.//


Words: Stoke Mandeville
Meaning:
a hospital in Buckinghamshire, southern England, which treats people who have severe injuries to the  spine//


Words: Stoke-on-Trent
Meaning:
a city in Staffordshire, central England, on the River Trent. It is the centre of the area known as the  Potteries, famous for making  china and  pottery since the end of 18th century.//


Words: stoker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone whose job is to put coal or other fuel on a fire or into a furnace, for example on a steamship or a steam train//


Words: Stokowski
Meaning:
Leopold   (1887-1977) a US  conductor who helped to make  classical music more popular in the US. As conductor of the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra, he directed the music for, and appeared in, the Walt Disney film  Fantasia (1940)//


Words: stole
Meaning:
the past tense of steal//\nstole 2 n [C]   [Date: 900-1000; Language: Latin; Origin: stola  ’long loose piece of clothing’, from  Greek stole]//  a long straight piece of cloth or fur that a woman wears across her shoulders//


Words: stolid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: stolidus  ’dull, stupid’]//  someone who is stolid does not react to situations or seem excited by them when most people would react - used to show disapproval//   impassive//  -- stolidly adv //


Words: stomach
Meaning:
W3S3   n [C]   artery, brain, fatty, tissue, heart, kidney, intestine, intestine2, small, large, liver, lung, muscles, stomach, vein, throat//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estomac, from  Latin stomachus  ’throat, stomach’, from  Greek stomachos, from  stoma  ’mouth’]//\n  1 the organ inside your body where food begins to be digested:\n  2 the front part of your body, below your chest:  --He turned round and punched Carlos in the stomach.//\n  3  do sth on an empty stomach:  to do something when you have not eaten//  --You shouldn’t take the pills on an empty stomach.//\n  4  turn your stomach:  to make you feel sick or upset//  --The sight of the slaughtered cow turned my stomach.//\n  5  have no stomach for a fight/task etc:  to have no desire to do something difficult, upsetting, or frightening//\n  6  have a strong stomach:  to be able to see or do things that are unpleasant without feeling sick or upset//  --Don’t go and see this film unless you have a strong stomach.//\nstomach 2 v [T usually in questions and negatives] \n  1 to be able to accept something, especially something unpleasant:   endure//  --A 26% water rate increase is more than most residents can stomach .//  hard/difficult to stomach //  --Rob found Cathy’s attitude hard to stomach.//\n  2 to eat something without becoming ill:  --I’ve never been able to stomach seafood.//


Words: stomach pump
Meaning:
n [C]   a machine with a tube that doctors use to suck out food or liquid from someone’s stomach, especially after they have swallowed something harmful//


Words: stomach-churning
Meaning:
adj   if something is stomach-churning, it is extremely unpleasant and makes you feel sick//  --the stomach-churning extremes of physical torture//


Words: stomp
Meaning:
preposition]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: stamp]//  to walk with heavy steps or to put your foot down very hard, especially because you are angry//   stamp//  --Alex stomped angrily out of the meeting.//  stomp on//  --Rogers was injured after being stomped on by another player.//


Words: stomping ground
Meaning:
n  AmE   sb’s stomping ground//  a favourite place where someone often goes//  British Equivalent:  stamping ground//


Words: Stone
Meaning:
Oliver   (1946- ) a US film  director and film writer whose films deal with recent US history and modern US society, often in a critical way that some people disagree with. His films include  Platoon (1986),  Born on the Fourth of July (1989),  JFK (1991), about the murder of the President John F. Kennedy, and  Natural Born Killers (1994).//


Words: stone
Meaning:
W1S2   n   ----------//\n   1 rock:\n   2 piece of rock:\n   3 jewellery:\n   4 fruit:\n   5 medical:\n   6 weight:\n   7 a stone’s throw from something/away (from something):\n   8 be made of stone:\n   9 not be carved/etched in stone:\n  10 leave no stone unturned:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stan]//\n  1 ROCK:   [U] a hard solid mineral substance//  --a stone wall //  --stone steps//  --The floors are made of stone.//\n  2 PIECE OF ROCK:   [C] a small piece of rock of any shape, found on the ground//  --A handful of protesters began throwing stones at the police.//\n  3 JEWELLERY:   [C] a jewel//   precious stone//\n  4 FRUIT:   [C]  BrE the large hard part at the centre of some fruits, such as a peach or cherry, which contains the seed//  American Equivalent:  pit//\n  5 MEDICAL:   [C] a ball of hard material that can form in organs such as your bladder or kidneys//\n  6 WEIGHT:  plural  stone  [C]  written abbreviation st //  a British unit for measuring weight, equal to 14 pounds or 6.35 kilograms//\n  7  a stone’s throw from sth/away (from sth):  very close to something//  --The hotel is only a stone’s throw from the beach.//\n  8  be made of stone:   also have a heart of stone //  to not show any emotions or pity for someone//\n  9  not be carved/etched in stone:  used to say an idea or plan could change//  --John has several new ideas for the show, but nothing is etched in stone yet.//\n  10  leave no stone unturned:  to do everything you can in order to find something or to solve a problem//  --Jarvis left no stone unturned in his search to find the ring.//  ----------//  HINT sense 2 //  In British English, a stone is a piece of stone small enough to pick up. In American English, this can be called either a rock  or a stone . //  ----------//\nstone 2 v [T] \n  1 to throw stones at someone or something:  --Rioters blocked roads and stoned vehicles.//\n  2  stone sb to death:  to kill someone by throwing stones at them, used as a punishment//\n  3  BrE to take the stone out of fruit:  American Equivalent:  pit//  --stoned dates//\n  4  stone the crows!:   also stone me! //   BrE  old-fashioned used to express surprise or shock//


Words: Stone Age
Meaning:
n   the Stone Age//  a very early time in human history, when only stone was used for making tools, weapons etc//  --Stone Age weapons//  --a Stone Age settlement//


Words: stone dead
Meaning:
adj \n  1 used to emphasize that a person or animal is dead:\n  2  kill sth stone dead:  to completely destroy something or prevent it from being successful//  --The wrong music can kill a commercial stone dead.//


Words: Stone of Scone
Meaning:
the   a stone seat that was traditionally used in the Scottish ceremony for officially making someone King or Queen of Scotland. It is also called the Stone of Destiny. The stone was taken from Scotland in 1296 and kept in  Westminster Abbey in London, but Scottish Nationalists, who believed that the stone belonged in Scotland, tried to steal it. In 1996 it was officially returned to Scotland.//


Words: stone-cold
Meaning:
adj \n  1 if something is stone-cold, it is completely cold even though it should be warm or hot:  --Dinner was stone-cold by the time I got home.//\n  2  stone-cold sober:  having drunk no alcohol at all//\n  3  AmE if a player or sports team is stone-cold, they are not able to get any points:


Words: stoned
Meaning:
adj \n  1  informal feeling very excited or relaxed because you have taken an illegal drug such as marijuana:\n  2  old-fashioned very drunk:


Words: Stonehenge
Meaning:
a group of very large, tall stones that are arranged into a large circle with a smaller circle inside it, which stand on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, southern England. People think that they were put there about 4000 years ago and were used for studying the movements of the Sun, Moon, and stars. Some people also believe that they were used by the  Druids (=ancient priests before the Christian period) in religious ceremonies.//


Words: Stonewall
Meaning:
a British organization that works to improve the legal rights of homosexual men and women, and to persuade politicians to change any laws that treat homosexuals unfairly//


Words: stonker
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE  informal   something that is very good//   corker//  --Stephen Carr scored a stonker of a goal.//


Words: stonking
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   extremely good//  --a stonking performance//\nstonking 2 adv  BrE  informal   extremely//  --a stonking good time//


Words: stony
Meaning:
adj \n  1 covered by stones or containing stones:  --stony soil//\n  2 not showing any friendliness or pity:  --stony faces//  --a stony silence //\n  3  fall on stony ground:  if a request, suggestion, joke etc falls on stony ground, it is ignored or people do not like it//  -- stonily adv //  --Camilla stared stonily ahead.//


Words: stony-faced
Meaning:
adj  also stone-faced   showing no emotion or friendliness//  --Tony stared at me in stony-faced silence .//


Words: stooge
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  informal someone who is used by someone else to do something unpleasant, dishonest, or illegal - used to show disapproval:\n  2 one of two performers in a comedy show, who the other performer makes jokes about and makes look stupid:


Words: stool
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stol]//\n  1 a seat that has three or four legs, but no back or arms:  --a bar stool //\n  2  medical a piece of solid waste from your bowels:


Words: stoolpigeon
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: stoolpigeon  ’pigeon tied to a wooden frame to attract other birds for shooting at’ (1800-1900)]//  someone, especially a criminal, who helps the police to catch another criminal, usually by giving them information//   informer//


Words: stoop
Meaning:
v [I]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stupian]//\n  1  also stoop down :  to bend your body forward and down//  --We had to stoop to pass through the low entrance.//  --Dave stooped down to tie his shoes.//\n  2 to stand with your back and shoulders bent forwards:  stoop to [stoop to sth] phr v//  to do something bad or morally wrong, which you do not normally do//  stoop to doing sth//  --I didn’t expect you to stoop to lying.//  stoop to sb’s/that level //  --Don’t stoop to her level.//\nstoop 2 n \n  1 [singular] if you have a stoop, your shoulders are bent forward:  --Mr Hamilton was an odd, quiet man who walked with a stoop.//\n  2 [C]  AmE a raised area at the door of a house, usually big enough to sit on:


Words: stop
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  stopped present participle  stopping //  ----------//\n   1 not move:\n   2 not continue:\n   3 pause:\n   4 prevent:\n   5 stay:\n   6 will/would stop at nothing (to do something):\n   7 stop short of (doing) something:\n   8 money:\n   9 block:  Phrasal verbs//   stop back//   stop by (something)//   stop in//   stop off//   stop out//   stop over//   stop up//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: stoppian  ’to block up’]//\n  1 NOT MOVE:  a)  [I and T] to not walk, move, or travel any more, or to make someone or something do this//  --He stopped suddenly when he saw Ruth.//  --Stop, come back!//  --He stopped the car and got out.//  --I was worried that the security guards would stop us at the gate.//  stop at/outside/in etc//  --She stopped outside the post office.//  --A car stopped behind us.//  stop to do sth//  --Sam stopped to give me a lift.//  stop and do sth//  --He stopped and looked into her face.//  stop for//  --I need to stop for a rest.//  stop dead/short/in your tracks (=stop walking suddenly) //  --Sally saw the ambulance and stopped short.//  stop on a dime  AmE  (=stop very quickly - used about cars) //  --This truck can stop on a dime!//\n  2 NOT CONTINUE:  a)  [I and T] to not continue, or to make someone or something not continue//  --By midday the rain had stopped.//  --This is where the path stops.//  --The referee stopped the fight.//  --The doctor advised me to stop the medication.//  --People are fighting to stop the destruction of the rainforests.//  stop sb doing sth//  --I couldn’t stop her crying.//  b)  [I and T] if you stop doing something, you do not continue to do it//  stop doing sth//  --I stopped digging and looked at him.//  --What time do you stop work?//  --I’ve been smoking for over ten years, and I can’t stop.//  stop it/that (=stop doing something annoying) //  --Come on, you two, stop it!//  --Right, stop what you’re doing and come over here.//\n  3 PAUSE:   [I] to pause in an activity, journey etc in order to do something before you continue//  stop for//  --We stopped for a drink on the way home.//  stop to do sth//  --I stopped to tie my shoe.//  stop to think/consider etc //  --It’s time we stopped to think about our next move.//\n  4 PREVENT:   [T] to prevent someone from doing something or something from happening//  --The government tried to stop publication of the book.//  --I’m leaving now, and you can’t stop me.//  stop sb/sth (from) doing sth//  --Lay the carpet on paper to stop it sticking to the floor.//  --The rain didn’t stop us from enjoying the trip.//  stop yourself (from) doing sth//  --I couldn’t stop myself laughing.//  --She grabbed the rail to stop herself from falling.//  there’s nothing to stop sb (from) doing sth //  --There’s nothing to stop you applying for the job yourself.//\n  5 STAY:   [I]  BrE  informal to stay somewhere for a short time, especially at someone’s house//  --I won’t sit down - I’m not stopping.//  stop for//  --Will you stop for a cup of tea?//\n  6  will/would stop at nothing (to do sth):  to be ready to do anything to achieve something that you want to achieve//  --We will stop at nothing to save our child.//\n  7  stop short of (doing) sth:  to decide that you are not willing to do something wrong or dangerous, though you will do something similar that is less dangerous//  --The US government supported sanctions but stopped short of military action.//\n  8 MONEY:   [T] if you stop an amount of money, you prevent it from being paid to someone//  --Dad threatened to stop my pocket money.//  stop sth from sth//  --[hA124]200 will be stopped from your wages next month to pay for the damage.//  --I phoned the bank and asked them to stop the cheque  (=not pay a cheque that I had written) .//  --My mother called the bank to stop payment on the check.//\n  9 BLOCK:   also stop up //   [T] to block a hole or pipe so that water, smoke etc cannot go through it//  stop back phr v//  to go back to a place you have been to earlier//  --Can you stop back later? I’m busy right now.//  stop by () [stop by (sth)] phr v//  to make a short visit to a place or person, especially while you are going somewhere else//  --I’ll stop by this evening.//  --Daniel stopped by the store on his way home.//  stop in phr v//\n  1 to make a short visit to a place or person, especially while you are going somewhere else:  --I’ll stop in and see you on my way home.//  stop in at//  --I need to stop in at the library.//\n  2  BrE to stay at home:  --I’m stopping in to wash my hair tonight.//  stop off phr v//  to make a short visit to a place during a journey, especially to rest or to see someone//  --We can stop off and see you on our way back.//  stop off in/at etc//  --We stopped off in Santa Rosa for a day.//  stop out phr v//   informal to stay out later than usual//  --It was a real treat being allowed to stop out late.//  stop over phr v//  to stop somewhere and stay a short time before continuing a long journey, especially when travelling by plane//  --The plane stops over in Dubai on the way to India.//    stopover//  stop up phr v//\n  1  stop sth→ up:  to block a hole or pipe so that water, smoke etc cannot go through it//\n  2  BrE  informal to stay up late:  --Joe stopped up till 3 o’clock to watch the boxing.//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  To stop doing something  means to not continue an activity : It has stopped raining (NOT stopped from raining). |  He couldn’t stop talking about it (NOT stop from talking/stop to talk). //  To stop to do something means to stand still, or stop what you are doing, in order to do something : He stopped to pick up a piece of paper. //  To stop someone from doing something means to prevent someone from doing something : You can’t stop me from going (NOT stop me to go).  //  In British English you can leave out ’from’ : This will help stop people dying of AIDS. //  ----------//\nstop 2 W3S3 n [C]   ----------//\n   1 come/roll/jerk/skid etc to a stop:\n   2 come to a stop:\n   3 bring something to a stop:\n   4 during journey:\n   5 bus/train:\n   6 put a stop to something:\n   7 pull out all the stops:\n   8 money:\n   9 music:\n  10 consonant:  ----------//\n  1  come/roll/jerk/skid etc to a stop:  if a vehicle comes to a stop, it stops moving//  --The bus came to a stop outside the school.//  --The car skidded to a stop.//\n  2  come to a stop:  if an activity comes to a stop, it stops happening//  --Work on the project has come to a stop because of lack of funding.//\n  3  bring sth to a stop:  to stop something moving or happening//  --David brought the truck to a shuddering stop.//  --The UN is trying to bring the war to a stop.//\n  4 DURING JOURNEY:  a time or place when you stop during a journey for a short time//  --Our first stop was Paris.//  --We’ll make a stop at the foot of the hill.//  --The trip includes an overnight stop in London.//\n  5 BUS/TRAIN:  a place where a bus or train regularly stops for people to get on and off//  --Our next stop will be York.//  --This is your stop, isn’t it?//\n  6  put a stop to sth:  to prevent something from continuing or happening//  --The government is determined to put a stop to the demonstrations.//\n  7  pull out all the stops:  to do everything you possibly can to make something happen and succeed//  --The hospital staff pulled out all the stops to make sure the children had a wonderful day.//\n  8 MONEY:  the action or fact of telling your bank not to pay an amount of money to someone//  --I put a stop on that check to the store.//\n  9 MUSIC:  a handle that you push in or out in an organ to control the amount of sound it produces//\n  10 CONSONANT:  a consonant sound, like /p/ or /k/, that you make by stopping the flow of air completely and then suddenly letting it out of your mouth//    full stop1 //


Words: stop-go
Meaning:
adj   stop-go approach/policies etc//   BrE a way of controlling the  economy by restricting government spending for a period of time and then not restricting it so severely for a time//


Words: stop-loss order
Meaning:
n [C]    technical an arrangement in which the person who buys and sells stocks for you agrees to buy or sell them when they reach a particular price//


Words: Stopes
Meaning:
Marie   (1880-1958) a British scientist who in 1921 started the first  clinic (=a place where people can go for medical treatment and advice)  offering practical help with  birth control (=methods for controlling the number of children you have) . She also wrote two popular books about sex education. At the time, her work was strongly criticized and opposed by the Roman Catholic Church and by many doctors with traditional opinions. //


Words: stopgap
Meaning:
n [C]   something or someone that you use for a short time until you can replace it with something better//  --It’s only a stopgap measure , not a long-term solution.//


Words: stoplight
Meaning:
n [C]    also stoplights //   [plural]  AmE a set of coloured lights used to control and direct traffic//   traffic lights//


Words: stopover
Meaning:
n [C]   a short stay somewhere between parts of a journey, especially on a long plane journey//  --a two-day stopover in Hong Kong//


Words: stoppage
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] a situation in which workers stop working for a short time as a protest:  --time lost in disputes and stoppages//  --a work stoppage by government employees//\n  2 [U and C]  especially BrE when something stops moving or happening:  --We had five minutes of stoppage time  (=extra time played in a sports match because of pauses) at the end of the first half.//\n  3 [C] something that blocks a tube or container:  --an intestinal stoppage//


Words: Stoppard
Meaning:
Sir Tom   (1937- ) a British writer of plays, born in the Czech Republic. He first became well-known for his play  Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and has since written many other plays.//


Words: stopper
Meaning:
n [C]   bottle, stopper//  the thing that you put in the top part of a bottle to close it//    cork//  -- stopper v  [T] //  --a small, stoppered jar//


Words: stopping distance
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the distance that a driver is supposed to leave between their car and the one in front in order to be able to stop safely//


Words: stopwatch
Meaning:
n [C]   a watch used for measuring the exact time it takes to do something, especially to finish a race//


Words: storage
Meaning:
W3   n [U] \n  1 when you keep or put something in a special place while it is not being used:  --the storage of radioactive material//  storage space/capacity (=space etc for keeping things in) //  --They moved to a house with lots of storage space.//\n  2 when you pay to keep furniture or other goods in a special place until you need to use them:  in storage//  --I put some of my things in storage.//  --storage costs//\n  3 the way that information is kept on a computer:  --data storage//


Words: store
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 shop:\n   2 supply:\n   3 place to keep things:\n   4 in store (for somebody):\n   5 military:\n   6 set great/considerable etc store by something:  ----------//\n  1 SHOP:  a place where goods are sold to the public. In British English, a store is large and sells many different things, but in American English, a store can be large or small, and sell many things or only one type of thing//    shop//  --At Christmas the stores stay open late.//  shoe/clothing/grocery etc store  AmE  (=one that sells one type of goods) //  --She worked in a bookstore during college.//  go to the store  AmE  (=go to a store that sells food) //  --I need to go to the store for some milk.//    chain store,  department store,  general store see usage note  shop1 //\n  2 SUPPLY:  a supply of something that you keep to use later//  store of//  --a store of wood//  --fat stores in the body (=that your body keeps) //\n  3 PLACE TO KEEP THINGS:  a large building in which goods are kept so they can be used or sold later//  --a grain store//\n  4  in store (for sb):  if something unexpected such as a surprise or problem is in store for someone, it is about to happen to them//  --There’s a real treat in store for you this Christmas!//  --As we left, I wondered what the future held in store .//\n  5 MILITARY:   stores [plural] //  a) supplies of food and equipment that are used by an army, navy etc//  --medical stores//  b) the building or room in an army camp, ship etc where these are kept//\n  6  set great/considerable etc store by sth:  to consider something to be important//  --Patrick has never set much store by material things.//\nstore 2 W3S3 v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estorer  ’to build, supply, store’, from  Latin instaurare  ’to make new, restore’]//\n  1 to put things away and keep them until you need them:  store sth away/up//  --Squirrels are storing up nuts for the winter.//  --Store the beans in an airtight jar.//\n  2 to keep facts or information in your brain or a computer:  --Standard letters can be stored on floppy discs.//\n  3  store up trouble/problems etc:  to behave in a way that will cause trouble for you later//  --Smokers may be storing up disease for their unborn children.//


Words: store brand
Meaning:
n [C]    especially  AmE a type of goods that is produced for a particular shop and has the shop’s name on it//  --Store brands are cheaper than name brands.//


Words: store card
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a card provided by a particular shop that you can use to buy goods at that shop, that you will pay for at a later date//   charge card//


Words: storefront
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE \n  1 the part of a store that faces the street:\n  2  storefront church/law office/school etc:  a small church etc in a shopping area//


Words: storehouse
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1  storehouse of information/memories etc:  something that contains a lot of information etc//  --The local archives service offers a storehouse of material.//\n  2  old-fashioned a building where things are stored:   warehouse//


Words: storey
Meaning:
BrE  story AmE   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: story; perhaps because some medieval buildings had paintings on their walls telling stories]//  a floor or level of a building//  --a staircase leads to the upper storey //  two-storey/five-storey etc (=having two etc storeys) //  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: storey, story, floor //  Storey  (BrE) or  story  (AmE) is usually used to talk about the structure of a building  : a building dozens of storeys high |  a three-storey house //  The plural of  story  is  stories : The office block was 20 stories high. //  To talk about where someone or something is in a building, use  floor : We went up to the top floor. |  He works on the fifteenth floor. |  Is there a bathroom on this floor? //  ----------//


Words: storied
Meaning:
adj \n  1  two-storied/five storied etc:   AmE having two etc storeys//\n  2 [only before noun]  literary being the subject of many stories:   famous//  --Sun Tzu, the storied Chinese leader and philosopher//


Words: stork
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: storc]//  a tall white bird with long legs and a long beak//


Words: storm
Meaning:
W3   n   [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 [C] a period of very bad weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds, and often  lightning:  --The storm broke  (=suddenly started) at five o’clock.//  --a night-time thunderstorm //  --Twenty people were killed when storms struck the Mid-West.//  --There’s a storm brewing  (=starting) in the Pacific.//  --a dust storm//  --a summer storm//\n  2 [C usually singular] a situation in which people suddenly express very strong feelings about something that someone has said or done:  --The governor found himself at the center of a political storm .//  storm of protest/abuse/criticism etc //  --Government plans for hospital closures provoked a storm of protest.//  whip/blow/kick etc up a storm //  --a man would could whip up a storm in her heart//\n  3  take somewhere by storm:  a) to be very successful in a particular place//  --The new show took London by storm.//  b) to attack a place using large numbers of soldiers, and succeed in getting possession of it//\n  4  weather the storm:  to experience a difficult period and reach the end of it without being harmed or damaged too much//  --I’ll stay and weather the storm.//\n  5  a storm in a teacup:   BrE an unnecessary expression of strong feelings about something that is very unimportant//\n  6  dance/sing/cook etc up a storm:  to do something with all your energy//  --They were dancing up a storm.//\nstorm 2 v \n  1 [T] to suddenly attack and enter a place using a lot of force:  --An angry crowd stormed the embassy.//\n  2 [I always + adverb/preposition] to go somewhere in a noisy fast way that shows you are extremely angry:  storm out of/into/off etc//  --Alan stormed out of the room.//\n  3 [I and T]  literary to shout something in an angry way:  --’What difference does it make?’ she stormed.//


Words: storm cloud
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a dark cloud which you see before a storm:\n  2 [usually plural] a sign that something very bad is going to happen:  -- Storm clouds are gathering over the trade negotiations.//


Words: storm door
Meaning:
n [C]   a second door that is fitted to the outside of a door in winter in the US to give protection against rain, snow etc//


Words: storm window
Meaning:
n [C]   a second window fitted to the outside of a window in winter in the US to give more protection against rain, snow etc//


Words: Stormont
Meaning:
a castle in Belfast where the Northern Ireland Parliament used to meet. An independent Parliament for Northern Ireland was started there in 1921 but as a result of serious violence in 1969, it was ended by the British government, which continued to rule Northern Ireland from London. From 1998, Stormont was used for meetings of the new Northern Ireland Assembly, which was established as a result of peace talks.//


Words: stormy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 with strong winds, heavy rain, and dark clouds:  --The sky was starting to look stormy.//  --a dark and stormy night//\n  2 a stormy relationship, meeting etc is full of strong and often angry feelings:  --a stormy affair//\n  3 stormy seas are very rough with big waves that are caused by strong winds:  --hostile, stormy seas//


Words: story
Meaning:
n   plural  stories  [C] //  ----------//\n   1 for entertainment:\n   2 news:\n   3 events:\n   4 excuse:\n   5 history:\n   6 building:\n   7 of a film/play etc:\n   8 it’s the same story here/there/in ...:\n   9 it’s the same old story:\n  10 it’s a long story:\n  11 to cut a long story short:\n  12 but that’s another story:\n  13 that’s not the whole story:\n  14 that’s the story of my life:\n  15 end of story:\n  16 a different story:\n  17 lie:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estorie, from  Latin historia;   HISTORY]//\n  1 FOR ENTERTAINMENT:  a description of how something happened, that is intended to entertain people, and may be true or imaginary//    tale//  story about/of//  --a story about a princess//  fairy/ghost/love etc story //  --a detective story//  tell/read sb a story //  --Mommy, will you read me a story?//  --a book of short stories //  --We cuddled together over a bedtime story .//  --The film was based on a true story .//  --Don’t be frightened - it’s only a story (=it is imaginary) .//\n  2 NEWS:  a report in a newspaper or news broadcast about a recent event//  --a front-page story//  --’The Observer’ ran a story about the scandal (=reported it) .//  cover story (=the main story in a magazine, that is about the picture on the cover) //\n  3 EVENTS:  an account of something that has happened, usually one that people tell each other, and which may not be true//  --The full story of what happened has never been reported.//  --Her parents did not believe her story.//  --First he wanted to hear Matthew’s side of the story  (=his description of what happened) .//  --He was having an affair with Julie, or so the story goes  (=people are saying this) .//\n  4 EXCUSE:  an excuse or explanation, especially one that you have invented//  --Where were you? And don’t give me some story about working late!//  --Well that’s my story (=that is what I say happened) , and I’m sticking to it.//\n  5 HISTORY:  a description of the most important events in someone’s life or in the development of something//  --the Charlie Parker Story//  --He wanted to have his life story told on film.//\n  6 BUILDING:   AmE a floor or level of a building//  British Equivalent:  storey//  --a fifty-story building//\n  7 OF A FILM/PLAY ETC:  what happens in a film, play, or book//   plot//  --The story is similar in all her books.//\n  8  it’s the same story here/there/in ...:  used to say the same thing is happening in another place//  --Unemployment is falling in the US and it’s the same story in Europe.//\n  9  spoken  it’s the same old story:  used to say that the present bad situation has often happened before//  --It’s the same old story - too much work and not enough time.//\n  10  spoken  it’s a long story:  used to tell someone that you do not want to give them all the details that a full answer to their question would need//\n  11  spoken  to cut a long story short:   also to make a long story short  AmE used when you only give the main point of something you are talking about, and not all the other details//\n  12  spoken  but that’s another story:  used when you have mentioned something that you are not going to talk about on this occasion//\n  13  spoken  that’s not the whole story:  used to say that there are more details which people need to know in order to understand the situation//\n  14  spoken  that’s the story of my life:  used after a disappointing experience to mean that similar disappointing things always seem to happen to you//\n  15  spoken  end of story:  used to say that there is nothing more to say about a particular subject//  --As far as I’m concerned Terry is still a friend, end of story.//\n  16  a different story:  used to say that something is not what you expect it to be//  --It looks like a big house, but inside it’s a different story.//\n  17 LIE:  a lie - used by children or when speaking to children//  --You shouldn’t tell stories .//    short story//    cock and bull story at cock1 (4)//    hard-luck story,  sob story//    success story at success(5) see usage note  storey//


Words: story line
Meaning:
also  storyline/st[hA350][hA359]rila[hA366]n/ n [C]   the main set of related events in a story//   plot//  --The play had a strong story line.//


Words: storybook
Meaning:
n [C]   a book of stories for children//  --colourful storybooks//\nstorybook 2 adj   storybook ending/romance etc//  an ending etc that is so happy or perfect that it is like one in a children’s story//  --It would have been storybook stuff if he had won the competition.//


Words: stoup
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old Norse; Origin: staup  ’cup’]//  a container for holy water near the entrance to a church//


Words: stout
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estout]//\n  1 fairly fat and heavy, or having a thick body:  --a short, stout man//\n  2  literary strong and thick:   sturdy//  --a stout pair of shoes//\n  3  formal brave and determined:  stout defence/support/resistance //  --He put up a stout defence in court.//  -- stoutly adv //  --She stoutly denied the rumours.//  -- stoutness n  [U] //\nstout 2 n [U]   strong dark beer//


Words: stove
Meaning:
n [C]   burner, oven, hotplate, timer//  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Middle Dutch; Origin: Middle Low German,  ’heated room’, from  Vulgar Latin extufa, from  Greek typhein  ’to smoke’]//\n  1 a piece of kitchen equipment on which you cook food in pots and pans, and that contains an oven:  British Equivalent:  cooker//  on the stove//  --a pot of soup simmering on the stove//\n  2 a thing used for heating a room or for cooking, which works by burning wood, coal, oil, or gas:  --a wood-burning stove//\nstove 2   the past tense and past participle of stave2//


Words: stow
Meaning:
preposition]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: stow  ’place’ (11-14 centuries), from  Old English]//  to put or pack something tidily away in a space until you need it again//   stash//  --I stowed my bag under the seat.//  --equipment stowed away in a closet//  stow away phr v//  to hide on a vehicle in order to travel secretly or without paying//  --A boy was caught trying to stow away on a plane.//    stowaway//


Words: Stowe
Meaning:
Harriet Beecher   (1811-96) a US writer whose novel  Uncle Tom’s Cabin influenced many people in the US, especially in the North, to oppose  slavery (=the system where black people were owned by white people and made to work for them) . In the 20th century, the book was criticized for the way it shows the relationship between slaves and their owners, and the expression "Uncle Tom" is used in a disapproving way to describe a black person who is too eager to please white people.//


Words: Strachey
Meaning:
Lytton   (1880-1932) a British writer who was a member of the  Bloomsbury Group. His best-known book,  Eminent Victorians, describes the lives of four famous 19th century country people in a humorous and not very respectful way//


Words: straddle
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: stride]//\n  1 to sit or stand with your legs on either side of someone or something:  --The photo shows him dressed in leather, straddling a motorbike.//\n  2 if something straddles a line, road, or river, part of it is on one side and part on the other side:  straddle sth between sth//  --Mount Elgon straddles the border between Kenya and Uganda.//\n  3 to include different areas of activity, groups, time etc:  --Her research straddles mathematics and social sciences.//  --immigrants straddling two cultures//


Words: Stradivarius
Meaning:
also Strad  informal   a  violin made by the Italian maker Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737). Violin players today consider his violins to be the best ever made, and they are extremely valuable.//


Words: strafe
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: German; Origin: strafen  ’to punish’]//  to attack a place from an aircraft by flying low and firing a lot of bullets//


Words: straggle
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 if the people in a group straggle somewhere, they go there fairly slowly and with large spaces between them:  straggle in/into/through etc//  --The children were beginning to straggle in from the playground.//  straggle behind//  --Ali straggled behind, carrying the shopping.//\n  2 to move, grow, or spread out untidily in different directions:  --thin, black, straggling hair//  straggle along/across/down etc//  --Unpainted wooden buildings straggle along the main road out of town.//


Words: straggler
Meaning:
n [C]   a person or animal that is behind the others in a group, because they are moving more slowly//  --Wait for the stragglers to catch up.//


Words: straight
Meaning:
adv   ----------//\n   1 in a straight line:\n   2 position:\n   3 immediately:\n   4 one after the other:\n   5 honest:\n   6 think/see straight:\n   7 straight away:\n   8 go straight:\n   9 straight up:\n  10 straight from the shoulder:  ----------//\n  1 IN A STRAIGHT LINE:  in a line or direction that is not curved or bent//  straight ahead/at/down/in front of etc//  --The book is on the table straight in front of you.//  --She was looking straight at me.//  --Terry was so tired he couldn’t walk straight.//  --He was sitting with his legs stretched straight out in front of him.//\n  2 POSITION:  in a level or correct position//  --He stopped in front of the mirror to put his tie straight.//  --Sit up straight, don’t slouch.//\n  3 IMMEDIATELY:  immediately, without delay, or without doing anything else first//  straight to/up/down/back etc//  --I went straight up to bed.//  --Go straight home and tell your mother.//  straight after//  --I’ve got a meeting straight after lunch.//  --I think I should get straight to the point .//\n  4 ONE AFTER THE OTHER:  happening one after the other in a series//  --He’s been without sleep now for three days straight.//\n  5 HONEST:   also straight out //  if you say or ask something straight, you say it in an honest, direct way, without trying to hide your meaning//  --I just told him straight that I wouldn’t do it.//  --She came straight out with it and said she was leaving.//  --I hope for your sake you’re playing it straight  (=being honest) .//  --I told him straight to his face  (=speaking directly to him) what I thought of him.//\n  6  think/see straight:  if you cannot think or see straight, you cannot think or see clearly//  --Turn the radio down, I can’t think straight.//\n  7  straight away:   also straight off //   BrE  spoken immediately or without delay//  --I phoned my mum straight away.//\n  8  go straight:   informal to stop being a criminal and live an honest life//  --Tony’s been trying to go straight for about six months.//\n  9  straight up:   spoken //  a) used to ask someone if they are telling the truth//  --Straight up? Did you really pay that much for it?//  b) used to emphasize that what you are saying is true//  --No, straight up, I’ve never seen him before.//\n  10  straight from the shoulder:   BrE  informal if someone speaks straight from the shoulder, they say things in a very direct way, without trying to be polite//\nstraight 2 W3S2 adj   comparative  straighter superlative  straightest //  ----------//\n   1 not bending or curving:\n   2 level/upright:\n   3 truthful:\n   4 one after another:\n   5 tidy:\n   6 get something straight:\n   7 set/put somebody straight:\n   8 straight face:\n   9 sexual choice:\n  10 alcoholic drink:\n  11 not owing money:\n  12 choice/exchange:\n  13 fight/competition:\n  14 normal:\n  15 not funny:\n  16 only one type:\n  17 drugs:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From an old past participle of  stretch]//\n  1 NOT BENDING OR CURVING:  something that is straight does not bend or curve//  --a long, straight road//  --Try to keep your legs straight.//  --Always lift with a straight back.//  --her long, straight black hair//  --They sat down in a straight line .//  --The road was dead straight  (=completely straight) .//\n  2 LEVEL/UPRIGHT:  level or upright, and not leaning to one side//  --Is my tie straight?//  --straight white teeth//\n  3 TRUTHFUL:  honest and truthful//  --I’d like a straight answer please.//  --Just give me a straight yes or no.//  --I think it’s time for some straight talk now.//  be straight with sb//  --I wish you’d just be straight with me.//\n  4 ONE AFTER ANOTHER:   [only before noun] happening immediately one after another in a series//  --The team now has an amazing record of 43 straight wins.//\n  5 TIDY:   [not before noun] a room that is straight is clean and tidy and everything is in its proper place//  --It took me two hours to get the house straight .//\n  6  get sth straight:   spoken to understand the facts of a situation and be able to tell them correctly//  --I wanted to get the facts straight.//  --Let me get this straight - Tom sold the car and gave you the money?//\n  7  set/put sb straight:  to make someone understand the true facts about a situation//  --Tell him to ask Ruth - she’ll put him straight.//\n  8  straight face:  if you have a straight face, you are not laughing or smiling even though you would like to//  --I found it very difficult to keep a straight face .//\n  9 SEXUAL CHOICE:   informal someone who is straight is attracted to people of the opposite sex//   heterosexual//\n  10 ALCOHOLIC DRINK:  a straight alcoholic drink has no water or any other drink added to it//  --a straight whisky//\n  11 NOT OWING MONEY:   [not before noun]  spoken if two people are straight, they no longer owe money to each other//  --If you give me [hA124]10 then we’re straight.//\n  12 CHOICE/EXCHANGE:   [only before noun] a straight choice or exchange is between only two possible choices or things//  --It was a straight choice between my career or my family.//  --We did a straight swap - one of my cards for one of his.//\n  13 FIGHT/COMPETITION:   [only before noun] a straight fight or competition is between only two people//  --The election is now a straight fight between Labour and the Conservatives.//\n  14 NORMAL:   informal someone who is straight behaves in a way that is accepted as normal by many people but which you think is boring//\n  15 NOT FUNNY:  a straight actor or character does not try to make people laugh//\n  16 ONLY ONE TYPE:  completely one particular type of something//  --It’s not a straight historical novel.//\n  17 DRUGS:   informal someone who is straight does not take illegal drugs//    set/put the record straight at record//\nstraight 3 n \n  1 [singular]  especially  BrE the straight part of a racetrack:\n  2  the straight and narrow:   old-fashioned an honest and morally good way of life//\n  3 [C]  informal someone who is attracted to people of the opposite sex:  → gay//


Words: straight arrow
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE  informal someone who is very honest and moral and who never does anything exciting or unusual//


Words: straight man
Meaning:
n [C]   an entertainer who works with a comedian, providing him or her with opportunities to make jokes//


Words: straight ticket
Meaning:
n [C]   a vote in which someone chooses all the candidates from a particular political party in the US//    split ticket//


Words: straightaway
Meaning:
adv   at once//   immediately//  --We need to start work straightaway.//\nstraightaway 2   n [singular]    AmE the straight part of a racetrack//


Words: straighten
Meaning:
v \n  1 [I and T]  also straighten out :  to become straight, or to make something straight//  --Can you straighten your leg?//\n  2 [I]  also straighten up :  to make your back straight, or to stand up straight after bending down//\n  3 [T]  also straighten up :  to make something tidy//  --Mum told me to straighten my room.//  straighten out phr v//\n  1  straighten sth → out:  to deal with problems or a confused situation and make it better, especially by organizing things//   sort out//  --There are several financial problems that need to be straightened out quickly.//\n  2 to become straight, or to make something straight:  --The path soon bends to the right then straightens out.//  straighten sth → out//  --She straightened out her legs.//\n  3 to improve your bad behaviour or deal with personal problems, or to help someone do this:  --He straightened out when he joined the army.//  straighten sb → out//  --Her parents changed her school, hoping it would straighten her out.//  straighten up phr v//\n  1 to make your back straight, or to stand up straight after bending down:  --He remained bent over for several seconds before slowly straightening up.//\n  2  straighten sth → up:  to make something tidy//\n  3  AmE to begin to behave well after behaving badly:  --You’d better straighten up, young lady!//


Words: straightfaced
Meaning:
adj   without smiling or laughing, even though you are joking or saying something untrue//  --’No, I really do love you,’ said Kim, straightfaced.//  -- straightfacedly/-fe[hA366]s[hA369]dli[hA36B]/ adv //


Words: straightforward
Meaning:
S3   adj \n  1 simple and easy to understand:  → complicated//  relatively/quite/fairly straightforward //  --Installing the program is relatively straightforward.//  --This area of law is far from straightforward  (=complicated) .//  straightforward matter/task/process etc //  --For someone who can’t read, shopping is by no means a straightforward matter.//\n  2 honest about your feelings or opinions and not hiding anything:  --Jack is tough, but always straightforward and fair.//  -- straightforwardly adv //  -- straightforwardness n  [U] //


Words: strain
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 worry:\n   2 difficulty:\n   3 force:\n   4 injury:\n   5 plant/animal:\n   6 quality:\n   7 way of saying something:\n   8 strains of something:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-4; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  STRAIN2]//  [Sense: 5-8; Origin: Old English streon  ’gain’]//\n  1 WORRY:   [U and C] worry that is caused by having to deal with a problem or work too hard over a long period of time//    stress//  --I couldn’t look after him any more; the strain was too much for me.//  --Did you find the job a strain ?//  --the stresses and strains of police life//  strain for//  --The trial has been a terrible strain for both of us.//  strain on//  --It’s quite a strain on me when he’s drinking heavily.//  put/place a strain on sb //  --The long working hours put a severe strain on employees.//  under (a) strain//  --I know you’ve been under a lot of strain lately.//  crack/collapse/buckle etc under the strain (=become unable to deal with a problem or work) //  --I could see that she was beginning to crack under the strain.//\n  2 DIFFICULTY:   [U and C] a difficulty or problem that is caused when a person, relationship, organization, or system has too much to do or too many problems to deal with//  strain on//  --The dry summer has further increased the strain on water resources.//  put/place (a) strain on sth //  --The flu epidemic has put a huge strain on the health service.//  strain in//  --The attack has led to strains in the relationship between the two countries.//  under (a) strain//  --His marriage was under strain.//  break/crack/collapse etc under the strain //  --The party split under the strain.//\n  3 FORCE:   [U] a situation in which something is being pulled or pushed, or is holding weight, and so might break or become damaged//  strain on//  --The strain on the cables supporting the bridge is enormous.//  put/place (a) strain on sth //  --Some of these exercises put too much strain on the back muscles.//  --These four posts take the strain of the whole structure.//  break/snap/collapse etc under the strain //  --The rope snapped under the strain.//\n  4 INJURY:   [U and C] an injury to a muscle or part of your body that is caused by using it too much//  --Long hours working at a computer can cause eye strain.//  --The goalkeeper is still out of action with a knee strain.//\n  5 PLANT/ANIMAL:   [C] a type of animal, plant, or disease//  strain of//  --different strains of wheat//  --a new strain of the flu virus//\n  6 QUALITY:   [singular] a particular quality which people have, especially one that is passed from parents to children//  strain of//  --There’s a strain of madness in his family.//\n  7 WAY OF SAYING SOMETHING:   [singular]  formal an amount of a feeling that you can see in the way someone speaks, writes, paints etc//  --a strain of bitterness in Young’s later work//\n  8  strains of sth:   literary the sound of music being played//  --We sipped wine to the strains of Beethoven.//\nstrain 2 v   ----------//\n   1 injure:\n   2 effort:\n   3 liquid:\n   4 difficulty:\n   5 pull/push:\n   6 strain every nerve:\n   7 be straining at the leash:\n   8 not strain yourself:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estraindre, from  Latin stringere;   STRINGENT]//\n  1 INJURE:   [T] to injure a muscle or part of your body by using it too much or making it work too hard//  --I’ve strained a muscle in my leg//  --You’ll strain your eyes trying to read in this light.//\n  2 EFFORT:   [I and T] to try very hard to do something using all your strength or ability//  strain (sth) to do sth//  --She was straining to keep her head above the water.//  strain for//  --Bill choked and gasped, straining for air.//  strain your ears/eyes (=try very hard to hear or see) //  --I strained my ears, listening for any sound in the silence of the cave.//\n  3 LIQUID:   [T] to separate solid things from a liquid by pouring the mixture through something with very small holes in it//    sieve//  --She strained the pasta.//\n  4 DIFFICULTY:   [T] to cause difficulties for something by making too much work or too many problems which it cannot deal with easily//  --The increased costs will certainly strain our finances.//  --The incident has strained relations between the two countries.//  --I felt that my patience was being strained to the limit .//\n  5 PULL/PUSH:   [I] to pull hard at something or push hard against something//  strain against//  --Buddy’s huge gut strained against the buttons on his shirt.//  strain at//  --a dog straining at its lead//\n  6  strain every nerve:  to try as hard as possible to do something//  --He was straining every nerve to impress the judges.//\n  7  be straining at the leash:  to be eager to be allowed to do something//  --There are 30,000 troops in the area, all straining at the leash.//\n  8  not strain yourself:  to not work too hard or do too much physical activity//  --Don’t strain yourself.//


Words: strained
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a strained situation or behaviour is not relaxed, natural, or friendly:   tense//  --I couldn’t stand the strained atmosphere at dinner any more.//  --the increasingly strained relations between the French and German governments//\n  2 showing the effects of worry or too much work:  --Nina’s voice sounded strained.//  --Alex’s pale, strained face//


Words: strainer
Meaning:
n [C]   a kitchen tool with lots of small holes in it, that is used for separating solids from liquids//    sieve//  --a tea strainer//


Words: strait
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: strait  ’narrow’ (13-20 centuries), from  Old French estreit, from  Latin strictus;   STRICT]//\n  1  also straits :   [plural] a narrow passage of water between two areas of land, usually connecting two seas//  --the Bering Strait//\n  2  be in dire straits:  to be in a very difficult situation, especially a financial one//  --After the war the county’s economy was in dire straits.//  --The firm is now in dire financial straits .//


Words: Strait of Magellan
Meaning:
the Strait of Magellan//  a narrow area of sea between Tierra del Fuego and the  mainland of South America. It connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and was discovered by Ferdinand  Magellan in 1520.//


Words: straitened
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: strait  ’narrow’;   STRAIT]//  not having enough money, especially not as much as you had before//  --the straitened circumstances of post-war Japan//


Words: straitjacket
Meaning:
straightjacket/stre[hA366]td[hA360][zB024]k[hA369]t/ n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: strait  ’narrow, tight’ (  STRAIT) +  jacket]//\n  1 a special piece of clothing that prevents someone from moving their arms, used to control someone who is being violent or, in the past, someone who was mentally ill:\n  2 something such as a law or set of ideas that puts very strict or unfair limits on someone:  --the straitjacket of censorship//


Words: strand
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Origin unknown]//\n  1 a single thin piece of thread, wire, hair etc:  strand of//  --He reached out and brushed a strand of hair away from her face.//\n  2 one of the parts of a story, idea, plan etc:  strand of thought/opinion/argument //  --Plato draws all the strands of the argument together.//


Words: stranded
Meaning:
adj   a person or vehicle that is stranded is unable to move from the place where they are//   stuck//  --Air travellers were left stranded because of icy conditions.//  stranded in/on/at//  --There I was, stranded in Rome with no money.//


Words: strange
Meaning:
adj   comparative  stranger superlative  strangest //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estrange  ’foreign’, from  Latin extraneus;   EXTRANEOUS]//\n  1 unusual or surprising, especially in a way that is difficult to explain or understand:   odd//  --strange noises//  --Does Geoff’s behaviour seem strange to you?//  --She felt there was something strange about Dexter’s voice.//  -- Isn’t it strange how  animals seem to sense danger?//  -- It’s strange that  we’ve never met before.//  -- For some strange reason I slept like a baby despite the noise.//  -- Strange as it may seem, I actually prefer cold weather.//  -- That’s strange . I was sure Jude was right here a second ago.//  -- The strange thing is  all four victims had red hair.//  strange to say  BrE  (=strangely) //  --Strange to say, I was just thinking that myself. see usage note  unusual//\n  2 someone or something that is strange is not familiar because you have not seen or met them before:  --As a child she’d been taught never to speak to strange men.//  --I was just 20, a young girl in a strange city.//  strange to//  --It was all strange to him, but he’d soon learn his way around.//\n  3  feel strange:  to feel as if something is slightly wrong or unusual, either physically or emotionally//  --Can you get me a glass of water? I feel a bit strange.//  --It felt strange to be back in Dublin.//  -- strangely adv //  -- strangeness n  [U] //\nstrange 2 adv [only after verb]  AmE   in a way that is unusual or surprising//  --The cat’s been acting really strange - I wonder if it’s sick.//


Words: strangely
Meaning:
adv   in an unusual or surprising way//   oddly//  --Mick’s been acting very strangely lately.//  --strangely shaped hills//  --The crowd fell strangely silent.//  -- Strangely enough , I wasn’t that disappointed.//


Words: stranger
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estrangier, from  estrange;   STRANGE1]//\n  1 someone that you do not know:  --Children must not talk to strangers.//  perfect/complete/total stranger (=used to emphasize that you do not know them) //  --Julie finds it easy to speak to complete strangers.//\n  2  be no stranger to sth:  to have had a lot of a particular kind of experience//  --a politician who is no stranger to controversy//\n  3 someone in a new and unfamiliar place:  --’Where’s the station?’ ’Sorry, I’m a stranger here myself.’//\n  4  Hello, stranger!:   spoken used to greet someone who you have not seen for a long time//\n  5  don’t be a stranger!:   spoken used when someone is leaving to invite them back to see you soon//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not use stranger to mean ’a person from another country’. Use foreigner or, more politely, ’a person  from abroad/overseas ’. //  ----------//


Words: Strangers’ Gallery
Meaning:
the  n   the part of the British  House of Commons or of the  House of Lords where members of the public can sit and watch what happens in Parliament//


Words: Strangeways
Meaning:
a prison in Manchester in northwest England, where prisoners took control and did a lot of damage in 1990, as a protest against bad conditions in British prisons//


Words: strangle
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estrangler, from  Latin strangulare;   STRANGULATION]//\n  1 to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands, a rope etc:    choke//  strangle with//  --The victim had been strangled with a belt.//\n  2 to limit or prevent the growth or development of something:  --Mills argues that high taxation strangles the economy.//  -- strangler n  [C] //


Words: strangled
Meaning:
adj   strangled cry/gasp/voice etc//  a cry or other sound that is suddenly stopped before it is finished//  --Ed gave a strangled cry.//


Words: stranglehold
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 [usually singular] complete control over a situation, organization etc:  stranglehold on//  --Just a few firms have a stranglehold on the market for this software.//  break/loosen the stranglehold of sb (=stop someone having complete control) //\n  2 a strong hold around someone’s neck that stops them from breathing:


Words: strangulated
Meaning:
adj \n  1  technical if a part of your bowel is strangulated, it becomes tightly pressed or twisted so that the flow of blood stops:  --a strangulated hernia//\n  2  written if someone’s voice sounds strangulated, they sound as though their throat is being pressed:  --Clearly terrified, he let out a strangulated whimper.//


Words: strangulation
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: strangulatio, from  strangulare  ’to strangle’, from  Greek strangalan, from  strangale  ’cord’]//  the act of killing someone by pressing on their throat, or the fact of being killed in this way//


Words: strap
Meaning:
n [C]   date, face, hand, strap//  [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: strop]//  a narrow band of strong material that is used to fasten, hang, or hold onto something//  --a bra strap//  --The strap of my bag is broken.//    chinstrap,  shoulder strap//\nstrap 2   past tense and past participle  strapped present participle  strapping  v [T] //\n  1 [always + adverb/preposition] to fasten something or someone in place with one or more straps:  strap sth on/down etc//  --He was only ten when he strapped on a guitar for the first time.//  --soldiers with grenades strapped to their belts//  be strapped in (=have a belt fastened around you in a car) //  --Are the kids strapped in?//\n  2 [often passive]  BrE  also strap up :  to tie bandages firmly round a part of your body that has been hurt//


Words: strapped
Meaning:
adj   strapped (for cash)//   informal having little or no money at the moment//  --Can you lend me ten dollars? I’m a little strapped for cash.//


Words: strapping
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   a strapping young man or woman is strong, tall, and looks healthy and active//  --a strapping young lad//


Words: Strasberg
Meaning:
Lee   (1901-82) a US teacher of acting and theatre  director who was the first person in the US to use and develop the ideas about acting, called  method acting, that were invented by Constantin  Stanislavsky. From 1948 to 1982 he was in charge of the  Actor’s Studio in New York City.//


Words: stratagem
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Italian; Origin: stratagemma, from  Latin, from  Greek stratagema, from  stratagein  ’to lead an army’, from  strategos  ’general’, from  stratos  ’army’ +  agein  ’to lead’]//   formal a trick or plan to deceive an enemy or gain an advantage//   ploy//


Words: strategic
Meaning:
W3  \n  1 done as part of a plan, especially in a military, business, or political situation:  --UN forces made a strategic withdrawal.//  -- strategic planning meetings//  --a strategic decision to move production to Hungary//\n  2 useful or right for a particular purpose:  --Marksmen were placed at strategic points along the president’s route.//\n  3 relating to fighting wars:    tactical//  --Marseilles was of great strategic importance .//  strategic arms/weapons (=weapons designed to reach an enemy country from your own) //  --strategic nuclear missiles//  -- strategically/-kli/ adv //  -- Strategically placed video cameras can alert police to any trouble.//


Words: strategy
Meaning:
W2   n   plural  strategies //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Greek; Origin: strategia  ’art of leading an army’, from  strategos;   STRATAGEM]//\n  1 [C] a planned series of actions for achieving something:  --the government’s long-term economic strategy //  --a company’s business strategy //  strategy for doing sth//  --a strategy for dealing with crime//  strategy to do sth//  --a strategy to attract younger audiences to jazz//\n  2 [U and C] the skill of planning the movements of armies in a war, or an example of this:  --military strategies//  --It is the general’s role to develop overall strategy. //\n  3 [U] skilful planning in general:  --The company must first resolve questions of strategy.//


Words: Stratford-upon-Avon
Meaning:
a town in Warwickshire, central England, on the River Avon. It is famous as the place where William  Shakespeare was born, and is very popular with tourists.//


Words: stratification
Meaning:
n [U and C] \n  1 when society is divided into separate social classes:  --The Indian caste system is an example of social stratification. //\n  2 the way in which earth, rocks etc form layers over time:  -- stratify/str[zB024]t[hA369]fa[hA366]/ v  [I and T] //


Words: stratified
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: stratifier, from  Modern Latin stratificare, from  stratum;   STRATUM]//\n  1 having different social classes:  --a stratified society//\n  2 having several layers of earth, rock etc:  --stratified rock//


Words: stratosphere
Meaning:
n   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: French; Origin: stratosph[hA169]re, from  Modern Latin stratum (  STRATUM) +  French sph[hA169]re  ’sphere’]//\n  1  the stratosphere:  the outer part of the air surrounding the Earth, from ten to fifty kilometres above the Earth//    atmosphere//\n  2 [singular] a very high position, level, or amount:  --oil prices soared into the stratosphere //  --He’s now at the top of the political stratosphere.//


Words: stratum
Meaning:
n   plural  strata /-t[hA353]/ [C] //  [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Latin,  ’something spread, bed’, from  sternere  ’to spread out’]//\n  1 a layer of rock or earth:\n  2 a social class in a society:  --people of different social strata//


Words: Strauss
Meaning:
Johann   (1825-99) an Austrian  composer who wrote more than 400  waltzes including the very popular  Blue Danube  and Tales from the Vienna Woods//\n Richard   (1864-1949) a German  composer whose best-known works are his  symphonic poems, his  operas, especially  Der Rosenkavalier (1911), and his  Four Last Songs (1948). One of his symphonic poems,  Also sprach Zarathustra (1895) was used in the film  2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).//


Words: Stravinsky
Meaning:
Igor   (1882-1971) a Russian musician, famous especially for his  ballet music, including  The Firebird and  The Rite of Spring, which he wrote for the ballet producer  Diaghilev. His work was very different from anything done before.//


Words: straw
Meaning:
S3   n   [Language: Old English; Origin: streaw]//\n  1 :  a)  [U] the dried stems of wheat or similar plants that animals sleep on, and that are used for making things such as baskets, hats etc//    hay//  --a straw hat//  b)  [C] a single dried stem of straw//  2 [C] a thin tube of paper or plastic for sucking up liquid from a bottle or a cup//  --She sipped her lemonade through a straw.//\n  3  the last straw:   also the straw that breaks the camel’s back //  the last problem in a series of problems that finally makes you give up, get angry etc//  --Making me work late on Friday was the last straw.//\n  4  be clutching/grasping at straws:  to be trying everything you can to succeed, even though the things you are doing are not likely to help or work//\n  5  straw in the wind:   BrE a sign of what might happen in the future//  --There have been a few straws in the wind suggesting things might be getting a little better.//\n  6  straw man:   AmE a weak opponent or imaginary argument that can easily be defeated//    draw the short straw at draw1 (29)//


Words: straw poll
Meaning:
n [C]   an informal test of several people’s opinions to see what the general feeling about something is//


Words: strawberry
Meaning:
S3   n   plural  strawberries  [C] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: streawberige, from  streaw (  STRAW) +  berige  ’berry’; perhaps because the seeds look like small pieces of straw]//  a soft red juicy fruit with small seeds on its surface, or the plant that grows this fruit//


Words: strawberry blonde
Meaning:
n [C]   someone, especially a girl or woman, with light reddish yellow hair//  -- strawberry blonde adj //


Words: strawweight
Meaning:
n [C]   a boxer who weighs less than 47.63 kilograms, and who belongs to the lightest weight class of boxers//


Words: stray
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estraier, from  Vulgar Latin extragare, from  Latin extra-  ’outside’ +  vagari  ’to wander’]//\n  1 to move away from the place you should be:  stray into/onto/from//  --Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.//\n  2 to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to:  stray into/onto/from//  --We’re straying into ethnic issues here.//  --This meeting is beginning to stray from the point .//\n  3 if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to:  stray to/back/over etc//  --Her eyes strayed to the clock.//\n  4 to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this:\nstray 2 adj [only before noun] \n  1 a stray animal, such as a dog or cat, is lost or has no home:\n  2 accidentally separated from other things of the same kind:  --One man was hit by a stray bullet and taken to hospital.//\nstray 3 n [C] \n  1 an animal that is lost or has no home:\n  2  informal someone or something that has become separated from others of the same kind:    waifs and strays at waif(2)//


Words: streak
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: strica]//\n  1 a coloured line, especially one that is not straight or has been made accidentally:  --Sue has blonde streaks in her hair.//\n  2 a part of someone’s character that is different from the rest of their character:  --a mean streak//  streak of//  --His serious nature was lightened by a streak of mischief.//\n  3 a period of time during which you continue to be successful or to fail:  be on a winning/losing streak //  --Celtic are on a six-game winning streak.//\n  4  streak of lightning/fire/light etc:  a long straight flash of lightning, fire etc//\nstreak 2 v \n  1 [I always + adverb/preposition] to run or fly somewhere so fast you can hardly be seen:  streak across/along/down etc//  --Two jets streaked across the sky.//\n  2 [T usually passive] to cover something with lines of colour, liquid etc:  --The sky was streaked yellow and purple.//  streak with//  --His hands and arms were streaked with paint.//\n  3 [I] to run across a public place with no clothes on as a joke or in order to shock people:


Words: streaker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who runs across a public place with no clothes on as a joke or in order to shock people//


Words: stream
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 small river:\n   2 continuous series:\n   3 air/water:\n   4 come on stream:\n   5 school:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin:]//\n  1 SMALL RIVER:  a natural flow of water that moves across the land and is narrower than a river//\n  2 CONTINUOUS SERIES:  a long and almost continuous series of events, people, objects, etc//  stream of//  --a stream of traffic//  --a stream of abuse//  steady/constant/endless etc stream //  --A steady stream of visitors came to the house.//\n  3 AIR/WATER:  a flow of water, air, smoke etc, or the direction in which it is flowing//  --A stream of cold air rushed through the open door.//    Gulf Stream,  jet stream//\n  4  come on stream:   especially BrE to start working or producing something//  --The new factory will come on stream at the end of the year.//\n  5 SCHOOL:   BrE a level of ability within a group of students of the same age//  --Kim’s in the top stream.//    bloodstream,  mainstream1 ,  stream of consciousness//\nstream 2 v   ----------//\n   1 pour:\n   2 flow:\n   3 give out liquid:\n   4 light:\n   5 move freely:\n   6 computer:\n   7 school:  ----------//\n  1 POUR:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to flow quickly and in great amounts//   pour//  stream out/from/onto etc//  --Water came streaming out of the burst pipe.//  --Tears streamed down her cheeks.//\n  2 FLOW:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to move in a continuous flow in the same direction//  stream out/across/past etc//  --People streamed past us on all sides.//\n  3 GIVE OUT LIQUID:   [I and T] to produce a continuous flow of liquid//  stream with//  --When I got up, my face was streaming with blood.//  streaming cold  BrE  (=an illness in which a lot of liquid comes out of your nose) //\n  4 LIGHT:   [I always + adverb/preposition] if light streams somewhere, it shines through an opening into a place or onto a surface//   flood//  stream in/through/from etc//  --The first rays of morning sunlight streamed through the open doorway.//\n  5 MOVE FREELY:   [I always + adverb/preposition, usually in progressive] to move freely in a current of wind or water//  stream in/out/behind etc//  --Elise ran, her hair streaming out behind her.//\n  6 COMPUTER:   [T] if you stream sound or video, you play it on your computer while it is being downloaded from the Internet, rather than saving it as a file and then playing it//\n  7 SCHOOL:   [T]  BrE to put school children in groups according to their ability//  American Equivalent:  track//  -- streaming n  [U] //


Words: stream of consciousness
Meaning:
n [U]   the expression of thoughts and feelings in writing exactly as they pass through your mind, without the usual structure they have in formal writing//


Words: streamer
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a long narrow piece of coloured paper, used for decoration on special occasions:\n  2 a long narrow flag:


Words: streaming
Meaning:
n [U]   when you play sound or video on your computer while it is being broadcast over the Internet, instead of  downloading it and saving it into a  file so that you can listen to it or watch it later//


Words: streamline
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to make something such as a business, organization etc work more simply and effectively:  --efforts to streamline the production process//\n  2 to form something into a smooth shape, so that it moves easily through the air or water:  --All these new cars have been streamlined.//  -- streamlined adj //


Words: street
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: str[zB024]t]//\n  1 a public road in a city or town that has houses, shops etc on one or both sides:  --We moved to Center Street when I was young.//  --I walked on further  down the street .//  --Someone just moved in  across the street .//  --a car parked on the other side of the street //  --Look both ways before you cross the street .//  --There were soldiers marching down the main street .//  --There’s a branch of the store in almost every high street in Britain.//  --We found a quiet bar in one of the side streets .//  --a quiet residential street //  --He was fined for driving the wrong way down a one-way street .//  --a small historic town with narrow winding streets //  --Two people were chatting on a street corner .//\n  2  the streets [plural]  also  the street:  the busy public parts of a city where there is a lot of activity, excitement, and crime, or where people without homes live//  on the streets//  --young people living on the streets//  --She felt quite safe walking the streets after dark.//  -- street musicians  (=ones who play on the street) //\n  3  the man/woman in the street:   also  the man/woman on the street//  the average person, who represents the general opinion about things//  --The man on the street assumes that all politicians are corrupt.//\n  4  (right) up your street:   BrE exactly right for you//\n  5  streets ahead (of sb/sth):   BrE  informal much better than someone or something else//  --James is streets ahead of the rest of the class at reading.//    backstreet//    be (living) on easy street at easy1 (13)//    one-way street at one-way(1)//    high street//    two-way street//    walk the streets at walk1 (8)//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  along/up/down the street //  across the street //  on the other/opposite side of the street //  cross the street //  main street //  high street British English (=the main street with shops in a village, town, or city) //  shopping street British English (=a street with a lot of shops) //  side/back street (=a street that is smaller than a main street) //  busy/quiet street (=a street with a lot of activity or little activity) //  crowded/deserted/empty street //  one-way street (=a street where you can only drive in one direction) //  narrow street //  winding streets (=streets that turn in many directions) //  street corner (=a place where streets meet) //  ----------//


Words: street cred
Meaning:
also street credibility  n [U]   the qualities in a young person that other young people admire, especially because of their knowledge and experience of real life//  --It’ll wreck your street cred if you’re seen helping the police.//  -- street-credible adj //


Words: street value
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the price for which something, especially drugs, can be sold illegally//  --Detectives seized drugs with a street value of almost [hA124]300,000.//


Words: streetcar
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a type of bus that runs on electricity along metal tracks in the road//  British Equivalent:  tram//


Words: Streetcar Named Desire
Meaning:
A   (1947) a play by Tennessee  Williams, made into a film with Marlon  Brando and Vivien  Leigh in 1951, about a beautiful woman who is becoming old and her violent younger  brother-in-law//


Words: streetwise
Meaning:
adj   able to deal with the dangerous situations and people that are common in some cities and towns//


Words: strength
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 physical:\n   2 determination:\n   3 feeling/belief :\n   4 organization/country etc:\n   5 useful quality or ability:\n   6 object:\n   7 substance/mixture:\n   8 number of people:\n   9 money:\n  10 on the strength of something:\n  11 position of strength:\n  12 go from strength to strength:\n  13 natural force:\n  14 colour/light/flavour/smell etc:\n  15 give me strength:\n  16 not know your own strength:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: strengthu]//\n  1 PHYSICAL:   [U] the physical power and energy that makes someone strong//  → weakness//  have/find the strength to do sth //  --She didn’t even have the strength to stand up.//  --I’m trying to build up my strength .//  --Jo hit him with all her strength .//  --He never ceased to be amazed by her physical strength .//\n  2 DETERMINATION:   [U] the quality of being brave or determined in dealing with difficult or unpleasant situations//  have/find the strength to do sth //  --Jenny didn’t have the strength to end the relationship.//  --She had enormous strength of character  (=strong ability to deal with difficult situations) .//  strength of mind/purpose //  --The sea was very cold and it required great strength of mind to get in.//  --I think you have to find an inner strength in order to feel good about yourself.//    tower of strength at tower1 (3)//\n  3 FEELING/BELIEF :   [U] how strong a feeling, belief, or relationship is//   depth//  strength of//  --Governments cannot ignore the strength of public opinion.//  --We understand the strength of feeling against the proposal.//\n  4 ORGANIZATION/COUNTRY ETC:   [U] the political, military, or economic power of an organization, country, or system//  strength of//  --the strength of the US economy//  --The socialists organized a show of strength  (=when a country or organization shows how strong it is) .//\n  5 USEFUL QUALITY OR ABILITY:   [C] a particular quality or ability that gives someone or something an advantage//  → weakness//  --Her main strength is her critical thinking ability.//  strength of//  --The great strength of our plan lies in its simplicity.//  --Be aware of your own strengths and weaknesses .//\n  6 OBJECT:   [U] how strong an object or structure is, especially its ability to last for a long time without breaking//  → weakness//  strength of//  --a device for testing the strength of concrete structures//\n  7 SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE:   [U and C] how strong a substance or mixture is//  --Add water to dilute the solution to the required strength.//  full-strength/half-strength/double-strength etc //  --Young plants can be fed with half-strength liquid fertilizer.//\n  8 NUMBER OF PEOPLE:   [U] the number of people in a team, army etc//  --The Edinburgh team are now at full strength .//  below strength//  --The police force is below strength at the moment (=there are fewer police than there should be) .//  in strength//  --Security forces were out in strength (=in large numbers) but did not intervene.//\n  9 MONEY:   [U] the value of a country’s money when compared to other countries’ money//  strength of//  --the strength of the dollar on the international money markets//\n  10  on the strength of sth:  because of something//  --I bought the book on the strength of your recommendation.//\n  11  position of strength:  a position where you have an advantage over someone, especially in a discussion//  --We must negotiate from a position of strength.//\n  12  go from strength to strength:  to become more and more successful//  --For several years the business went from strength to strength.//\n  13 NATURAL FORCE:   [U] how strong a natural force is//  --the strength of the sunlight//\n  14 COLOUR/LIGHT/FLAVOUR/SMELL ETC:   [U] how strong a colour, taste etc is//\n  15  give me strength:   spoken used when you are annoyed or angry about something//\n  16  not know your own strength:  to not realize how strong you are//


Words: strengthen
Meaning:
W3   v   ----------//\n   1 feeling/belief/relationship:\n   2 team/army etc:\n   3 financial situation:\n   4 money:\n   5 body/structure:\n   6 proof/reason:\n   7 wind/current:  ----------//\n  1 FEELING/BELIEF/RELATIONSHIP:   [I and T] to become stronger or make something stronger//  → weaken//  --Our friendship has steadily strengthened over the years.//  --Steve’s opposition only strengthened her resolve to go ahead.//  strengthen sth’s ties/bonds/links etc //  --The university hopes to strengthen its ties with the local community.//  --The company plans to strengthen its hand  (=make itself more powerful) in Europe by opening an office in Spain.//\n  2 TEAM/ARMY ETC:   [T] to make an organization, army etc more powerful, especially by increasing the number or quality of the people in it//  → weaken//  --The team has been strengthened by the arrival of two new players.//\n  3 FINANCIAL SITUATION:   [T] if the financial situation of a country or company strengthens or is strengthened, it improves or is made to improve//  → weaken//  --measures to strengthen the economy//\n  4 MONEY:   [I and T] to increase in value, or to increase the value of money//  → weaken//  --The pound has strengthened against other currencies.//\n  5 BODY/STRUCTURE:   [T] to make something such as your body or a building stronger//  → weaken//  --Metal supports were added to strengthen the outer walls.//\n  6 PROOF/REASON:   [T] to help prove something//  --Fresh evidence has greatly strengthened the case against him.//\n  7 WIND/CURRENT:   [I] to increase in force//  --The wind had strengthened during the night.//


Words: strenuous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: strenuus]//\n  1 needing a lot of effort or strength:  --a strenuous climb//  --The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.//\n  2 active and determined:  --Sherry’s been making a strenuous effort to lose weight.//  -- strenuously adv //  --Barrett strenuously denied rumors that he would resign.//


Words: streptococcus
Meaning:
n   plural  streptococci /-ka[hA366]/ [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: Greek streptos  ’twisted’ +  Modern Latin coccus  ’bacterium’ (from  Greek kokkos  ’berry’)]//  a bacteria that causes infections, especially in the throat//


Words: stress
Meaning:
W3S3   n   ----------//\n   1 worry:\n   2 force:\n   3 importance:\n   4 word/music:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Origin: distress]//\n  1 WORRY:   [U and C] continuous feelings of worry about your work or personal life, that prevent you from relaxing//    strain//  --Your headaches are due to stress.//  under stress//  --Janet’s been under a lot of stress since her mother’s illness.//  --the stresses and strains  (=problems and worries) of public life//  -- stress-related  (=caused by stress) medical problems//  reduce/relieve stress //  --Yoga is excellent for relieving stress.//\n  2 FORCE:   [U and C] the physical force or pressure on an object//  --Shoes with high heels put a great deal of stress on knees and ankles.//\n  3 IMPORTANCE:   [U] the special attention or importance given to a particular idea, fact, or activity//   emphasis//  put/lay stress on sth //  --Pugh laid particular stress on the need for discipline.//\n  4 WORD/MUSIC:   [U and C] the degree of force or loudness with which a part of a word is pronounced or a note in music is played, which makes it sound stronger than other parts or notes//\nstress 2 v [T] \n  1 to emphasize a statement, fact, or idea:  stress that//  --The report stressed that student math skills need to improve.//  --Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown.//  --She stressed the importance of a balanced diet.//\n  2 to pronounce a word or part of a word so that it sounds louder or more forceful:  --The word ’machine’ is stressed on the second syllable.//  stress out [stress sb out] phr v//  to make someone so worried or nervous that they cannot relax//  --Studying for exams always stresses me out.//


Words: stressed
Meaning:
adj \n  1 [not before noun]  also  stressed out:   informal so worried and tired that you cannot relax//  --I always eat when I’m feeling stressed.//\n  2  technical an object, especially a metal object, that is stressed has had a lot of pressure or force put on it:


Words: stressful
Meaning:
adj   a job, experience, or situation that is stressful makes you worry a lot//  --Moving to a new house is a very stressful experience.//


Words: stretch
Meaning:
W3S3   v   ----------//\n   1 make something bigger/looser:\n   2 body:\n   3 reach:\n   4 make something tight:\n   5 time/series:\n   6 in space:\n   7 stretch your legs:\n   8 stretch (somebody’s) patience/credulity:\n   9 rule/limit:\n  10 stretch the truth/facts:\n  11 be stretching it:\n  12 food/money:\n  13 be stretched (to the limit):\n  14 not stretch to something:\n  15 abilities:  Phrasal verbs//   stretch out//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: streccan]//\n  1 MAKE SOMETHING BIGGER/LOOSER:  a)  [I and T] to make something bigger or looser by pulling it, or to become bigger or looser as a result of being pulled//  --A spider’s web can stretch considerably without weakening.//  --Where can I buy those things that stretch your shoes?//  b)  [I not in progressive] if a material stretches, it can become bigger or longer when you pull it and then return to its original shape when you stop//\n  2 BODY:   [I and T] to straighten your arms, legs, or body to full length//  --Carl sat up in bed, yawned, and stretched.//  --Always stretch before exercising.//\n  3 REACH:   [I always +adverb/preposition] to reach a long way for something//  stretch across/over//  --Ann stretched across the couch and grabbed the phone.//\n  4 MAKE SOMETHING TIGHT:   [T] to pull something so that it is tight//  --The canvas is stretched over a wooden frame.//\n  5 TIME/SERIES:   [I,T always + adverb/preposition] to continue over a period of time or in a series, or make something do this//  stretch into/on/over etc//  --Berg’s career as a government official stretched over twenty years.//  --With a goal in the second half, Spurs stretched their lead to 3-0.//\n  6 IN SPACE:   [I always + adverb/preposition] to spread out or cover a large area of land//  stretch to/into/away etc//  --Row after row of orange trees stretched to the horizon.//  --a line stretching around the block//\n  7  stretch your legs:   informal to go for a walk, especially after sitting for a long time//\n  8  stretch (sb’s) patience/credulity:  to be almost beyond the limits of what someone can accept or believe//  --The kids stretch my patience to the limit.//\n  9 RULE/LIMIT:   [T]  BrE to allow something that would not normally be allowed by a rule or limit//  --This once I’ll stretch the rules and let you leave work early.//  --We’ll stretch a point  (=allow a rule to be broken) and let the baby travel free this time.//    stretch the rules at rule1 (1)//\n  10  stretch the truth/facts:  to say or write something that is not completely true//  --Reporters sometimes stretch the facts to make a point.//\n  11  be stretching it:   informal to make something seem more important, bigger etc than it really is//  --He’s a good player, but ’world class’ is stretching it.//\n  12 FOOD/MONEY:   [I and T] if you make an amount of money, food etc stretch or it stretches, you use less of it than you usually would so that you have it for a longer time//  --I’m going to have to stretch this $20 until payday.//\n  13  be stretched (to the limit):  to have hardly enough money, supplies, time etc for your needs//  --We’re stretched at the moment, otherwise we’d go.//\n  14  not stretch to sth:   BrE if someone’s money will not stretch to something, they cannot afford it//  --The budget won’t stretch to a new car this year.//\n  15 ABILITIES:   [T] to make someone use all of their skill, abilities, or intelligence//  --The work’s too easy. The students aren’t being stretched enough.//  stretch out phr v//\n  1  informal to lie down, usually in order to sleep or rest:  --I’m just going to stretch out on the couch for ten minutes.//\n  2  stretch sth → out:  to put out your hand, foot etc in order to reach something//  --Jimmy stretched out his hand to take the candy.//\nstretch 2 n   ----------//\n   1 length of land/water:\n   2 time:\n   3 body:\n   4 by any stretch (of the imagination):\n   5 the home/final stretch:\n   6 material:\n   7 at full stretch:\n   8 jail:  ----------//\n  1 LENGTH OF LAND/WATER:   [C] an area of land or water, especially one that is long and narrow//  stretch of//  --a beautiful stretch of countryside//\n  2 TIME:   [C] a continuous period of time//  stretch of//  --a stretch of three weeks without sunshine//  --She doesn’t leave the house for long stretches of time .//  --She rarely sleeps for eight hours at a stretch  (=without stopping) .//\n  3 BODY:   [C] the action of stretching a part of your body out to its full length, or a particular way of doing this//  --The ski instructor showed us some special stretches.//\n  4  by any stretch (of the imagination):   spoken used to emphasize that a negative statement is true//  --My family wasn’t wealthy by any stretch of the imagination.//\n  5  the home/final stretch:  a) the last part of a track before the end of a race//  b) the last part of an activity, trip, or process//  --As they enter the home stretch of the campaign, the President’s lead has grown.//\n  6 MATERIAL:   [U] the ability a material has to increase in length or width without tearing//    stretchy//\n  7  at full stretch:   BrE //  a) using everything that is available//  --With staff shortages and appalling weather conditions, the emergency services were at full stretch.//  b) with your body or part of your body stretched as far as possible//  --He dived and caught the ball at full stretch.//\n  8 JAIL:   [C usually singular]  informal a period of time spent in prison//\nstretch 3 adj [only before noun]   stretch clothes or material stretch if you pull them and then return to their original shape//  --stretch levis//


Words: stretch mark
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   a mark left on your skin as a result of it stretching too much, especially during pregnancy//


Words: stretcher
Meaning:
n [C]   a type of bed used for carrying someone who is too injured or ill to walk//\nstretcher 2 v [T always + adverb/preposition]  BrE   to carry someone on a stretcher//  be stretchered off/into etc//  --Ward was stretchered off early in the game.//


Words: stretchy
Meaning:
adj  informal   material that is stretchy can stretch when you pull it and then return to its original shape//  --stretchy cotton leggings//


Words: strew
Meaning:
v   past tense  strewed past participle  strewn /stru[hA359]n/ or  strewed  [T usually passive] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: strewian]//\n  1 to scatter things around a large area:  be strewn with sth//  --The street was strewn with broken glass.//  strew sth around/about/over etc sth//  --clothes strewn across the floor//\n  2  strewn with sth:   written containing a lot of something//  --conversation liberally strewn with swear words//\n  3  literary to lie scattered over something:  --Flowers strewed the path.//


Words: strewth
Meaning:
interjection  BrE  AusE  old-fashioned   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: God’s truth]//  used to express surprise, annoyance etc//


Words: striated
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: , past participle of  striare  ’to mark with lines’, from  Latin stria  ’long narrow hole’]//  having narrow lines or bands of colour//   striped//  -- striation/stra[hA366]e[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [C usually plural] //


Words: stricken
Meaning:
adj  formal   very badly affected by trouble, illness, unhappiness etc//  --Fire broke out on the stricken ship.//  stricken by/with//  --a country stricken by severe economic problems//  drought-stricken/cancer-stricken/tragedy-stricken etc //  --drought-stricken farmers//    grief-stricken//    panic-stricken//    poverty-stricken//


Words: strict
Meaning:
S3   adj   comparative  stricter superlative  strictest //  [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: strictus, past participle of  stringere;   STRINGENT]//\n  1 expecting people to obey rules or to do what you say:  → lenient//  --a strict teacher//  strict about//  --This company is very strict about punctuality.//  strict with//  --The Stuarts are very strict with their children.//\n  2 a strict order or rule is one that must be obeyed:  --You had strict instructions not to tell anybody.//  --There are strict limits on presidential campaign contributions.//  --He’s under strict orders from his doctor to quit smoking.//  --I’m telling you this in the strictest confidence  (=it must be kept completely secret) .//\n  3 [usually before noun] exact and correct, often in a way that seems unreasonable:  --Amy was attractive, although not beautiful in the strictest sense of the word .//\n  4 obeying all the rules of a religion or set of principles:  --He was raised a strict Catholic.//  --a strict vegetarian//  -- strictness n  [U] //


Words: strictly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 in a way that must be obeyed:  --Alcohol is strictly forbidden on school premises.//  --The ban on hunting is not strictly enforced .//\n  2 exactly and completely:  --That isn’t strictly true.//\n  3  strictly speaking:  used to say that something is true if you are going to be very exact and correct about it//  --Strictly speaking, spiders are not insects.//\n  4 only for a particular person, thing, or purpose and no one else:  --This is strictly between us. Nobody else must know.//


Words: stricture
Meaning:
n [C often plural]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: strictura  ’tightening, narrowing’, from  Latin strictus;   STRICT]//\n  1 a rule that strictly limits what you can do:  stricture on/against//  --religious strictures on marriage//\n  2 a severe criticism:


Words: stride
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 step:\n   2 improvement:\n   3 take something in your stride:\n   4 get into your stride:\n   5 way of walking:\n   6 break (your) stride:\n   7 put somebody off their stride:\n   8 (match somebody) stride for stride:  ----------//\n  1 STEP:   [C] a long step you make while you are walking//    pace//  --Paco reached the door in only three strides.//\n  2 IMPROVEMENT:   [C] an improvement in a situation or in the development of something//  make great/major/giant etc strides //  --The government has made great strides in reducing poverty.//\n  3  take sth in your stride:   BrE  take something in stride AmE to not allow something to annoy, embarrass, or upset you//  --When the boss asked Judy to stay late, she took it in stride.//\n  4  get into your stride:   BrE  hit your stride AmE to start doing something confidently and well//  --Once I get into my stride I can finish an essay in a few hours.//\n  5 WAY OF WALKING:   [singular] the way you walk or run//  --the runner’s long, loping stride//\n  6  break (your) stride:   especially AmE //  a) to begin moving more slowly or to stop when you are running or walking//  b) if you break your stride, or if someone or something breaks it, you are prevented from continuing in what you are doing//  --Collins dealt with the reporters’ questions without breaking stride .//\n  7  put sb off their stride:   especially BrE  knock/throw/keep somebody off stride AmE to make someone unable to do something effectively, by not allowing them to give all their attention to it//  --Shea’s testimony threw the defense off stride.//\n  8  (match sb) stride for stride:  to manage to be just as fast, strong, skilled etc as someone else, even if they keep making it harder for you//\nstride 2   past tense  strode /str[hA353][hA35E]d $ stro[hA35E]d/past participle  stridden /str[hA366]dn/ v [I always + adverb/preposition]  written //  [Language: Old English; Origin: stridan]//  to walk quickly with long steps//    march//  stride across/into/down etc//  --He strode toward her.//


Words: strident
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  stridere  ’to make a rough unpleasant noise’]//\n  1 forceful and determined, especially in a way that is offensive or annoying:  --strident criticism//\n  2 a strident sound or voice is loud and unpleasant:  --the strident calls of seagulls//  -- stridently adv //  -- stridency n  [U] //


Words: strife
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: estrif, probably from  estriver;   STRIVE]//  trouble between two or more people or groups//   conflict//  ethnic/religious/civil etc strife //  --a time of political strife//


Words: strike
Meaning:
W3S3   v   past tense and past participle  struck /str[hA356]k///  ----------//\n   1 hit:\n   2 hit with hand/weapon etc:\n   3 thought/idea:\n   4 strike somebody as (being) something:\n   5 stop work:\n   6 attack:\n   7 harm:\n   8 something bad happens:\n   9 strike a balance (between something):\n  10 strike a bargain/deal:\n  11 strike a happy/cheerful/cautious etc note:\n  12 strike a chord:\n  13 strike a match:\n  14 strike gold/oil etc:\n  15 lightning:\n  16 strike a blow for somebody/something:\n  17 be within striking distance:\n  18 strike it rich:\n  19 strike it lucky:\n  20 clock:\n  21 gain advantage:\n  22 strike home:\n  23 strike terror/fear into somebody’s heart:\n  24 strike a pose/attitude:\n  25 be struck dumb:\n  26 be struck with horror/terror/awe etc:\n  27 strike while the iron is hot:\n  28 strike somebody dead:  Phrasal verbs//   strike back//   strike somebody → down//   strike somebody/something → off//   strike on/upon something//   strike out//   strike up//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: strican  ’to touch lightly, go’]//\n  1 HIT:   [T]  written to hit or fall against the surface of something//  --She fell heavily, striking her head against the side of the boat.//  --A snowball struck him on the back of the head.//  --Several cars were struck by falling trees.//  --The last rays of the setting sun struck the garden windows.//\n  2 HIT WITH HAND/WEAPON ETC:   [T]  formal to deliberately hit someone or something with your hand or a weapon//  --She struck him hard across the face.//  strike sth with sth//  --The victim had been struck with some kind of wooden implement.//  --Paul struck him a blow to the head.//  --The assassin’s bullet struck home  (=hit exactly where it should) .//\n  3 THOUGHT/IDEA:   [T not in progressive] if something strikes you, you think of it, notice it, or realize that it is important, interesting, true etc//  --A rather worrying thought struck me.//  --The first thing that struck me was the fact that there were no other women present.//  it strikes sb that//  --It struck her that losing the company might be the least of her worries.//  be struck by sth//  --You can’t help being struck by her kindness.//\n  4  strike sb as (being) sth:  to seem to have a particular quality or feature//  --His jokes didn’t strike Jack as being very funny.//  it strikes sb as strange/odd etc that //  --It struck me as odd that the man didn’t introduce himself before he spoke.//\n  5 STOP WORK:   [I] if a group of workers strike, they stop working as a protest against something relating to their work, for example how much they are paid, bad working conditions etc//  --In many countries, the police are forbidden to strike.//  strike for//  --They’re striking for the right to have their trade union recognized in law.//\n  6 ATTACK:   [I] to attack someone, especially suddenly//  --The killer might strike again.//  --Guerrillas struck a U.N. camp, killing 75.//  --Opponents of the war say that civilian villages have been struck several times.//\n  7 HARM:   [T] to damage or harm someone or something//  strike at//  --The law would strike at the most basic of civil rights.//  --Such prejudices strike right at the heart of any notions of a civilized society.//  strike a blow at/against/to sth //  --The scandal seemed to have struck a mortal blow to the government’s chances of re-election.//\n  8 SOMETHING BAD HAPPENS:   [I and T] if something bad strikes, it suddenly happens or suddenly begins to affect someone//  --The plague struck again for the third time that century.//  --Everything seemed to be going fine when suddenly disaster struck .//    stricken//\n  9  strike a balance (between sth):  to give the correct amount of importance or attention to two separate things//  --He was finding it difficult to strike a balance between his family and his work.//  --It isn’t always easy to strike the right balance .//\n  10  strike a bargain/deal:  to agree to do something for someone if they do something for you//  --There are rumors that the president struck a private deal with the corporation’s chairman.//\n  11  strike a happy/cheerful/cautious etc note:  to express a particular feeling or attitude//  --The article struck a conciliatory note.//  --Moderate Republicanism appeared to strike exactly the right note with the voters (=be what the people wanted) .//\n  12  strike a chord:  to say or do something that other people agree with or have sympathy with//  strike a chord with//  --Their story is bound to strike a chord with all parents.//\n  13  strike a match:  to produce a flame from a match by rubbing it hard across a rough surface//\n  14  strike gold/oil etc:  a) to find a supply of gold, oil etc in the ground or under the sea//  --If they strike oil, drilling will begin early next year.//  b)  strike gold//  to do something that makes you a lot of money//  --Jackie eventually struck gold with her third novel.//\n  15 LIGHTNING:   [I and T] if lightning strikes something, it hits and damages it//  --The temple burned down after it was struck by lightning last year.//    lightning never strikes twice at lightning1 //\n  16  strike a blow for sb/sth:  to do something to help achieve a principle or aim//  --It’s time we struck a blow for women’s rights.//\n  17  be within striking distance:  a) to be close enough to reach a place easily//  --By now they were within striking distance of the shore.//  b) to be very close to achieving something//  --The French team are within striking distance of the world record.//\n  18  strike it rich:  to suddenly make a lot of money//\n  19  strike it lucky:   BrE to be very lucky, especially when you were not expecting to//  --We struck it lucky in Bangkok, where we were told there were some extra seats on the plane that night.//\n  20 CLOCK:   [I and T] if a clock strikes one, two, six etc, its bell makes a sound once, twice, six times etc according to what time it is//  --The church clock began to strike twelve.//  strike the hour (=strike when it is exactly one o’clock, two o’clock etc) //\n  21 GAIN ADVANTAGE:   [I] to do something that gives you an advantage over your opponent in a fight, competition etc//  --Brazil struck first with a goal in the third minute.//\n  22  strike home:  if something that you say strikes home, it has exactly the effect on someone that you intended//  --She saw the emotion in her father’s face and knew her words had struck home.//\n  23  strike terror/fear into sb’s heart:  to make someone feel very frightened//  --The word ’cancer’ still strikes terror into many hearts.//\n  24  strike a pose/attitude:  to stand or sit with your body in a particular position//  --Malcolm struck his usual pose: hands in pockets, shoulders hunched.//\n  25  be struck dumb:  to suddenly be unable to talk, usually because you are very surprised or shocked//    dumbstruck//\n  26  be struck with horror/terror/awe etc:  to suddenly feel very afraid, shocked etc//  --As she began to speak to him, she was struck with shyness.//\n  27  strike while the iron is hot:  to do something immediately rather than waiting until a later time when you are less likely to succeed//\n  28  strike sb dead:  to kill someone//  --May God strike me dead if I’m telling a lie!//  strike back phr v//  to attack or criticize someone who attacked or criticized you first//  --We instruct our staff never to strike back however angry they feel.//  strike back at//  --The prime minister immediately struck back at his critics.//  strike down [strike sb → down] phr v//\n  1 [usually passive] to kill someone or make them extremely ill:  --Over 50 nurses at the clinic have been struck down with a mystery virus.//  --They would rob the bodies of those struck down in battle.//\n  2  formal to hit someone so hard that they fall down:\n  3  law to say that a law, decision etc is illegal and officially end it:  strike off [strike sb/sth → off] phr v//\n  1  be struck off:   BrE if a doctor, lawyer etc is struck off, their name is removed from the official list of people who are allowed to work as doctors, lawyers etc//\n  2 to remove someone or something from a list:  --Terri was told to strike off the names of every person older than 30.//  strike on/upon [strike on/upon sth] phr v//   formal to discover something or have a good idea about something//    be struck on sb/sth at struck2 //  strike out phr v//\n  1 to attack or criticize someone suddenly or violently:  strike out at//  --Unhappy young people will often strike out at the people closest to them.//\n  2  strike sth → out:  to draw a line through something written on a piece of paper//\n  3 [always + adverb/preposition] to start walking or swimming in a particular direction, especially in a determined way:  --She struck out for the side of the pool.//\n  4  strike out on your own:  to start doing something or living independently//\n  5 to not hit the ball in baseball three times, so that you are not allowed to continue trying, or to make someone do this:  strike sb → out//  --He struck out the first batter he faced.//    strikeout//\n  6  AmE  informal to not be successful at something:  --’Did she say she’d go out with you?’ ’No, I struck out.’//\n  7  strike sth → out:   law to say officially that something cannot be considered as proof in a court of law//  strike up phr v//\n  1  strike up a friendship/relationship/conversation etc:  to start to become friendly with someone, to start talking to them, etc//  --I struck up a conversation with the girl sitting next to me.//\n  2  strike up (sth):  to begin playing a piece of music//  --The band struck up a tango.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  In spoken and ordinary written English it is much more usual to use hit . //  ----------//\nstrike 2 W3S3 n   ----------//\n   1 not working:\n   2 attack:\n   3 discovery:\n   4 two/three strikes against somebody/something:\n   5 baseball:\n   6 bowling:  ----------//\n  1 NOT WORKING:   [U and C] a period of time when a group of workers deliberately stop working because of a disagreement about pay, working conditions etc//  --The farm workers’ strike is in its third week.//  strike by//  --a six-week strike by railway workers//  strike over//  --a strike over pay cuts//  strike against//  --a national strike against mine closures//  --Workers had been out on strike for 8 months.//  --Teachers went on strike last week to demand job security.//  --The trade union federations called a general strike to protest at working conditions.//  --They refused to obey the court’s order to call off the strike .//  --The Prime Minister was determined to break the strike .//  --an all-out strike by civil servants//  --Hospital workers voted in favour of strike action .//\n  2 ATTACK:   [C] a military attack, especially by planes dropping bombs//  strike against/on//  --a surprise air strike on military targets//  --American aircraft carriers have launched several strikes .//    first strike//\n  3 DISCOVERY:   [C usually singular] the discovery of something valuable under the ground//  --an oil strike//\n  4  two/three strikes against sb/sth:   AmE a condition or situation that makes it extremely difficult for someone or something to be successful//  --Children from poor backgrounds have two strikes against them by the time they begin school.//\n  5 BASEBALL:   [C] an attempt to hit the ball in baseball that fails, or a ball that is thrown to the batter in the correct area, but is not hit//\n  6 BOWLING:   [C] a situation in bowling in which you knock down all the pins (=bottle shaped objects)  with a ball on your first attempt//    hunger strike,  lightning strike//  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  be (out) on strike //  come out/go (out) on strike (=start a strike) //  call a strike //  call off a strike (=decide not to continue with it) //  break a strike (=end a strike) //  general strike (=when workers from most industries strike) //  all-out strike British English (=when all the workers in a factory, industry etc strike) //  strike action British English //  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’go on a strike’. //  ----------//


Words: strikebreaker
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who continues working during a strike - used in order to show disapproval//    blackleg,  scab(2)//


Words: strikeout
Meaning:
n [C]   in baseball, an occasion when the batter is not allowed to try to hit the ball any more, because he has three strikes//


Words: striker
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who is not working because they are on strike:\n  2 a player in football whose main job is to score goals:


Words: striking
Meaning:
adj \n  1 unusual or interesting enough to be easily noticed:  striking contrast/similarity/parallel etc //  --a striking contrast between wealth and poverty//\n  2 attractive in an unusual way that is easy to notice:  --a dark man with striking features//\n  3 [only before noun] not working because of being on strike:  --striking auto workers//    be within striking distance at strike1 (17)//


Words: strikingly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 in a way that is very easy to notice:  strikingly similar/different //  --The two experiments produced strikingly different results.//\n  2 used to emphasize that someone or something is beautiful in a way that is easy to notice:  --one of the most strikingly attractive regions in Britain//


Words: string
Meaning:
W2S3   n   sticker, string//  ----------//\n   1 thread:\n   2 group/series:\n   3 no strings (attached):\n   4 string of pearls/lights/beads etc:\n   5 music:\n   6 first-string/second-string etc:\n   7 have somebody on a string:\n   8 have more than one string to your bow:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: streng]//\n  1 THREAD:   [U and C] a strong thread made of several threads twisted together, used for tying or fastening things//    rope//  --Her key hung on a string around her neck.//  --a ball of string//  --I need a piece of string to tie this package.//\n  2 GROUP/SERIES:   [C] //  a) a number of similar things or events coming one after another//   series//  string of//  --a string of hit albums//  b) a group of similar things//  string of//  --She owns a string of health clubs.//  c)  technical a group of letters, words, or numbers, especially in a computer program//\n  3  no strings (attached):  having no special conditions or limits on an agreement, relationship etc//  --The policy offers 15% interest with no strings attached.//\n  4  string of pearls/lights/beads etc:  several objects of the same type connected with a thread, chain etc//\n  5 MUSIC:  a)  [C] one of the long thin pieces of wire, nylon etc that is stretched across a musical instrument and produces sound//  b)  the strings/the string section//  the people in an orchestra or band who play musical instruments that have strings, such as violins//\n  6  first-string/second-string etc:  relating to or being a member of a team or group with the highest, second highest etc level of skill//  --a first-string quarterback//\n  7  have sb on a string:   informal to be able to make someone do whatever you want//  --Susie has her mother on a string.//\n  8  have more than one string to your bow:   BrE to have more than one skill, idea, plan etc that you can use if you need to//    G-string,  how long is a piece of string? at long1 (9),  pull strings at pull1 (8),  pull the/sb’s strings at pull1 (9),  the purse strings at purse1 (5)//\nstring 2   past tense and past participle  strung /str[hA356][hA26E]/ v [T] //\n  1 to put things together onto a thread, chain etc:  --beads strung on a silver chain//\n  2 [always + adverb/preposition] to hang things in a line, usually high in the air, especially for decoration:  string sth along/across etc sth//  --Christmas lights were strung from one end of Main Street to the other.//\n  3  be strung (out) along/across etc sth:   written to be spread out in a line//  --the houses and shops strung out along the bay//\n  4 to put a string or a set of strings onto a musical instrument:    highly-strung at highly//  string along phr v//\n  1  string sb along:  to deceive someone for a long time by making them believe that you will help them, that you love them etc//  --He’s just stringing you along.//\n  2  BrE to go somewhere with someone for a short time, especially because you do not have anything else to do:  string along with//  --If you’re going into town, I’ll string along with you.//  string out [string sth → out] phr v//   informal to make something continue longer than it should//  --Rebel leaders attempted to string out negotiations to avoid reaching a settlement.//  string together [string sth → together] phr v//\n  1  string words/a sentence together:  to manage to say or write something that other people can understand//  --He was so drunk he could hardly string two words together.//\n  2 to combine things in order to make something that is complete, good, useful etc:  --They string together image after image until the documentary is completed.//  string up [string sb → up] phr v//  to kill someone by hanging them//    strung-up//


Words: string tie
Meaning:
n [C]   a thick string worn around your neck and held in place by a decorative object, worn especially by men in the western US//


Words: stringed instrument
Meaning:
n [C]   a musical instrument such as a violin, that produces sound from a set of strings//    brass, percussion, the strings/the string section, wind instrument, woodwind//


Words: stringent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  stringere  ’to tie tightly, press together’]//\n  1 a stringent law, rule, standard etc is very strict and must be obeyed:  --stringent anti-noise regulations//\n  2 stringent economic conditions exist when there is a severe lack of money and strict controls on the supply of money:  -- stringently adv //  -- stringency n  [U] //


Words: stringer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who regularly sends in news stories to a newspaper, but who is not employed by that newspaper//


Words: stringy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 stringy meat, fruit, or vegetables are full of long thin pieces that are difficult to eat:    tough//  --Scoop out the pumpkin’s stringy fibres.//\n  2 stringy hair is very thin and looks like string, especially because it is dirty:\n  3 tall and thin:


Words: strip
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  stripped present participle  stripping //  ----------//\n   1 take off clothes:\n   2 remove:\n   3 engines/equipment:\n   4 building/ship etc:\n   5 damage:  Phrasal verbs//   strip something → away//   strip somebody of something//  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: -strypan]//\n  1 TAKE OFF CLOTHES:  a)  [I and T]  also strip off //  to take off your clothes or take off someone else’s clothes//    undress//  --Jack stripped and jumped into the shower.//  --The prisoner was stripped and beaten.//  strip off sth//  --He stripped off his sweater and threw it onto the couch.//  --Eric stood in the hot sun, stripped to the waist  (=not wearing any clothes on the top half of his body) .//  --Terry stripped down to her bra and pants (=removed all her clothes except her bra and pants) and tried on the dress.//  --The boys stripped naked and jumped in the pond.//  b)  [I] to take off your clothes in a sexually exciting way as entertainment for someone else//\n  2 REMOVE:   [T] to remove something that is covering the surface of something else//  --Strip the beds and wash the sheets.//  strip sth off/from sth//  --We need to strip the wallpaper off the walls first.//  strip sth of sth//  --tall windows stripped of curtains//\n  3 ENGINES/EQUIPMENT:   also strip down //   [T] to separate an engine or piece of equipment into pieces in order to clean or repair it//   dismantle//\n  4 BUILDING/SHIP ETC:   [T] to remove everything that is inside a building, all the equipment from a car etc so that it is completely empty//  --The apartment had been stripped bare .//\n  5 DAMAGE:   [T] to damage or break the gears of something or the thread (=raised line) on a screw so that it does not work correctly any more//    asset stripping//  strip away [strip sth → away] phr v//  to remove something, especially something that hides or protects someone or something//  --His book aims to strip away the lies and show the world as it really is.//  strip of [strip sb of sth] phr v//  to take away something important from someone as a punishment, for example their title, property, or power//  --Captain Evans was found guilty and stripped of his rank.//\nstrip 2 W3 n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Perhaps from  Middle Low German strippe  ’strap’]//\n  1 a long narrow piece of paper, cloth etc:  --a strip of paper//\n  2 a long narrow area of land:  --A strip of sand between the cliffs and the sea.//\n  3  do a strip:  to take your clothes off, especially in a sexually exciting way as a form of entertainment//\n  4  AmE a road with a lot of shops, restaurants etc along it:  --the Las Vegas strip//\n  5 [usually singular]  BrE the clothes worn by a sports team:  --Liverpool’s famous red strip//\n  6 a strip cartoon:    comic strip,  landing strip//    tear sb off a strip at tear2 (8)//


Words: strip cartoon
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a series of drawings inside a row of small boxes that tells a short story//   comic strip//    cartoon//


Words: strip club
Meaning:
n [C]  informal   a place where people go to see performers who take off their clothes in a sexually exciting way//


Words: strip mine
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a very large hole that is made in the ground to remove metal, coal etc from the earth//  British Equivalent:  opencast//  -- strip-mine v  [I and T] //  -- strip mining n  [U] //


Words: strip poker
Meaning:
n [C]   a game of poker (=card game)  in which players that lose must take off pieces of their clothing//


Words: strip search
Meaning:
n [C]   a process in which you have to remove your clothes so that your body can be checked, usually for hidden drugs//  -- strip search v  [T] //


Words: stripe
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Origin:  Probably from  Middle Dutch]//\n  1 a line of colour, especially one of several lines of colour all close together:  --a shirt with black and white stripes//  vertical/horizontal stripes //\n  2  of all stripes/of every stripe:  of all different types//  --Politicians of all stripes complained about the plan.//\n  3 a narrow piece of material worn on the arm of a uniform as a sign of rank:    earn your stripes at earn//


Words: stripling
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from   STRIP2 +  -ling; from the idea of being thin]//   old-fashioned a boy who is almost a young man - sometimes used humorously about a man who is quite old//   youth//


Words: stripper
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] someone whose job is to take off their clothes in a sexually exciting way in order to entertain people:\n  2 [U and C] a tool or liquid chemical used to remove something from a surface:  --paint stripper//


Words: strive
Meaning:
v   past tense  strove /str[hA353][hA35E]v $ stro[hA35E]v/past participle  striven /str[hA366]v[hA368]n/ [I]  formal //  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: estriver]//  to make a great effort to achieve something//  strive to do sth//  --I was still striving to be successful.//  strive for/after//  --We must continue to strive for greater efficiency.//  -- striving n  [U and C] //


Words: strobe light
Meaning:
n  also strobe  [C]   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: stroboscope  ’instrument producing quickly flashing light’ (19-21 centuries), from  Greek strobos  ’going around quickly’ +  English  -scope (as in  telescope)]//  a light that flashes on and off very quickly, often used in places where you can dance//


Words: stroke
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 illness:\n   2 swimming/rowing:\n   3 sport:\n   4 pen/brush:\n   5 at a/one stroke:\n   6 on the stroke of seven/nine etc:\n   7 stroke of luck/fortune:\n   8 stroke of genius/inspiration etc:\n   9 hit:\n  10 a movement of your hand:\n  11 with/at a stroke of the pen:\n  12 not do a stroke (of work):\n  13 stroke of lightning:\n  14 clock/bell:\n  15 put somebody off their stroke:\n  16 in numbers:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Origin:  Probably from an unrecorded  Old English strac]//\n  1 ILLNESS:  if someone has a stroke, an artery (=tube carrying blood)  in their brain suddenly bursts or becomes blocked, so that they may die or be unable to use some muscles//  --She died following a massive stroke.//  have/suffer a stroke //  --I looked after my father after he had a stroke.//  --a stroke patient//\n  2 SWIMMING/ROWING:  a) one of a set of movements in swimming or rowing in which you move your arms or the oar forward and then back//  --She swam with strong steady strokes.//  b) a style of swimming or rowing//  --the breast stroke//\n  3 SPORT:  the action of hitting the ball in games such as tennis, golf, and cricket//  --a backhand stroke//\n  4 PEN/BRUSH:  a) a single movement of a pen or brush when you are writing or painting//  --A few strokes of her pen brought out his features clearly.//  b) a line made by a pen or brush//  --the thick downward strokes of the characters//\n  5  at a/one stroke:  with a single sudden action//  --At one stroke the country lost two outstanding leaders.//\n  6  on the stroke of seven/nine etc:  at exactly seven o’clock etc//  --She arrived home on the stroke of midnight.//  --The only goal of the match came on the stroke of half-time.//\n  7  stroke of luck/fortune:  something lucky that happens to you unexpectedly//  --In a stroke of luck, a suitable organ donor became available.//\n  8  stroke of genius/inspiration etc:  a very good idea about what to do to solve a problem//  --It was a stroke of genius to film the movie in Toronto.//\n  9 HIT:  an action of hitting someone with something such as a whip or thin stick//  --He cried out at each stroke of the whip.//\n  10 A MOVEMENT OF YOUR HAND:  a gentle movement of your hand over something//  --I gave her hair a gentle stroke .//\n  11  with/at a stroke of the pen:  if someone in authority does something with a stroke of the pen, they sign an official document to make a decision with important and serious results//  --He had the power to order troops home with a stroke of his pen.//\n  12  not do a stroke (of work):   BrE  informal to not do any work at all//\n  13  stroke of lightning:  a bright flash of lightning, especially one that hits something//\n  14 CLOCK/BELL:  a single sound made by a clock giving the hours, or by a bell, gong etc//\n  15  put sb off their stroke:   BrE  informal to make someone stop giving all their attention to what they are doing//  --Seeing Frank watching me put me off my stroke.//\n  16 IN NUMBERS:   BrE used when you are saying a number written with the mark (/) in it//   slash//  --The serial number is seventeen stroke one. (=17/1) //\nstroke 2 v [T]   [Sense: 1-2,4; Origin: Old English stracian]//  [Sense: 3; Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  STROKE1]//\n  1 to move your hand gently over something:  --He reached out and stroked her cheek tenderly.//\n  2 [always + adverb/preposition] to move something somewhere with gentle movements of your hand:  --He lifted her face and stroked her hair from her eyes.//\n  3 [always + adverb/preposition] to hit or kick a ball with a smooth movement in games such as tennis, golf, and  cricket:  --He stroked the ball into an empty net with a minute to go.//\n  4  stroke sb’s ego:  to say nice things to someone to make them feel good, especially because you want something from them//


Words: stroll
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  Probably from  German dialect strollen]//  to walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way//  stroll down/over/along//  --We were strolling along, laughing and joking.//  -- stroll n  [C] //  --They went for a stroll in the park.//


Words: stroller
Meaning:
n [C]   1  AmE a small chair on wheels in which a small child sits and is pushed along//  British Equivalent:  buggy//  British Equivalent:  pushchair//\n  2 someone who is strolling:  --evening strollers on the promenade//


Words: strolling
Meaning:
adj [only before noun] \n  1 a strolling entertainer travels around the country giving performances in different places:   travelling//\n  2 a strolling musician plays music while walking among people who are listening to them:


Words: strong
Meaning:
adj   comparative  stronger superlative  strongest //  ----------//\n   1 able to lift heavy things/do hard work:\n   2 not easily damaged:\n   3 able to deal with difficulty:\n   4 powerful:\n   5 feelings/opinions:\n   6 affect/influence:\n   7 relationship:\n   8 argument/reason etc:\n   9 likely :\n  10 healthy:\n  11 be in a strong position:\n  12 strong wind/current/tide:\n  13 good at something:\n  14 taste/smell:\n  15 alcohol/drugs etc:\n  16 light/colour:\n  17 strong language:\n  18 strong accent:\n  19 strong nose/chin/features:\n  20 money:\n  21 600/10,000 etc strong:\n  22 be going strong:  ----------//  [Language: Old English; Origin: strang]//\n  1 ABLE TO LIFT HEAVY THINGS/DO HARD WORK:  having a lot of physical power so that you can lift heavy things, do hard physical work etc//  --He was a big strong man.//  --Jack was tall and strong.//  strong hands/arms/muscles etc //  --He picked her up in his big strong arms.//  --I’m not strong enough to fight him.//\n  2 NOT EASILY DAMAGED:  not easily broken or destroyed//  --good strong shoes//  --The locks on the doors were solid and strong.//\n  3 ABLE TO DEAL WITH DIFFICULTY:  determined and able to deal with a difficult or upsetting situation//  --I am not strong enough to take insults and hatred.//  --Laura had a strong character.//\n  4 POWERFUL:  having a lot of power or influence//  --The Fifth French Republic was established with a strong president in 1958.//  --a strong national army//  --Our party is the strongest as we come up to the election.//\n  5 FEELINGS/OPINIONS:  strong emotions, opinions, beliefs etc are ones that you feel or believe a lot and are very serious about//  --He had a strong sense of responsibility to his vocation of preaching.//  --There has been strong support for the strike.//  --The proposal has met with strong opposition from local people.//  strong feelings/views/opinions //  --Many people have strong feelings about the issue.//\n  6 AFFECT/INFLUENCE:  a strong desire, influence etc affects you very much//  --He had a strong desire for power.//  --Such feelings may have a strong influence over your decisions.//  --The temptation is very strong.//\n  7 RELATIONSHIP:  a strong relationship, friendship etc is very loyal and likely to last a long time//  --He maintained strong links with the world of the deaf.//  --She still has a strong relationship with her mother.//  --I have a strong commitment to the quality of teaching.//\n  8 ARGUMENT/REASON ETC:  likely to persuade other people that something is true or the correct thing to do//  --There is a strong case for an energy conservation programme.//  --They need strong evidence to secure a conviction.//  --a strong argument //\n  9 LIKELY :  likely to succeed or happen//  --She’s a strong candidate for the party leadership.//  strong possibility/chance/probability //  --A year ago, there was a strong possibility that he wouldn’t live.//\n  10 HEALTHY:  healthy, especially after you have been ill//  --I don’t think her heart is very strong.//  --You’ve been blessed with a strong constitution  (=you are healthy and do not easily become ill) .//\n  11  be in a strong position:   also gain a strong position //  to be in a situation where you have power over other people or are likely to get what you want//  --The company have gained a strong position in the cheese market.//\n  12  strong wind/current/tide:  wind, water etc that moves with great force//  --A strong wind was blowing across the lake.//\n  13 GOOD AT SOMETHING:  very good at something//  --His writing was strong on description.//  --We beat a team that was much stronger than ourselves.//  be sb’s strong point/suit (=the thing that someone is especially good at) //  --Tact never was my strong point.//\n  14 TASTE/SMELL:  having a taste or smell that you notice easily//  --strong coffee//  --This cheese has a very strong flavour.//  --a strong smell of petrol//\n  15 ALCOHOL/DRUGS ETC:  having a lot of a substance such as alcohol that gives something its effect//  -- extra strong beer//  --strong pain killers//  --I haven’t touched strong drink  (=alcoholic drinks) for years.//\n  16 LIGHT/COLOUR:  bright and easy to see//  --The light was not very strong.//\n  17  strong language:  speech or writing that contains a lot of swearing//  --This film is not suitable for children under 12 as it contains strong language.//\n  18  strong accent:  the way that someone pronounces words that shows clearly that they come from a particular area or country//  --a strong German accent//\n  19  strong nose/chin/features:  a nose etc that is large and noticeable, especially in an attractive way//  --She has the same strong features as her mother.//\n  20 MONEY:  a strong currency (=the type of money used in a country)  does not easily lose its value compared with other currencies//\n  21  600/10,000 etc strong [only after number] used to give the number of people in a crowd or organization:  --the company’s 2,200 strong workforce//  --The crowd was 10,000 strong.//\n  22  be going strong:  to continue to be active or successful, even after a long time//  --He celebrated his ninetieth birthday this month and is still going strong .//    come on strong at come on(10)//  ----------//  WORD FOCUS: strong //  person: tough,  muscular,  wiry,  powerful //  thing: tough,  sturdy,  durable,  rugged,  heavy-duty,  indestructible,  well-made,  robust //  country/organization: powerful,  mighty,  influential,  dominant //  See also:  strength, power//  ----------//


Words: strong-arm
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   strong-arm tactics/methods etc//  the use of force or violence, especially when this is not necessary//  -- strong-arm v  [T] //


Words: strong-minded
Meaning:
adj   not easily influenced by other people to change what you believe or want//   determined//  --They were both strong-minded women.//


Words: strong-willed
Meaning:
adj   knowing exactly what you want to do and being determined to achieve it, even if other people advise you against it//


Words: strongbox
Meaning:
n [C]   a box, usually made of metal, that can be locked and that valuable things are kept in//   safe//


Words: stronghold
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 an area where there is a lot of support for a particular way of life, political party etc:  --The area is a Republican stronghold.//\n  2 an area that is strongly defended by a military group:  --The fighters moved south to their mountain stronghold.//\n  3 an area where there are large numbers of a rare animal:  --one of the last strongholds of the European wolf//


Words: strongly
Meaning:
adv \n  1 if you feel or believe in something strongly, you are very sure and serious about it:  --I’m strongly opposed to capital punishment.//  --We strongly believe that she is innocent.//  --I’m strongly in favour of marriage.//\n  2 in a way that is meant to persuade someone to do something:  strongly suggest/advise/recommend sth //  --Before taking action you are strongly recommended to consult an accountant.//\n  3 in a way that is easy to notice:  --The house smelt strongly of food.//  ----------//  HINT //  Do not say ’hold/grip strongly’. Use firmly or tightly: He gripped my arm tightly. //  ----------//


Words: strongman
Meaning:
n   plural  strongmen /-men/ [C] //\n  1 a politician or leader who uses violence or threats to get what they want:\n  2 a very strong man who performs in a circus:


Words: strontium
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: Strontian, village in Scotland where a substance formed from strontium was discovered]//  a soft silver-white metal that is used to make fireworks. It is a chemical element: symbol Sr//


Words: strop
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: ’leather band for tying an oar’, from  Latin struppus  ’band, strap’, from  Greek strophos  ’twisted band’]//\n  1 a narrow piece of leather used for making a razor sharp:\n  2  in a strop:   BrE  informal annoyed about something//  --She’s a nice person but she just gets in a strop so easily.//


Words: stroppy
Meaning:
adj  BrE  informal   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin:  Perhaps from  obstreperous]//  bad-tempered and easily offended or annoyed//  --I try not to get stroppy, but sometimes I just can’t help it.//  -- stroppiness n  [U] //


Words: struck
Meaning:
the past tense of strike//\nstruck 2 adj   be struck on sb/sth//   BrE  informal to think that someone or something is very good//  --She seemed rather struck on Vincent.//


Words: structural
Meaning:
adj   connected with the structure of something//  --structural changes in the computer industry//  --The earthquake caused minor structural damage.//  -- structurally adv //  --Is the building structurally sound  (=in good condition) ?//


Words: structural engineer
Meaning:
n [C]   an engineer skilled in planning the building of large structures such as bridges//  -- structural engineering n  [U] //


Words: structuralism
Meaning:
n [U]   a method of studying language, literature, society etc in which you examine the relationships of the different parts or ideas in order to determine their meaning//  -- structuralist adj  n //


Words: structure
Meaning:
W2S3   n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: structura  ’act of building’, from  struere  ’to make into a pile, build’]//\n  1 [U and C] the way in which the parts of something are connected with each other and form a whole, or the thing that these parts make up:  social/political/economic etc structure //  --the social structure of organizations//  --challenges to the existing power structure //  --A new management structure has been introduced.//  structure of//  --the structure of the brain//  --molecular structures//\n  2 [C] something that has been built, especially something large such as a building or a bridge:  --a high wooden structure with a curved roof//\n  3 [U and C] a situation where activities are carefully organized and planned:  --These kids require a lot of structure and stability.//    career structure at career1 (1)//\nstructure 2 v [T]   to arrange the different parts of something into a pattern or system in which each part is connected to the others//   organize//  --The exhibition is structured around three topics.//  --software that helps users structure their work and their data//


Words: structured
Meaning:
adj   carefully organized, planned, or arranged//  --The interviews were highly structured .//  --a structured approach to teaching//


Words: strudel
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: ’whirlpool, strudel’]//  a type of Austrian or German cake, made of pastry with fruit inside//


Words: struggle
Meaning:
v [I] \n  1 to try extremely hard to achieve something, even though it is very difficult:  struggle to do sth//  --She’s struggling to bring up a family alone.//  struggle with//  --The airline is struggling with high costs.//  struggle for//  --Millions of people are struggling for survival.//  struggle against//  --Firms are struggling against a prolonged recession.//\n  2 :  a) to fight someone who is attacking you or holding you, especially so that you can escape//  struggle with//  --James was hit in the mouth as he struggled with the burglars.//  struggle to do sth//  --She struggled to free herself.//  b) if two people struggle, they fight each other for something, especially something one of them is holding//  struggle for//  --They struggled for possession of the gun.//\n  3 to move somewhere with great difficulty:  struggle up/out of/into etc//  --Walkers were struggling up the dusty track.//\n  4 to be likely to fail, even though you are trying very hard:  --The team has been struggling all season.//  a struggling artist/writer/business //  struggle on phr v//  to continue doing something that you find very difficult or tiring//  --He struggled on despite his condition.//\nstruggle 2 W3 n [C] \n  1 a long hard fight to get freedom, political rights etc:  struggle for//  --a struggle for survival//  --a power struggle between forces favoring and opposing change//\n  2 a long period of time in which you try to deal with a difficult problem:  struggle with/against//  --She spoke of her struggles with shyness.//\n  3 a fight between two people for something, or an attempt by one person to escape from the other:  --Police said there were no signs of a struggle.//\n  4  be a struggle (for sb):  if something is a struggle, you find it very difficult to do//


Words: strum
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  strummed present participle  strumming  [I and T] //  [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  From the sound]//  to play an instrument such as a guitar by moving your fingers up and down across its strings//


Words: strung-out
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]  informal \n  1 strongly affected by a drug, so that you cannot react normally:   high//  strung-out on//  --strung-out on drugs//\n  2 extremely tired and worried:


Words: strut
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  strutted present participle  strutting  [I] //  [Language: Old English; Origin: strutian  ’to make an effort’]//\n  1 to walk proudly with your head high and your chest pushed forwards, showing that you think you are important:  strut around/about/across etc//  --I strutted around Chicago as if I were really somebody.//\n  2  strut your stuff:   informal to show your skill at doing something, especially dancing or performing//  --The band strutted their stuff in a free concert.//\nstrut 2 n   [Sense: 1; Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Origin unknown.]//  [Sense: 2; Date: 1600-1700; Origin:  STRUT1]//\n  1 [C] a long thin piece of metal or wood used to support a part of a building, the wing of an aircraft etc:\n  2 [singular] a proud way of walking, with your head high and your chest pushed forwards:


Words: strychnine
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: Latin strychnos type of poisonous plant, from  Greek]//  a very poisonous substance sometimes used in small amounts as a medicine//


Words: Stuart
Meaning:
the name of the royal family that ruled Scotland from 1371 to 1603 and Britain from 1603 to 1649 and from 1660 to 1714//\n Charles Edward     Bonnie Prince Charlie//\n Gilbert   (1755-1828) a US painter who painted many  portraits of famous people. His best-known work is his picture of George  Washington.//\n James Edward   (1688-1766) the son of the British king James II, sometimes also called the Old Pretender, and the father of  Bonnie Prince Charlie (Charles Edward Stuart). He believed he had the right to be the British king instead of King George I, but his attempt to become king, during the first  Jacobite Rising of 1715-16, was a failure.//\n Mary     Mary Queen of Scots//


Words: stub
Meaning:
n [C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: stybb]//\n  1 the short part of something long and thin, such as a cigarette or pencil, that is left when the rest has been used:  --a pencil stub//\n  2 the part of a ticket that is given back to you after it has been torn, as proof that you have paid:  --a ticket stub//\n  3 a piece of a cheque left in a cheque book as a record after the main part has been torn out:  --a check stub//\nstub 2 v   past tense and past participle  stubbed present participle  stubbing //  stub your toe//  to hurt your toe by hitting it against something//  stub out [stub sth → out] phr v//  to stop a cigarette from burning by pressing the end of it against something//


Words: stubble
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estuble, from  Latin stupula  ’straw’]//\n  1 short stiff hairs that grow on a man’s face if he does not shave:\n  2 short stiff pieces left in the fields after wheat, corn etc has been cut:  -- stubbly adj //


Words: stubborn
Meaning:
adj \n  1 determined not to change your mind, even when people think you are being unreasonable:  --Why are you so stubborn?//  --I’ve got a very stubborn streak  (=a tendency to be stubborn) .//  --Paul can be as stubborn as a mule  (=very stubborn) .//\n  2  stubborn resistance/refusal/determination etc:  a very strong and determined refusal etc//  --a stubborn refusal to face reality//\n  3 difficult to remove, deal with, or use:   tough//  --stubborn stains//  -- stubbornly adv //  --’I don’t care,’ she said stubbornly.//  -- stubbornness n  [U] //


Words: Stubbs
Meaning:
George   (1724-1806) a British artist whose best-known works are his paintings of horses and other animals//


Words: stucco
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian]//  a type of plaster that is used especially to cover the outside walls of buildings//


Words: stuck
Meaning:
the past tense and past participle of stick1//\nstuck 2 adj [not before noun] \n  1 impossible or unable to move from a particular position:  --Sara tried to open the window but it was stuck.//  --They got stuck in a traffic jam.//  stuck in//  --The boat was stuck in the mud.//  --I’ve got something stuck in my throat.//\n  2  informal unable to escape from a bad or boring situation:  stuck in/at//  --Mum resented being stuck at home with two young kids.//  --We could be stuck in this place for days.//\n  3  informal unable to do any more of something that you are working on because it is too difficult:  --Can you help me with my homework, Dad? I’m stuck.//  stuck on//  --If you get stuck on a difficult word, just ask for help.//\n  4  be stuck with sth:   informal to have something you do not want because you cannot get rid of it//  --We are, unfortunately, stuck with this huge, ugly building.//\n  5  be stuck with sb:  to have to spend time with someone or have a relationship with them even though you do not want to//  --They are stuck with each other with no end in sight.//\n  6  be stuck for sth:  to be unable to think what to say or do//  --For once Anthony was stuck for words  (=did not know what to say) .//\n  7  get stuck in/get stuck into sth:   BrE  spoken to start doing something eagerly and with a lot of energy//  --Take your jacket off and get stuck in!//\n  8  be stuck on sb:   informal to be attracted to someone//  --He says he’s stuck on me.//


Words: stuck-up
Meaning:
adj  informal   proud and unfriendly because you think you are better and more important than other people - used to show disapproval//   snooty//  --His wife was a bit stuck-up.//


Words: stud
Meaning:
n   ----------//\n   1 animal:\n   2 man:\n   3 on shoes:\n   4 in your ear:\n   5 for decoration:\n   6 for a shirt:\n   7 board:  ----------//  [Sense: 1-2; Origin: Old English stod]//  [Sense: 3-7; Origin: Old English studu]//\n  1 ANIMAL:   [U and C] the use of animals, especially horses, for breeding, an animal that is used in this way, or a place where this is done//  --a stud dog//\n  2 MAN:   [C]  informal a man who has a lot of sexual partners and who is very proud of his sexual ability//\n  3 ON SHOES:   [C] one of a set of small pointed pieces of metal or plastic that are attached to the bottom of a running shoe, football boot etc to stop you from slipping//\n  4 IN YOUR EAR:   [C] a small, round earring//\n  5 FOR DECORATION:   [C] a round piece of metal that is stuck into a surface for decoration//\n  6 FOR A SHIRT:   [C] a small thing for fastening a shirt or collar that consists of two round, flat pieces of metal joined together by a bar//\n  7 BOARD:   [C]  AmE a board that is used to make the frame of a house//


Words: studded
Meaning:
adj \n  1 decorated with a lot of studs or small jewels etc:  --studded leather jackets//  --a diamond-studded watch//  studded with//  --a belt studded with jewels//\n  2 covered or filled with a lot of something:  studded with//  --The sky was clear and studded with stars.//    star-studded//


Words: student
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  studere;   STUDY1]//\n  1 someone who is studying at a university, school etc:    pupil//  student at//  --a first year student at the University of Oslo//  law/medical/engineering etc student //  --A lot of art students live in this dorm.//  student teacher/nurse (=someone who is learning to be a teacher or nurse) //  A/B/C etc student  AmE  (=someone who always earns A’s etc for their work) //    mature student//\n  2  be a student of sth:  to be very interested in a particular subject//  --He’s obviously an excellent student of human nature.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: student, schoolchild, pupil //  In British English, a  student usually means someone who has finished school and is studying at university : We met when we were students. |  student accommodation //  Children who go to school can be called  schoolchildren ,  schoolboys  or  schoolgirls : A group of schoolchildren got on the bus. //  The children at a particular school can be called its  pupils : Pupils at the school were sent home early. //  In American English,  student  is the usual word for anyone who is studying at school or college. //  GRAMMAR//   To say that someone is studying at a particular university, use  at : She’s a student at York University. //  A  student of  literature, law etc studies that subject, but it is more usual to say ’a literature/law student’. //  ----------//


Words: student government
Meaning:
also student council  n [C]    AmE an elected group of students in a high school, college, or university who represent the students in meetings and who organize school activities//


Words: student loan
Meaning:
n [C]   an amount of money that you borrow from the government or a bank to pay for your education at a college or university//


Words: student teaching
Meaning:
n [U]    AmE the period of time during which students who are learning to be teachers practise teaching in a school//  British Equivalent:  teaching practice//


Words: student union
Meaning:
also students’ union  BrE  n [C] \n  1 a building where students go to meet socially:\n  2  BrE an association of students in a particular college or university:


Words: studied
Meaning:
adj   a studied way of behaving is deliberate and often not sincere, because it has been planned carefully//  --She spoke with studied politeness.//


Words: studio
Meaning:
W3   n   plural  studios  [C] //  [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Italian; Origin: Latin studium;   STUDY1]//\n  1 a room where television and radio programmes are made and broadcast or where music is recorded:  --a TV studio//  --a recording studio in Nashville//\n  2  also studios :  a film company or the buildings it owns and uses to make its films//  --Depardieu is making a film with one of the big Hollywood studios.//\n  3 a room where a painter or photographer regularly works:  --a photographer’s studio//\n  4 a room where dancing lessons are given or that dancers use to practise in:\n  5  also studio apartment  AmE studio flat  BrE a small apartment with one main room:  --a tiny studio//


Words: studio audience
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people who watch and are sometimes involved in a radio or television programme while it is being made//


Words: studious
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: studiosus, from  studium;   STUDY1]//  spending a lot of time studying and reading//  --a quiet, studious young man//  -- studiously adv //  -- studiousness n  [U] //


Words: study
Meaning:
W3S3   n   plural  studies //  ----------//\n   1 research:\n   2 learning:\n   3 subject:\n   4 somebody’s studies:\n   5 careful consideration:\n   6 room:\n   7 art:\n   8 music:\n   9 be a study in something:\n  10 a quick study:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: estudie, from  Latin studium  ’mental effort, eagerness, study’, from  studere  ’to be eager, try to be helpful, study’]//\n  1 RESEARCH:   [C] a piece of work that is done to find out more about a particular subject or problem, and usually includes a written report//  --More studies are needed before anything can be proven.//  --Recent studies show that women still get paid a lot less than men.//  study of/into/on//  --a study of Australian wild birds//  make/carry out/conduct a study //  --The study was carried out between January and May 1998.//    case study//\n  2 LEARNING:   [U] when you spend time learning, especially at home or by yourself rather than during school//  --Set aside a period of time specifically for study.//  --ways to improve study skills  (=skills that help you study efficiently and be successful in school) //\n  3 SUBJECT:   [U]  also studies //  a) a subject that people study at a college or university//  study of//  --Linguistics is the study of language.//  --Environmental Studies//  literary/historical/scientific etc study //  --the scientific study of earthquakes//\n  4  sb’s studies:  the work that someone does in order to learn about a particular subject, especially the courses they take at a college or university//  --How are your studies coming along?//  begin/continue/stop etc your studies //  --I gave up my studies when I had the baby.//\n  5 CAREFUL CONSIDERATION:   [U] when you examine or consider something very carefully and in detail//  --a report that deserves careful study//\n  6 ROOM:   [C] a room in a house that is used for work or study//    office//\n  7 ART:   [C] a small detailed drawing, especially one that is done to prepare for a large painting//  --Renoir’s studies of small plants and flowers//\n  8 MUSIC:   [C] a piece of music, usually for piano, that is often intended for practice//\n  9  be a study in sth:   literary to be a perfect example of something//  --His face was a study in fear.//\n  10  a quick study:   AmE someone who learns things quickly//\nstudy 2 W2S3 v   past tense and past participle  studied present participle  studying third person singular  studies //\n  1 [I and T] to spend time reading, going to classes etc in order to learn about a subject:  --I’ve been studying English for 6 years.//  --I can’t study with that music playing all the time.//  study at//  --Stephen is currently studying at Exeter University.//  study to be a doctor/lawyer etc //  --My brother’s studying to be an accountant.//  study for an exam/diploma etc //  --I’ve only got three weeks left to study for my exams.//  study law/business/history etc (=study a subject at a school or university) //  --Anna is studying French literature.//  study under sb//   (=be trained by a famous teacher) //  --a psychologist who studied under Jung in Zurich//\n  2 [T] to watch and examine something carefully over a period of time, in order to find out more about it:  --Goodall was studying the behavior of chimpanzees in the wild.//  study how/why/when etc//  --They’re studying how stress affects body chemistry.//\n  3 [T] to spend a lot of time carefully examining or considering a plan, document, problem etc:   look at//  --I haven’t had time to study the proposals yet.//  study how/why/when etc//  --Managers are studying what needs to be done to improve efficiency.//


Words: study hall
Meaning:
n [U]    AmE a period of time during the school day when students must go to a room to study, instead of going to a lesson//


Words: stuff
Meaning:
n [U]   ----------//\n   1 things:\n   2 somebody’s stuff:\n   3 activities/ideas:\n   4 work/art:\n   5 ... and stuff:\n   6 the (very) stuff of dreams/life/politics:\n   7 character:\n   8 do/show your stuff:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estoffe, from  estoffer  ’to provide with things needed’]//\n  1 THINGS:   informal used when you are talking about things such as substances, materials, or groups of objects when you do not know what they are called, or it is not important to say exactly what they are//  --I’ve got some sticky stuff on my shoe.//  --How do you think you’re going to fit all that stuff into the car?//  --I felt sorry for the ones who had to eat the awful stuff.//  --Where’s all the camping stuff?//\n  2  sb’s stuff:   informal the things that belong to someone//  --Did you get the rest of your stuff?//\n  3 ACTIVITIES/IDEAS:   informal used when talking about different activities, subjects, or ideas, when you do not say exactly what these are//  --What kind of stuff do you like to read?//  --I’ve got so much stuff to do this weekend.//  --There’s a lot of interesting stuff in this book.//  --He’s talked to me about all that stuff too.//  --He does mountain biking and skiing and stuff like that .//\n  4 WORK/ART:   informal used when you are talking about what someone has done or made, for example writing, music, or art//  --I don’t like his stuff.//  --John Lee was getting ready to play his stuff.//  --He did some great stuff in his early films.//  good stuff  BrE  (=used to tell someone that their work is good) //  --This is good stuff.//\n  5  ... and stuff:   spoken  informal used to say that there are other things similar to what you have just mentioned, but you are not going to say what they are//  --There’s some very good music there, CD systems and stuff, and laser discs.//\n  6  the (very) stuff of dreams/life/politics:  exactly the kind of thing that dreams etc consist of//  --an enchanting place - the very stuff of dreams//\n  7 CHARACTER:  the qualities of someone’s character//  --Does he have the right stuff  (=qualities that make you able to deal with difficulties) ?//  --Surely you’re not going to give up? I thought you were made of sterner stuff  (=were more determined) .//\n  8  do/show your stuff:   informal to do what you are good at when everyone wants you to do it//  --Come on Gina, get on the dance floor and do your stuff!//    bit of stuff at bit1 (14)//    kid’s stuff at kid1 (4)//    know your stuff at know1 (5)//    strut your stuff at strut1 (2)//\nstuff 2 v [T]   ----------//\n   1 push:\n   2 fill:\n   3 food:\n   4 dead animal:\n   5 stuff yourself:\n   6 get stuffed:\n   7 somebody can stuff something:\n   8 stuff it:  ----------//\n  1 PUSH:   [always + adverb/preposition] to push or put something into a small space, especially in a quick careless way//   shove//  stuff sth into/in/up sth//  --She stuffed two more sweaters into her bag.//\n  2 FILL:  to fill something until it is full//  --Volunteers were busy stuffing envelopes.//  be stuffed with sth//  --a pillow stuffed with feathers//  --boxes stuffed full of papers//\n  3 FOOD:  to fill a chicken, pepper etc with a mixture of bread or rice, onion etc before cooking it//\n  4 DEAD ANIMAL:  to fill the skin of a dead animal in order to make the animal look still alive//  --a stuffed owl//\n  5  stuff yourself:   also stuff your face //   informal to eat so much food that you cannot eat anything else//  stuff yourself with//  --The kids have been stuffing themselves with candy.//\n  6  get stuffed:   BrE  spoken used to tell someone very rudely and angrily that you do not want to talk to them or accept their offer//  --He only offered me [hA124]10 for it, so I told him to get stuffed.//\n  7  sb can stuff sth:   spoken used to say very angrily or rudely that you do not want what someone is offering//  --’All right. You can stuff your money!’ Reynolds exploded.//\n  8  stuff it:   spoken used to say angrily or rudely that you do not care about something or do not want something//  --I thought, stuff it, I’ll do what I want.//


Words: stuffed
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]   completely full, so that you cannot eat any more//  --No, no dessert, I’m stuffed.//


Words: stuffing
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 a mixture of bread or rice, onion etc that you put inside a chicken, pepper etc before cooking it:  --sage and onion stuffing//\n  2 soft material that is used to fill something such as a cushion:    knock the stuffing out of sb at knock1 (12)//


Words: stuffy
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a room or building that is stuffy does not have enough fresh air in it:  --It’s getting stuffy in here - do you mind if I open the window?//\n  2 people, occasions, or places that are stuffy are too formal and old-fashioned - used to show disapproval:  --Their wedding was stuffy and formal.//  --a stuffy old family//  -- stuffiness n  [U] //  --the stuffiness of the room//


Words: stultifying
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Late Latin; Origin: stultificare  ’to make stupid’, from  Latin stultus  ’stupid’]//  so boring that you feel as though you are losing your ability to think//  --a stultifying office environment//  -- stultify v  [T] //


Words: stumble
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from a  Scandinavian language]//\n  1 to hit your foot against something or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall:   trip//  --In her hurry she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor.//  stumble over/on//  --Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.//\n  2 to walk in an unsteady way and often almost fall:   stagger//  stumble in/out/across etc//  --He stumbled upstairs and into bed.//\n  3 to stop or make a mistake when you are reading to people or speaking:  stumble over/at/through//  --I hope I don’t stumble over any of the long words.//  -- stumble n  [C] //  stumble on/across/upon [stumble on/across/upon sth] phr v//  to find or discover something by chance and unexpectedly//   come across//  --Researchers have stumbled across a drug that may help patients with Parkinson’s disease.//


Words: stumbling block
Meaning:
n [C]   a problem or difficulty that stops you from achieving something//  stumbling block to//  --The main stumbling block to starting new research is that we lack qualified people.//


Words: stump
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Middle Low German]//\n  1 the bottom part of a tree that is left in the ground after the rest of it has been cut down:  --an old tree stump //\n  2 the short part of someone’s leg, arm etc that remains after the rest of it has been cut off:\n  3 the small useless part of something that remains after most of it has broken off or worn away:  --There was only a stump of the candle left.//\n  4 one of the three upright sticks in cricket that you throw the ball at:\n  5  stump speech/speaker:   AmE a speech made by a politician who is travelling around in order to gain political support, or the politician who gives this speech//\n  6  be on the stump:   BrE to be travelling around an area, making speeches in order to gain political support//\nstump 2 v \n  1 [T usually passive] if you are stumped by a question or problem, you are unable to find an answer to it:  --a case that has stumped the police//  --The doctors were stumped and had to call in a specialist.//\n  2 [I] to walk with heavy steps:   stomp//  stump up/along/across etc//  --He stumped down the hall.//\n  3 [T] to put a batsman out of the game in cricket by touching the stumps with the ball when he is out of the hitting area:\n  4 [I and T]  AmE to travel around an area, meeting people and making speeches in order to gain political support:  --Alexander has been stumping in New Hampshire.//  stump up () [stump up (sth)] phr v//  to pay money, even if it is difficult or when you do not want to//  --We stumped up eight quid each.//


Words: stumped
Meaning:
adj   unable to find an answer or think of a reply//  --The question had me completely stumped.//  stumped for words/an answer/a reply //  --Travis seemed absolutely stumped for words.//


Words: stun
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  stunned present participle  stunning  [T not in progressive] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: estoner;   ASTONISH]//\n  1 to surprise or upset someone so much that they do not react immediately:    stagger//  --Redfern stunned the crowd with a last-minute goal.//\n  2 to make someone unconscious for a short time:  --The impact of the ball had stunned her.//    stunned,  stunning//


Words: stun gun
Meaning:
n [C]   a weapon that produces a very strong electric current and can be used to make animals or people unconscious//


Words: stunned
Meaning:
adj   too surprised or shocked to speak//  --He looked completely stunned.//  --The audience sat in stunned silence .//


Words: stunner
Meaning:
n [C]  informal \n  1 someone or something that is very attractive, especially a woman:  --Lucy was a real stunner.//\n  2 a situation or event that surprises you:


Words: stunning
Meaning:
adj \n  1 extremely attractive or beautiful:  --You look absolutely stunning in that dress.//  --a stunning view see usage note  beautiful//\n  2 very surprising or shocking:   staggering//  --stunning news//  -- stunningly adv //  --a stunningly beautiful woman//


Words: stunt
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  stump  ’something risky which someone has persuaded you to do’]//\n  1 a dangerous action that is done to entertain people, especially in a film:  --Not many actors do their own stunts .//  --a stunt flying show//\n  2 something that is done to attract people’s attention, especially in advertising or politics:  --Todd flew over the city in a hot air balloon as a publicity stunt .//\n  3  pull a stunt:  to do something that is silly or that is slightly dangerous//  --Next time you pull a stunt like that don’t expect me to get you out of trouble.//\nstunt 2 v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: stunt  ’rude, stunted’ (16-19 centuries), probably from a  Scandinavian language]//  to stop something or someone from growing to their full size or developing properly//  --Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant’s growth.//


Words: stunt man
Meaning:
n [C]   a man who is employed to take the place of an actor when something dangerous has to be done in a film//


Words: stunt woman
Meaning:
n [C]   a woman who is employed to take the place of an actress when something dangerous has to be done in a film//


Words: stupefied
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: stupefier, from  Latin stupefacere, from  stupere (  STUPID1) +  facere  ’to make, do’]//  so surprised, tired, or bored that you cannot think clearly//  --I stared up at Keith in stupefied amazement.//  --We sat there stupefied.//  -- stupefaction/stju[hA359]p[hA369]f[zB024]k[hA35D][hA368]n $ stu[hA359]-/ n  [U] //


Words: stupefying
Meaning:
adj   making you feel extremely surprised, tired, or bored//  --a stupefying amount of money//  -- stupefy v  [T] //


Words: stupendous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: stupendus, from  stupere;   STUPID1]//  surprisingly large or impressive//   magnificent//  --a stupendous achievement//  -- stupendously adv //


Words: stupid
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: stupide, from  Latin stupidus, from  stupere  ’to surprise extremely, stun’]//\n  1 showing a lack of good sense or good judgment:   silly//  --stupid mistakes//  --That was a stupid thing to say.//  --I can’t believe Kate was stupid enough to get involved in this.//  stupid idea/question //  --Whose stupid idea was this?//  -- It was stupid of me to lose my temper.//\n  2 having a low level of intelligence, so that you have difficulty learning or understanding things:  --He understands - he’s not stupid.//  --I couldn’t do it, and it made me feel stupid.//\n  3  spoken used when you are talking about something or someone that makes you annoyed or impatient:  --I can’t get this stupid radio to work.//  --What is that stupid idiot doing?//\n  4  stupid with cold/sleep/shock etc:  unable to think clearly because you are extremely tired, cold etc//  -- stupidly adv //  --I stupidly agreed to organize the party.//\nstupid 2 n [singular]  spoken  not polite   an insulting way of talking to someone who you think is being stupid//  --No, stupid, don’t do it like that!//


Words: stupidity
Meaning:
n   plural  stupidities //\n  1 [U and C] behaviour or actions that show a lack of good sense or good judgment:  --all the horrors and stupidities of war//\n  2 [U] the quality of being stupid:


Words: stupor
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: stupere;   STUPID1]//  a state in which you cannot think, speak, see, or hear clearly, usually because you have drunk too much alcohol or taken drugs//  --We found him lying at the bottom of the stairs in a drunken stupor .//


Words: sturdy
Meaning:
adj   comparative  sturdier superlative  sturdiest //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estourdi  ’stupidly brave, stunned’, from  estourdir  ’to stun’, from  Vulgar Latin exturdire  ’to behave like a thrush that has got drunk from eating grapes’, from  Latin turdus  ’thrush’]//\n  1 an object that is sturdy is strong, well-made, and not easily broken:    solid//  --That chair doesn’t look very sturdy.//  --sturdy comfortable shoes//\n  2 someone who is sturdy is strong, short, and healthy looking:    stocky//  --a sturdy young man//  --sturdy legs//\n  3 determined and not easily persuaded to change your opinions:  --They kept up a sturdy opposition to the plan.//  -- sturdily adv //  -- sturdiness n  [U] //


Words: sturgeon
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estourjon]//  a large fish, from which caviar is obtained, or the meat of this fish//


Words: stutter
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: stut  ’to stutter’ (14-19 centuries)]//\n  1 [I and T] to speak with difficulty because you cannot stop yourself from repeating the first consonant of some words:    stammer//  --’I’m D-d-david,’ he stuttered.//\n  2 [I] if a machine stutters, it keeps making little noises and does not work smoothly:  --a refrigerator which stuttered and hummed//\nstutter 2 n [singular]   an inability to speak normally because you stutter//   stammer//  --a nervous stutter//


Words: sty
Meaning:
n   plural  sties  [C] //  [Sense: 1; Origin: Old English stig]//  [Sense: 2; Origin: Old English stigend, from  stigan  ’to rise’]//\n  1 a place where pigs are kept:   pigsty//\n  2  also  stye:  an infected place on the edge of your eyelid, which becomes red and swollen//


Words: Stygian
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: stygius, from  Greek, from  Styx river in ancient Greek stories which people cross over when they die]//  unpleasantly dark, and making you feel nervous or afraid//  --the Stygian gloom//


Words: style
Meaning:
W1S2   n   ----------//\n   1 way of doing something:\n   2 somebody’s way of behaving:\n   3 art/literature/music:\n   4 fashion/design:\n   5 attractive quality:\n   6 correct writing:\n   7 in style:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Latin; Origin: stilus  ’pointed stick, stylus, style of writing’]//\n  1 WAY OF DOING SOMETHING:   [U and C] a particular way of doing, designing, or producing something, especially one that is typical of a particular place, period of time, or group of people//  --an attempt to use Japanese management style in a European business//  style of//  --different styles of handwriting//  Baroque/Swedish/country etc style //  --Cuban-style black beans and rice//  --a Colonial style house//  --The dinner will be served buffet style.//\n  2 SOMEBODY’S WAY OF BEHAVING:   [C] the particular way that someone behaves, works, or deals with other people//  --Children have different styles of learning: some learn by seeing, some by hearing, some by doing.//  be more sb’s style (=used to say that you prefer something) //  --I don’t think the parachuting weekend is for me - the art class is more my style.//  --I like your style  (=approve of the way you do things) , Simpson.//  --I can’t ask a man out - it’s not my style  (=it is not the way I usually behave) .//\n  3 ART/LITERATURE/MUSIC:   [U and C] a typical way of writing, painting etc that is used by a particular person or during a particular period of time//  --The paintings are in an expressionistic style.//  --Hemingway’s direct style//  in the style of sb/sth//  --a play in the style of classical Greek tragedy//\n  4 FASHION/DESIGN:  a)  [C] a particular design or fashion for something such as clothes, hair, furniture etc//  --Car styles have changed radically in the past 20 years.//  traditional/modern style //  --The rooms are furnished in a modern style.//  b)  [U] the quality of being fashionable//  --young women interested in style rather than comfort//  in/out of style//  --Long skirts are back in style.//\n  5 ATTRACTIVE QUALITY:   [U] a confident and attractive quality that makes people admire you, and that is shown in your appearance, or the way you do things//  --You may not like her, but she certainly has style .//  --The team played with style .//    stylish//\n  6 CORRECT WRITING:   [U] a way of using words or spelling that is considered correct//  --It’s not good style to use abbreviations in an essay.//\n  7  in style:  done in a way that people admire, especially because it is unusual, shows great determination, or involves spending a lot of money//  in great/grand/fine etc style //  --Sampras won the title in fine style, not losing a single game.//    cramp sb’s style at cramp2 //    lifestyle//\nstyle 2 v [T] \n  1 to design clothing, furniture, or the shape of someone’s hair in a particular way:  --These shoes have been styled for maximum comfort.//  --She has her hair styled by Giorgio.//\n  2  style yourself sth:   formal to give yourself a particular title or name//  --They style themselves ’the terrible twins’.//    self-styled//


Words: style sheet
Meaning:
n [C]   a set of instructions that states what the typeface and colours of an electronic document should be//


Words: styling
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the design and appearance of an object, especially a car:  --I like the new Audi in terms of styling.//\n  2  styling products/mousse/spray etc:  substances you use to make your hair look attractive//


Words: stylish
Meaning:
adj   attractive in a fashionable way//  --a stylish woman in her forties//  --Jack is quite stylish.//  --a stylish restaurant in the West End//  -- stylishly adv //  -- stylishness n  [U] //


Words: stylist
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who cuts or arranges people’s hair as their job:  --Renee was the top stylist at the salon.//\n  2 someone who has carefully developed a good style of writing:\n  3 someone who has their own typical way of singing or playing music:  --Billie Holiday, one of jazz’s most distinctive stylists//


Words: stylistic
Meaning:
adj   relating to the particular way an artist, writer, musician etc makes or performs something, especially the technical features or methods they use//  --the sculptor’s stylistic development//  stylistic feature/device //  --stylistic features of the story//  -- stylistically/-kli/ adv //


Words: stylized
Meaning:
also  stylised BrE   adj   drawn, written, or performed in an artificial style that does not look natural or real, but that is still pleasant to look at//  --a stylised picture of the sun//  -- stylization/sta[hA366]la[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -l[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: stylus
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Latin; Origin: stilus;   STYLE1]//\n  1 the small pointed part of a record player, that touches the record:\n  2 a thing shaped like a pen, used for writing on wax, making marks on metal, writing on a special computer screen etc:


Words: stymie
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Perhaps from  Scottish English,  ’person who cannot see well’]//   informal to prevent someone from doing what they have planned or want to do//   thwart//  --Investigators have been stymied by uncooperative witnesses.//


Words: Styrofoam
Meaning:
n [U]    trademark a soft light plastic material that prevents heat or cold from passing through it, used especially to make containers//  British Equivalent:  polystyrene//  --a Styrofoam cup//


Words: Styx
Meaning:
the   in Greek  mythology, a river in  Hades. The souls of dead people were carried across it in a boat by  Charon.//


Words: suave
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: ’pleasant, sweet’, from  Latin suavis]//  someone who is suave is polite, confident, and relaxed, sometimes in an insincere way//  --a suave and sophisticated gentleman//  -- suavely adv //  -- suavity suaveness//   n  [U] //


Words: sub
Meaning:
S3   n [C]  informal \n  1 a submarine:\n  2 a substitute in sports such as football:\n  3 a subscription:\n  4  BrE part of your wages that you receive earlier than usual because you need money:   advance//\n  5  AmE a long bread roll split open and filled with meat, cheese etc:\n  6  AmE a substitute teacher:\n  7  BrE a sub-editor:\nsub 2 v   past tense and past participle  subbed present participle  subbing  informal //\n  1 [I] to act as a substitute for someone:  sub for//  --Roy’s subbing for Chris in tonight’s game.//\n  2 [T]  BrE to give someone part of their wages earlier than usual or lend them money:  --I subbed Fenella a tenner to get a decent bunch of flowers.//\n  3 [T]  BrE to subedit something:


Words: sub judice
Meaning:
adv [only after verb]    law a legal case being considered sub judice is now being dealt with by a court, and therefore is not allowed to be publicly discussed, for example in a newspaper//


Words: sub-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Latin; Origin: sub  ’under, close to’]//\n  1 under or below a particular level or thing:  --subzero temperatures//  --subsoil (=beneath the surface) //\n  2 less important or powerful than someone or something, or of lower rank than someone:  --a sublieutenant//\n  3 part of a bigger whole:  --a subsection//  --a subcommittee//\n  4 not as good as other people or things:  --substandard housing//  --subnormal intelligence//\n  5  technical almost:  --subtropical heat//


Words: sub-editor
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE someone whose job is to examine other people’s writing, such as a newspaper article, and to correct mistakes//


Words: subconscious
Meaning:
adj   subconscious feelings, desires etc are hidden in your mind and affect your behaviour, but you do not know that you have them//  --a subconscious fear of failure//  -- subconsciously adv //  --Subconsciously, he blames himself for the accident.//\nsubconscious 2 n [singular]   the part of your mind that has thoughts and feelings you do not know about//   unconscious//  --anger buried deep in the subconscious//


Words: subcontinent
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a very large area of land that is part of a continent:\n  2  the subcontinent:  the area of land that includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh//


Words: subcontract
Meaning:
v  also subcontract out  [T]   if a company subcontracts work, they pay other people to do part of their work for them//  --We will be subcontracting most of the electrical work.//  subcontract sth to sb//  --Some of the work will be subcontracted to another company.//  -- subcontract/s[hA356]bk[hA361]ntr[zB024]kt $ -k[hA35A][hA359]n-/ n  [C] //


Words: subculture
Meaning:
n [C]   a particular group of people within a society and their behaviour, beliefs, and activities - often used to show disapproval//  --the drug subculture of the inner city//


Words: subcutaneous
Meaning:
adj  technical   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: subcutaneus, from  Latin sub- +  cutis  ’skin’]//  beneath your skin//  --subcutaneous fat//  -- subcutaneously adv //


Words: subdirectory
Meaning:
n   plural  subdirectories  [C] //  an area in a computer where  files are stored inside another directory, in order to keep the files organized//


Words: subdivide
Meaning:
v [T]   to divide into smaller parts something that is already divided//  --Over time, developers subdivided the land.//  subdivide sth into sth//  --The house was subdivided into apartments.//


Words: subdivision
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] when something is subdivided, or the parts that result from doing this:\n  2 [C]  AmE an area of land that has been subdivided for building houses on:


Words: subdue
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: soduire  ’to lead into bad actions’, from  Latin subducere  ’to remove’; influenced by  Latin subdere  ’to force to obey’]//\n  1 to defeat or control a person or group, especially using force:  --Police managed to subdue the angry crowd.//  --Napoleon subdued much of Europe.//\n  2  formal to prevent your emotions from showing or being too strong:   control//  --an excitement she could not subdue//


Words: subdued
Meaning:
adj \n  1 subdued lighting, colours etc are less bright than usual:   gentle//\n  2 a person that is subdued is unusually quiet and possibly unhappy:  --Richard seems very subdued tonight.//  --a subdued manner//  --’Oh,’ she said in a subdued voice.//\n  3 an activity that is subdued does not have as much excitement as you would expect:  → lively//  --The housing market is fairly subdued.//\n  4 a sound that is subdued is quieter than usual:


Words: subhuman
Meaning:
adj \n  1 not having all the qualities a normal human being has:  --The enemy was regarded as subhuman.//\n  2 subhuman conditions are very bad or cruel:    inhuman//  --The refugees were living a subhuman existence.//


Words: subject
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 thing talked about:\n   2 at school:\n   3 in art:\n   4 in a test:\n   5 grammar:\n   6 citizen:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin subjectus, from  subicere  ’to put under your control’, from  jacere  ’to throw’]//\n  1 THING TALKED ABOUT:  the thing you are talking about or considering in a conversation, discussion, book, film etc//  --Paul has strong opinions on most subjects.//  --The subjects covered in this chapter are exercise and nutrition.//  subject of//  --Truffaut’s childhood memories were the subject of his first film.//  --embarrassment about the subject of sex//  --Stop trying to change the subject !//  --How did we get onto the subject of drugs?//  --Can we just drop the subject now, please.//  --I wondered how I should broach the subject .//  --While we’re on the subject of money, do you have the $10 you owe me?//  --Genetic engineering is very much a subject for debate .//  --You know money is a a touchy subject with me.//  --The discussion was broken up into subject areas .//    subject matter//\n  2 AT SCHOOL:  an area of knowledge that you study at a school or university//  --My favourite subject is math.//\n  3 IN ART:  the thing or person that you show when you paint a picture, take a photograph etc//  --Monet loved to use gardens as his subjects.//\n  4 IN A TEST:  a person or animal that is used in a test or experiment//  --The subjects of this experiment were all men aged 18-35.//\n  5 GRAMMAR:  a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that usually comes before a main verb and represents the person or thing that performs the action of the verb, or about which something is stated. For example,’She’ in ’She hit John’ or ’elephants’ in ’Elephants are big’.//    object1 (6)//\n  6 CITIZEN:   formal someone who was born in a country that has a king or queen, or someone who has a right to live there//  --a British subject//    citizen(2),  national2 //  ----------//  COLLOCATES for sense 1 //  change the subject (=start talking about something different) //  get onto a subject (=start talking about something) //  get off a subject (=stop talking about something) //  keep/stay off a subject (=not talk about something) //  drop the subject (=stop talking about something) //  raise a subject (=mention a subject and start talking about it) //  broach a subject (=start talking about something that people may be sensitive about) //  on the subject of something (=talking about something) //  subject of discussion/debate also subject for discussion/debate //  touchy subject (=something people are sensitive about) //  subject area //  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’the subject is about ...’: The subject of the book is war.| The film was about Egypt. //  ----------//\nsubject 2 adj \n  1  be subject to sth:  a) if someone or something is subject to something, especially something bad, it is possible or likely that they will be affected by it//  --All flights are subject to delay.//  --Prices are subject to change .//  b) if something is subject to something such as approval#, it depends on that thing happening before it can happen//  --The funding is subject to approval by the Board of Education.//\n  2  be subject to a rule/law/penalty/tax etc:  if you are subject to a rule, law, penalty etc, you must obey the rule or pay an amount of money//  --Violators are subject to a $100 fine.//\n  3 [only before noun]  formal a subject country, state, people etc are strictly governed by another country:  --subject peoples//\nsubject 3   v [T]    formal to force a country or group of people to be ruled by you, and control them very strictly//  subject to [subject sb/sth to sth] phr v//  to force someone or something to experience something very unpleasant, especially over a long time//  --Police subjected him to hours of questioning.//  subject sb to an ordeal/abuse/harassment //  --Barker subjected his victim to awful abuse.//


Words: subject matter
Meaning:
n [U]   what is being talked about in speech or writing, or represented in art//  --The movie has been rated ’R’ due to adult subject matter.//


Words: subjection
Meaning:
n [U]  formal   when a person or a group of people are controlled by a government or by another person//  in subjection//  --The government used brute force to keep people in subjection.//  subjection to//  --a period of subjection to Assyrian rulers//  --the subjection of women//


Words: subjective
Meaning:
adj \n  1 a statement, report, attitude etc that is subjective is influenced by personal opinion and can therefore be unfair:  → objective//  --As a critic, he is far too subjective.//  --a highly subjective point of view//  subjective judgment/opinion etc //  --The ratings were based on the subjective judgement of one person.//\n  2 [no comparative] existing only in your mind or imagination:  → objective//  --our subjective perception of colours//\n  3  technical relating to the subject in grammar:  -- subjectively adv //  --His work was judged objectively as well as subjectively.//  -- subjectivity/s[hA356]bd[hA360]ekt[hA366]v[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //


Words: subjugate
Meaning:
v [T usually passive]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  subjugare, from  jugum  ’yoke’]//  to defeat a person or group and make them obey you//  --The native population was subjugated and exploited.//  subjugated people/nation/country //  subjugate sb to sb/sth//  --Her own needs had been subjugated to (=not considered as important as) the needs of her family.//  -- subjugation/s[hA356]bd[hA360][hA36A]ge[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: subjunctive
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: subjunctivus, from  Latin subjunctus, past participle of  subjungere  ’to join below, subordinate’]//  a verb form or a set of verb forms in grammar, used in some languages to express doubt, wishes etc. For example, in ’if I were you’, the verb ’to be’ is in the subjunctive//    imperative, indicative//  -- subjunctive adj //


Words: sublet
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  sublet present participle  subletting  [I and T] //  to rent to someone else a property that you rent from its owner//  sublet sth to sb//  --I sublet my apartment to my sister, packed my van, and headed west.//  -- sublet/s[hA356]blet/ n  [C] //


Words: sublimate
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  sublimare  ’to raise’, from  sublimis;   SUBLIME1]//   technical to use the energy that comes from sexual feelings to do something, such as work or art, that is more acceptable to your society//  -- sublimation/s[hA356]bl[hA369]me[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: sublime
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: sublimis  ’raised above the ordinary’, from  limen  ’doorstep, threshold’]//\n  1 something that is sublime is so good or beautiful that it affects you deeply:  --The view was sublime.//  --Her songs are a sublime fusion of pop and Brazilian music.//\n  2 used to describe feelings or behaviour that are very great or extreme, especially when someone seems not to notice what is happening around them:  --an air of sublime contentment//  -- sublimely adv //  -- sublimeness n  [U] //  -- sublimity/s[hA353]bl[hA366]m[hA369]ti/ n  [U] //\nsublime 2 n \n  1  the sublime:  something that is so good or beautiful that you are deeply affected by it//  --The works on display range from the mainstream to the sublime.//\n  2  from the sublime to the ridiculous:  used to say that a serious and important thing or event is being followed by something very silly, unimportant, or bad//


Words: subliminal
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: limen;   SUBLIME1]//  affecting your mind in a way that you are not conscious of//  --a subliminal message //  -- subliminal advertising  (=with hidden messages and pictures in it) //


Words: submarine
Meaning:
n  also sub  [C]   a ship, especially a military one, that can stay under water//  --a nuclear submarine//\nsubmarine 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: sub- +  marine]//  growing or used under the sea//  --submarine plant life//


Words: submerge
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: submergere, from  mergere;   MERGE]//\n  1 :  a)  [T] to cover something completely with water or another liquid//  --The tunnel entrance was submerged by rising sea water.//  b)  [I] to go under the surface of the water and be completely covered by it//  --The submarine submerged.//\n  2 [T] to hide feelings, ideas, or opinions and make yourself stop thinking about them:   suppress//  --Feelings she thought she’d submerged were surfacing again.//\n  3  submerge yourself in sth:  to make yourself very busy doing something, especially in order to forget about something else//  --Alice submerged herself in work to try and forget about Tom.//  -- submerged adj //  --submerged rocks//  -- submergence n  [U] //


Words: submersible
Meaning:
n [C]   a small vehicle that can travel under water, especially one that travels to very great depths in the ocean for scientific purposes//  -- submersible adj //


Words: submission
Meaning:
S2   n   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin, from  submittere;   SUBMIT]//\n  1 [U] the state of being completely controlled by a person or group, and accepting that you have to obey them:  force/frighten/beat etc sb into submission //  --Napoleon threatened to starve the country into submission.//  in submission//  --His head was bowed in submission.//\n  2 [U and C] when you give or show something to someone in authority, for them to consider or approve:  --The deadline for the submission of proposals is May 1st.//  --Plans were drawn up for submission to the housing council.//  --Submissions will not be accepted after May 1.//\n  3 [U]  formal an opinion or thought that you state:  --It is important, in my submission , that a wider view of the matter be taken.//\n  4 [C]  law a request or suggestion that is given to a judge for them to consider:


Words: submissive
Meaning:
adj   always willing to obey someone and never disagreeing with them, even if they are unkind to you//  → assertive//  --In those days women were expected to be quiet and submissive.//  -- submissively adv //  -- submissiveness n  [U] //


Words: submit
Meaning:
W3S2   v   past tense and past participle  submitted present participle  submitting //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: submittere  ’to lower, submit’, from  mittere  ’to send’]//\n  1 [T] to give a plan, piece of writing etc to someone in authority for them to consider or approve:  submit an application/claim/proposal etc //  --All applications must be submitted by Monday.//\n  2 [I and T]  formal to agree to obey a person, group, set of rules, especially when you have no choice:   give in//  submit to//  --Derek has agreed to submit to questioning.//\n  3 [T]  formal  law to suggest or say something:  submit (that)//  --I submit that the jury has been influenced by the publicity in this case.//


Words: subordinate
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  subordinare  ’to subordinate’, from  Latin ordinare;   ORDAIN]//\n  1 in a less important position than someone else:  --a subordinate officer//  subordinate to//  --Women were subordinate to men.//\n  2 less important than something else:  subordinate to//  --These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission.//\nsubordinate 2 n [C]   someone who has a lower position and less authority than someone else in an organization//\nsubordinate 3   v [T]   to put someone or something in a less important position//  subordinate sb/sth to sb/sth//  --Why subordinate your wishes to those of your family?//  -- subordination/s[hA353]b[hA350][hA359]d[hA369]ne[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -b[hA350][hA359]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: suborn
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: suborner, from  Latin subornare, from  sub-  ’secretly’ +  ornare  ’to provide with things’]//   law to persuade someone to tell lies in a court of law or to do something else that is illegal, especially for money//  --an attempt to suborn a witness//  -- subornation/s[hA356]b[hA350][hA359]ne[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -b[hA350][hA359]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: subplot
Meaning:
n [C]   a plot (=set of events)  that is connected with but less important than the main plot in a story, play etc//  --the novel’s romantic subplot//


Words: subpoena
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: sub poena  ’under punishment’ (the first words of the written order)]//   law a written order to come to a court of law and be a  witness//\nsubpoena 2   past tense and past participle  subpoenaed  v [T] //   law to order someone to come to a court of law and be a  witness//  --James was subpoenaed as a witness.//


Words: subscribe
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: subscribere, from  scribere  ’to write’]//\n  1 [I] to pay money, usually once a year, to have copies of a newspaper or magazine sent to you, or to have some other service:  subscribe to//  --You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as $32 a year.//\n  2 [I]  BrE to pay money regularly to be a member of an organization or to help its work:  subscribe to//  --She subscribes to an environmental action group.//\n  3 [I] to agree to buy or pay for shares:  subscribe for//  --Each employee may subscribe for up to [hA124]2,000 worth of shares.//  subscribe to [subscribe to sth] phr v//  if you subscribe to an idea, you agree with it or support it//  subscribe to the view/belief/theory etc //  --I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of your life.//


Words: subscriber
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who pays money, usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine, or to have a service:  --cable television subscribers//\n  2  BrE someone who pays money to be part of an organization or to help its work:


Words: subscription
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U and C] an amount of money you pay, usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine, or receive a service, or the act of paying money for this:  subscription to//  --Are you interested in taking out a subscription to Newsweek (=arranging to buy it on a regular basis) ?//  --You may cancel your subscription at any time.//  --I’ve decided not to renew my subscription .//\n  2 [U and C]  BrE an amount of money you pay regularly to be a member of an organization or to help its work, or the act of paying money for this:  subscription to//  --a subscription to Amnesty International//\n  3 [U] when people in a country or place give money in order to pay for something to be done:  --The church’s 120 foot gothic spire was paid for by public subscription in 1939.//


Words: subsequent
Meaning:
W2   adj  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  subsequi  ’to follow closely’, from  sequi  ’to follow’]//  happening or coming after something else//    consequent//  --These skills were passed on to subsequent generations.//  --subsequent pages of the book//  subsequent to sth//  --events that happened subsequent to the accident//


Words: subsequently
Meaning:
W3   adv  formal   after an event in the past//  --The book was subsequently translated into 15 languages.//  --Subsequently, the company filed for bankruptcy.//


Words: subservient
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  subservire  ’to serve, be subservient’, from  servire  ’to serve’]//\n  1 always obeying another person and doing everything they want you to do - used when someone seems too weak and powerless:  subservient to//  --Don remained entirely subservient to his father.//  subservient role/position //  --His wife refused to accept a traditional subservient role.//\n  2  formal less important than something else:   subordinate//  subservient to//  --the rights of the individual are made subservient to the interests of the state//  -- subserviently adv //  -- subservience n  [U] //


Words: subset
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people or things that is part of a larger group of people or things//  subset of//  --a small subset of the city’s immigrant population//


Words: subside
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: subsidere, from  sidere  ’to sit down, sink’]//\n  1 if a feeling, pain, sound, etc subsides, it gradually becomes less and then stops:   die down//  --Simon waited until the laughter subsided.//  --The pains in his head had subsided, but he still felt dizzy and sick.//\n  2  formal if a building or an area of land subsides, it gradually sinks to a lower level:  --After the heavy rains, part of the road subsided.//\n  3 if bad weather conditions subside, they gradually return to a normal state:  --The wind gradually subsided, and all was quiet.//\n  4 if water, especially flood water, subsides, it gradually goes under ground or back to a normal level:  --When the floods subsided, the streets were littered with bodies.//


Words: subsidence
Meaning:
n [U and C]   the process by which an area of land sinks to a lower level than the land surrounding it, or a building begins to sink into the ground//  --Is your house insured against subsidence?//


Words: subsidiarity
Meaning:
n [U]   a word meaning a political policy(1) in which power to make decisions, is given to a smaller group, used especially about the European Community giving power to its member countries//


Words: subsidiary
Meaning:
n   plural  subsidiaries  [C] //  a company that is owned or controlled by another larger company//  --a subsidiary of a US company//  --one of our Japanese subsidiaries//\nsubsidiary 2 adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: subsidiarius, from  subsidium;   SUBSIDY]//  connected with, but less important than something else//   secondary//  --a subsidiary hypothesis//  subsidiary to//  --All other issues are subsidiary to this one.//


Words: subsidize
Meaning:
also  subsidise BrE   v [T usually passive]   if a government or organization subsidizes a company, activity etc, it pays part of its costs//  --Farming is heavily subsidized  (=subsidized a lot) by the government.//  -- subsidized adj  [only before noun] //  --heavily subsidized agricultural exports//  -- subsidization/s[hA356]bs[hA369]da[hA366]ze[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n $ -d[hA353]-/ n  [U] //


Words: subsidy
Meaning:
n   plural  subsidies  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: subsidium  ’soldiers kept in reserve, support, help’, from  sub-  ’near’ +  sedere  ’to sit’]//  money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc//  trade/agricultural subsidies etc //  --international disagreement over trade subsidies//


Words: subsist
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: subsistere  ’to come to a stop, remain, exist’, from  sistere  ’to come to a stand’]//\n  1 to stay alive when you only have small amounts of food or money:   survive//  subsist on//  --We had to subsist on bread and water.//  --Old people often have to subsist on very low incomes.//\n  2  especially law to continue to exist:   survive//


Words: subsistence
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive:  --Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.//  --The land provided subsistence and little more.//\n  2  subsistence farming/agriculture etc:  farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people//\n  3  subsistence allowance/payment etc:  money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc//


Words: subspecies
Meaning:
n   plural  subspecies  [C] //  a group of similar plants or animals that is smaller than a species//


Words: substance
Meaning:
W3   n   ----------//\n   1 material:\n   2 truth:\n   3 ideas:\n   4 importance:\n   5 man/woman of substance:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin substantia, from  substare  ’to stand under’]//\n  1 MATERIAL:   [C] a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas//  --The leaves were covered with a strange sticky substance.//  dangerous/toxic/hazardous/poisonous etc substance //  --harmful substances in the atmosphere//  --Plutonium 238 is one of the most toxic substances known to man.//  illegal/banned/prohibited/controlled substance (=used especially about illegal drugs) //  --Police found an illegal substance in his car.//\n  2 TRUTH:   [U usually in questions and negatives]  formal if something has substance, it is true//  -- There is no substance to the rumours (=they are untrue) .//  without substance//   (=untrue) //  --O’Connell’s remarks are completely without substance.//\n  3 IDEAS:   [singular, U] the most important ideas contained in an argument or piece of writing//   essence//  -- The substance of his argument was that people on welfare should work.//  in substance//  --What she said, in substance, was that the mayor should resign.//\n  4 IMPORTANCE:   [U]  formal importance//   significance//  --It was an entertaining speech, but it lacked substance  (=there was no important information in it) .//  matters/issues of substance //  --We should be discussing matters of substance.//\n  5  man/woman of substance:   BrE  literary a rich man or woman//


Words: substance abuse
Meaning:
n [U]   the habit of taking too many illegal drugs, in a way that harms your health//   drug abuse//


Words: substandard
Meaning:
adj   not as good as the average, and not acceptable//    non-standard, standard//  --substandard housing//


Words: substantial
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: substantialis, from  Latin substantia;   SUBSTANCE]//\n  1 large in amount or number:   considerable//  --We have the support of a substantial number of parents.//  --a substantial salary//  --a substantial breakfast//  --The document requires substantial changes.//\n  2 [only before noun] large and strongly made:  --a substantial piece of furniture//


Words: substantially
Meaning:
adv \n  1 very much or a lot:   considerably//  --substantially higher prices//  --The deer population has increased substantially in recent years.//\n  2 used to say that in many ways something is true, the same, different etc:   essentially//  --There are one or two minor differences, but they’re substantially the same text.//


Words: substantiate
Meaning:
v [T]    formal to prove the truth of something that someone has said, claimed etc//  --Katzen offered little evidence to substantiate his claims .//  -- substantiation/s[hA353]bst[zB024]n[hA35D]ie[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: substantive
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: substantif, from  Late Latin substantivus, from  Latin substantia;   SUBSTANCE]//   formal dealing with things that are important or real//  substantive matters/issues //  --The State Department reported that substantive discussions had taken place with Beijing.//  -- substantively adv //\nsubstantive 2   n [C]    technical a noun//


Words: substation
Meaning:
n [C]   a place where electricity is passed on from the place that produces it into the main system//


Words: substitute
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  substituere  ’to put in place of’, from  statuere;   STATUTE]//\n  1  also sub :  someone who does someone else’s job for a limited period of time, especially in a sports team or school//  --Germany brought on a substitute at half time.//  --substitute goalkeeper//  substitute for//  --The coach has to find a substitute for Tim.//\n  2 a person or thing that you use instead of the one that you usually have, because the usual one is not available:  --a sugar substitute//  --a father substitute//\n  3  be no substitute for sth:  used to emphasize that something is not as good as another thing//  --Vitamin pills are no substitute for a healthy diet.//\nsubstitute 2 v \n  1 [T] to use something new or different instead of something else:  substitute sth for sth//  --The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream.//\n  2 [I] to do someone’s job until the person who usually does it is able to do it again:  substitute for//  --Bill substituted for Larry, who was off sick.//\n  3 [T] to replace someone with another person especially another player:  --Michael Owen had to be substituted after 20 minutes on the field.//


Words: substitute teacher
Meaning:
also substitute sub  n [C]    AmE a teacher who teaches a class when the usual teacher is ill//  British Equivalent:  supply teacher//


Words: substitution
Meaning:
n [U and C]   when someone or something is replaced by someone or something else//  --Coach Ross made two substitutions in the second half.//  substitution of sth for sth//  --the substitution of English for French as the world’s common language//


Words: substratum
Meaning:
n   plural  substrata /-t[hA353]/ [C] //   technical a layer that lies beneath another layer, especially in the earth//  --a substratum of rock//  --a social substratum//


Words: substructure
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 one of the structures ( structure1(3)) within a society or organization that combines with others to form a whole:\n  2 a solid base under the ground that supports a building above the ground:    superstructure//


Words: subsume
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: subsumere, from  Latin sumere  ’to take up’]//   formal to include someone or something as a member of a group or type, rather than considering it separately//  subsume sb/sth under sth//  --A wide range of offences are usually subsumed under the category of robbery.//


Words: subtenant
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who pays rent for an apartment, office etc to the person who is renting it from the owner//  -- subtenancy n  [U and C] //


Words: subterfuge
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Late Latin; Origin: subterfugium, from  Latin subterfugere  ’to escape’, from  subter-  ’secretly’ +  fugere  ’to run away’]//   formal a secret trick or slightly dishonest way of doing something, or the use of this//  by subterfuge//  --Sereni was lured to Moscow by subterfuge.//


Words: subterranean
Meaning:
adj [usually before noun]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: subterraneus, from  terra  ’earth’]//  beneath the surface of the Earth//  --subterranean passage//


Words: subtext
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]   a hidden or second meaning behind someone’s words or actions//  --What’s the subtext here? What’s the writer really saying?//


Words: subtitle
Meaning:
n \n  1  subtitles [plural] the words printed over a film in a foreign language to translate what is being said by the actors:  --a French film with English subtitles//\n  2 [singular] a second title below the main title in a book, which gives more information about what is in the book, show etc:  --The opera’s subtitle is ’The School for Lovers’.//  -- subtitle v  [I and T] //  -- subtitled adj //  --a subtitled version of the film//  --The book is subtitled ’A Psychology of Masculinity’.//


Words: subtle
Meaning:
adj   comparative  subtler  or  more subtle superlative  subtlest //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: soutil, from  Latin subtilis  ’finely woven, subtle’, from  tela  ’something woven’]//\n  1 not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention:  → obvious//  --The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.//  --The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored.//  --a subtle form of racism//  subtle taste/flavour/smell etc //  --The flavour of the dried berries is more subtle.//  --The dish had a subtle hint of ginger.//\n  2 behaving in a skilful and clever way, especially using indirect methods or language to hide what you are trying to do:  --I think we need a more subtle approach.//  --a subtle plan//  subtle about//  --She wasn’t very subtle about it. She just said she didn’t love him any more.//\n  3 very clever in noticing and understanding things:    sensitive//  --a subtle mind//  -- subtly adv //  --a subtly different colour//


Words: subtlety
Meaning:
n   plural  subtleties //\n  1 [U] the quality that something has when it has been done in a clever or skilful way, with careful attention to small details:  --The play lacks subtlety.//  --She argued her case with considerable subtlety.//\n  2 [C usually plural] a thought, idea, or detail that is important but difficult to notice or understand:  subtlety of//  --Some of the subtleties of the language are lost in translation.//


Words: subtotal
Meaning:
n [C]   the total of a set of numbers, especially on a bill, that is added to other numbers, such as a tax, to form a complete total//


Words: subtract
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  subtrahere  ’to pull from beneath, remove’, from  trahere  ’to pull’]//  to take a number or an amount from a larger number or amount//    add, deduct, minus//  subtract sth from sth//  --If you subtract 30 from 45, you get 15.//


Words: subtropical
Meaning:
adj  also semi-tropical   related to or typical of an area that is near a tropical area//  --subtropical vegetation//


Words: suburb
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: suburbium, from  urbs  ’city’]//  an area where people live which is away from the centre of a town or city//  --a London suburb//  suburb of//  --a suburb of Los Angeles//  --a kid from the suburbs //  in a suburb//  --Don’t you get bored living out here in the suburbs?//


Words: suburban
Meaning:
adj \n  1 related to a suburb, or in a suburb:  --a quiet, suburban street//\n  2 boring and typical of people who live in the suburbs:  --narrow-minded, suburban attitudes//


Words: suburbanite
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who lives in a suburb - often used to show disapproval//  --Patsy’s father is a typical suburbanite.//


Words: suburbia
Meaning:
n [U]   suburbs in general, and the behaviour, opinions, and ways of living that are typical of people who live there - often used to show disapproval//  --middle-class suburbia//


Words: subvention
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Late Latin subventio, from  Latin subvenire  ’to come up, come to save someone’]//   formal a gift of money, usually from a government, for a special use//


Words: subversion
Meaning:
n [U]   secret activities that are intended to damage or destroy the power or influence of a government or established system//  --Murray was jailed for subversion.//


Words: subversive
Meaning:
adj   subversive ideas, activities etc are secret and intended to damage or destroy a government or an established system//  --He was engaged in subversive activities .//  subversive propaganda/literature //  -- subversively adv //\nsubversive 2 n [C]   someone who secretly tries to damage or destroy the government or an established system//  --a known subversive//  -- subversiveness n  [U] //


Words: subvert
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: subvertir, from  Latin subvertere  ’to turn from beneath, subvert’]//\n  1 to try to destroy the power and influence of a government or the established system:  --an attempt to subvert the democratic process//\n  2 to destroy someone’s beliefs or loyalty:


Words: subway
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE \n  1 a railway system that runs under the ground below a big city:  British Equivalent:  underground//  --the New York City subway//  --a crowded subway station//  --Boston has the oldest subway system in the US.//\n  2  BrE a path for people to walk under a road or railway:   underpass//


Words: succeed
Meaning:
W2S3   v   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: succedere  ’to go up, follow after, succeed’, from  sub-  ’near’ +  cedere  ’to go’]//\n  1 [I] to do what you tried or wanted to do:  --She wanted to be the first woman to climb Mount Everest, and she almost succeeded.//  succeed in doing sth//  --Scientists claim they have succeeded in finding a cure for cancer.//  --Very few people succeed in losing weight and keeping it off.//\n  2 [I] to have the result or effect something was intended to have:  --The drug therapy has not succeeded.//\n  3 [I] to do well in your job, especially because you have worked hard at it for a long time:  succeed as//  --I’m not sure he has the determination to succeed as an actor.//  succeed in//  --a woman who succeeded in politics//\n  4 [I and T] to be the next person to take a position or job after someone else:  succeed sb as sth//  --Reeves will succeed Segal as Speaker of the House.//  succeed sb to the throne (=to be the next king or queen after someone else) //  --Who will succeed him to the throne?//\n  5 [T] to come after or replace something else, especially another product:  --This car is intended to succeed the popular Fiesta.//\n  6  nothing succeeds like success:  used to say that success often leads to even greater success//\n  7  only succeed in doing sth:  used when someone does the opposite of what they intended to do//  --It seems I’ve only succeeded in upsetting you.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  Do not say ’succeed to do’. Say ’succeed in doing’: She succeeded in persuading me (NOT succeeded to persuade me). //  ----------//


Words: succeeding
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   coming after something else//  --Over the succeeding weeks things went from bad to worse.//  --succeeding generations//


Words: success
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  succedere;   SUCCEED]//\n  1 when you achieve what you want or intend:  → failure//  be a big/huge/great etc success //  --The experiment was a big success.//  without success//  --I tried to contact him, but without success.//  --What’s the secret of your success ?//  --Their efforts finally met with some success  (=they were successful) .//  --I didn’t think my chances of success were very good.//  --She puts her success down to good luck (=says it is caused by good luck) .//  success in doing sth//  --Did you have any success in persuading Alan to come?//\n  2 when a lot of people like something, buy something, go to see something etc:  → failure//  be a big/huge/great etc success //  --The film was a great success.//  --Her book has enjoyed a lot of success  (=it has been very successful) .//  --The play was a box-office success  (=many people went to see it) .//  --The show was an overnight success  (=it was immediately successful) .//\n  3 when someone achieves a high position in their job, course, sport, in society etc:  → failure//  --Success isn’t everything, you know.//  success in//  --He has already had a lot of success in his career.//  be a success as a ... (=be successful in a particular job) //  --She wasn’t much of a success as a lawyer.//  --She’s determined to make a success of  (=be successful in) her career.//\n  4 when a business makes a lot of money:  → failure//  --the success of his latest business venture//  be a big/huge/great etc success //  --The firm wasn’t a great success.//\n  5  success story:  someone or something that is successful//  --The company has been a major success story.//


Words: successful
Meaning:
W1S2   adj \n  1 having the effect or result you intended:  --The operation was successful.//  --a highly successful  (=very successful) meeting//  successful in (doing) sth//  --Were you successful in persuading him to change his mind?//\n  2 a successful business, film, product etc makes a lot of money:  --The show’s had a pretty successful run.//  --a highly successful  (=very successful) product//\n  3 a successful person earns a lot of money or is very well known and respected:  --Arthur was a highly successful  (=very successful) businessman.//  successful in//  --He later became successful in politics.//  successful as//  --I think she’ll be successful as a photographer.//  -- successfully adv //  --He successfully completed a master’s degree.//


Words: succession
Meaning:
W3   n   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin successio, from  succedere;   SUCCEED]//\n  1  in succession:  happening one after the other without anything different happening in between//  --She won the championship four times in succession.//  in quick/rapid/close succession (=quickly one after the other) //  --He fired two shots in quick succession.//\n  2  a succession of sth:  a number of people or things of the same kind following, coming or happening one after the other//  --A succession of visitors came to the door.//\n  3 [U] the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right to be the next to take it:    accession//  --If the prince dies, the succession passes to his son.//  succession to//  --the queen’s succession to the throne//


Words: successive
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   coming or following one after the other//  --The team has had five successive victories.//  --Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue.//  -- successively adv //


Words: successor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who takes a job or position previously held by someone else:    predecessor//  --His successor died after only 15 months in office.//  --I’m sure she will be worthy successor  (=someone who is very good and deserves to be someone’s successor) .//  successor to//  --her successor to the post//  successor as//  --Sloan will be Barrett’s successor as treasurer.//\n  2  formal a machine, system etc that exists after another one in a process of development:  --the transistor’s successor, the microchip//


Words: succinct
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  succingere  ’to tuck up’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  cingere  ’to put a belt around’]//  clearly expressed in a few words - use this to show approval//   concise//  --a succinct explanation//  -- succinctly adv //  --Anderson put the same point more succinctly.//  -- succinctness n  [U] //


Words: succotash
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Narragansett; Origin: msiquatash  ’boiled corn and beans’]//   AmE a dish made from corn, beans, and tomatoes cooked together//


Words: succour
Meaning:
BrE  succor AmE   n [U]    literary help and sympathy that is given to someone//  --They give succour to the victims of war.//\nsuccour 2  BrE  succor AmE v [T]  literary   to give help and sympathy someone//  --succouring the needy//


Words: succubus
Meaning:
n   plural  succubi /-ba[hA366]/ [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: Late Latin succuba  ’prostitute’, from  Latin succubare  ’to lie under’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  cubare  ’to lie’]//  a female devil that in the past was believed to have sex with a sleeping man//


Words: succulent
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: suculentus, from  sucus  ’juice’]//  juicy and good to eat//  --a succulent steak//  -- succulence n  [U] //\nsucculent 2 n [C]    technical a plant such as a cactus which has thick soft leaves or stems that can hold a lot of liquid//


Words: succumb
Meaning:
v [I]  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: succomber, from  Latin succumbere, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  cumbere  ’to lie down’]//\n  1 to stop opposing someone or something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control:   give in//  succumb to//  -- Succumbing to pressure from the chemical industry, Governor Blakely amended the regulations.//  --Gina succumbed to temptation and had a second serving of cake.//\n  2 if you succumb to an illness, you become very ill or die of it:  succumb to//  --About 400,000 Americans succumb each year to smoking-related illnesses.//


Words: such
Meaning:
determiner, predeterminer, pron   [Language: Old English; Origin: swilc]//\n  1 of the same kind as the thing or person which has already been mentioned:  --Such behavior is just not acceptable in this school.//  --The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.//  --A victory for Brazil had been predicted and such indeed was the result.//  --She needs to see a psychiatrist or some such person.//  --’You said you’d be finished by today.’ ’I said no such thing!’//  such as this/these //  --There is now a greater awareness of problems such as these.//  treated/recognized/accepted etc as such //  --Birth is a natural process and should be treated as such.//\n  2  such as:  used when giving an example of something//  --Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.//  --large electrical goods such as television sets and washing machines//  such as? (=used to ask someone to give an example) //  --’There are lots of useful things you could do.’ ’Such as?’//\n  3 used to emphasize your description of something or someone:  --They’re such nice people.//  --It’s such a long way from here.//  --I felt such an idiot.//\n  4 :  a) used to mention the result of a quality that something or someone has//  --It’s such a tiny kitchen that I don’t have to do much to keep it clean.//  --He came to such a sudden stop that we almost hit him.//  b)  formal used to say that something is so great, so bad etc that something else happens//  be such that/as to do sth//  --The force of the explosion was such that windows were blown out.//  --His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met.//  in such a way/manner that/as to do sth //  --He lectured in such a way that many in the audience found him impossible to understand.//  to such an extent/degree that //  --Her condition deteriorated to such an extent that a blood transfusion was considered necessary.//\n  5 used to show that you think that something is not good enough or that there is not enough of it:  such as it is/such as they are etc //  --We will look at the evidence, such as it is, for each of these theories.//  such ... as//   formal //  --Such food as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat.//\n  6  formal used to refer only to people or things of a particular group or kind:  such ... as/who/that//  --Such individuals who take up this role often find life frustrating.//  such of sth/sb as//  --Such of you as wish to leave may do so now.//\n  7  there’s no such person/thing etc as sb/sth:  used to say that a particular person or thing does not exist//  --There’s no such thing as magic.//\n  8  not (...) as such:  a)  spoken used to say that the word you are using to describe something is not exactly correct//  --There isn’t a garden as such, just a little vegetable patch.//  b) used to say that something does not include or is not related to all things or people of a particular type//  --We have nothing against men as such.//\n  9  and such:   spoken used to say that other people or things like the ones you have just mentioned are included//  --It won’t be anything special - just a few cakes and sandwiches and such.//  ----------//  HINT sense 3 //  such comes before a(n): He’s such a nice guy (NOT a such nice guy). //  ----------//


Words: such and such pron
Meaning:
predeterminer  spoken   used to talk about a particular thing, time, amount etc without saying exactly what it is//  --They will ask you to come on such and such a day, at such and such a time.//


Words: suchlike
Meaning:
pron  spoken  especially BrE   and suchlike//  and things of that kind//  --money for food, clothes, and suchlike//  -- suchlike adj  [only before noun] //


Words: suck
Meaning:
S3   v   [Language: Old English; Origin: sucan]//\n  1 [I and T] to take air, liquid etc into your mouth by making your lips form a small hole and using the muscles of your mouth to pull it in:  suck sth in//  --Michael put the cigarette to his lips and sucked in the smoke.//  suck at//  --a baby sucking at its mother’s breast//  suck sth up//  --Jennie sucked up the last bit of milkshake with her straw.//\n  2 [I and T] to hold something in your mouth and pull on it with your tongue and lips:  --Don’t suck your thumb, dear.//  suck on//  --a picture of Lara sucking on a lollipop//\n  3 [T] to pull someone or something with great power and force into or out of a particular place:  suck sth into sth//  --A bird was sucked into one of the jet’s engines.//  suck sb/sth under/down//  --The river sucked him under.//  suck sth out of/from sth//  --The fluid was sucked from his lungs.//\n  4  sth sucks:   spoken  not polite used when you dislike something very much or think something is very bad//  --If you ask me, the whole thing sucks.//\n  5  suck it and see:   BrE  informal to use something or do something for a short time, to find out if it works, if you like it etc//  be sucked in phr v//  to become involved in a situation, especially a bad situation, when you do not want to//  --The US has no intention of getting sucked into another war in Europe.//  suck up phr v//  to say or do a lot of nice things in order to make someone like you or to get what you want - used to show disapproval//  suck up to//  --He’s always sucking up to the boss.//\nsuck 2 n [C usually singular]   an act of sucking//


Words: sucker
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 person:\n   2 be a sucker for somebody/something:\n   3 part of an animal:\n   4 sweet:\n   5 plant:\n   6 rubber:  ----------//\n  1 PERSON:   informal someone who is easily tricked or persuaded to do something//  --You fell for that old line? Sucker!//\n  2  be a sucker for sb/sth:   informal to like someone or something very much, especially so that you cannot refuse them//  --I’m a total sucker for seafood.//\n  3 PART OF AN ANIMAL:  a part of an insect or of an animal’s body that it uses to hold on to a surface//\n  4 SWEET:   AmE a lollipop//\n  5 PLANT:  a part of a plant that grows from the root or lower stem of a plant to become a new plant//\n  6 RUBBER:  a flat round piece of rubber that sticks to a surface by suction//\nsucker 2 v   sucker into [sucker sb into sth] phr v//   AmE to persuade someone to do something they do not want to do, especially by tricking them or lying to them//


Words: suckle
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from  suckling]//\n  1 [T] to feed a baby or young animal with milk from the breast:  --a sheep suckling her lamb//\n  2 [I] if a baby or young animal suckles, it sucks milk from a breast:    breast-feed, nurse//


Words: suckling
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Origin: suck]//   literary a young human or animal still taking milk from its mother//


Words: sucrose
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: French; Origin: sucre  ’sugar’]//   technical the most common form of sugar//    fructose, lactose//


Words: suction
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: suctio, from  Latin sugere  ’to suck’]//\n  1 the process of removing air or liquid from an enclosed space so that another substance is sucked in, or so that two surfaces stick together:  --My vacuum cleaner has very good suction.//  --a suction pump //\n  2 the force that causes a substance to be sucked into a closed space when the air or liquid already present is removed:


Words: Sudan
Meaning:
also the Sudan   a country in northeast Africa, south of Egypt and west of Ethiopia, which is the largest country in Africa. Population: 36,080,000 (2001). Capital: Khartoum. Sudan suffered from  famine (=serious lack of food)  during the 1990s.//  -- Sudanese n  adj //


Words: sudden
Meaning:
W3S2   adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: sodain, from  Latin subitaneus, from  subitus  ’sudden’, from  subire  ’to come up’]//\n  1 happening, coming, or done quickly or when you do not expect it:  --a sudden change in the weather//  --Life is cruel, she thought, with a sudden rush of anger.//  --a sudden movement //  --Her death was sudden.//\n  2  all of a sudden:  suddenly//  --All of a sudden the lights went out.//  -- suddenness n  [U] //


Words: sudden death
Meaning:
n [U]   a way of deciding the winner of a game when the scores are equal at the end. The game goes on until one player or team gains the lead//  --a sudden death play-off//


Words: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Meaning:
n [U]   SIDS  technical when a baby stops breathing and dies while it is sleeping, for no known reason//  American Equivalent:  crib deathBritish Equivalent:  cot death//


Words: suddenly
Meaning:
adv   quickly and unexpectedly//  --I suddenly realized that there was someone following me.//  --George died very suddenly.//  [sentence adverb] //  --Suddenly the eagle opened its wings.//


Words: Sudetenland
Meaning:
an area in the north west of the Czech Republic which Hitler attacked and took control of in 1938, just before World War II//


Words: suds
Meaning:
n [plural]   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  Middle Dutch sudse  ’wet ground’]//  the mass of bubbles formed on the top of water with soap in it//  -- sudsy adj //


Words: sue
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: suer  ’to follow, make a legal claim to’, from  Vulgar Latin sequere, from  Latin sequi;   SEQUENCE]//\n  1 to make a legal claim against someone, especially for money, because they have harmed you in some way:  --If the builders don’t fulfil their side of the contract, we’ll sue.//  --The company is suing a former employee.//  sue (sb) for libel/defamation/negligence/slander etc //  --Miss James could not afford to sue for libel.//  --She was suing doctors for negligence over the loss of her child.//  --The railway may sue for damages  (=in order to get money) because of loss of revenue.//  --He is being sued for divorce  (=in order to end a marriage) by his wife.//\n  2  sue for peace:   formal if a country or army sues for peace, they ask for peace, especially because there is no other good choice//  --They had hoped to force the North to sue for peace.//


Words: suede
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: (gants de) Su[hA169]de  ’Swedish (gloves)’]//  soft leather with a slightly rough surface//  --suede shoes//  --a suede jacket//


Words: suet
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From an unrecorded  Anglo-French sewet, from  sue, from  Latin sebum  ’tallow, suet’]//  hard fat from around an animal’s kidneys, used in cooking in Britain//


Words: Suez Canal
Meaning:
the Suez Canal//  a  canal (=artificial river)  in northeast Egypt which was opened in 1869 and which joins the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea. It is used by ships going between Europe and the Indian Ocean.//


Words: Suez Crisis
Meaning:
the   the events in 1956 that followed the decision by the government of Egypt to take control of the Suez Canal. Before this, the canal was owned and operated by a foreign company. When Egypt took control, the UK and France sent ships and soldiers to the area to try to get the canal back. This attempt failed, and it was criticized by most other countries, including the US and the former Soviet Union. The British and French forces left Egypt after a few months, and the British Prime Minister, Anthony Eden, gave up his position as a result of this. For many people in the UK, the Suez Crisis was a serious defeat and a sign that the UK was no longer an important international power. In the UK, the Suez Crisis is often simply called Suez.//


Words: suffer
Meaning:
v   ----------//\n   1 pain:\n   2 bad experience/situation:\n   3 become worse:\n   4 not suffer fools gladly:  ----------//  [Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old French; Origin: souffrir, from  Vulgar Latin sufferire, from  Latin sufferre, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  ferre  ’to bear’]//\n  1 PAIN:   [I and T] to experience physical or mental pain//  --At least he died suddenly and didn’t suffer.//  --She’s suffering a lot of pain.//  suffer from//  --I’m suffering from a bad back.//  --Mary’s suffering from ill health at the moment.//\n  2 BAD EXPERIENCE/SITUATION:   [I and T] if someone suffers an unpleasant or difficult experience, or is in a difficult situation, it happens to them or they experience it//  suffer from//  --London employers were suffering from a desperate shortage of school-leavers.//  --Most of us have suffered the consequences of stupid decisions taken by others.//  --In June 1667, England suffered a humiliating defeat by the Dutch.//  suffer loss/damage/injury //  --They are unlikely to suffer much loss of business after 2001.//  --He suffered head injuries in the crash.//  --A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital.//  --Small businesses have suffered financially during the recession.//\n  3 BECOME WORSE:   [I] to become worse in quality because a bad situation is affecting something or because nobody is taking care of it//  → benefit//  --Safety might suffer if costs are cut.//  --I’m worried and my work is beginning to suffer.//\n  4  not suffer fools gladly:  to not be patient with people you think are stupid//  --He was a perfectionist who didn’t suffer fools gladly.//


Words: sufferance
Meaning:
n   on sufferance//   formal if you live or work somewhere on sufferance, you are allowed to do it by someone who would prefer you did not do it//  --He was never going to let her forget she was only here on sufferance.//


Words: sufferer
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who suffers, especially from a particular illness//    victim//  sufferer from//  --sufferers from headaches//  AIDS/cancer/asthma/arthritis etc sufferers //  --a support group for cancer sufferers//


Words: suffering
Meaning:
n [U and C]   serious physical or mental pain//  --the suffering of the refugees after the war//  --the pain and suffering caused by road accidents//


Words: suffice
Meaning:
v [I not in progressive]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: suffire, from  Latin sufficere  ’to put under, suffice’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  facere  ’to make, do’]//\n  1  formal to be enough:  --A light lunch will suffice .//  suffice for//  --A few brief observations will suffice for present purposes.//  suffice to do sth//  --A few more statistics will suffice to show the trends of the time.//\n  2  suffice (it) to say (that):  used to say that the statement that follows is enough to explain what you mean, even though you could say more//  --Suffice it to say that they’re having marital problems.//


Words: sufficiency
Meaning:
n  formal \n  1 [U] the state of being or having enough:  --The war has affected the country’s economic sufficiency.//\n  2  a sufficiency of sth:  a supply that is enough//  --a sufficiency of raw materials//


Words: sufficient
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  sufficere;   SUFFICE]//  as much as is needed for a particular purpose//   enough//  → insufficient//  --We can only prosecute if there is sufficient evidence.//  --Unauthorized absence is sufficient reason for dismissal.//  --We need sufficient time to deal with the problem.//  sufficient to do sth//  --The money is not sufficient to cover everything that needs doing.//  sufficient for//  --The recipe is sufficient for six people.//  -- sufficiently adv //  --Students must reach a sufficiently high standard to pass.//


Words: suffix
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Modern Latin; Origin: suffixum, from  Latin suffigere  ’to fasten beneath’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  figere  ’to fasten’]//  a letter or letters added to the end of a word to form a new word, such as ’ness’ in ’kindness’ or ’ly’ in ’suddenly’//    affix, prefix//


Words: suffocate
Meaning:
v   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  suffocare, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  fauces  ’throat’]//\n  1 [I and T] to die or make someone die by preventing them from breathing:  --The animal seizes its prey by the throat and suffocates it to death.//  --One of the puppies suffocated inside the plastic bag.//\n  2  be suffocating:  to feel uncomfortable because there is not enough fresh air//  --Can you open a window? I’m suffocating.//\n  3 [T] to prevent a relationship, plan, business etc from developing well or being successful:  --Jealousy can suffocate any relationship.//  -- suffocation/s[hA356]f[hA353]ke[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: suffocated
Meaning:
adj   feel suffocated//  to feel as if you are not free or do not have enough space//  --He feels suffocated by London and longs to escape to the country.//


Words: Suffolk
Meaning:
a  county on the east coast of southeast England. It has no big cities, and its countryside can be seen in the paintings of the 19th century artist John  Constable.//


Words: suffragan
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: Medieval Latin suffraganeus, from  suffragium  ’support, prayer’]//  a suffragan  bishop helps another bishop of higher rank in their work//  -- suffragan n  [C] //


Words: suffrage
Meaning:
n [U]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: suffragium  ’vote, political support’]//  the right to vote in national elections//


Words: suffragette
Meaning:
n [C]   a woman who tried to gain the right to vote for women especially as a member of a group in Britain or the US in the early 20th century//


Words: suffuse
Meaning:
v [T]  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  suffundere  ’to pour beneath, suffuse’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  fundere  ’to pour’]//\n  1 if warmth, colour, liquid etc suffuses something or someone, it covers or spreads through them:  --The light of the setting sun suffused the clouds.//  --Hot colour suffused her cheeks.//\n  2  be suffused with sth:  if someone is suffused with a feeling, they are full of that feeling//  --She was suffused with happiness.//


Words: sugar
Meaning:
W3S2   n   butter, egg, flour, sugar//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: [hA168]ucre, from  Medieval Latin zuccarum, from  Arabic sukkar, from  Persian shakar, from  Sanskrit sarkara]//\n  1 [U] a sweet white or brown substance that is obtained from plants and used to make food and drinks sweet:  --Do you take sugar in your coffee?//\n  2 [C]  BrE the amount of sugar that a small spoon can hold:  --How many sugars do you want in your tea?//\n  3 [C]  technical one of several sweet substances formed in plants:\n  4  spoken used to address someone you like very much:\nsugar 2 v [T]   to add sugar or cover something with sugar//   sweeten//  --Did you sugar my coffee?//  -- sugared adj //  --sugared almonds//


Words: sugar daddy
Meaning:
n [C]    informal an older man who gives a young person presents and money in return for their company and often for sex//


Words: sugar-coated
Meaning:
adj \n  1 covered with sugar:  --sugar-coated cereals//\n  2 used to describe something that is made to seem better than it really is:


Words: sugary
Meaning:
adj \n  1 containing sugar or tasting like sugar:  --sugary foods//\n  2 language, emotions etc that are sugary are too nice and seem insincere:  --She said goodbye in a sickeningly sugary tone.//


Words: suggest
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  suggerere  ’to put under, provide, suggest’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  gerere  ’to carry’]//\n  1 to tell someone your ideas about what they should do, where they should go etc:    propose//  --They keep suggesting ways to keep my weight down.//  --She wrote to me and suggested a meeting.//  suggest (that)//  --I suggest you phone before you go round there.//  -- It has been suggested that the manager will resign if any more players are sold.//  suggest doing sth//  --Joan suggested asking her father for his opinion.//  suggest how/where/what etc//  --The therapist suggested how Tony could cope with his problems.//  can/may I suggest (=used to politely suggest a different idea) //  --May I suggest that you think carefully before rushing into this?//  --No possible explanation suggests itself  (=is able to be thought of) .//\n  2 to make someone think that a particular thing is true:   indicate//  --Trends in spending and investment suggest a gradual economic recovery.//  suggest (that)//  --Opinion polls suggest that only 10% of the population trusts the government.//  evidence/results/data/studies etc suggest(s) that //  --The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers.//\n  3 to tell someone about someone or something that is suitable for a particular job or activity:   recommend//  suggest sb/sth for sth//  --John Roberts has been suggested for the post of manager.//\n  4 to state something in an indirect way:   imply//  --Are you suggesting my husband’s been drinking?//\n  5  I’m not suggesting:   spoken used to say that what you have said is not exactly what you intended to say//  --I’m not suggesting for one moment that these changes will be easy.//\n  6 to remind someone of something or help them to imagine it:  --The stage was bare, with only the lighting to suggest a prison.//  ----------//  GRAMMAR //  !! Do not say ’suggest (someone) to do something’. You can use the following structures://  suggest that somebody do something : He suggested that we go (NOT suggested us to go) for a drink. //  You can miss out ’that’ : What do you suggest we do (NOT suggest us to do)? //  suggest doing something : I suggest wearing (NOT suggest to wear) something warm. //  suggest something : She suggested a walk before dinner. //  ----------//


Words: suggestible
Meaning:
adj   easily influenced by other people or by things you see and hear//  very/highly/extremely suggestible //  --At that age, kids are highly suggestible.//


Words: suggestion
Meaning:
n \n  1 [C] an idea, plan, or possibility that someone mentions, or the act of mentioning it:  --Any helpful suggestions would be welcome.//  suggestion that//  --the suggestion that houses should be built on this site//  --May I make a suggestion ?//  --Let me know if you have any suggestions .//  --The committee is open to suggestions  (=willing to listen to ideas) .//  at sb’s suggestion//  --She took a seat at his suggestion.//\n  2 [singular, U] a sign or possibility of something:  suggestion of//  --There was never any suggestion of criminal involvement.//  --The government have denied any suggestion of involvement in her death.//  suggestion that//  --There’s some suggestion that the intruder was the same person that killed Angie.//\n  3  a suggestion of sth:  a slight amount of something//  --There was just a suggestion of a smile on her face.//\n  4 [U] an indirect way of making you accept an idea, for example by hypnotism:  --the power of suggestion//


Words: suggestive
Meaning:
adj \n  1 similar to something:  suggestive of//  --Her symptoms are suggestive of a panic disorder.//  --It was a huge sound, suggestive of whales calling each other.//\n  2 a remark, behaviour etc that is suggestive makes you think of sex:  --He kept giving me suggestive looks.//  -- suggestively adv //  -- suggestiveness n  [U] //


Words: Suharto
Meaning:
T. N. J.   (1921- ) the President of Indonesia from 1966 to 1998. In the late 1990s, when Indonesia experienced serious economic problems, there were many public protests against his government, and he agreed to give up his position as President.//


Words: suicidal
Meaning:
adj \n  1 wanting to kill yourself:  --She was depressed and almost suicidal.//  --For many years before treatment, Clare had suicidal tendencies  (=behaviour that showed she wanted to kill herself) .//\n  2 likely to lead to death:  --It was suicidal trying to put out that fire.//\n  3 likely to lead to a lot of damage or trouble:  --Her economic policies would prove suicidal for our economy.//


Words: suicide
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Latin; Origin: sui  ’of oneself’ +  English -cide]//\n  1 the act of killing yourself:  --More people commit suicide at Christmas than at any other time.//  --My mother attempted suicide on many occasions.//  --He apparently left a suicide note  (=letter explaining his reasons for killing himself) . see usage note  kill1 //\n  2  political/economic suicide:  something you do that ruins your good position in politics or the  economy//  --He said a vote for Labour would be a vote for economic suicide.//\n  3  suicide attack/mission/bombing etc:  an attack etc in which the person who carries out the attack deliberately kills himself or herself in the process of killing other people//


Words: suicide bomber
Meaning:
n [C]   someone who hides a bomb on their body and explodes it in a public place, killing himself or herself and other people, usually for political reasons//


Words: suit
Meaning:
W3S2   n [C]   suit, briefcase, tie//  ----------//\n   1 clothes:\n   2 bathing/jogging etc suit:\n   3 law:\n   4 office worker:\n   5 cards:\n   6 somebody’s strong suit:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: siute  ’act of following, group of helpers’, from  Vulgar Latin sequita, from  sequere;   SUE]//\n  1 CLOTHES:  a set of clothes made of the same material, usually including a jacket with trousers or a skirt//  --a grey light-weight suit//  --a business suit//  --a tweed suit//  --She was wearing a black trouser suit.//    morning suit//\n  2  bathing/jogging etc suit:  a piece of clothing or a set of clothes used for swimming, running etc//    boiler suit,  shell suit,  sweat suit,  tracksuit,  wet suit//\n  3 LAW:  a problem or complaint that a person or company brings to a court of law to be settled//   lawsuit//  --Johnson has filed suit against her.//  --a civil suit //\n  4 OFFICE WORKER:   informal a man, especially a manager, who works in an office and who has to wear a suit when he is at work//  --I bought myself a mobile phone and joined the other suits on the train to the City.//\n  5 CARDS:  one of the four types of cards in a set of playing cards//\n  6  sb’s strong suit:  something that you are good at//  --Sympathy is not Jack’s strong suit.//    in your birthday suit at birthday(3)//    follow suit at follow(14)//\nsuit 2 W3S2 v [T] \n  1 to be acceptable, suitable or convenient for a particular person or in a particular situation:  --Whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that suits your needs .//  --There’s a range of restaurants to suit all tastes .//  --There are countryside walks to suit everyone .//  --We have gifts to suit every pocket  (=of all prices) .//  --Either steak or chicken would suit me fine .//  --The climate there will suit you down to the ground  (=suit you very well) .//  suit sth to sth//  --She had the ability to suit her performances to the audience.//\n  2 [not in passive] clothes, colours etc that suit you make you look attractive:  --That coat really suits Paul.//  --Red suits you.//  --Jill’s new hairstyle doesn’t really suit her.//\n  3  best/well/ideally/perfectly etc suited to/for sth:  to have the right qualities to do something//  --The activity holidays on offer are really best suited to groups.//  --land well suited for agriculture//  --the candidate most ideally suited to doing the job//\n  4  suit yourself:   spoken used to tell someone they can do whatever they want to, even though it annoys you or you think they are not doing the right thing//  --’Mind if I sit here?’ he said gently. ’Suit yourself.’//\n  5  suit sb’s book:   BrE  informal to fit well into someone’s plans//


Words: suitability
Meaning:
n [U]   the degree to which something or someone has the right qualities for a particular purpose//  suitability for//  --There’s no doubt about Christine’s suitability for the job.//  suitability as//  --his suitability as a father//


Words: suitable
Meaning:
adj   having the right qualities for a particular person, purpose, or situation//  → unsuitable//  --We are hoping to find a suitable school.//  suitable for//  --The house is not really suitable for a large family.//  suitable place/time etc to do sth //  --a suitable place to rear young children//  suitable to use/be shown etc //  --These crayons are not suitable to use in very hot weather.//


Words: suitably
Meaning:
adv \n  1  suitably dressed/prepared/equipped etc:  wearing the right clothes, having the right information, equipment etc for a particular situation//  --We were relieved that Gordon had arrived at the wedding suitably dressed.//\n  2 [+ adjective/adverb] having the amount of a feeling or quality you would hope for in a particular situation:  --’He owns three hotels.’ The others looked suitably impressed .//


Words: suite
Meaning:
n [C]   ----------//\n   1 rooms:\n   2 furniture:\n   3 computers:\n   4 music:\n   5 politics:  ----------//  [Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: Old French siute;   SUIT1]//\n  1 ROOMS:  a set of rooms, especially expensive ones in a hotel//  --a honeymoon suite//  --a suite of rooms for palace guests//\n  2 FURNITURE:   especially BrE a set of matching furniture for a room//  --a pink bathroom suite//  three-piece suite (=a large seat and two chairs) //\n  3 COMPUTERS:   technical a group of related computer programs//\n  4 MUSIC:  a piece of music made up of several short parts//  --the Nutcracker Suite//\n  5 POLITICS:   formal the people who work for or help an important person//   retinue//


Words: suitor
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Anglo-French; Origin: Latin secutor  ’follower’, from  sequi  ’to follow’]//   old use a man who wants to marry a particular woman//


Words: Sukkoth
Meaning:
also  Feast of Tabernacles   a Jewish  festival which celebrates the gathering of the crops, and remembers the time in Jewish history when small shelters ( sukkahs) were made by the Jews when they were in the wilderness//


Words: Suleiman I
Meaning:
(?1494-1566) a Turkish ruler, also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, who greatly improved the Ottoman Empire in its government and  culture//


Words: sulk
Meaning:
v [I]   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin: sulky]//  to be silently angry and refuse to be friendly or discuss what is annoying or upsetting you - used to show disapproval//  --Nicola sulked all morning.//\nsulk 2 n [C]   a time when someone is sulking//  in/into a sulk//  --Mike could go into a sulk that would last for days.//  --She’s having a sulk .//  the sulks//  --a fit of the sulks//


Words: sulky
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1700-1800; Origin:  Probably from  sulke  ’slow-moving’ (1600-1700)]//  sulking, or tending to sulk//    moody//  --a sulky child//  --He put on a sulky expression.//  --Katherine sat in a sulky silence.//  -- sulkily adv //  -- sulkiness n  [U] //


Words: sullen
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  Probably from an unrecorded  Anglo-French solein  ’single, solitary, sullen’, from  Latin solus  ’alone’]//\n  1 angry and silent, especially because you feel life has been unfair to you:  --Bill sat in sullen silence and refused to eat his lunch.//  --a look of sullen resentment//\n  2  literary a sullen sky or sea is dark and looks as if bad weather is coming:  -- sullenly adv //  -- sullenness n  [U] //


Words: Sullivan
Meaning:
John L.   (1858-1918), a US boxer who was the last world heavyweight champion to have fought without wearing gloves. However, he wore special gloves when he lost his title to James J. Corbett in 1892. He was called the Boston Strong Boy.//\n Louis Henry   (1856-1924) a US  architect who worked in Chicago and built some of the first  skyscrapers (=very tall buildings) , such as the Wainwright Building in St Louis//\n Sir Arthur   (1842-1900) a British  composer who worked with W.S. Gilbert to write humorous  operettas (=plays with songs) //    Gilbert and Sullivan//


Words: sully
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  sullied present participle  sullying third person singular  sullies  [T]  formal  or  literary //  [Date: 1500-1600; Origin:  Probably from  Old French soiller;   SOIL2]//  to spoil or reduce the value of something that was perfect//  --a scandal that sullied his reputation//


Words: sulphur
Meaning:
BrE  sulfur AmE   n [U]   a common light yellow chemical substance that burns with a very strong unpleasant smell, and is used in drugs, explosives, and industry. It is a chemical element: symbol S//


Words: sulphur dioxide
Meaning:
BrE  sulfur dioxide AmE n [U]   a poisonous gas that is a cause of air pollution in industrial areas//


Words: sultan
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Old French; Origin: Arabic]//  a ruler in some Muslim countries//


Words: sultana
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Italian; Origin: sultano  ’sultan’, from  Arabic sultan;   SULTAN]//\n  1  BrE a small pale raisin (=dried fruit)  without seeds, used in baking:  American Equivalent:  golden raisin//\n  2 the wife, mother, or daughter of a sultan:


Words: sultanate
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a country ruled by a sultan:  --the sultanate of Oman//\n  2 the position of a sultan, or the period of time during which he rules:


Words: sultry
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Origin: sulter  ’to be uncomfortably hot’ (16-17 centuries), from  swelter]//\n  1 weather that is sultry is hot with air that feels wet:   humid//  --a hot and sultry day//  --Since the rain, the air had become heavy and still and sultry.//\n  2 a woman who is sultry makes other people feel strong sexual attraction to her:  --She threw Carlo a sultry glance.//  --a sultry film star//  -- sultriness n  [U] //


Words: sum
Meaning:
W2S3   n [C]   ----------//\n   1 money:\n   2 the sum of something:\n   3 greater/more/better etc than the sum of its parts:\n   4 calculation:\n   5 do your sums:\n   6 in sum:  ----------//  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: summe, from  Latin summa, from  summus  ’highest’]//\n  1 MONEY:  an amount of money//  --He owes me a large sum of money .//  sum of//  --the sum of [hA124]4000//  large/substantial/considerable etc sum //  --Bill wants to spend a large sum on modernizing the farm.//  small/modest/trifling etc sum //  for a large/small etc sum //  --We should be happy to buy it for a modest sum.//    lump sum//    princely sum at princely(1)//\n  2  the sum of sth:  the total produced when you add two or more numbers or amounts together//  --You will have to pay the sum of the two sets of costs.//\n  3  greater/more/better etc than the sum of its parts:  having a quality or effectiveness as a group that you would not expect from the quality of each member//  --The team is greater than the sum of its parts.//\n  4 CALCULATION:  a simple calculation by adding, multiplying, dividing etc, especially one done by children at school//\n  5  do your sums:   informal  BrE to calculate whether you have enough money to do something//  --Do your sums first before you decide how much to spend.//\n  6  in sum:   formal used before a statement that gives the main information about something in a few simple words//  --In sum, soul music is important to the record industry.//    sum total//\nsum 2 v   past tense and past participle  summed present participle  summing //  sum up phr v//\n  1 to give the main information in a report, speech etc in a short statement at the end:   summarize//  --Gerald will open the debate and I will sum up.//  to sum up//  --To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.//  sum sth → up//  --In your final paragraph, sum up your argument.//\n  2 when a judge sums up or sums up the case at the end of a trial, he or she explains the main facts of the case:    summing-up//\n  3  sum sth → up:  to describe something using only a few words//  --The city’s problem can be summed up in three words: too many people.//\n  4  sum sth → up:  to show the most typical qualities of someone or something//  --That image sums up the whole film.//\n  5  sum sb/sth → up:  to form a judgment or opinion about someone or something//  --Pat summed up the situation at a glance.//\n  6  that (about) sums it up:   spoken used to say that a description of a situation is correct//  --’So you want us to help you change but you don’t believe change is possible?’ ’That about sums it up.’//


Words: sum total
Meaning:
n   the sum total//  the whole of an amount//  the sum total of//  --That’s the sum total of my knowledge about it.//


Words: Sumatra
Meaning:
the second largest of the islands that form the country of Indonesia. Its largest city is Padang.//  -- Sumatran n  adj //


Words: Sumer
Meaning:
the southern part of ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), where people called the Sumerians lived from about 3500 BC, in one of the world’s earliest societies. One of the cities of Sumer was the city of Ur. The Sumerians developed a type of writing known as  cuneiform, and many scientists think that they invented the wheel.//


Words: summa cum laude
Meaning:
adv  AmE   [Date: 1900-2000; Language: Latin; Origin: ’with highest praise’]//  having achieved the highest level in your college or university degree//    cum laude//  --He graduated summa cum laude in 1968.//


Words: summarize
Meaning:
also  summarise BrE   v [I and T]   to make a short statement giving only the main information and not the details of a plan, event, report etc//   sum up//  --The authors summarize their views in the introduction.//  to summarize//  --To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.//


Words: summary
Meaning:
n   plural  summaries  [C] //  a short statement that gives the main information about something, without giving all the details//  --A brief summary is given on a separate sheet.//  summary of//  --The group produces a monthly summary of their research.//  in summary//  --In summary, do not sell your shares.//\nsummary 2 adj [only before noun]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: summarius, from  Latin summa;   SUM1]//\n  1  formal done immediately, and not following the normal process:  --a summary execution//\n  2 a summary report, statement etc gives the main facts in a report etc without any of the details or explanations:


Words: summation
Meaning:
n [C]  formal \n  1 a summary or summing-up:\n  2 the total amount or number when two or more things are added together:


Words: summer
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: sumor]//\n  1 the time of the year when the sun is hottest and the days are longest, between spring and autumn:  --the long hot summer of 1976//  --The children play on the beach during the summer.//  in (the) summer//  --Miriam likes to relax in her garden in summer.//  this/next/last summer //  --We’re going to Italy next summer.//  --a hot summer’s day//  --a sunny summer afternoon//  --a three week summer vacation//  early/late summer //  --The tourist season lasts through late summer.//  --Parts of Spain are extremely hot in high summer  (=the hottest part of summer) .//\n  2  20/50 etc summers:   literary 20, 50 etc years of age//  --a child of eleven summers//    Indian summer//\nsummer 2 v [I]   to spend the summer in a particular place//


Words: Summer Bank Holiday
Meaning:
the   a public holiday in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, usually on the last Monday in August. In Scotland and the Republic of Ireland, the Summer Bank Holiday is usually on the first Monday in August.//


Words: summer camp
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a place where children in the US can stay during the summer, and take part in various activities//


Words: summer holidays
Meaning:
n [plural]    BrE the period of time during the summer when schools and universities are closed//  American Equivalent:  summer vacation//


Words: summer solstice
Meaning:
n [singular]   the longest day in the northern hemisphere (=top half of the earth) , around June 22nd//


Words: summer vacation
Meaning:
n [U]  AmE   the period of time during the summer when schools and universities are closed//  British Equivalent:  summer holidays//


Words: summertime
Meaning:
n [U]   the season when it is summer//  in (the) summertime//  --It doesn’t rain much in the summertime.//    British Summer Time//


Words: summery
Meaning:
adj   suitable for or reminding you of the summer//  --a light summery dress//  --a summery breeze//


Words: summing-up plural
Meaning:
summings-up  n [C]   a statement giving the main facts but not the details of something, especially made by a judge at the end of a trial//  --In his summing-up, the judge said that it was dangerous to convict on this evidence alone.//    sum up(2)//


Words: summit
Meaning:
W3   n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: somete, from  sum  ’top’, from  Latin summum, from  summus;   SUM1]//\n  1 an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments:  --the European summit//  --The two presidents agreed to hold a summit in the spring.//  --a five-nation summit meeting //\n  2 the top of a mountain:    peak//  summit of//  --Many people have now reached the summit of Mount Everest.//\n  3  the summit of sth:   formal the greatest amount or highest level of something//   peak//  --His election as President represented the summit of his career.//


Words: summon
Meaning:
v [T]  formal   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: somondre, from  Latin summonere  ’to remind secretly’, from  sub-  ’secretly’ +  monere  ’to warn’]//\n  1 to order someone to come to a place:  --Robert summoned the waiter for the bill.//  summon sb to sth//  --The president summoned Taylor to Washington.//  summon sb to do sth//  --He was summoned to attend an emergency meeting.//\n  2 to officially order someone to come to a court of law:  --Hugh was summoned to appear before the magistrate.//\n  3  also summon sth up :  to try very hard to have enough of something such as courage, energy, or strength, because you need it//  --He had to summon the energy to finish the race.//\n  4  summon a meeting/conference etc:  to arrange for a meeting to take place and order people to come to it//   convene//  --He summoned a meeting of business leaders.//  summon up [summon up sth] phr v//\n  1 if something summons up a memory, thought, or image, it makes you remember it or think of it:   conjure up//  --The smell summoned up memories of family holidays by the sea.//\n  2 to try very hard to have enough courage, energy, or strength, because you need it:  --Ruth took a deep breath, summoned up her courage, and told him the truth.//


Words: summons
Meaning:
n   plural  summonses  [C] //  [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: somonse, from the past participle of  somondre;   SUMMON]//  an official order to appear in a court of law//  --The judge must issue a summons .//  --He had been accused of a drug offence but police had been unable to serve a summons on him (=officially order him to appear in court) .//\nsummons 2 v [T usually passive]   to order someone to appear in a court of law//  --She has been summonsed to appear in court.//  --Basil was summonsed for wounding a police officer.//


Words: sumo
Meaning:
n  also sumo wrestling  [U]   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Japanese]//  a Japanese form of wrestling, done by men who are very large//  -- sumo wrestler n  [C] //


Words: sump
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1600-1700; Origin: sump  ’swamp’ (15-20 centuries), from  Middle Dutch somp or  Middle Low German sump  ’wet ground’]//\n  1 the lowest part of a drainage system, where liquids or wastes remain:\n  2  BrE the part of an engine that contains the supply of oil:  American Equivalent:  oil pan//


Words: sumptuous
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: sumptueux, from  Latin sumptuosus, from  sumptus  ’cost’]//  very impressive and expensive//  --a sumptuous feast//  --a sumptuous palace//  -- sumptuously adv //  -- sumptuousness n  [U] //


Words: Sun
Meaning:
the   a British  tabloid daily newspaper which generally supports  right-wing and  nationalist political ideas. It has some articles about events in the news and politics, but many of its stories are about the private lives of well-known people, such as the royal family, television actors, and sports players.//


Words: sun
Meaning:
W1S2   n   [Language: Old English; Origin: sunne]//\n  1  the sun/the Sun:  the large bright object in the sky that gives us light and heat, and around which the Earth moves//  --The sky was blue and the sun was shining .//  -- The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.//  -- The sun’s rays reflected off the lake.//\n  2 [U] the heat and light that come from the sun:  --Too much sun is bad for you.//  in the sun//  --We sat in the sun, eating ice cream.//  --the warmth of the afternoon sun//\n  3 [C] any star around which planets move:\n  4  everything/anything etc under the sun:  used to emphasize that you are talking about a large range of things//  --You can buy jeans in every colour under the sun.//\n  5  catch the sun:   BrE get some sun //   AmE if someone catches or gets the sun, they become slightly red or brown because they have been outside in the sun//    make hay while the sun shines at hay(2)//\nsun 2 v   past tense and past participle  sunned present participle  sunning //  sun yourself//  to sit or lie outside when the sun is shining//  --The beaches were full of families sunning themselves.//


Words: Sun Belt
Meaning:
also  Sunbelt/s[hA356]nbelt/ n   the Sun Belt//  the southern or southwestern parts of the US, where the sun shines a lot//


Words: sun cream
Meaning:
n [U and C]    BrE a cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun from burning you too much//   suntan lotion//


Words: sun lounge
Meaning:
n [C]  BrE   a room with large windows and often a glass roof, designed to let in a lot of light//  American Equivalent:  sun porch//


Words: sun porch
Meaning:
n [C]  AmE   a room with large windows and often a glass roof, designed to let in lots of light//  British Equivalent:  sun lounge//


Words: Sun Yat Sen
Meaning:
(1866-1925) a Chinese political leader who established the National Party in China, and helped to remove the last Manchu  emperor from power. He became the first President of the new Republic of China in 1911.//


Words: sun-drenched
Meaning:
adj   a sun-drenched place is one where the sun shines most of the time - used especially in advertisements, magazines etc//  --sun-drenched tropical islands//


Words: sun-dried
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   sun-dried food has been left in the sun to dry in order to give it a particular taste//  --sun-dried tomatoes//


Words: sun-kissed
Meaning:
adj  literary \n  1 sunny:  --the famous sun-kissed resort of Acapulco//\n  2 sun-kissed skin or hair has been made an attractive colour by the sun:


Words: sunbathe
Meaning:
v [I]   to sit or lie outside in the sun, especially in order to become brown//  --Her mother was sunbathing in the back garden.//  ----------//  HINT sense 1 //  There is no noun ’sunbath’: Let’s go and sunbathe/do some sunbathing (NOT have a sunbath). //  ----------//


Words: sunbed
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a metal structure the size of a bed that you lie on to make your skin brown using light from special lamps:\n  2 a sun lounger:    sunlamp//


Words: Sunbelt
Meaning:
the Sunbelt//  the southern and southwestern parts of the US, from Virginia to South California, called this because of the hot, sunny climate in this area//


Words: sunblock
Meaning:
n [U and C]   cream or oil that you rub into your skin, in order to completely stop the sun’s light from burning you//    sunscreen//


Words: sunburned
Meaning:
1 having a red and painful skin as a result of spending too much time in the sun:\n  2 having skin that is attractively brown as a result of spending time in the sun:


Words: sundae
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin:  Probably from  Sunday]//  a dish made from ice cream, fruit, sweet sauce, nuts etc//  --a chocolate sundae//


Words: Sunday
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Language: Old English; Origin: sunnand[zB024]g]//\n  1  written abbreviation Sun. :  the day between Saturday and Monday//  on Sunday//  --We’re going to a match on Sunday.//  --What are you doing Sunday? AmE//  Sunday morning/afternoon etc //  --Sunday nights are usually pretty quiet.//  last Sunday //  --It was our wedding anniversary last Sunday.//  this Sunday //  --There’s another antiques market this Sunday.//  next Sunday (=Sunday of next week) //  --We’ll announce the winners next Sunday.//  a Sunday//   (=one of the Sundays in the year) //  --Finding a dentist on a Sunday can be very difficult.//\n  2  your Sunday best:  your best clothes, worn only for special occasions or for church//\n  3  Sunday driver:  an insulting word meaning someone who annoys other people by driving too slowly//    never in a month of Sundays at month(6)//


Words: Sunday Express
Meaning:
The   a British  tabloid newspaper sold every Sunday, which generally supports the ideas of the  Conservative Party//    ExPress, The//


Words: Sunday Mirror
Meaning:
The   a British  tabloid newspaper sold every Sunday, which generally supports the ideas of the  Labour Party//    Mirror, The//


Words: Sunday Post
Meaning:
the  also  the Post   a Scottish Sunday newspaper which supports  traditional values and has many stories about ordinary people. It is very popular in Scotland and is also read by Scottish people in many other parts of the world.//


Words: Sunday Sport
Meaning:
The   a British  tabloid newspaper sold every Sunday which has almost no serious news stories but has many stories about sex and  scandal (=immoral or shocking events involving famous people) //


Words: Sunday Times
Meaning:
The   a serious British Sunday newspaper whose political opinions are fairly  right-wing. The  Sunday Times was one of the first papers to be divided into  sections (=separate parts) , such as a Sports Section and a Business Section, and it has a very large number of these.//


Words: sunder
Meaning:
v [T]   [Language: Old English; Origin: gesundrian,  syndrian]//   literary to break something into parts, especially violently//   split//


Words: sundial
Meaning:
n [C]   shadow//  an object used in the past for telling the time. The shadow of a pointed piece of metal shows the time and moves round as the sun moves.//


Words: sundries
Meaning:
n [plural]    formal small objects that are not important enough to be named separately//    sundry//


Words: sundry
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   [Language: Old English; Origin: syndrig  ’different for each’]//\n  1  all and sundry:  everyone, not just a few carefully chosen people//  --I don’t want you telling our private business to all and sundry.//\n  2  formal not similar enough to form a group:   various//  --He makes films about animals, plants and sundry other subjects.//


Words: sunglasses
Meaning:
n [plural]   dark glasses that you wear to protect your eyes when the sun is very bright//   shades//


Words: sunken
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Origin:  From an old past participle of  sink]//\n  1 [only before noun] having fallen to the bottom of the sea, a lake, or a river:  --the wrecks of sunken ships//  --sunken treasure//\n  2  sunken cheeks/eyes etc:  cheeks or eyes that have fallen inwards, especially because of age or illness//   hollow//  --Her eyes looked dull and sunken.//\n  3 [only before noun] built or placed at a lower level than the surrounding floor or ground:  --Steps led down to a sunken garden.//  --a sunken bath//


Words: sunlight
Meaning:
n [U]   natural light that comes from the sun//  --The water sparkled in the bright sunlight.//  morning/afternoon/evening sunlight //  --The garden looked lovely in the evening sunlight.//  -- Sunlight streamed  (=came in large amounts) through the windows.//  --a shaft of sunlight  (=beam of sunlight) //


Words: Sunna
Meaning:
Sunnah/s[hA35E]n[hA353], s[hA356]n[hA353]/ n   [Date: 1700-1800; Language: Arabic; Origin: sunnah  ’rule, custom’]//  the Sunna//  a set of Muslim customs and rules based on the words and acts of Muhammad//


Words: Sunni
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Arabic; Origin: sunniy, from  sunnah;   SUNNA]//  a Muslim who follows one of the two main branches of the Muslim religion//    Shiite//


Words: sunny
Meaning:
adj \n  1 having a lot of light from the sun:   bright//  --a warm sunny day//  --a sunny morning//  --a nice sunny room//  --I hope it’s sunny tomorrow.//  --Tuesday will be dry with sunny spells  (=sunny periods) .//\n  2  informal happy and friendly:  --a sunny smile//


Words: sunny-side up
Meaning:
adj [not before noun]    AmE an egg that is cooked sunny-side up is cooked in hot fat on one side only, and not turned over in the pan//


Words: sunrise
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the time when the sun first appears in the morning:    daybreak//  at sunrise//  --A farmer’s day begins at sunrise.//\n  2 [U and C] the coloured part of the sky where the sun is appearing in the morning:  --a picture of sunrise over Mount Fuji//


Words: sunrise industry
Meaning:
n [C]   an industry, such as electronics or making computers, that uses modern processes and takes the place of older industries//    sunset industry//


Words: sunscreen
Meaning:
n [U and C]   a cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun from burning you//    sunblock//


Words: sunset
Meaning:
n \n  1 [U] the time of day when the sun disappears and night begins:  at sunset//  --We take the flag down at sunset.//\n  2 [U and C] the coloured part of the sky where the sun is disappearing at the end of the day:    dusk//  --a glorious sunset//


Words: sunset industry
Meaning:
n [C]   an industry that uses old equipment and methods, usually in an area that once had many industries like it, and that is becoming less successful//    sunrise industry//  --sunset industries such as steel//


Words: sunshade
Meaning:
n [C]   an object shaped like an umbrella, used especially in the past as protection from the sun//   parasol//


Words: sunshine
Meaning:
S3   n [U] \n  1 the light and heat that come from the sun when there is no cloud:  --We had three days of spring sunshine.//  afternoon/morning/evening sunshine //  --Couples strolled in the afternoon sunshine.//\n  2  informal happiness:  --She brought sunshine into our lives.//  ray of sunshine (=a person or thing that makes you happy) //  --He was the only ray of sunshine in her life.//\n  3  spoken  informal used when speaking to someone you are annoyed with:  --Look, sunshine, I’ve had just about enough of you!//


Words: suntan
Meaning:
n [C]   brown skin that someone with pale skin gets after they have spent time in the sun//   tan//    sunburn//  -- suntanned adj //


Words: suntan lotion
Meaning:
also suntan oil  n [U and C]   a cream or oil that you rub into your skin to stop the sun from burning you too much//


Words: sup
Meaning:
v   past tense and past participle  supped present participle  supping //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: souper, from  soupe;   SOUP1]//\n  1 [T] to drink something:\n  2  old-fashioned  [I] to eat supper:  -- sup n  [C] //


Words: super
Meaning:
S2   adj  informal   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: superfine  ’of the highest quality’ (17-21 centuries), from  super- +  fine]//  extremely good//   wonderful//  --an old car in super condition//  --That sounds super.//  --What a super idea!//\nsuper 2 n [C]   [Date: 1800-1900; Origin: superintendant]//   informal a superintendent(3)//\nsuper 3 adv  AmE  spoken   extremely//  --Sorry, I’m super tired, I have to turn in.//


Words: Super Bowl
Meaning:
the   a football game played in the US each year in late January on a Sunday, known as Super Bowl Sunday, that decides which team is the winning team of the year in the  NFL. It was first held in 1967, and is watched on television by millions of people.//


Words: Super Tuesday
Meaning:
in the US, the second Tuesday in March during a year when there is an election for the position of President. Before the main election in November, there is a series of  primary elections, in which the people in each state choose the person that they want as their party’s  candidate for President. On Super Tuesday there are several important primaries in different states all on the same day. //


Words: super-
Meaning:
prefix   [Language: Latin; Origin: super  ’over, above, on top of’]//  more, larger, greater, or more powerful//  --the super-rich//  --super-efficient//  --super-fit//


Words: super-G
Meaning:
n [singular]   super giant slalom a race in which competitors ski as fast as possible down a course with turns in it//


Words: superabundance
Meaning:
n [singular]  formal   more than enough of something//  superabundance of//  --a superabundance of cars in our streets//  -- superabundant adj //


Words: superannuated
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  superannuari  ’to be too old’, from  Latin annus  ’year’]//  old and no longer useful or no longer able to do things//  --superannuated sportsmen//  --superannuated computing equipment//


Words: superb
Meaning:
adj [no comparative]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: superbus  ’proud, grand’, from  super;   SUPER-]//  extremely good//   excellent//  --The food was superb.//  --superb weather//  -- superbly adv //


Words: supercharged
Meaning:
adj [C]   a supercharged engine is very powerful because air or fuel is supplied to it at a higher pressure than normal//


Words: supercilious
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: superciliosus, from  supercilium  ’eyebrow, proud and unfriendly behavior’]//  behaving as if you think that other people are less important than you - used to show disapproval//   self-important//  --supercilious wine waiters//  -- superciliously adv //  -- superciliousness n  [U] //


Words: superconductivity
Meaning:
n [U]   the ability of some substances to allow electricity to flow through them very easily, especially at very low temperatures//


Words: superconductor
Meaning:
n [C]   a substance that allows electricity to flow through it very easily, especially at very low temperatures//


Words: superego
Meaning:
n   plural  superegos  [C]  technical //  [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: super- +  ego]//  used in Freudian psychology to refer to the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong//   conscience//    ego, id//


Words: superficial
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 not looking/studying carefully:\n   2 appearance:\n   3 wound/damage:\n   4 person:\n   5 not important:\n   6 top layer:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Late Latin; Origin: superficialis, from  Latin superficies  ’surface’, from  facies  ’face’]//\n  1 NOT LOOKING/STUDYING CAREFULLY:  not studying or looking at something carefully and only seeing the most noticeable things//  superficial examination/study etc //  --Even a superficial inspection revealed serious flaws.//  --Naturally, such visits can allow only the most superficial understanding of prison life.//\n  2 APPEARANCE:  seeming to have a particular quality, although this is not true or real//  superficial resemblance/similarity //  --Despite their superficial similarities, the two novels are in fact very different.//  --Beneath his refined manners and superficial elegance lay something treacherous.//  at/on a superficial level //  --At a superficial level, things seem to have remained the same.//\n  3 WOUND/DAMAGE:  affecting only the surface of your skin or the outside part of something, and therefore not serious//  --She escaped with only superficial cuts and bruises.//  --superficial damage//\n  4 PERSON:  someone who is superficial does not think about things that are serious or important - used to show disapproval//   shallow//  --All the other girls seemed silly and superficial to Darlene.//\n  5 NOT IMPORTANT:  superficial changes, difficulties etc are not important and do not have a big effect//   minor//  --superficial changes in government policies//\n  6 TOP LAYER:  existing in or relating to the top layer of something, especially soil, rock etc//  -- superficially adv //  -- superficiality/su[hA359]p[hA353]f[hA366][hA35D]i[zB024]l[hA369]ti $ -p[hA353]r-/ n  [U] //


Words: superfluous
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: superfluus, from  superfluere  ’to overflow’]//  more than is needed or wanted//   unnecessary//  --a modern building with no superfluous decoration//  -- superfluously adv //


Words: Superglue
Meaning:
n [U]    trademark a very strong glue that sticks very quickly and is difficult to remove//  -- superglue v  [T] //


Words: supergrass
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE  informal a criminal who gives the police information about many other criminals, in order to get a less severe punishment//


Words: superhero
Meaning:
n   plural  superheroes  [C] //  a character in stories who uses special powers, such as great strength or the ability to fly, to help people//


Words: superhighway
Meaning:
n [C]    AmE a very large road on which you can drive fast for long distances//    information superhighway//


Words: superhuman
Meaning:
adj   much greater than ordinary human powers or abilities//  superhuman power/strength/effort etc //  --It will require a superhuman effort to get the job done on time.//


Words: superimpose
Meaning:
v [T] \n  1 to put one picture, image, or photograph on top of another so that both can be partly seen:  superimpose sth on/onto sth//  --A photo of a cup of cappuccino had been superimposed on a picture of Venice.//\n  2 to combine two systems, ideas, opinions etc so that one influences the other:  superimpose sth on/onto sth//  --Eastern themes superimposed onto Western architecture//  -- superimposition/su[hA359]p[hA353]r[hA366]mp[hA353]z[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: superintend
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1600-1700; Language: Late Latin; Origin: superintendere, from  Latin intendere  ’to give attention to’]//   formal to be in charge of something, and control how it is done//   supervise//  -- superintendence n  [U] //


Words: superintendent
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 a high rank in the British police, or someone who has this rank:\n  2  also superintendent of schools :  someone who is in charge of all the schools in a particular area in the US//\n  3 someone who is officially in charge of a place, job, activity etc:  --a young park superintendent//  --the superintendent of the Methodist Church in Hawaii//\n  4  AmE someone who is in charge of an apartment building and is responsible for making repairs in it:  British Equivalent:  caretaker//


Words: Superior
Meaning:
Lake   the largest of the  Great Lakes on the border between Canada and the US, which is also the largest  freshwater lake (=whose water does not contain salt)  in the world//


Words: superior
Meaning:
adj [no comparative]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: superieur, from  Latin superior  ’further above’, from  superus  ’upper’, from  super;   SUPER-]//\n  1 better, more powerful, more effective etc than a similar person or thing, especially one that you are competing against:  → inferior//  --Fletcher’s superior technique brought him victory.//  superior to//  --Your computer is far superior to mine.//  --He loves making fun of women. It makes him feel superior .//  --a vastly superior  (=very much better, stronger etc) army//\n  2 thinking that you are better than other people - used to show disapproval:  --She had that superior tone of voice.//\n  3 [only before noun] having a higher position or rank than someone else:  → inferior//  --Don’t you usually salute a superior officer ?//  --a superior court //\n  4 [only before noun] of very good quality - used especially in advertising:  --a superior wine//    Mother Superior//\nsuperior 2 n [C]   someone who has a higher rank or position than you, especially in a job//  --He had a good working relationship with his immediate superior  (=the person directly above him) .//


Words: superiority
Meaning:
n [U] \n  1 the quality of being better, more skilful, more powerful etc than other people or things:  → inferiority//  superiority of//  --the supposed superiority of the male sex//  superiority over//  --the intellectual superiority of humans over other animals//  superiority in//  --US superiority in air power//\n  2 an attitude that shows you think you are better than other people - used to show disapproval:  --Janet always spoke with an air of superiority.//  --his sense of superiority //


Words: superlative
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: superlatif, from  Late Latin superlativus, from  Latin superlatus, past participle of  superferre  ’to carry above, raise high’]//\n  1 excellent:  --a superlative performance//\n  2 a superlative adjective or adverb expresses the highest degree of a particular quality. For example, the superlative form of ’tall’ is ’tallest’.:    comparative//\nsuperlative 2 n \n  1  the superlative:  the superlative form of an adjective or adverb. For example, ’biggest’ is the superlative of ’big’.//    comparative//\n  2 [C] a word that shows that you think someone or something is very good:  --an actress who deserves superlatives//


Words: Superman
Meaning:
trademark   a character in US  comics (=magazines with stories told in pictures) , films, and television programmes. He came to Earth as a baby from an imaginary  planet called  Krypton, and he has great strength and special powers, including the ability to fly and to see through objects using  X-ray vision. He uses his powers to save the world from being destroyed by evil characters. Most of the time he lives a normal life as Clark  Kent, a  reporter for the newspaper  The Daily Planet, and no-one knows that he is Superman, not even his girlfriend, Lois  Lane, who also works for the same newspaper. When his help is needed, he quickly changes from his ordinary clothes into a special uniform and becomes Superman.//


Words: supermarket
Meaning:
S3   n [C]   a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people need regularly in their homes//


Words: supermom
Meaning:
n [C usually singular]  informal   a mother who takes care of her children, cooks, cleans the house etc, in addition to having a job outside the house, and is admired because of this//


Words: supernatural
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: supernaturalis, from  Latin natura  ’nature’]//  impossible to explain by natural causes, and therefore seeming to involve the powers of gods or magic//  --supernatural powers//  -- supernaturally adv //\nsupernatural 2 n   the supernatural//  events, powers, and creatures that cannot be explained, and seem to involve gods or magic//  --belief in the supernatural//


Words: superscript
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1800-1900; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  superscribere, from  scribere  ’to write’]//  written or printed above a number, letter etc//  -- superscript n  [U and C] //


Words: supersede
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: superseder  ’to not do something’, from  Latin supersedere  ’to be better than, not do something’, from  sedere  ’to sit’]//  if a new idea, product, or method supersedes another one, it becomes used instead because it is more modern or effective//   replace//  --Their map has since been superseded by photographic atlases.//


Words: supersize
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]  AmE   a supersize drink or meal in a fast food restaurant is the largest size that the restaurant serves//  --Could I get a supersize fries with that?//\nsupersize 2 v [T]  AmE   to give someone a larger meal or drink in a  fast food restaurant//


Words: superstate
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of countries that are connected very closely politically, and who often act as if they were one country//  --He was totally against the idea of a European superstate.//


Words: superstition
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: Latin superstitio, from  superstes  ’standing over someone’, from  stare  ’to stand’]//  a belief that some objects or actions are lucky or unlucky, or that they cause events to happen, based on old ideas of magic//  --the old superstition that walking under a ladder is unlucky//


Words: superstore
Meaning:
n [C]   a very large shop that sells a large variety of or one type of product//  --a DIY superstore//


Words: superstructure
Meaning:
n [singular, U] \n  1 a structure that is built on top of the main part of something such as a ship or building:\n  2  formal a political or social system that has developed from a simpler system:  --the whole superstructure of capitalism//


Words: supervene
Meaning:
v [I]    formal to happen unexpectedly, especially in a way that stops or interrupts an event or situation//


Words: supervise
Meaning:
v [I and T]   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: , past participle of  supervidere, from  Latin videre  ’to see’]//  to be in charge of an activity or person, and make sure that things are done in the correct way//  --Griffiths closely supervised the research.//


Words: supervision
Meaning:
n [U]   when you supervise someone or something//  --The baby needs constant supervision.//  under sb’s supervision//  --Costumes and sets were also made under his supervision.//


Words: supervisor
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who supervises a person or activity:\n  2  AmE someone who is a member of the city, county etc government in some parts of the US:  -- supervisory/su[hA359]p[hA353]va[hA366]z[hA353]ri $ su[hA359]p[hA353]rva[hA366]z[hA353]ri/ adj //  --I had a supervisory role.//


Words: superwoman
Meaning:
n   plural  superwomen /-w[hA366]m[hA366]n/ [C] //  a woman who is successful in her job and also takes care of her children and home//


Words: supine
Meaning:
adj  formal   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: supinus]//\n  1 lying on your back:  → prone//  --in a supine position//\n  2 allowing other people to make decisions instead of you, in a way that seems very weak:  --a supine and cowardly press//


Words: supper
Meaning:
n [U and C]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: souper, from  souper (verb);   SUP]//\n  1 the meal that you have in the early evening:   dinner//  --Why don’t you come over for supper on Friday?//  --We had supper in a small Italian place.//  --Have you eaten supper ? see usage note  dinner//\n  2  BrE the very light meal, for example a drink and a piece of cake, that you have just before you go to bed:


Words: supplant
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: supplanter, from  Latin supplantare  ’to defeat by causing to fall over with the foot’, from  planta  ’bottom of the foot’]//  to take the place of a person or thing so that they are no longer used, no longer in a position of power etc//   replace//  --Barker was soon supplanted as party leader.//


Words: supple
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: souple, from  Latin supplex  ’bending under, willing to obey’]//\n  1 someone who is supple bends and moves easily and gracefully:  → stiff//  --She exercises every day to keep herself supple.//\n  2 leather, skin, wood etc that is supple is soft and bends easily:  -- suppleness n  [U] //


Words: supplement
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: supplementum, from  supplere;   SUPPLY2]//\n  1 something that you add to something else to improve it or make it complete:  --vitamins and other dietary supplements //  supplement to//  --The payments are a supplement to his usual salary.//\n  2 an additional part at the end of a book, or a separate part of a newspaper, magazine etc:  --the Sunday supplements//\n  3 an amount of money that is added to the price of a service, hotel room etc:  --Single rooms are available at a supplement.//\nsupplement 2   v [T]   to add something, especially to what you earn or eat, in order to increase it to an acceptable level//  supplement sth by/with sth//  --Kia supplements her regular salary by tutoring in the evenings.//  -- supplementation/s[hA356]pl[hA369]mente[hA366][hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //


Words: suppliant
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: , present participle of  supplier  ’to supplicate’, from  Latin supplicare;   SUPPLICANT]//   literary a supplicant//  -- suppliant adj //


Words: supplicant
Meaning:
n  also  suppliant [C]  literary   [Date: 1500-1600; Language: Latin; Origin: , present participle of  supplicare  ’to supplicate’, from  supplex;   SUPPLE]//  someone who asks for something, especially from someone in a position of power or from God//


Words: supplication
Meaning:
n [U]  literary   when someone asks for help from someone in power or from God//  in supplication//  --Paolo knelt and bowed his head in supplication.//


Words: supplier
Meaning:
n [C]    also  suppliers//   [plural] a company or person that provides a particular product//  supplier of//  --the UK’s largest supplier of office equipment//


Words: supply
Meaning:
W2S3   n   plural  supplies //  ----------//\n   1 amount available:\n   2 necessary things:\n   3 gas/electricity/water etc supply:\n   4 act of supplying:\n   5 supply ship/convoy/route etc:  ----------//\n  1 AMOUNT AVAILABLE:   [C] an amount of something that is available to be used//  supply of//  --I’ve only got a week’s supply of tablets left.//  plentiful/abundant/adequate etc supply //  --There was a plentiful supply of cheap labour.//  --The nation’s fuel supplies will not last forever.//  --To protect the food supply , the government ordered the slaughter of affected cattle.//    money supply//\n  2 NECESSARY THINGS:   supplies [plural] food, clothes, and things necessary for daily life or for a particular purpose, especially for a group of people over a period of time//  --Supplies were brought in by air.//  vital/essential/emergency supplies //  --trucks loaded with emergency supplies//  medical/school/cleaning etc supplies //  --foreign aid used to buy medical supplies//\n  3  gas/electricity/water etc supply:  a system that is used to supply gas etc//  --the public water supply//  --If you fail to pay your bill, you run the risk of having your electricity supply cut off  (=stopped) .//\n  4 ACT OF SUPPLYING:   [U] when you supply something//  supply of/to//  --The military government is trying to stop the supply of guns to the rebels.//\n  5  supply ship/convoy/route etc:  a ship etc used for bringing or storing supplies//    in short supply at short1 (5b)//\nsupply 2 W3S3   past tense and past participle  supplied present participle  supplying third person singular  supplies  v [T] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: soupleier, from  Latin supplere  ’to fill up, supplement, supply’, from  sub-  ’up’ +  plere  ’to fill’]//\n  1 to provide people with something that they need or want, especially regularly over a long period of time:  --Paint for the project was supplied by the city.//  supply sb with sth//  --An informer supplied the police with the names of those involved in the crime.//  supply sth to sb//  --They were arrested for supplying drugs to street dealers.//\n  2  be well/poorly/generously supplied with sth:  to have a lot of something, a little of something etc//  --The lounge was well supplied with ashtrays.//


Words: supply and demand
Meaning:
n [U]   the relationship between the amount of goods for sale and the amount of goods that people want to buy, especially the way it influences prices//  --the law of supply and demand //


Words: supply line
Meaning:
n [C usually plural]   the different ways, places etc that an army uses to send food and equipment to its soldiers during a war//  --the threat to supply lines//


Words: supply teacher
Meaning:
n [C]    BrE a teacher who works at different schools doing the work of other teachers who are ill, on courses etc//  American Equivalent:  substitute teacher//


Words: supply-side economics
Meaning:
n [U]  technical   the idea that if the government reduces taxes, people will be able to make more goods and this will improve a country’s economic situation//


Words: support
Meaning:
v [T]   ----------//\n   1 agree and help:\n   2 be kind to somebody:\n   3 provide money to live:\n   4 give money to something:\n   5 hold something up:\n   6 prove something:\n   7 sports team:\n   8 computers:\n   9 land:\n  10 water/air/earth:\n  11 support a habit:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: supporter, from  Latin supportare  ’to carry’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  portare  ’to carry’]//\n  1 AGREE AND HELP:  to say that you agree with an idea, group, or person, and usually to help them because you want them to succeed//  --The bill was supported by a large majority in the Senate.//  support sb in (doing) sth//  --We need to support our teachers.//  --We strongly support the peace process.//\n  2 BE KIND TO SOMEBODY:  to help someone by being sympathetic and kind to them during a difficult time in their life//  --My wife supported me enormously.//\n  3 PROVIDE MONEY TO LIVE:  to provide enough money for someone to pay for all the things they need//  --I have a wife and two children to support .//  support sb by (doing) sth//  --She supports her family by teaching evening classes.//  support yourself//  --I have no idea how I am going to support myself.//\n  4 GIVE MONEY TO SOMETHING:  to give money to a group, organization, or event etc to encourage it or pay for its costs//  --There are a handful of charities which I support regularly.//\n  5 HOLD SOMETHING UP:  to hold the weight of something, keep it in place, or prevent it from falling//  --The middle part of the bridge is supported by two huge towers.//  --During sleep, our spine no longer needs to support the weight of our body.//  support yourself (on sth)//  --I got to my feet, supporting myself on the side of the table.//\n  6 PROVE SOMETHING:  if results, facts, studies etc support an idea or view, they show or prove that it is correct//  --The results support our original theory.//  --There is little evidence to support such explanations.//\n  7 SPORTS TEAM:   BrE to like a particular sports team and go to watch the games they play//  --Which team do you support ?//  --I’ve supported Liverpool all my life.//\n  8 COMPUTERS:  to provide information and material to improve a computer program or system, or to make it keep working//  --I don’t think they support that version of the program anymore.//\n  9 LAND:  if land can support people or animals, it is of good enough quality to grow enough food for them to live//  --This land can’t support many cattle.//\n  10 WATER/AIR/EARTH:  if water, air, or earth can support life, it is clean enough, has enough oxygen etc to keep animals or plants alive//  --Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.//  --healthy soil that can support plant life//\n  11  support a habit:  to get money in order to pay for a bad habit, especially taking drugs//  --He turned to crime to support his habit.//\nsupport 2 n   ----------//\n   1 approval:\n   2 sympathy/help:\n   3 money:\n   4 hold something up:\n   5 computers:\n   6 concert/performance:\n   7 soldiers:\n   8 for part of body:  ----------//\n  1 APPROVAL:   [U] approval, encouragement, and perhaps help for a person, idea, plan etc//  --Local people have given us a lot of support in our campaign.//  support for//  --There was widespread support for the war.//  in support//  --They signed a petition in support of the pay claim.//  support of//  --He had the full support of the general committee.//  --Thompson has won the support of half the party.//  --The organisers are hoping to drum up support  (=get many people’s approval) from local businesses.//\n  2 SYMPATHY/HELP:   [U] sympathy and help that you give to someone who is in a difficult situation or who is very unhappy//  --I couldn’t have made it through those times without the support of my boyfriend, Rob.//\n  3 MONEY:   [U and C] money that you give a person, group, organization etc to help pay for their costs//  --The European Union is considering whether to provide financial support for the expedition.//  with sb’s support//  --With your support, we can help these youngsters.//  support//\n  4 HOLD SOMETHING UP:   [U and C] something that presses on something else to hold it up or in position//  --The roof may need extra support.//  --the wooden supports of the bridge//  for support//  --She grabbed at his shoulders for support.//\n  5 COMPUTERS:   [U] the help or information that you receive to improve a computer system, make it continue working, or use it correctly//  --our technical support team//\n  6 CONCERT/PERFORMANCE:   [U] a band, singer, or performer that performs for a short time at the same concert as a more famous and popular band etc//  --We played support to a band called Shallow.//  --the support band //  --the support act  (=the support band) //\n  7 SOLDIERS:   [U] help or protection that is given by one group of soldiers to another group who are fighting in a battle//  --logistical support//  air/ground support (=help or protection that comes from people in aircraft or people on the ground) //\n  8 FOR PART OF BODY:   [C] something that you wear to hold a weak or damaged part of your body in the right place//  back/neck/knee etc support //    child support,  income support,  life support system,  moral support at moral1 (3)//


Words: support group
Meaning:
n [C]   a group of people who meet to help each other with a particular problem, for example alcoholism//


Words: supporter
Meaning:
n [C] \n  1 someone who supports a particular person, group, or plan:    fan//  strong/firm/staunch supporter //  --one of Bush’s staunchest supporters//  supporter of//  --supporters of animal rights legislation//\n  2  BrE someone who likes a particular sports team, and often goes to watch them play:   fan//  --Manchester United supporters//


Words: supporting
Meaning:
adj \n  1  supporting part/role/actor etc:  a small part in a play or film, or the actor who plays such a part//\n  2  supporting wall/beam etc:  a wall etc that supports the weight of something//


Words: supportive
Meaning:
adj   giving help or encouragement, especially to someone who is in a difficult situation - used to show approval//  --My family were very supportive throughout the divorce.//


Words: suppose
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: supposer, from  Latin supponere  ’to put under, substitute’, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  ponere  ’to put’]//\n  1  spoken  I suppose:  a) used to say you think something is true, although you are uncertain about it//   I guess//  I suppose (that)//  --I suppose you’re right.//  --So things worked out for the best, I suppose.//  --’Aren’t you pleased?’ ’Yes, I suppose so .’//  b) used when agreeing to let someone do something, especially when you do not really want to//   I guess//  --’Can we come with you?’ ’Oh, I suppose so .’//  c) used when saying in an angry way that you expect something is true//   I guess//  I suppose (that)//  --I suppose you thought you were being clever!//  d) used to say that you think that something is probably true, although you wish it was not and hope someone will tell you it is not//   I guess//  I suppose (that)//  --I suppose it’s too late to apply for that job now.//  e) used when guessing that something is true//   I guess//  --She looked about 50, I suppose.//\n  2  spoken  I don’t suppose (that):  a) used to ask a question in an indirect way, especially if you think the answer will be ’no’//  --I don’t suppose you have any idea where my address book is, do you?//  b) used to ask for something in a very polite way//  --I don’t suppose you’d give me a lift to the station?//  c) used to say that you think it is unlikely something will happen//  --I don’t suppose I’ll ever see her again.//\n  3  spoken  do you suppose (that) ...?:  used to ask someone their opinion about something, although you know that it is unlikely that they have any more information about the situation than you do//  --Do you suppose this is the exact spot?//  who/what/why etc do you suppose...? //  --Who on earth do you suppose could have done this?//  --How do you suppose he got here?//\n  4  spoken  what’s that supposed to mean?:  used when you are annoyed by what someone has just said//  --’It sounds like things aren’t going too well for you lately.’ ’What’s that supposed to mean?’//\n  5  spoken  suppose/supposing (that):  used when talking about a possible condition or situation, and then imagining the result//  --Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do?//  --Supposing it really is a fire!//\n  6  be supposed to do/be sth:  a) used to say what someone should or should not do, especially because of rules or what someone in authority has said//  --We’re supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o’clock.//  --I’m not supposed to tell anyone.//  --What time are you supposed to be there?//  b) used to say what was or is expected or intended to happen, especially when it did not happen//  --No one was supposed to know about it.//  --The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we’ve had to postpone it.//  --The new laws are supposed to prevent crime.//  c) used to say that something is believed to be true by many people, although it might not be true or you might disagree//  --The castle is supposed to be haunted.//  --’Dirty Harry’ is supposed to be one of Eastwood’s best films.//  --Mrs Carver is supposed to have a lot of money.//\n  7 [not in progressive] to think that something is probably true, based on what you know:   presume//  --There were many more deaths than was first supposed.//  suppose (that)//  --What makes you suppose we’re going to sell the house?//  -- There’s no reason to suppose  (=it is unlikely that) he’s lying.//\n  8 [not in progressive]  formal to expect that something will happen or be true, and to base your plans on it:  --The company’s plan supposes a steady increase in orders.//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: suppose, guess //  In spoken phrases,  I suppose  and  I guess  are used in the same way, but  suppose  is more usual in British English and  guess in American English : I suppose that’s his mum. |  I guess you’re right. |  I suppose you can come if you want to. |  I guess I’ll go home now.| ’Should we sit here?’ ’I suppose so.’ |  ’Isn’t he coming?’ ’I guess not.’ //  GRAMMAR//  !!  Do not say ’be suppose to do something’. Use  be supposed to : You’re supposed to take your shoes off. |  He’s supposed to be very clever. //  ----------//


Words: supposed
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]   claimed by other people to be true or real, although you do not think they are right//  --gossip about Emma’s supposed affair with Peter//


Words: supposedly
Meaning:
adv   used when saying what many people say or believe is true, especially when you disagree with them//  [sentence adverb] //  --Anne is coming for a visit in March supposedly.//  --How could a supposedly intelligent person be so stupid?//


Words: supposition
Meaning:
n [U and C]   something that you think is true, even though you are not certain and cannot prove it//  --His version of events is pure supposition .//  supposition (that)//  --The police are acting on the supposition that she took the money.//


Words: suppository
Meaning:
n   plural  suppositories  [C] //  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Medieval Latin; Origin: suppositorium, from  Latin supponere;   SUPPOSE]//  a small piece of solid medicine that is placed in someone’s rectum or vagina//


Words: suppress
Meaning:
v [T]   [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: , past participle of  supprimere, from  sub- (  SUB-) +  premere  ’to press’]//\n  1 to stop people from opposing the government, especially by using force:  --The uprising was ruthlessly suppressed.//\n  2 if important information or opinions are suppressed, people are prevented from knowing about them, even if they have a right to know:  --The police were accused of suppressing evidence.//\n  3 to stop yourself from showing your feelings:  --Harry could scarcely suppress a smile.//  --suppressed anger//\n  4 to prevent something from growing or developing, or from working effectively:  --The virus suppresses the body’s immune system.//  -- suppressible adj //  -- suppression/s[hA353]pre[hA35D][hA368]n/ n  [U] //  --the suppression of opposition parties//


Words: suppressant
Meaning:
n [C]   appetite/cough/pain etc suppressant//  a drug or medicine that makes you less hungry, cough less etc//


Words: supranational
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1900-2000; Origin: supra-  ’above, beyond’ (from  Latin, from  supra) +  national]//  involving more than one country//  --a supranational organization//


Words: supremacy
Meaning:
n [U]   the position in which you are more powerful or advanced than anyone else//  --Japan’s unchallenged supremacy in the field of electronics//    white supremacist//


Words: supreme
Meaning:
adj   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Latin; Origin: supremus  ’furthest above’, from  superus;   SUPERIOR1]//\n  1 having the highest position of power, importance, or influence:  --the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe//  --a country where the car reigns supreme  (=is the most important thing) //\n  2 [only before noun] the greatest possible:  --supreme courage in the face of terrible danger//  --It required a supreme effort to stay awake.//  --a matter of supreme importance//\n  3  make the supreme sacrifice:  to die for your country, for a principle etc//


Words: Supreme Court Justice
Meaning:
one of the nine judges of the US Supreme Court. Each Supreme Court Justice is chosen by the President of the US and must then be accepted by Congress, and they usually have this position for the rest of their lives. The most important judge is called the  Chief Justice.//


Words: supremo
Meaning:
n   plural  supremos  [C] //   BrE  informal someone who controls a particular activity, organization, or industry, and has unlimited powers//


Words: surcharge
Meaning:
n [C]   [Date: 1400-1500; Language: Old French; Origin: surchargier, from  sur-  ’above’ (from  Latin super-;   SUPER-) +  chargier  ’to charge’]//  money that you have to pay in addition to the basic price of something//  surcharge on//  --a 10% surcharge on airline tickets//\nsurcharge 2 v [T]   to make someone pay an additional amount of money//


Words: sure
Meaning:
adj   ----------//\n   1 certain you know something:\n   2 make sure:\n   3 certain about your feelings:\n   4 certain to be true:\n   5 certain to happen/succeed:\n   6 be sure of (doing) something:\n   7 sure of yourself:\n   8 be sure to do something:\n   9 for sure:\n  10 sure thing:\n  11 to be sure:\n  12 (as) sure as hell:\n  13 have a sure hold/footing:  ----------//  [Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: sur, from  Latin securus;   SECURE1]//\n  1 CERTAIN YOU KNOW SOMETHING:   [not before noun] confident that you know something or that something is true or correct//   certain//  --’That’s Sarah’s cousin.’ ’Are you sure?’//  --’What time does the show start?’ ’I’m not sure.’//  sure (that)//  --I’m sure there’s a logical explanation for all this.//  --Are you sure that you know how to get there?//  --My mother, I felt sure , had not met him before.//  not sure how/where/when etc//  --Henry wasn’t sure how to answer this.//  not sure if/whether//  --I’m not sure if I’m pronouncing this correctly.//  sure of//  --He wasn’t even sure of his mother’s name.//  --They were talking about her, she was sure of that .//  sure about//  --’That’s the man I saw in the building last night.’ ’Are you quite sure  (=completely sure) about that?’//\n  2  make sure:  a) to find out if something is true or to check that something has been done//  --’Did you lock the front door?’ ’I think so, but I’d better make sure.’//  make sure (that)//  --I wanted to make sure you were all right.//  --First, make sure the printer has enough paper in it.//  b) to do something so that you can be certain of the result//  make sure (that)//  --I’ll walk you home, just to make sure no one bothers you.//  make sure of (doing) sth//  --Spain made sure of their place by holding Japan to a 1-1 draw.//  --Thomas would be sorry - she would make sure of that .//\n  3 CERTAIN ABOUT YOUR FEELINGS:   [not before noun] certain about what you feel, want, like etc//  sure (that)//  --Are you sure you really want a divorce?//  sure of//  --Carla says she is very sure of her love for Tony.//\n  4 CERTAIN TO BE TRUE:  certain to be true//  one thing is (for) sure //  --One thing’s for sure, we’ll never be able to move this furniture on our own.//  sure sign/indication //  --Those black clouds are a sure sign of rain.//\n  5 CERTAIN TO HAPPEN/SUCCEED:  certain to happen, succeed, or have a particular result//  sure to do sth//  --He’s sure to get nervous and say something stupid.//  sure way to do sth/of doing sth //  --There was only one sure way of finding out - and that was to visit him.//  sure thing/bet  AmE  (=something that will definitely happen, win, succeed etc) //\n  6  be sure of (doing) sth:  to be certain to get something or be certain that something will happen//  --United must beat Liverpool to be sure of winning the championship.//  --You can be sure of one thing - there’ll be a lot of laughs.//\n  7  sure of yourself:  confident in your own abilities and opinions, sometimes in a way that annoys other people//  --Kids nowadays seem very sure of themselves.//\n  8  be sure to do sth:   spoken used to tell someone to remember to do something//  --Be sure to ring and let us know you’ve got back safely.//\n  9  for sure:  a)  informal certainly or definitely//  --No one knows for sure what really happened.//  b)  spoken used to emphasize that something is true//  --We’ll always need teachers, that’s for sure .//  c)  AmE  informal  spoken used to agree with someone//\n  10  sure thing:   spoken  informal used to agree to something//  --’Can you pick me up later?’ ’Sure thing.’//\n  11  to be sure:   spoken  formal used to admit that something is true, before saying something that is the opposite//  --It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.//\n  12  (as) sure as hell:   spoken  informal used to emphasize a statement//  --If I could get you out of there, I sure as hell would.//\n  13  have a sure hold/footing:  if you have a sure hold or footing, your hands or feet are placed firmly so they cannot slip//  -- sureness n  [U] //\nsure 2 adv   ----------//\n   1 sure enough:\n   2 yes:\n   3 accept thanks:\n   4 emphasize:\n   5 before statement:  ----------//\n  1  sure enough:  used to say that something did actually happen in the way that you said it would//  --Sure enough, Mike managed to get lost.//\n  2 YES:   spoken used to say ’yes’ to someone//  --’Can you give me a ride to work tomorrow?’ ’Sure.’//\n  3 ACCEPT THANKS:   AmE  spoken used as a reply when you accept thanks from someone//  --’Thanks for your help, Karen.’ ’Sure.’//\n  4 EMPHASIZE:   AmE  informal used to emphasize a statement//  --It sure is hot out here.//  --I sure hope they get there all right.//\n  5 BEFORE STATEMENT:   spoken used at the beginning of a statement admitting that something is true, especially before adding something very different//  --Sure Joey’s happy now, but will it last?//


Words: surefire
Meaning:
adj [only before noun]    informal certain to succeed//  --Children soon learn that bad behaviour is a surefire way of getting attention.//  --a surefire recipe for success//


Words: surely
Meaning:
adv \n  1 [sentence adverb] used to show that you think something must be true, especially when people seem to be disagreeing with you:  --You must have heard about the riots, surely?//  --There must surely be some explanation.//  --Surely we can’t just stand back and let this happen?//\n  2  surely not:   spoken used to show you cannot believe that something is true//  --’The chairman’s just handed in his resignation.’ ’Surely not.’//\n  3  formal certainly:  --Such sinners will surely be punished.//\n  4  AmE  old-fashioned used to say ’yes’ to someone or to express agreement with them:    slowly but surely at slowly(2)//  ----------//  WORD CHOICE: surely, definitely, certainly, naturally, be sure to //  Use  surely to say that you think something must be true, especially when other people do not agree :  They should be there by now, surely. //  Use  definitely to say that something is certain to happen or be true : I will definitely be back (NOT I will surely be back) by ten.  //  Use  certainly to emphasize that something is true : He certainly is (NOT surely is) a great cook. //  Use  naturally to mean ’as anyone would expect’ : They were very late, so naturally I was (NOT surely I was) worried. //  Use  be sure to to say that something is certain to happen : If you work hard you are sure to succeed (NOT you will surely succeed). //  ----------//


Words: surety
Meaning:
n   plural  sureties  [U and C]  law //\n  1 someone who will pay a debt, appear in court etc if someone else fails to do so:\n  2  stand surety (for sb):  be responsible for paying a debt, appearing in court etc if someone else fails to do so//\n  3 money someone gives to make sure that someone will appear in court:


Words: surf
Meaning:
v [I and T]   surfboard, wetsuit//\n  1 to ride on waves while standing on a special board:\n  2  surf the Net/Internet:  to look quickly through information on the Internet for anything that interests you//    surfer,  surfing//\nsurf 2 n [U]   the white substance that forms on top of waves as they move towards the shore//


